&

7 2015

iii

1.1 201415 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2 201314 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3 201213 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.4 201112 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.5 201011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
1.6 200910 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
1.7 20089

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

1.8 20078

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

1.9 20067

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

1.10 20045

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

1.11 20034

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

1.12 20023

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

223

2.1 201415 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

2.2 201314 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
2.3 201213 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
2.4 201112 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
2.5 201011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
2.6 200910 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
i

2.7 20089

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

2.8 20078

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

2.9 20067

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

2.10 20045

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334

2.11 20034

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

2.12 20023

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

2.13 20012

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375


R
R+
R . R , ( +) .

R = R {, }, , , R = [, ].
Z
N := {0, 1, 2, . . . , n, . . .}
N
Q
(a, b)
[a, b]
[a, b) ( )
(a, b] ( )
n N , n! = 1 2 3 n,

(2n)!! = 2 4 6 (2n 2)(2n) (2n + 1)!! = 1 3 5 (2n 1)(2n + 1) .

0! := 1.
iii

iv

A R, A 6= , , sup A
A. A , sup A = +.
A R, A 6= , , inf A
A. A , inf A = .
(an ) () an+1 an
n N (an+1 an n N).
(an ) k1 < k2 < < kn , (akn )

(an ).
c R (an ) (akn )

(an ) limn akn = c.

S (an ). ,

lim an , lim an , (an )

(an ) ,

lim an = + (an ) S = ,

inf S (an ) S 6= ,

+ (an ) ,

lim an = (an ) S = ,

sup S (an ) S 6= .
x R, [x], k Z
k x < k + 1.
Vx () := (x , x + ), > 0,

x R . (, +) ( (, ))
+ ( ).
A R,

v
x A A, Vx x Vx R,
x A (. ) A,

Vx x a A, a 6= x, a Vx ,
x A A A.
f A R, A 6= , (
), f (A) ( ). f
A f (A) .
f A R, A 6= , ( ),
x A x A f (x) = f (x) ( f (x) = f (x)).
f I ( ),
x1 , x2 I , x1 < x2 , f (x1 ) f (x2 ) ( f (x1 ) f (x2 ).

f ( ) I ,
x1 , x2 I , x1 < x2 , f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) ( f (x1 ) > f (x2 ).
f (n) n- f .
f g x0 R.
f (x)

limxx0 g(x) = 0,

f (x) = o (g(x))

(x x0 ) .

f (x)/g(x) x0 R,

f (x) = O (g(x))

(x x0 ) .

f (x)

limxx0 g(x) = 1,

f (x) g(x)

(x x0 ) .

A R A ,

vi

C (A) A,
C n (A) n-
A,
C (A)

A.

1.1

201415
&

1

1. f : R \ {0} R.

lim f (x) = R lim f (sin x) = .

x0

x0

. limx0 f (x) = . > 0. 0 < < 2

0 < |y| < |f (y) | < .

()

0 < |x| < 0 < |y| = | sin x| < |x| < , ()

0 < |x| < |f (sin x) | < .

limx0 f (sin x) = .
, limx0 f (sin x) = . > 0. 0 < < 2

0 < |x| < |f (sin x) | < .

1

()

1.
y = sin x x = arcsin y x = arcsin y .
0 < |y| < sin .

0 < |y| < sin { sin < y < sin , y 6= 0} {sin() < y < sin , y 6= 0}

{ < x = arcsin y < , x 6= 0} 0 < |x| = | arcsin y| < .

()

0 < |y| < sin |f (y) | = |f (sin x) | < .

, limx0 f (x) = .
2. f : R R

f (x) =

2x2 + 8 x

8x

x .

R f .
. f x 6= 2. , (n )
limn n = x,

lim f (n ) = lim 8n = 8x .

(n ) limn n = x,

lim f (n ) = lim (2n2 + 8) = 2x2 + 8 .

limn f (n ) 6= limn f (n )

2x2 + 8 6= 8x (x 2)2 6= 0 x 6= 2 .
() f x 6= 2.
f 2. 2 Q,

f (2) = 16. x
|f (x) f (2)| = |2x2 + 8 16| = 2|x2 4| = 2|x 2||x + 2|

1.1. 201415
x

|f (x) f (2)| = |8x 16| = 8|x 2| .

> 0. |x 2| < 1 1 < x < 3, x

|f (x) f (2)| < 10|x 2|. |f (x) f (2)| 10|x 2|, x R.


:= min 1, 10
,
x R |x 2| < |f (x) f (2)| < .
f 2.
3. f : R R limx f (x) 0 f 0 (x) > 0,
x R. f (x) > 0, x R.
. x0 R f (x0 ) < 0. f 0 (x) > 0
x R, f f (x) < f (x0 ), x < x0 .

lim f (x) f (x0 ) < 0 .

()

, f (x) > 0 x R.
4. g : R R

g(x) =

1/(ex2 1) x > 0

ex

x 0 .

f : R R f 0 (x) = g(x), x R;
.
.

lim g(x) = lim ex = 1

x0

x0

lim g(x) = lim

x0+

x0+

ex2

1
= + .
1

, f : R R f 0 (x) = g(x), x R,
limx0 f 0 (x) = 1 limx0+ f 0 (x) = +. ,
[27, 3.49], limx0+ f 0 (x)

limx0 f 0 (x) + . , f : R R
f 0 (x) = g(x) x R.

1.

5. f : R R ,
Taylor

2f (x + 3h) 3f (x + 2h) + f (x)

.
h0
3h2
lim

. x R, x . Taylor ,

h R 1 , 2 (0, 1)
f (x + 3h) = f (x) + f 0 (x)3h +

f 00 (x) 2 f 000 (x + 31 h)
9h +
27h3
2!
3!

f (x + 2h) = f (x) + f 0 (x)2h +

f 00 (x) 2 f 000 (x + 22 h) 3
4h +
8h .
2!
3!

2f (x + 3h) 3f (x + 2h) + f (x) = 3f 00 (x)h2 + [9f 000 (x + 31 h) 4f 000 (x + 22 h)]h3

1
2f (x + 3h) 3f (x + 2h) + f (x)
= f 00 (x)+ lim [9f 000 (x+31 h)4f 000 (x+22 h)]h = f 00 (x) .
2
h0
3h
3 h0
lim

. f 000 ,

lim [9f 000 (x + 31 h) 4f 000 (x + 22 h)] = 9f 000 (x) 4f 000 (x) = 5f 000 (x) .

h0

6. ,



 xh

e 1 e|h| 1 ,

x [0, 1] h R .

P n
. et = n=0 tn! , t R,




 X
(xh)n 
 xh
 
 e 1 = 


n! 
n=1

X
|xh|n
n=1

X
n=1

n!
|h|n
n!

= e|h| 1 .

(0 x 1)

1.1. 201415

2
1.
n
X

6n 8k

=
lim
2
n
4k n2 + 4kn3 + 3n4
k=1

6 8x

dx = .
2
3
4x + 4x + 3

. Riemann

lim

n
X
k=1

n
1X
6 8(k/n)
6n 8k
p
= lim
4k 2 n2 + 4kn3 + 3n4 n n k=1 4(k/n)2 + 4(k/n) + 3
Z 1
6 8x

=
dx ,
4x2 + 4x + 3
0

f (x) = 68x
2

4x +4x+3

Z
0

[0, 1].

Z 1
4 8x
2

dx +
dx
4x2 + 4x + 3
4x2 + 4x + 3
0
0
x=1 Z 1
p
2

2
p
= 2 4x + 4x + 3
+
dx
x=0
4 (2x 1)2
0
Z 1
1

dt
( t = 2x 1)
=0+
22 t2
1
 t=1
t 
= arcsin
2 
 t=1

1
=2 = .
= 2 arcsin
2
6
3

6 8x

dx =
4x2 + 4x + 3

2. f : [0, 1] R Riemann [0, 1].

fb : R R

Z
fb(y) :=

f (x)exy dx .

() fb

(i) f (x) = 1 ,

(iii) f (x) = ex .

(ii) f (x) = ex ,

() fb R.
. y R h R,


Z
|h|
b
b
|f (y + h) f (y)| e 1
0

|f (x)|exy dx .

1.
() limy fb(y) = 0.
.
() (i) f (x) = 1,
1

ey 1
,
y

exy dx =

fb(y) =
0

y 6= 0 fb(0) = 1 .

(ii) f (x) = ex ,

1
x xy

e e

fb(y) =

ex(1+y) dx =

dx =
0

e1+y 1
,
1+y

y 6= 1 fb(1) = 1 .

(ii) f (x) = ex ,

fb(y) =

x xy

ex(y1) dx =

dx =
0

ey1 1
,
y1

y 6= 1 fb(1) = 1 .

() y R h R

Z

b
b
|f (y + h) f (y)| = 

1
xy

xh

f (x)e (e

 Z

1) dx

|f (x)|exy |exh 1| dx .

1 , 6, x [0, 1] h R

|exh 1| e|h| 1
|fb(y + h) fb(y)| (e|h| 1)

|f (x)|exy dx .

limh0 (e|h| 1) = 0, limh0 fb(y + h) = fb(y) fb

R.
() M := sup |f (x)|, y R \ {0}
x[0,1]

Z

b
|f (y)| = 

1
xy

f (x)e

 Z

dx

|f (x)|e

xy

Z
dx M

ey 1
= 0,
y
y
lim

limy fb(y) = 0.

exy dx = M

ey 1
.
y

1.1. 201415

3. f : [a, b] R, a < b, .
R .
Weierstrass. , > 0

Pn

k=0 ak x

p (x) =

k,

ak R,

|f (x) p (x)| < ,

x [a, b] .

xn f (x) dx = 0 ,

n N ,

Weierstrass f

[a, b].
Rb

. a f (x)2 dx = 0.
. > 0. p (x) |f (x) p (x)| < , x [a, b].

Rb
a xn f (x) dx = 0, n N,
Z

p (x)f (x) dx = 0 .
a

b
2

Z
f (x)(f (x) p (x)) dx +

f (x) dx =
a

f (x)(f (x) p (x)) dx

p (x)f (x) dx =
a

M := max |f (x)|,
x[a,b]

f (x)2 dx

|f (x)||f (x) p (x)| dx dx M (b a) .

Rb

> 0, a f (x)2 dx = 0
f (x) = 0 x [a, b].
4. n N f : [0, 1] R ,

xf (x) dx = =

f (x) dx =
0

xn1 f (x) dx = 0

x0 [0, 1] |f (x0 )| 2n (n + 1).

. |f (x)| < 2n (n + 1) x [0, 1],

Z
0

1

1
x
2

n
f (x) dx < 1 .

xn f (x) dx = 1 .

1.
. |f (x)| < 2n (n + 1), x [0, 1].
1

Z
0

1
x
2

n


1 n
|f (x)| dx
2

1 n n
2 (n + 1) dx
2
0
Z 1/2
n
|t|n dt
= 2 (n + 1)
1


x
f (x) dx

0
Z 1

x
<

Z

1/2
Z 1/2

= 2n+1 (n + 1)

( t = x 12 )

tn dt = 2n+1 (n + 1)

1
2n+1 (n

+ 1)

= 1.

Z
0

1

1
x
2

n

1


n n1 n(n 1) n2
n 1
f (x) dx =
x x
+
x
+ + (1) n f (x) dx
2
23
2
0
Z 1
Z 1
Z 1
n
n(n 1)
xn f (x) dx
=
xn1 f (x) dx +
xn2 f (x) dx
3
2
2
0
0
0
Z 1
1
f (x) dx
+ + (1)n n
2 0
= 1.
Z

,
1

Z
1=
0

1
x
2

n
f (x) dx < 1 .

()

, x0 [0, 1] |f (x0 )| 2n (n + 1).

5.

Z
1

dt =
.
t2 + 2t + 5
24

1
dt =
2
t + 2t + 5

1
dt
2
1 (t + 1) + 4
Z x+1
1
=
du
( u = t + 1)
2
u + 22
2
 u u=x+1
1

= arctan

2
 2 u=2



1
x+1
1
1
x+1

= arctan
arctan 1 = arctan
.
2
2
2
2
2
8

dt =
= arctan
2
24
1 t + 2t + 5

, x = 2 3 1.

x+1
2


=

 

x+1

= tan
= 3.
3
2
3

1.1. 201415

6. f : [0, +) [0, +) f (x) > 0 x > 0

f (t2 ) dt .

f (x) = 2

()

f (x) =

x.

Z
f (x) =

!1/2

f (t2 ) dt

x 0 ,

f [0, +), f [0, +). (),

x > 0

1
1
2f (x)f 0 (x) = 2f (x)( x)0 2f (x)f 0 (x) = f (x) f 0 (x) =
x
2 x

f (x) = x + c. f (0) = 0, c = 0. , f (x) = x x 0.

7. [0, 1]
1

Z
0

cos x

dx = cos .
2
1+x
4

1
. f (x) = cos x g(x) = 1+x
2

[0, 1],

Z
0

cos x
dx = cos
1 + x2

Z
0

1
dx
1 + x2

= cos arctan x|x=1

x=0 = cos (arctan 1 arctan 0) = cos
0 1.

10

1.

1.2

201314
&

1

1. f : R R

f 0 (x) =

f (x + n) f (x)
f (x + n) f (x) = nf 0 (x) ,
n

x R n N .

f 0 (x + 1) =

f ((x + 1) + 1) f (x + 1)
= f (x + 2) f (x + 1)
1

f (x + 2) f (x + 1) = (f (x + 2) f (x)) (f (x + 1) f (x)) = 2f 0 (x) f 0 (x) = f 0 (x) .

f 0 (x) = f (x + 2) f (x + 1) = f 0 (x + 1) ,

x R .

f ,
f R

f 00 (x) = f 0 (x + 2) f 0 (x + 1)
= (f (x) + 2f 0 (x))0 f 0 (x)

(f (x + 2) = f (x) + 2f 0 (x) f 0 (x + 1) = f 0 (x))

= f 0 (x) + 2f 00 (x) f 0 (x) = 2f 00 (x)

f 00 (x) = 0, x R.

f (x) = c1 x + c2 ,

c1 , c2 R .

2. f : I R x0 I .

a, b > 0,
lim

h0

f (x0 + bh) f (x0 ah)

= f 0 (x0 ) .
(b + a)h

11

1.2. 201314
.

f (x0 + bh) f (x0 ah)

b f (x0 + bh) f (x0 )
a f (x0 ah) f (x0 )
=
+
(b + a)h
b+a
bh
b+a
ah
f x0 I ,

lim

h0

f (x0 + bh) f (x0 ah)

b
f (x0 + bh) f (x0 )
a
f (x0 ah) f (x0 )
=
lim
+
lim
(b + a)h
b + a h0
bh
b + a h0
ah
b
a
=
f 0 (x0 ) +
f 0 (x0 ) = f 0 (x0 ) .
b+a
b+a

3. f : [0, ) R C 2 f (0) = f 0 (0) = 0.

g : [0, ) R C 1 , f (x) = g(x2 ) x 0.

. g : [0, ) R g(x) := f ( x). f (x) = g(x2 )

x 0. g C 1 [0, ).

(i) x > 0.
g 0 (x) =

1 f 0 ( x)

2
x

f 0 x > 0, g C 1
(0, ).

(ii) x = 0. f (0) = f 0 (0) = 0,

g(x) f (0)
x0

f ( x)
= lim
x
x0+

1
f 0 ( x)
=
lim
2 x0+
x

1
=
lim f 00 ( x)
2 x0+
1
= f 00 (0) .
2

g 0 (0) = lim

x0+

( LHpital)
( LHpital)
( f 00 0)

1 f 0 ( x)
1

lim g (x) = lim

= f 00 (0) = g 0 (0)
+
+
2
2
x
x0
x0
0

g 0 0. g C 1 [0, ).

12

1.

4. n-



(sin x)(n) = sin x + n
2

(cos x)(n) = cos x + n


,
2

x R n N .

. (i) x R, n N



(sin x)(n) = sin x + n
.
2


(sin x)0 = cos x = sin x + 2 , (1.1) n = 1.
(1.1) n = k ,



d
sin x + k
dx
2


= cos x + k
2




= sin x + k +
= sin x + (k + 1)
,
2
2
2

(sin x)(k+1) =

(1.1) n = k + 1. (1.1) n N.

(ii) x R, n N


(cos x)(n) = cos x + n
.
2

5. f : R R

f (x) =

e1/x x > 0

x 0 .

f (n) (x) =

e1/x P2n (1/x) x > 0

x 0 ,

P2n (1/x) 2n 1/x, n N.

.

(1.1)

13

1.2. 201314

n N x > 0

(n)

1/x

(x) = e

 
1
P2n
,
x

(1.2)

P2n (1/x) 2n 1/x.

(1.2) n = 0 P0 1.
(1.2) n = k 0,

 0
1
(k+1)
1/x
f
(x) = e
P2k
x
 
 
1
1 1/x 0
1
1 1/x
P2k
2e
P2k
= 2e
x
x
x
x
 

 
1
1
1
0
= e1/x 2 P2k
P2k
x
x
x
 
1
1/x
=e
P2(k+1)
x
(1.2) n = k + 1

 
 

 
 
1
1
1
1
1
0
P2(k+1)
= P2k+2
:= 2 P2k
P2k
.
x
x
x
x
x
(1.2) n N x > 0.
(n)

n N. f f (0) = 0.
f (n) (0) = 0,
(n)

f+ (0) = 0 .

(1.3)

14

1.

f (1.3) n = 0.
(1.3) n = k 0,
(k+1)

f+

f (k) (x) f (k) (0)

x0
x0+
 
1
1/x 1
= lim e
P2k
x
x
x0+
tP2k (t)
= lim
t+
et

(0) = lim

= 0,

((1.2) n = k )

((2k + 1)- LHpital)

(1.3) n = k+1. (1.3) n N. , f (n) (0) = 0

n N.

2
1. y = f (x) = 1 + x2 + arctan(x2 )

[0, ). f 1 f ,
f 1 (y)
lim
.
y1
y1+
.

f 0 (x) = 2x +

2x
2 + x4
=
2x
0,
1 + x4
1 + x4

x 0

x = 0. f
[0, ) . f 1
. f (0) = 1 f 1 (1) = 0. x = f 1 (y)

y = f (x) limy1+ f 1 (y) = f 1 (1+ ) = 0, x 0+ y 1+ .


lim

y1+

f 1 (y)

y1

2
= lim

x0+

= lim

x0+

1
2

x2
f (x) 1
2x
4

2x 2+x
1+x4

( LHpital)

15

1.2. 201314

2.

2
f 1 (y)
1
lim
= =
.
+
2
y1
y1
2

()


f (x) = arcsin

2x
1 + x2


.

f x R;
()


arcsin

2x
1 + x2


= arctan x .


2x
() y = arcsin 1+x
2

y = arctan x.
.

2x
()  1+x
2  1 f .

0
x2 )

x2

2x/(1 +
1
1+x2
=2
=
f 0 (x) = p
2
2
|1 x |(1 + x )
1 (2x/(1 + x2 ))2
2
1+x2

|x| < 1

,
|x| > 1

f (1, 1)

(, 1) (1, ). max f (x) = f (1) = arcsin 1 =

min f (x) = f (1) =

arcsin(1) = 2 . f 0 1. limx1 f 0 (x) =

1, limx1+ f 0 (x) = 1, limx1 f 0 (x) = 1 limx1+ f 0 (x) = 1.

lim arcsin

2x
1 + x2


= arcsin 0 = 0 ,

y = 0, Ox, . f
.

16

1.

()


2x
x = tan arcsin
1 + x2



2x
sin arcsin 1+x
2



=
2x
cos arcsin 1+x
2


=r

2x
1+x2

2x
1+x2

2x
2 = |1 x2 |

0 3.
() g(x) = arctan x, E

"Z
|E| = 2

Z
(f (x) g(x)) dx +

(f (x) g(x)) dx
1

Z
= 2(f (1) g(1)) 2(f (0) g(0)) 2

x(f 0 (x) g 0 (x)) dx

+ 2(f ( 3) g( 3)) 2(f (1) g(1)) 2

x(f 0 (x) g 0 (x)) dx

( )

x
= 2 arcsin( 3/2) 2 arctan 3 2
dx + 6
2
0 1+x
x=1
x=3

= 2 2 ln(1 + x2 )x=0 + 3 ln(1 + x2 )x=1

3
3
= ln 2 + 3 ln 4 3 ln 2 = 2 ln 2 .
E |E| = 2 ln 2.

Z
1

x
dx
1 + x2

17

1.2. 201314

3. f : [a, b] R, a < b, [a, b]

[a, b). (n ) (a, b) limn f 0 (n ) =

f 0 (a).
. limn f 0 (n ) = f 0 (a), f 0 (a)

f 0 ((a, b)) = {f 0 (x) : x (a, b)} .



. f a, a + n1 , n N .
. N N a + n1 < b n N .



a, a + n1 , n N ,




1
f
a
+
1 0
1
n f (a)
f (a) = f (n ) f 0 (n ) =
,
f a+
1
n
n
n


n a, a + n1 . f a,


f a + n1 f (a)
= f 0 (a)
lim
1
n

limn

f 0 (

n)

f 0 (a),

(n )nN (a, b).

4. f (x) := 12 sin(ln(x + 1)), x > 1, Taylor f

n N,

|f (n 1) + f (n + 1) 2f (n)| = |f 00 ()| ,

(n 1, n + 1) ,

|f 00 ()| < n2 .
. an := f (n) = 12 sin(ln(n + 1)), (an )

|an1 + an+1 2an | <

1
,
n2

n 2 .

. Taylor

f (n 1) = f (n) f 0 (x) +

f 00 (1 )
, 1 (n 1, n)
2!

f (n + 1) = f (n) + f 0 (n) +

f 00 (2 )
, 2 (n, n + 1) .
2!

18

1.
,

1
f (n + 1) + f (n 1) 2f (n) = [f 00 (1 ) + f 00 (2 )] .
2

1 00
[f (1 ) + f 00 (2 )] = f 00 () , (1 , 2 ) (n 1, n + 1)
2

|f (n 1) + f (n + 1) 2f (n)| = |f 00 ()| ,

(n 1, n + 1) .

f 0 (x) =

cos(ln(x + 1))
2(x + 1)

f 00 (x) =

sin(ln(x + 1)) + cos(ln(x + 1))

,
2(x + 1)2

1
|f 00 (x)| (x+1)
2

|f 00 ()|

1
1
< 2.
2
( + 1)
n

(n < + 1 < n + 2)

3
1. f : D R R, D 6= a R .
D . limxa f (x) = 1 , limxa+ f (x) = 2 1 < 2 , > 0
x, y D a < x < a < y < a + f (x) < f (y).
1
. := 2
> 0. limxa f (x) = 1 , 1 > 0
2

x D (a 1 , a) |f (x) 1 | <

2 1
.
2

x D a 1 < x < a

f (x) 1 <

2 1
2 + 1
2 1
f (x) < 1 +
=
.
2
2
2

limxa+ f (x) = 2 , 2 > 0

y D (a, a + 2 ) |f (y) 2 | <

2 1
.
2

19

1.2. 201314
y D a < y < a + 2

2 f (y) <

2 1
2 + 1
2 1
f (y) > 2
=
.
2
2
2

:= min{1 , 2 }, x, y D a < x < a < y < a +

f (x) <

2 + 1
< f (y) .
2

2. f : R R limx f (x) = limx+ f (x) = +.

f m R.
. x0 R. limx f (x) = limx+ f (x) = +, x1 , x2 R
x1 < x0 < x2

f (x) > f (x0 ), x x1 f (x) > f (x0 ), x x2

f [x1 , x2 ], c [x1 , x2 ]

min f (x) f (x0 ) .

m = f (c) =

x[x1 ,x2 ]

m = f (c) f (x), x R. , f m c R.
3. f : R R f (0) = f 0 (0) = 0. a 6= 0,

n!
lim n f
n a

an
n!


= 0.

f 0 (0) = lim

x0

f (x) f (0)
f (x)
= lim
= 0.
x0 x
x0

xn = an! , limn xn = 0.

limn

f (xn )
xn

= 0
n!
lim
f
n an

an
n!

f (an /n!)
= 0.
n an /n!

= lim

20

1.

4. y = ex Maclaurin,

X
2n2 + 1

n!

n=0

xn ,

x R .

P n
. ex = n=0 xn! , x R.

X
2n2 + 1
n=0

n!

x =

X
2n(n 1) + 2n + 1
n=0

=2

n!

xn

n=0

n=0

X n
X xn
n(n 1) n
x +2
xn +
n!
n!
n!

n=0

X
2

X
n(n 1) n2
n n1 X xn
= 2x
x
+ 2x
x
+
n!
n!
n!
n=2
n=1
n=0
00
0
!
!

X
X
X
xn
xn
xn
= 2x2
+ 2x
+
n!
n!
n!
n=0
00

n=0

n=0

= 2x2 (ex ) + 2x(ex ) + ex = (2x2 + 2x + 1)ex .

5. [0, 1],

1 X 2k 2 4kn
lim
= 2 3 2 arctan
2
2
n n
k 2kn + 3n
k=1


0, 6 .

. Riemann
n

1 X 2k 2 4kn
1 X 2(k/n)2 4(k/n)
=
lim
n n
k 2 2kn + 3n2 n n
(k/n)2 2(k/n) + 3
k=1
k=1
Z 1
2x2 4x
=
dx ,
2
0 x 2x + 3
lim

21

1.2. 201314
2

4x
f (x) = x2x
2 2x+3 [0, 1].

Z
0

2x2 4x
dx = 2
x2 2x + 3

Z
dx 6
Z 1

x2

1
dx
2x + 3

1
dx
2
0 (x 1) + 2
Z 0
1

=26
dt
( t = x 1)
2
2
1 ( 2) + t


t t=0
6
= 2 arctan 
2
2 t=1



1
= 2 3 2 arctan
0, 6 .
2
=26

6.
2x

f (x) =
x

dt
,
t3 + t

x > 0.

limx0+ f (x), limx+ f (x) limx0+ f 0 (x).

.

Z
f (x) =

2x

dt
=
t3 + t

Z
0

2x

dt

t3 + t

Z
0

dt
,
t3 + t

limx0+ f (x) = 0. x > 0

2
1
f 0 (x) =

8x3 + 2x
x3 + x

2 x3 + x 8x3 + 2x

=
8x3 + 2x x3 + x
2x(2x2 1)


=

8x3 + 2x x3 + x 2 x3 + x + 8x3 + 2x
2(2x2 1)


=

x 8x2 + 2 x2 + 1 2 x2 + 1 + 8x2 + 2
limx0+ f 0 (x) = +. x > 0

Z
0 < f (x)
x

limx+ f (x) = 0.

2x

dt
x
1
=
< ,
x
x3 + x
x3 + x

22

1.

7. f : [a, b] R, a < b, C 1 .
b

Z
max |f (x)|
x[a,b]

1
|f (t)| dt +
ba
0

|f (t)| dt .
a

. |f (x1 )| = min |f (x)| |f (x2 )| = max |f (x)|,

x[a,b]

x[a,b]

|f (x2 )| |f (x2 ) f (x1 )| + |f (x1 )| .

.

|f (x2 )| = |(f (x2 ) f (x1 )) + f (x1 )|

|f (x2 ) f (x1 )| + |f (x1 )|

 Z x2


0
f (t) dt + |f (x1 )|
= 
x1
x2

Z b
1
|f (t)| dt
ba a
x1
Z b
Z b
1
|f 0 (t)| dt +

|f (t)| dt .
ba a
a
Z

|f 0 (t)| dt +

8.

x(arctan x)2 dx .

x2
x(arctan x) dx =
(arctan x)2
2
2

x2 arctan x

1
dx
1 + x2
( )

x2
1 + (1 + x2 )
(arctan x)2
arctan x dx
2
1 + x2
Z
Z
x2
1
2
(arctan x) +
arctan x dx arctan x dx
=
2
1 + x2
Z
x2
1
=
(arctan x)2 + (arctan x)2 arctan x dx
2
2
Z
2
x +1
x
2
=
(arctan x) x arctan x +
dx
2
1 + x2
Z

( )

x2 + 1
1
(arctan x)2 x arctan x + ln(1 + x2 ) + C
2
2

23

1.2. 201314

1

x(arctan x)2 dx = (arctan 1)2 arctan 1 +

1
2 1
ln 2 =
+ ln 2 .
2
16
4 2

9. ,

x2

1
dt .
ln t

lim

x1 x

. u = ln t
.
x2

Z
x

1
dt =
ln t

ln(x2 )

ln x

eu
du =
u

2 ln x

ln x

eu
du
u

(i) x > 1. f (u) = eu g(u) =

1
u

( u = ln t)

[ln x, 2 ln x],

2 ln x

ln x

eu
du = ex
u

2 ln x

ln x

1
du = ex [ln(2 ln x) ln(ln x)] = ex ln 2 ,
u

x ln x x 2 ln x. limx1+ x = 0
x2

Z
lim

x1+

1
dt = lim ex ln 2 = ln 2 .
ln t
x1+

(ii) 0 < x < 1.

2 ln x

ln x

f (u) =

eu

eu
du =
u

g(u) =

u1

ln x

2 ln x

eu
du ,
u

[2 ln x, ln x]
Z ln x
Z ln x
eu
1
x
du = e
du = ex [ ln(ln x) + ln(2 ln x)] = ex ln 2 ,
u
u
2 ln x
2 ln x
x 2 ln x x ln x. limx1 x = 0

Z
lim

x1

x2

1
dt = lim ex ln 2 = ln 2 .
ln t
x1

Z
lim

x1 x

x2

1
dt = ln 2 .
ln t

24

1.

10.

Z
lim

x0+

2.

. 0 < <

(sin t)x dt =

.
2

(i) x > 0

(sin t)x dt .

0
0

(ii) x > 0


(iii) limx0+ 2

Z

(sin )x

2


(sin )x =

(sin t)x dt

.
2

, > 0 x (0, )

(sin )x > 2 .
2
2

(iv) > 0 > 0 x (0, )

2 <
2

(sin t)x dt

.
2

. 0 < < 2 . x > 0

Z
0

(sin t)x dt .

y(t) = (sin t)x , x > 0, , 2 ,


2

(sin )

(sin t)x dt

.
2

limx0+ 2 (sin )x = 2 , > 0 x (0, )




 
 



(sin )x
=

(sin )x < ,

2
2
2
2

(sin )x > 2 .
2
2

, x (0, )

2 <
2

Z
0

(sin t)x dt =

Z
0

(sin t)x dt +

(sin t)x dt

.
2

25

1.2. 201314
> 0 > 0 x (0, )

2 <
2

Z
0

Z

 2




(sin t)x dt < + 2 
(sin t)x dt  < 2
 0
2
2

Z
lim

x0+

(sin t)x dt =

.
2

26

1.

1.3

201213
&

1

1. ,

lim

x1


p
x2 3x x = 3 .

> 0 = () > 0, x D := (, 0][3, )

0 < |x + 1| <

p



 x2 3x x 3 < .
. 1 . D . x D


p


2
 x 3x x 3 =


 2
(x 3x) (x + 3)2 


 2

x

3x
+
x
+
3



|x + 1|
.
= 9 

 x2 3x + x + 3
x D

x2 3x + x + 3 > 1

x2 3x > (x + 2). ,


p


2
x

3x

3
 < 9|x + 1| .

> 0 = /3. , x D 0 < |x + 1| < ,

p



2
 x 3x x 3 < 9|x + 1| <

limx1 ( x2 3x x) = 3.
2. f : R R

f (x) =

cos 1
x

x 6= 0

x=0.

() limx0 f (x) .

27

1.3. 201213

() g : 0, 2 R 0, 2

C > 0,



2
.
|g(x)| C x x 0,

f g 0, 2 .

.
() xn = 1/2n yn = 1/(2n + /2), n N. xn , yn 0,

f (xn ) = cos 2n = 1 f (yn ) = cos(2n + /2) = 0 n N .

f (xn ) 1 f (yn ) 0. limx0 f (x) .

() f g 0, 2
0, 2 .

f (0)g(0) = 0.

|f (x)g(x)| = | cos(1/x)g(x)| |g(x)| C x x

2
0,


,

limx0+ f (x)g(x) = 0 = f (0)g(0) f g 0.

f (2/)g(2/) = cos(/2)g(2/) = 0.



2
|f (x)g(x)| = | cos(1/x)g(x)| | cos(1/x)|C x x 0,

limx(2/) | cos(1/x)|C x = 0,
   
2
2
lim f (x)g(x) = 0 = f
g
.

x(2/)
f g 2 .
f g 0, 2

3. f : R R

f (x) =

x3 x

x .

28

1.
R f .
. x R, x . (n ) limn n =

x, limn f (n ) = limn 3n = x3 . (n )
limn n = x, limn f (n ) = 1.
limn f (n ) 6= limn f (n ) x3 6= 1 x 6= 1.
f R \ {1}.
f 1. f (1) = 13 = 1.

|x 1| < 1 0 < x < 2, |x3 1| = |x 1|(x2 + x + 1) > |x 1|.

|f (x) f (1)| = |f (x) 1| max{|x3 1|, |x 1|} = |x3 1| ,

|x 1| < 1 .

limx1 f (x) = f (1) f

1.
. f 1



|x3 1| + |x 1| + |x3 1| |x 1|
.
|f (x) f (1)| = |f (x) 1| max{|x 1|, |x 1|} =
2
3

4. Bolzano-Weierstrass
.
() f, g : [a, b] (0, ) g(x) > f (x) x [a, b].

> 1, g(x) f (x) x [a, b] .

(1.4)

. (1.4) . ,
n N xn [a, b], g(xn ) <



1
1+
f (xn ) .
n

() ()

[a, b] (a, b).

29

1.3. 201213
.

Bolzano-Weierstrass :
.
: f : A R, A R,
x0 A (xn ) A
x0 , (f (xn )) f (x0 ).
() . (1.4) . ,
n N xn [a, b]



1
g(xn ) < 1 +
f (xn ) .
n

(1.5)

(xn ) Bolzano-Weierstrass
(xkn ) limn xkn = x0 . a xkn b
n N x0 [a, b]. f ,
limn f (xkn ) = f (x0 ) limn g (xkn ) = g(x0 ).
(1.5)

g(x0 ) f (x0 ) .

()

() f (x) = x2 g(x) = x (0, 1). x > x2

x (0, 1). > 1, x x2 x (0, 1).
, x x2 x (0, 1),

lim x lim x2 1 .

x1

x1

5. f : R R limx f (x)

0 f 0 (x) > 0 x R. f (x) > 0 x R.

. x0 R f (x0 ) < 0. f 0 (x) > 0 x R, f

f (x) < f (x0 ) x < x0 .

30

1.
,

lim f (x) f (x0 ) < 0 .

()

, f (x) > 0 x R.
6. f : R R (a , a + ) a R.
f 0 a, f 0 (a+) =

limxa+ f 0 (x) f 0 (a) = limxa f 0 (x) .

. limxa+ f 0 (x), limxa f 0 (x) ,
limxa+ f 0 (x) = limxa f 0 (x) = f 0 (a), f 0 a.
.
limxa+ f 0 (x) , .
f [a, a + h], h < ,

f (a + h) f (a)
= f 0 (a + h) , (0, 1) .
h
limxa+ f 0 (x) , limh0+ f 0 (a + h) = limxa+ f 0 (x)

f 0 (a) = lim

h0+

f (a + h) f (a)
= lim f 0 (a + h) = lim f 0 (x) .
h
h0+
xa+

f 0 (a) = f 0 (a+).
. LHpital. ,

f 0 (a) = lim

h0+

f (a + h) f (a)
h

= lim f 0 (a + h)
h0+

( LHpital)

= lim f 0 (x) .
xa+

limxa f 0 (x) , f 0 (a) = f 0 (a).

, limxa+ f 0 (x), limxa f 0 (x) ,

lim f 0 (x) = lim f 0 (x) = f 0 (a) .

xa+

xa

f 0 a .
limxa+ f 0 (x), limxa f 0 (x) .

31

1.3. 201213

7. f : (a, b) (1, 1) (a, b) b a 4.

(a, b),

|f 0 ()| <

p
1 (f ())2 .

. F (x) := arcsin f (x), x (a, b).

. F (x) := arcsin f (x),

x (a, b). x1 , x2 (a, b) a < x1 < x2 < b. (x1 , x2 ),

f 0 ()
F (x2 ) F (x1 ) = F 0 ()(x2 x1 ) arcsin f (x2 ) arcsin f (x1 ) = p
(x2 x1 ) .
1 (f ())2
/2 < arcsin f (x1 ), arcsin f (x2 ) < /2, < arcsin f (x2 ) arcsin f (x1 ) <
| arcsin f (x2 ) arcsin f (x1 )| < .

> | arcsin f (x2 ) arcsin f (x1 )| = p

|f 0 ()|
1 (f ())2

(x2 x1 )

|f 0 ()|
p
.
<
2
x

x1
1 (f ())
2
b a 4, x1 , x2 (a, b) x2 x1 > . ,

p
|f 0 ()|

p
< = 1 |f 0 ()| < 1 (f ())2 .

1 (f ())2

8. f : [0, 1] R [0, 1] f 00
(0, 1).

f (0) = f 0 (0) = f 0 (1) = 0 f (1) = 1 ,

(0, 1) |f 00 ()| 4.
. Taylor x = 1/2 x0 = 0 x0 = 1.
: 100m 10 sec,
4m/ sec2 .
. x [0, 1] Taylor

f (x) = f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 )(x x0 ) +

f 00 ()
(x x0 )2 , (0, 1) .
2!

32

1.
x = 1/2 x0 = 0

 
 
1 f 00 (1 ) 1 2
1
0
= f (0) + f (0) +
f
2
2
2!
2


00
f (1 )
1
=
,
, 1 0,
8
2
x = 1/2 x0 = 1

 



2
1
1
f 00 (2 ) 1
0
f
= f (1) + f (1)
1 +
1
2
2
2!
2


1
f 00 (2 )
, 2
,1 .
=1+
8
2

f 00 (1 )
f 00 (2 )
=1+
f 00 (1 ) f 00 (2 ) = 8
8
8

8 = |f 00 (1 ) f 00 (2 )| |f 00 (1 )| + |f 00 (2 )| .
|f 00 (1 )| 4 |f 00 (2 )| 4.

2
1. f (x) = 1/x2 [a, b] 0 < a < b.

Pn = {x0 , x1 , . . . , xk , . . . , xn } [a, b], xk = a + k

= {1 , . . . , k , . . . , n } k =

S(f, Pn , ) =

ba
, k = 0, 1, . . . , n
n

xk1 xk [xk1 , xk ], k = 1, . . . , n.

n
X

f (k )(xk xk1 )

k=1

Riemann f Pn
,

Z
a

1
baX
dx
=
lim
S(f,
P
,
)
=
lim
f (k ) .
n
n
n n
x2
k=1

Z
a

baX
1 1
1
dx = lim
f (k ) = .
2
n n
x
a b
k=1

33

1.3. 201213
.

Z
a

baX
1
dx = lim
f (k )
2
n n
x
k=1

= lim

n
baX

k=1

1
xk1 xk

n
X

1
[na + (k 1)(b a)] [na + k(b a)]
k=1

n 
X
1
1
= lim n

n
na + (k 1)(b a) na + k(b a)
k=1


1
1
= lim n

n
na na + n(b a)
1 1
= .
a b
= lim (b a)n
n

2. [0, 1],

lim

n
X
k=1

16n
= 2 8 arctan
k 2 + 2kn + 5n2

 
1
2, 574 .
2

. Riemann
n
X

16n
1X
16
=
lim
n
k 2 + 2kn + 5n2 n n
(k/n)2 + 2(k/n) + 5
k=1
k=1
Z 1
1
= 16
dx ,
2
0 x + 2x + 5
lim

f (x) = 1/(x2 + 2x + 5) [0, 1].

Z
16
0

1
dx = 16
2
x + 2x + 5

1
dx
2
0 4 + (x + 1)
Z 2
1
= 16
dt
2
2
1 2 +t

t t=2
= 8 arctan 
2

( t = x + 1)

t=1

1
= 8 arctan 1 8 arctan = 2 8 arctan
2

 
1
2, 574 .
2

34

1.

3. f : [a, a] R, a > 0, ,

f (x)
f (x) dx =
1 + ex

f (x) dx .
0

f (x)
dx =
1 + ex

f (x)
dx +
1 + ex

f (x)
dx
1 + ex

Z a
f (x)
f (t)
dt +
dx
=
t
x
0 1+e
a 1+e
Z a t
Z a
e f (t)
f (x)
=
dt +
dx
t
x
1+e
0 1+e
Z0 a
Z
a
(1 + ex )f (x)
=
dx
=
f (x) dx .
1 + ex
0
0
Z

( x = t)
(f )

4. f f 0 [1, x], x 1. [x] = m 1, m N,

[t]f 0 (t) dt =

m1
X Z k+1
k

k=1

[t]f 0 (t) dt +

mf 0 (t) dt

= mf (x)

m
X

f (k) = [x]f (x)

f (n) .

nx

k=1

. k t < k + 1, k N, [t] = k . m t x,

m = [x], [t] = m. ,
Z x
m1
XZ
0
[t]f (t) dt =
1

k+1

k=1
m1
X Z k+1

kf 0 (t) dt +

k=1 k
m1
X Z k+1

k=1
m1
X

mf 0 (t) dt

[t]f (t) dt +

mf 0 (t) dt

m
0

f (t) dt + m

f 0 (t) dt

k (f (k + 1) f (k)) + m (f (x) f (m))

k=1

= mf (x)

m
X
k=1

f (k) = [x]f (x)

X
nx

f (n) .

35

1.3. 201213

5. f : [a, b] R f 0 (x) 6= 0 x [a, b].

b

f (b)

f (x) dx = bf (b) af (a)

a

f 1 (x) dx .

f (a)

. f : [a, b] R f 0 (x) 6= 0

x [a, b], f f 1
I = f ([a, b])

f (a) f (b). ,
Z b
Z b
x=b
xf 0 (x) dx
f (x) dx = xf (x)|x=a
a
a
Z b
f 1 (f (x))f 0 (x) dx
= bf (b) af (a)

( )

f (b)

= bf (b) af (a)
f (a)
Z f (b)

= bf (b) af (a)

f 1 (u) du

( u = f (x))

f 1 (x) dx .

f (a)

6. f : [a, b] R ,

Z
f (t) dt =

lim

x0+

f (t) dt .
a

a+x

. M = sup {|f (x)| : x [a, b]}. ,

 Z b

Z a
 

f (t) dt = 
f (t) dt +
f (t) dt
Za+x
 b
 a

= 
f (t) dt
a+x
Z a+x




=
f (t) dt
a
Z a+x
|f (t)| dt

a
Z a+x

M dt

f (t) dt

a+x

= M x 0 .
x0+

lim

x0+

Z
f (t) dt =

a+x

f (t) dt .
a

36

1.

7. a > 0,

Z
lim

x 0

1
t cos (xt) dt = lim
2 x
a

ta (1 + cos(2xt)) dt =

a+1
.
2(a + 1)

t cos (xt) dt =
0

=
=
=

Z
1 a
t (1 + cos(2xt)) dt
2 0
Z
Z
1
1 a
a
t dt +
t cos(2xt) dt
2 0
2 0
Z
a+1
d
1
ta (sin(2xt)) dt
+
2(a + 1) 4x 0
dt
Z
a+1
1 a
a
t=
+
t sin(2xt)|t=0
ta1 sin(2xt) dt
2(a + 1) 4x
4x 0
( )

a+1
a
a
+
sin(2x)
2(a + 1) 4x
4x

ta1 sin(2xt) dt .

. 0 < a < 1,

sin(2xt)
t1a
t0+
t0+
2x
cos(2xt)
=
lim
1 a t0+ ta
2x
lim ta cos(2xt) = 0
=
1 a t0+
R
0 ta1 sin(2xt) dt .
lim ta1 sin(2xt) = lim

 a

a


 sin(2x) 0
 4x
 4x x

 Z
a

 4x

a1


Z

a

sin(2xt) dt
|ta1 sin(2xt)| dt
4x 0
Z
a

ta1 dt
4x 0
a
=
0 ,
4x x

( LHpital)

37

1.3. 201213

a
a
sin(2x) = lim
x 4x
x 4x

ta1 sin(2xt) dt = 0 .

lim

ta cos2 (xt) dt =

lim

x 0

a+1
.
2(a + 1)

8. f : R R

lim f (x) = 1 , lim f (x) = 2 , 1 , 2 R .

x

a > 0, r, R R
R

R+a

(f (x + a) f (x)) dx =
r

r+a

f (x) dx
R

f (x) dx
r

(f (x + a) f (x)) dx .

lim

R
r

(f (x + a) f (x)) dx =

f (x + a) dx
f (x) dx
r
r
Z R+a
Z R
=
f (t) dt
f (x) dx

r+a
Z R+a

r+a

f (x) dx

=
R
Z R+a

f (x) dx
R
Z r+a

f (x) dx

( t = x + a)

f (x) dx
r

f (x) dx .
r

R+a

Z
f (x) dx

r+a

f (x) dx = af (R ) af (r ) ,
r

R , r R R R + a r r r + a. ,

Z
(f (x + a) f (x)) dx = lim

lim

R
r

R+a

R R

Z
f (x) dx lim

r r

= a lim f (R ) a lim f (r )
R

= a2 a1 = a(2 1 ) .

r+a

f (x) dx

38

1.

9. ,

Z
lim

n 0

n sin x
dx .
x+n

n
. 1 . f (x) = x+n
g(x) = sin x

[0, ], (
[27])

Z
n
n sin x
sin x dx
dx =
x+n
+n 0
2n
=
,
+n

2n
0 . limn +n
= 2

Z
lim

n 0

n sin x
dx = 2 .
x+n

2 .

n sin x
dx
x+n

Z
0

 Z

 
x sin x 


sin x dx = 
dx
0 x+n
Z
x sin x
2
=
dx
0 .
n n
0 x+n

Z
lim

n 0

n sin x
dx =
x+n

sin x dx = 2 .
0

10. f : [0, 1] R ,

Z
lim

n 0

f (xn ) dx = f (0) .

. n N
1

f (x ) dx =
0

1/ n

f (x ) dx +
0

1/ n

f (xn ) dx .

Z
lim

n 0

1/ n
n

f (x ) dx = 0

Z
lim

n 1/n

f (xn ) dx = f (0) .

39

1.3. 201213
. M = max {|f (x)| : x [0, 1]},

 Z
Z
Z 1/n

 1/ n
1/ n
M


f (xn ) dx
|f (xn )| dx
M dx = 0


 0
n n
0
0

1/ n

f (xn ) dx = 0 .

lim

n 0

1
n

1/ n

f (x ) dx =

f (nn )



1
1
,
n

n 0 n 11/ n. 0 nn (11/ n)n limn (11/ n)n =

0, limn nn = 0
Z

lim

n 1/n

f (xn ) dx = f (0) .

Z
lim

n 0

f (xn ) dx = f (0) .

40

1.

1.4

201112
&

1

1. ,

x3 + 2x 2
1
= .
2
x1
x +2
3
lim

> 0 = () > 0, x R 0 < |x 1| <


 3
 x + 2x 2 1 


 x2 + 2 3  < .
. x R


 3
 
 x + 2x 2 1  3x3 x2 + 6x 8


 x2 + 2 3  =
3 (x2 + 2)
3x2 + 2x + 8
|x 1| .
=
3 (x2 + 2)

(3x3 x2 + 6x 8 = (x 1)(3x2 + 2x + 8))

|x 1| < 1 0 < x < 2. ,

3x2 + 2x + 8 < 3 22 + 2 2 + 8 = 24 ,

3(x2 + 2) > 3(02 + 2) = 6

 3

 x + 2x 2 1  24


 x2 + 2 3  < 6 |x 1| = 4|x 1| .
> 0

1
() := min 1,
4


.

 3

 x + 2x 2 1 

 < .
x R 0 < |x 1| < () 
x2 + 2
3

2. f : (a, a) \ {0} (0, )


lim f (x) +

x0

1
f (x)


= 2.

41

1.4. 201112
limx0 f (x) 1.
. g : (a, a) \ {0} (0, )

g(x) := f (x) +

1
.
f (x)

(f (x) 1)2 0 f (x)2 2f (x) + 1 0 f (x) +

1
2,
f (x)

g(x) 2 x (a, a) \ {0}. g

f (x)2 g(x)f (x) + 1 = 0

f (x) =


p
1
g(x) g(x)2 4 .
2

, x (a, a) \ {0}



p
p
1
1
g(x) g(x)2 4 f (x)
g(x) + g(x)2 4 .
2
2
limx0 g(x) = 2, limx0 f (x)
1.
3.

f (x) =

x2 4 x

x .

R f .
. f x0 6= 2. , (n )
limn n = x0 , limn f (n ) = 0. (n )
limn n = x0 ,

lim f (n ) = lim (n2 4) = x20 4 6= 0 .

limn f (n ) 6= limn f (n ) f
x0 6= 2.

42

1.
f 2 2. 2 Q
f (2) = 0, x R



|f (x) f (2)| = |f (x)| x2 4 .
limx2 (x2 4) = 0, limx2 f (x) =

f (2) f 2.
4. f : R R

|f (x) f (y)| a|x y| x, y R ,

a > 0. f 1 1 .

. f 1 1.

|f (x) f (0)| a|x| x R .

f 1 1, f .

f . x > 0
f (x) f (0) ax f (x) ax + f (0)
limx+ f (x) = +. x < 0

f (0) f (x) ax f (x) f (0) + ax

limx f (x) = . f ( c R.
limx f (x) = limx+ f (x) = +, , R

f () < c < f () .
Bolzano (, ) f () = c).

f .
5.

f (x) =

arctan 1
|x|

x 6= 0 ,

x = 0 ,

43

1.4. 201112
R. f R.
. f x 6= 0.

lim f (x) = lim arctan

x0

x0

1
= = f (0) ,
|x|
2

f 0.
x 6= 0 f . x > 0
0

f (x) =
x < 0

1
arctan
x

0
=

1/x2
1
=
,
2
1 + 1/x
1 + x2





1 0
1 0
1
f (x) = arctan
= arctan
=
.
x
x
1 + x2
0

f+0 (0) = lim

arctan(1/x) /2
1/x2
= lim
= 1
x
x0+ 1 + 1/x2

( LHpital)

f0 (0) = lim

1/x2
arctan(1/x) /2
= lim
= 1,
x
x0 1 + 1/x2

( LHpital)

x0+

x0

f
6. f : R R f (0) = 0. n N ,

x
 x 
1
f (x) + f
+ + f
=
lim
x0 x
2
n



1
1
1 + + +
f 0 (0) .
2
n

x
 x 
1
f (x) + f
+ + f
x0 x
2
n


f (x/n) f (0)
f (x) f (0) f (x/2) f (0)
= lim
+
+ +
x0
x
x
x


f (x) f (0) 1 f (x/2) f (0)
1 f (x/n) f (0)
+
+ +
= lim
x0
x
2
x/2
n
x/n
1
1
= f 0 (0) + f 0 (0) + + f 0 (0)
2
n


1
1
0
= 1 + + +
f (0) .
2
n
lim

44

1.

7. y = f (x) = arcsin x + 2 arccos x (1, 1). f 1 f ,

lim

f 1 (y)
.
y

f 0 (x) =

1
1
1
2
=
< 0,
1 x2
1 x2
1 x2

x (1, 1).

f (1, 1).
y = f (x) x = f 1 (y) f 1 .

f (0) = f 1 , y x 0. ,
lim

f 1 (y)
x
= lim
x0 f (x)
y

(LHpital)

p
1
1 x2 = 1 .
=

lim
x0 f 0 (x)
x0
lim

8. ( Kolmogorov) f : R R .
f f 000



sup |f (x)| = M0 sup f 000 (x) = M3 .
xR

xR

Taylor f 0

 1q

sup f 0 (x) 3 9M02 M3 .
2
xR
. x R, x . h > 0 Taylor

f (x + h) = f (x) + f 0 (x) h +

f 00 (x) 2 f 000 (1 ) 3
h +
h , 1 (x, x + h)
2!
3!

f (x h) = f (x) f 0 (x) h +

f 00 (x) 2 f 000 (2 ) 3
h
h , 2 (x h, x) .
2!
3!

f (x + h) f (x h) = 2f 0 (x) h +


h3  000
f (1 ) + f 000 (2 )
3!

f 0 (x) =


f (x + h) f (x h)
h2  000

f (1 ) + f 000 (2 ) .
2h
2 3!

45

1.4. 201112
,
2 


 0
f (x) |f (x + h) f (x h)| + h f 000 (1 ) + f 000 (2 )
2h
2 3!
 


|f (x + h)| + |f (x h)|
h2  000

+
f (1 ) + f 000 (2 )
2h
2 3!
h2
M0 + M0
+
(M3 + M3 )

2h
2 3!
M0 M3 2
=
+
h .
h
6

(h) :=

M0 M3 2
+
h ,
h
6
M0 M3
(h) = 2 +
h, 0 (h) = 0 h =
h
3
0

r
3

min (h) =
h>0

M0
3
M3

!
=

1
2

r
3

M0
.
M3

q
3
9M02 M3 .

, x R

q
 0

f (x) 1 3 9M 2 M3
0
2
q

 13
sup f 0 (x)
9M02 M3 .
2
xR
9. f (x) = x sin x2 . y = sin x2
f (15) (0).

. x R sin x =

(1)n

n=0

sin x2 =

(1)n

n=0

f (x) = x sin x2 =

x2n+1
,
(2n + 1)!

x4n+2
x R .
(2n + 1)!

(1)n

n=0

x4n+3
x R .
(2n + 1)!

f Malaurin

f (x) =

X
f (n) (0)

n!

n=0

X
f (n) (0)
n=0

n!

xn =

(1)n

n=0

xn x R .

x4n+3
x R .
(2n + 1)!

46

1.
f ,

f (15) (0)
1
15!
= (1)3
f (15) (0) =
.
15!
(2 3 + 1)!
7!

10.

f : R R .

()

lim f (x) + f 0 (x) = 0 ,

limx f (x) .
:
(i) > 0. limx (f (x) + f 0 (x)) = 0,



A > 0 x > A f (x) + f 0 (x) < .
2

(ii) x > A. g(x) := ex f (x),

( Cauchy) y = g(x) y = ex

|g(x) g(A)| <


 x
e eA  .
2

(iii) x > A

|f (x)| <



+ f (A)eAx 
2

(iv) B > 0 x > B



f (A)eAx  < .
2
= max {A, B}, x > |f (x)| < .
()

lim f (x) + f 0 (x) = 1 ,

limx f (x) = 1.

47

1.4. 201112
. () :

(i) > 0. limx (f (x) + f 0 (x)) = 0,



A > 0 x > A f (x) + f 0 (x) < .
2

(ii) x > A. g(x) := ex f (x), (

Cauchy) y = g(x) y = ex , [27],
c (A, x)

g(x) g(A)
g 0 (c)
g(x) g(A)
ec f (c) + ec f 0 (c)
=

=
= f (c) + f 0 (c) .
ex eA
ec
ex eA
ec
,



 

|g(x) g(A)| = f (c) + f 0 (c) ex eA  < ex eA  .
( (i))
2


(iii) (ii) |g(x)| < ex eA  + |g(A)|
2
i
h
|f (x)| < ex |ex eA | + |f (A)eA |
2

= |1 eAx | + |f (A)eAx |
2

= (1 eAx ) + |f (A)eAx |
(eA < ex eAx < 1)
2

< + |f (A)eAx | .
2
(iv) limx |f (A)eAx | = 0, B > 0
|f (A)eAx | <

x > B .
2

= max {A, B}, x >

|f (x)| <

+ = .
2 2

, limx f (x) = 0.
() limx (f (x) + f 0 (x)) = 1



lim (f (x) 1) + (f (x) 1)0 = 0 .

, () limx [(f (x) 1)] = 0

limx f (x) = 1.

48

1.

2
1. x > 1.

Z
1

dt
t 1 + t2

dt = ln
t 1 + t2

!
1+ 2
2

x = 4/3.
.

Z
1

dt =
t 1 + t2

1
p
dt
t2 1 + 1/t2

1/x
1

=
du
( u = 1/t)
1 + u2
1
Z 1
1

du
=
1 + u2
1/x

1
p

= ln u + 1 + u2 
u=1/x



p

= ln 1 + 2 ln 1/x + 1 + 1/x2 .

Z
1

dt = ln
t 1 + t2

!



p

1+ 2
2
ln 1 + 2 ln 1/x + 1 + 1/x = ln
2


p
ln 1/x + 1 + 1/x2 = ln 2
p
1/x + 1 + 1/x2 = 2
p

1 + 1/x2 = 2 1/x
1 + 1/x2 = (2 1/x)2
4/x = 3 x = 4/3 .

1 + t2 ,
!



Z
Z
1
1
1
u1
1
t2 + 1 1

dt =
du = ln
= ln
.
u2 1
2
u+1
2
t 1 + t2
t2 + 1 + 1

. (i) u =

!
1+ 2
2

49

1.4. 201112

(ii) t = tan , /2 < < /2, 6= 0,

dt =
t 1 + t2

1
d .
sin

2. P (cosh t, sinh t), t R \ {0}, x2 y 2 = 1

x2 1, x 1.

y = x2 1, Ox . OP
y =

t/2.

OBP

1
sinh 2t
cosh t sinh t =

2
4

50

1.
E1

Z
|E1 | =

cosh t p

x2 1 dx

Z tp
=
cosh2 u 1 sinh u du
0
Z t
sinh2 u du
=
0
Z t
cosh 2u 1
=
du
2
0
Z
Z
1 t
1 t
cosh 2u du
du
=
2 0
2 0

sinh 2u u=t
t
=


4
2
u=0
sinh 2t
t
=
.
4
2

( x = cosh u)
(cosh2 u 1 = sinh2 u)
(cosh 2u = 1 + 2 sinh2 u)

, E

sinh 2t
sinh 2t
|E| =
|E1 | =

4
4

sinh 2t
t

4
2


=

t
.
2

3.

Z
cos t dt

1
dt, 0 x < /2 .
cos t

CauchySchwarz x (/2, /2)


sin x ln

1 + sin x
1 sin x

2x2 .

(1.6)


sin(x) ln

1 + sin(x)
1 sin(x)


1 sin x
= sin x ln
1 + sin x





1 + sin x
1 + sin x
= sin x ln
,
= sin x ln
1 sin x
1 sin x

(1.6) . y = 2x2 .
(1.6) x [0, /2). 0 x < /2

cos t dt = sin x
0

51

1.4. 201112

Z
0

1
dt =
cos t

cos t
dt
2
0 cos t
Z x
cos t
=
2 dt
0 1 sin t
Z sin x
1
du
( u = sin t)
=
1 u2
0


Z
1
1 sin x
1
du
=
+
2 0
1+u 1u




1
1 + u u=sin x 1
1 + sin x
= ln
= ln
.
2
1u 
2
1 sin x
u=0

, 0 x < /2 CauchySchwarz
2

Z

x =
0

2 Z x
 Z x



1
1
1
1 + sin x
cos t
dt
cos t dt
.
dt = sin x ln
2
1 sin x
cos t
0
0 cos t

4.

t3
< arctan t < t ,
3

t > 0 .

Z
lim

x0+

3x

arctan t
dt = ln 3 .
t2

. x > 0

Z
x

3x

arctan t
dt ln 3 =
t2

Z
x

3x

arctan t t
dt .
t2

. x > 0

Z
x

3x

arctan t
dt ln 3 =
t2

3x

Z
=
x

3x

arctan t
dt (ln 3x ln x)
t2
Z 3x
Z 3x
arctan t
1
arctan t t
dt
dt =
dt .
2
t
t
t2
x
x

t > 0



 arctan t t 
t3
t3
< t.
< arctan t < t < arctan t t < 0 
t
 3
2
3
3
t

52

1.
,
3x

R 3x

, limx0+ x

 Z 3x

 
arctan t t 
arctan t


dt ln 3 = 
dt
t2
t2
x


Z 3x
 arctan t t 

 dt



t2
x
Z 3x
4x2
t

dt =
0 .
3
3 x0+
x

arctan t/t2 dt = ln 3.

5. f : [0, 1] [0, ) . a R,

f (t) dt x [0, 1] .

f (x) a
0

f .

Rx

. F (x) := 0 f (t) dt, x [0, 1]. F

F 0 (x) aF (x) F (x)eax

0

0 x [0, 1] .

g(x) := F (x)eax , g [0, 1].

g(0) = F (0) = 0, g(x) = 0 x [0, 1]. F (x) = 0

x [0, 1]
1

Z
F (1) =

f (t) dt = 0 .
0

f [0, 1]. , f (x) = 0

x [0, 1].
6. () [0, 1]

lim

n
X
k=1

n
.
n2 + k 2

()

x3
< sin x < x ,
6

x > 0 .

53

1.4. 201112

n
X
k=1

n
1X

2
2
n +k
6
k=1

n
2
n + k2

3
<

n
X


sin

k=1

n
2
n + k2


<

n
X
k=1

n2

n
.
+ k2

(1.7)

(1.7) (),
n
X

lim


sin

k=1

n
2
n + k2


.

.
1
() f (x) = 1+x
2 [0, 1],

Riemann
n
X

1X
n
1
lim
=
lim
2
2
n
n
n +k
n
1 + (k/n)2
k=1
k=1
Z 1
1

=
dx = arctan 1 arctan 0 = .
2
1
+
x
4
0
n
() x = n2 +k
2 ,

1
n

2
2
n +k
6

n
2
n + k2

3


< sin

n
2
n + k2


<

n2

n
+ k2

n
X
k=1

n
1X

n2 + k 2 6
k=1

0<

n 
X
k=1

n
2
n + k2

n
n2 + k 2

3

lim

3

<

<

n
X


sin

k=1

n
2
n + k2

n 
X
k=1

lim

n
2
n + k2

n
X

k=1

n2

3
= 0.

= ,
2
+k
4

(1.7)

lim

n
X
k=1

<

n
X
k=1

n2

n
X
1
1
1
= n 3 = 2 0
n3
n
n n
k=1


sin

n
2
n + k2


=

.
4

n
.
+ k2

54

1.

7. f : [a, b] R

|f 0 (x)| M < + ,

x [a, b] .

n N, a = x0 < x1 < x2 < < xn1 < xn = b [a, b]

1
,
ba

xk xk1

k = 1, 2, . . . , n .

k [xk1 , xk ), k = 1, 2, . . . , n.

Z

n
 b
 M
X


f (x) dx
.
f (k )(xk xk1 )

 a

2
k=1

Z

Z xk
 xk

M


(xk xk1 )2 .
f (x) dx f (k )(xk xk1 ) M
|x k | dx

 xk1

2
xk1

xk

xk

f (x) dx f (k )(xk xk1 ) =

xk1

xk

(f (x) f (k )) dx =
xk1

f 0 (cx ) (x k ) dx ,

xk1

cx k x. ,

Z
 Z
 xk

xk 



f 0 (cx ) |x k | dx
f (x) dx f (k )(xk xk1 )

 xk1

xk1
Z xk
M
|x k | dx
x

"Zk1

Z
(k x) dx +

=M
xk1

xk

(x k ) dx
k


M
(k xk1 )2 + (xk k )2
2
M
M

[(k xk1 ) + (xk k )]2 =

(xk xk1 )2 .
2
2

55

1.4. 201112
,

Z
  n Z
!
n
 b

 X
xk
X


 
f
(x)
dx

f
(x)
dx

f
(
)(x

x
)
f
(
)(x

x
)
=



k
k
k1
k
k
k1 
 a

 
xk1
k=1
k=1


n Z xk

X


f (x) dx f (k )(xk xk1 )



 xk1
k=1

n
MX
(xk xk1 )2
2

k=1

X
M
(xk xk1 )
2(b a)

1
(xk xk1 ba
)

k=1

M
M
(xn x0 ) =
.
2(b a)
2

8. ,

1

Z
lim

n 0

xn
dx .
1+x

1

. f (x) = xn g(x) = 1+x

[0, 1], ( [27])

Z
0

xn
dx = n
1+x

Z
0

1
dx
1+x

n
= ln (1 + x)|x=1
x=0 = ln 2 ,
n

0 1.
6= 1. , = 1

Z
0

xn
dx =
1+x

Z
0

1
dx
1+x

Z
0

1 xn
dx = 0 .
1+x

R 1 1xn
n
, 1x
1+x > 0 x [0, 1) 0 1+x dx > 0.
0 < 1. limn n = 0

Z
lim

n 0

xn
dx = lim n ln 2 = 0 .
n
1+x

56

1.

9.

(i)
0

x
dx ,
2
1 + x sin2 x

(ii)
0

1
ex

+1

dx .

.
.
(i)

x
1+

x2 sin2 x

x
1 + x2

x
1
dx = lim ln(1 + x2 ) = .
2
1+x
2 x

()

Z
0

x
1+

x2 sin2 x

dx = .

()

(ii)

1
1
0< x
< x = ex/2
e +1
e
R
0 ex/2 dx = 2 ,


R

0 1/ ex + 1 dx .

ex

2
dt
( t = ex + 1 x = ln(t2 1))
1

Z 
1
1
=

dt
t1 t+1



 x

e +11
t1
= ln x
= ln
.
t+1
e +1+1
Z

1
+1

dx =

t2

Z
0

 x

e +11
21
x
dx = lim ln x
ln
x
e +1
e +1+1
2+1
!

x


1 1/ e + 1
2+1

= lim ln
+ ln
x
1 1/ ex + 1
21

2


= ln 1 + ln
2 + 1 = 2 ln
2+1 .
1

57

1.5. 201011

1.5

201011
&

1

.
.
1. f : (a, a) \ {0} R, a > 0.

lim f (x) = R lim f (|x|) = .

x0

x0

. limx0 f (x) = R, limx0 f (|x|) = .

.
. f (x) = [x], [x] x R,
limx0 [|x|] = 0 limx0 [x] .
2. f, g : R+ R limx+ f (x) g (x) = +.

limx+ f (x) = + limx+ g (x) = +.

. f (x) = 1 g (x) = x,

lim f (x) = 1 ,

x+

lim g (x) =

x+

lim f (x) g (x) = + .

x+

. f, g : R+ R limx+ f (x) g (x) = +

limx+ f (x) limx+ g (x) .
, f (x) = 1 + x cos2 x g (x) = 1 + x sin2 x,

f (x) g (x) = 1 + x + x2 cos2 x sin2 x 1 + x .

, limx+ f (x) g (x) = +. n N

f (n) = 1 + n , f (n + /2) = 1, g (n) = 1, g (n + /2) = 1 + n + /2.

, limn+ n = limn+ (n + /2) = +.

lim f (n) = + =
6 1 = lim f (n + /2)

n+

n+

58

1.

lim g (n) = 1 6= + = lim g (n + /2) ,

n+

n+

limx+ f (x) limx+ g (x) .

3. f : R R. f 2 , f .
.

f (x) =

x 0

1 x < 0 .

4. f, g D R, max(f, g),

min(f, g) ,
max(f, g)(x) = max {f (x), g(x)} ,

min(f, g)(x) = min {f (x), g(x)} .

. f g , |f g| ,

max (f, g) =

f + g + |f g|
,
2

min (f, g) =

f + g |f g|
2

.
5. f R, a > 0 f
[0, a].
.

f (x) =

x sin (1/x) x 6= 0

x = 0 .

a > 0, n N

x1 =

1
(0, a)
2n + /2

x2 =

1
(0, a) .
2n /2

0 < x1 < x2 f (0) = 0, f (x1 ) = x1 > 0, f (x2 ) = x2 < 0, f

[0, a].

59

1.5. 201011

6. f I = (a, a), a > 0. f

f 0 .
. g (x) := f (x) f (x), g (0) = 0. ,

f g = 0 g g 0 = 0 f 0 .

7. f : [1, +) R . limx+ f (x) = 0,

limx+ f 0 (x) = 0.
. f (x) = (1/x) sin x2 , f [1, +), limx+ f (x) =

0
1
sin x2 + 2 cos x2 .
x2
p

p

n N f 0
2n = 2, f 0
2n + /2 = 1/ 2n + /2.
p


2n = 2 limn+ f 0
2n + /2 = 0,
limn+ f 0
f 0 (x) =

limx+ f 0 (x) .
8. f : R R f 0 (0) =

1. [a, a], a > 0, f .

. f 0 , a > 0 x [a, a]


 0


f (x) f 0 (0) < 1 f 0 (x) 1 < 1 0 < f 0 (x) < 2 .
x [a, a] f 0 (x) > 0 f

[a, a].
9. f : R R f 0 (0) = 1.
[a, a], a > 0, f .
.

f (x) =

x + x2 sin 1/x2 x 6= 0

x = 0 .

60

1.

f (x) f (0)
= lim 1 + x sin 1/x2 = 1
x0
x0
x0

f 0 (0) = lim

f 0 (x) = 1 + 2x sin

1
x2

2
cos
x

1
x2


,

x 6= 0.

f R f 0 (0) = 1.
a > 0 n N 1

2n

[a, a].






1
1
0
= 1 + 2 2n > 0 f
= 1 2 2n < 0 ,
f
2n
2n
0

f [a, a], a > 0.

. x 6= 0

f (x) = 1 + 2x sin

1
x2

2
cos
x

1
x2

. , f 0 f .

f . ,





1
0
lim f
= lim 1 + 2 2n = +
n
n
2n

lim f

2n


= lim

1 2 2n = ,

61

1.5. 201011

limx0 f 0 (x) f 0
0. f 0 , f
f (
).
10. f : R+ R f 0
R+ . (f (n))nN +, limn+ f (n) = +,
limx+ f (x) = +.
. |f 0 (x)| M x R+ . [x] x R+ ,

|f (x) f ([x])| M |x [x]| < M

f (x) > f ([x]) M .

[x] = n, n N limn+ f (n) = +,

limx+ f ([x]) = +. , limx+ f (x) = +.

11. f : R+ R f 0
R+ . (f (n))nN , limn+ f (n) = R,
limx+ f (x) = .
. f (x) = sin (x), f R f 0 (x) =

cos (x) . f (n) = sin (n) = 0, limn+ f (n) = 0. ,

limx+ f (x) = limx+ sin (x) .
12. f : R R limx f 0 (x) = ,

limx+ f 0 (x) = +. , A R R f 0 () = A.
. f 0 .
. A R. limx f 0 (x) = limx+ f 0 (x) = +,

, R
f 0 () < A < f 0 () .
, Darboux (, ) f 0 () = A.

62

1.

1
1. ,

lim

x1

x1
= 2.
2x + 2 2

, > 0 = () > 0 x [1, ) \ {1}

0 < |x 1| <




 x 1
 < .

2
 2x + 2 2

. x 1, x 6= 1,

 


  x + 3 2 2x + 2 




 x 1
 2x + 2 2 2 =  2x + 2 2 
|x 1|2


= 
 2x + 2 2 x + 3 + 2 2x + 2

|x 1|2
2x + 2 + 2

=
2 |x 1| x + 3 + 2 2x + 2

2x + 2 + 2

|x 1|

=
2 x + 3 + 2 2x + 2
< |x 1| .
= , x [1, ) \ {1} 0 < |x 1| <





 x 1

 2x + 2 2 2 < .

2. f : R R T > 0,

f (x + T ) = f (x) ,

x R.

limx f (x) , f . , f
limx f (x) .
.

lim sin x

lim cos x;

63

1.5. 201011

. limx f (x) = f , f (a) 6=

a R. f T > 0
.
. limx f (x) = , T -

f . f , a R f (a) 6= . ,
= |f (a) | M > 0 x > M
|f (x) | < |f (a) | .
n N a + nT > M n > (M a) /T . ,

|f (a + nT ) | < |f (a) | |f (a) | < |f (a) |

( f T -)

. , f (a) = a R. f .
. y = sin x y = cos x 2 - .
, limx sin x limx cos x .
3.

f (x) =

sin |x| x .
R f .
. f x0 6= k , k Z. , (n )
limn n = x0 , limn f (n ) = 0. (n )
limn n = x0 , y = sin |x| ,
limn f (n ) = limn sin |n | = sin |x0 | =
6 0.

lim f (n ) 6= lim f (n )

f x0 6= k .
f k , k Z.

k , k 6= 0, f (0) = 0, x R
|f (x) f (k)| = |f (x)| |sin |x|| = |sin (|x| |k|)| ||x| |k|| |x k| .
> 0. = > 0, |x k| < |f (x) f (k)| < . , f
k , k Z.

64

1.

4. f : R R f (0) = 1

f (2x) f (x) = x ,

x R.

. x R



x
1
1
1
f (x) f n = x
+
+ + n ,
2
2 22
2

n N .

. f (2x) f (x) = x

f (x) f

x
2

x
,
2

x R.

f (x)

f (x/2) = x/2 ,

f (x/2)

f (x/22 ) = x/22 ,

f (x/22 ) f (x/23 ) = x/23 ,

................

f (x/2n1 ) f (x/2n ) = x/2n .



x
1
1
1
+
+ + n
f (x) f n = x
2
2 22
2
n+1
1/2 1/2
=x
1 1/2


1
=x 1 n .
2



x
1
f (x) lim f n = lim x 1 n = x .
n
n
2
2
f ,

f (x) f (0) = x f (x) 1 = x f (x) = x + 1 .

f (x) = x + 1 .
5. f : [a, b] R (a, b)

f 00 (x) 0 x (a, b). f (a) < 0 < f (b).

c (a, b) f (c) = 0.

65

1.5. 201011

. Bolzano c (a, b) f (c) = 0.

c , c1 , c2 (a, b)

a < c1 < c2 < b f (c1 ) = f (c2 ) = 0.

d1 (a, c1 ) d2 (c1 , c2 )

f 0 (d1 ) =

f (c1 ) f (a)
f (a)
f (c2 ) f (c1 )
= 0.
=
> 0 f 0 (d2 ) =
c1 a
c1 a
c2 c1

d1 < d2 f 0 (d1 ) > f 0 (d2 ).

f 00 (x) 0 x (a, b) f 0 (a, b).
6. f : (a, b) R

lim f (x) = .

xb

limxb f 0 (x) limxb f 0 (x) = .

. limxb f 0 (x) = R, > 0

|f 0 (x)| < 1 + || ,

x (b , b) .

, M > 0

|f (y)| M ,

y (b , b) .

. limxb f 0 (x) = R. > 0 > 0

|f 0 (x) | < , x (b , b). = 1

|f 0 (x)| = |(f 0 (x) ) + | |f 0 (x) | + || < 1 + || ,

x (b , b).

y (b , b)

f (y) = f (b ) + f 0 () (y (b )) ,

(b , y)



|f (y)| = f (b ) + f 0 () (y (b ))
|f (b )| + |f 0 ()| |y (b )|
< |f (b )| + (1 + ||) .

66

1.
M := |f (b )| + (1 + ||) > 0,

|f (y)| < M ,

y (b , b) .

, limxb f (x) = . , limxb f 0 (x)

limxb f 0 (x) = .

7.


arccos

1 x2
1 + x2


= 2 |arctan x| ,

x R.

. 1 < 1x
1, y = arccos 1x
1+x2
1+x2


arccos

1 x2
1 + x2


= arccos

1 tan2
1 + tan2


(x = tan , [0, /2) (/2, 0])

= arccos (cos 2)

2 = 2 arctan x
[0, /2)
=

arccos (cos (2)) = 2 = 2 arctan x (/2, 0] .

,


arccos

x2

1
1 + x2


=

2 arctan x

x 0

2 arctan x x 0 .

8.



x + 1
lim x arctan x
.
x+
2x + 1


lim

x+

x + 1
arctan x
2x + 1


=

= 0,
2
2

67

1.5. 201011



arctan x (x + 1) / (2x + 1)
x + 1
= lim
lim x arctan x
x+
x+
2x + 1
x1


1/ 1 + x2 ( 2) / (2x + 1)2
= lim
x+
x2
( LHpital)

( 6) x4 4x3 + ( 3) x2
x+
(1 + x2 ) (2x + 1)2
6
( 6) 4/x + ( 3) /x2
=
= lim
.
2
2
x+
4
(1/x + 1) (2 + 1/x)
= lim

9.

Z
y = f (x) =
1

x2

t arctan t
dt
ln (t + 2)

[0, ). f 1 f ,

f 1 (y) 1
.
y0
y
lim

f 0 (x) = 2x

x arctan x
,
ln (x2 + 2)

x 0.

(x) := x arctan x,

0 (x) = 1

1
x2
=
0,
1 + x2
1 + x2

x R.

, x 0 (x) (0) xarctan x 0. , f 0 (x) 0

x 0 ( f 0 (x) = 0 x = 0). f
[0, ).
y = f (x) x = f 1 (y) f 1 .

68

1.

f (1) = 0 f 1 , y 0 x 1. ,
x1
f 1 (y) 1
= lim
x1 f (x)
y0
y
1
= lim 0
x1 f (x)


ln x2 + 2
= lim
x1 2x (x arctan x)
ln 3
2 ln 3
=
=
.
2 (1 /4)
4
lim

( LHpital)

10. f [1, 1], (1, 1)

1
f (1) = , f (1) = f 0 (x)
, x (1, 1).
2
2
1 x2
f (x) = arcsin x, x [1, 1].
. g (x) := f (x)arcsin x, g [1, 1] (1, 1)

1
0,
x (1, 1).
1 x2
g (1, 1). g
g 0 (x) = f 0 (x)

[1, 1], g [1, 1]

g (1) = f (1) arcsin (1) =

+ = 0 g (1) = f (1) arcsin 1 = = 0 .
2
2
2
2

g (x) = 0 f (x) = arcsin x, x [1, 1].

11. f : (0, ) R f 00
(0, ). limx f (x) = , limx f 0 (x) = 0.
. x, h (0, ) Taylor

f (x + h) = f (x) + f 0 (x) h +

f 00 () 2
h ,
2!

x x + h.
. |f 00 (x)| M (M > 0) x (0, ). x, h (0, )
Taylor



 0
  f (x + h) f (x) f 00 () h  |f (x + h) f (x)| M h

f (x) = 

+
.

h
2 
h
2

69

1.5. 201011
> 0 h < /M


 0
f (x) < |f (x + h) f (x)| + .
h
2
limx f (x) = ,

lim

f (x + h) f (x)
=0
h

x0 > 0

|f (x + h) f (x)|

< ,
h
2

x > x0 .

> 0 x0 > 0

 0

f (x) < ,

x > x0 .

, limx f 0 (x) = 0.

2
1. f : [a, b] R .
y

f (t) dt = 0, x, y [a, b] a x < y b,

x

f [a, b].
. x0 [a, b]. n0

a x0 < x0 +

1
b , n N , n n0 .
n

( x0 = b, a x0 n1 < x0 , n n0 ) .

x0 +1/n

f (t) dt = f (n )

0=
x0

1
n

f (n ) = 0 n , x0 n x0 + 1/n. limn n = x0 f
,

f (x0 ) = lim f (n ) = 0 .
n

, f [a, b].

70

1.

2. f R.

f (t) dt = 0 x R, f ,

()
x
Z x

f (t) dt x R, f .

f (t) dt = 2

()
x

Ry

Ry

. () x (f (t) + f (t)) dt = 0 () x (f (t) f (t)) dt = 0,

x, y R.

() 1 . x R

f (t) dt

f (t) dt +

f (t) dt =

0
0

( t = u)

f (t) dt
f (u) du +
=
0
Z xx
=
(f (t) + f (t)) dt .
0

(f (t) + f (t)) dt = 0 ,

x R.

, x, y R

(f (t) + f (t)) dt = 0 .

(f (t) + f (t)) dt +

(f (t) + f (t)) dt =

, 1 f (t) + f (t) 0. , f (t) = f (t),

t R. f .
2 . , x R

Z
f (t) dt = 0

f (t) dt +
0

Z
f (t) dt +

f (t) dt = 0 .
0

f R,

f (x) + f (x) = 0 f (x) = f (x)

f .

x R.

71

1.5. 201011
() 1 . x R

f (t) dt =

f (t) dt +

f (t) dt
0

( t = u)

f (t) dt
f (u) du +
=
Z xx
Z x 0
=
f (t) dt +
f (t) dt .
0

Z
f (t) dt +

Z
f (t) dt

f (t) dt = 2

(f (t) f (t)) dt = 0

x R. , x, y R
y

Z
(f (t) f (t)) dt =

Z
(f (t) f (t)) dt +

(f (t) f (t)) dt = 0 .
0

, 1 f (t) f (t) 0. , f (t) = f (t),

t R. f .
2 . , x R

Z
f (t) dt +

f (t) dt

f (t) dt = 2
0

f (t) dt +
0

f (t) dt = 0 .
0

f R,

f (x) f (x) = 0 f (x) = f (x)

x R.

f .

3. f [a, b], a < b,

Z
a

f (x)
dx .
f (x) + f (a + b x)

72

1.
.
b

Z
a

Z a
f (a + b t)
f (x)
dx =
dx ( t = a + b x)
f (x) + f (a + b x)
b f (a + b t) + f (t)
Z b
f (a + b t)
=
dx
f
(a
+ b t) + f (t)
a
Z
1 b f (x) + f (a + b x)
=
dx
2 a f (x) + f (a + b x)
Z
ba
1 b
dx =
=
.
2 a
2

4. [0, 1]

lim n

1
1
1
+ 3
+ + 3
3
3
3
n +1
n +2
2n

=
0

1
1
dx = ln 2 +
3
1+x
3

3
.
9

1
1
1
+ 3
+ + 3
3
3
3
n +1
n +2
2n

1
=
n

1
1
1
+
+ +
3
3
1 + (1/n)
2 + (2/n)
1 + (n/n)3


n
n
1X
1
1X
k
=
=
f
,
3
n
1 + (k/n)
n
n
k=1

k=1

1
f (x) = 1+x
3 . , Riemann

lim n

1
1
1
+ 3
+ + 3
3
3
3
n +1
n +2
2n

Z
=
0

1
dx .
1 + x3

Z
0

Z
1
1 1 1
dx =
dx
1 + x3
3 0 1+x
Z
1 1 1
=
dx
3 0 1+x
Z
1 1 1
dx
=
3 0 1+x

Z
1 1
3 0
Z
1 1
6 0
Z
1 1
6 0

x2
dx
1 x + x2
(2x 1) 3
dx
1 x + x2
Z
2x 1
1 1
1
dx +
dx

2
2
1x+x
2 0
3/2 + (x 1/2)2




1
1
1
2
1 x=1
x=1
2 x=1
= ln (1 + x)|x=0 ln 1 x + x x=0 + arctan
x
3
6
2 x=0
3
3

1
2
1
1
2
1
3
= ln 2 + arctan = ln 2 + = ln 2 +
.
3
3
3
9
3
3
3 6

73

1.5. 201011
5.

1
2

dx = .
2
6
+ 1) x + 1

(2x2

Z
0

1
2

dx =
2
(2x + 1) x2 + 1

tan1

1
cos2 (2 tan2

+ 1)

tan2 + 1

( x = tan , /2 < < /2)

tan1

tan1

=
0

Z
=

tan1

=
0

cos
d
2 sin + cos2
2

1
d
cos (2 tan2 + 1)

cos
d
sin2 + 1

1
3

1
dt ( t = sin , /2 /2)
+1
0
1

= arctan = .
6
3
=

t2

t = sin tan


tan tan1 1/ 2
1/ 2
1
1/ 2 = q
=p
= .


3
1/2 + 1
tan2 tan1 1/ 2 + 1

x = sinh y y = sinh1 x = ln x +


x2 + 1

z = tanh y .
6. x R

cos2 x

arccos

t dt =

arccos

sin2 x

1 u du =

arcsin

u du

sin2 x

sin2 x

arcsin
0

Z
t dt +

cos2 x

arccos

Z
t dt =

arcsin

u du

Z
=2

v arcsin v dv
0

Z
=2

/2

sin cos d =
0

.
4

74

1.
. x R
cos2 x

arccos

Z sin2 x

t dt =
arccos 1 u du
1
Z 1

arccos 1 u du .
=

( t = 1 u)

sin2 x

u [0, 1] arccos
cos2 x

arccos

1 u = arcsin u. ,

Z
t dt =

arcsin

u du .

sin2 x

sin2 x

arcsin t dt +
0

cos2 x

Z sin2 x
Z 1

arccos t dt =
arcsin t dt +
arcsin u du
0
sin2 x
Z 1

=
arcsin u du
0
Z 1

=2
v arcsin v dv
( v = u)
0

/2

=2

sin cos d
0

( = arcsin v v = sin )

/2

sin 2 d
0

=/2
Z

1 /2

+
cos 2 d
= cos 2
2
2 0
=0
( )

.
4

7.

Z
lim

a0 0

/2

cos(a sin x) dx .

Z
 Z
 /2
/2


cos(a sin x) dx  =
[1 cos(a sin x)] dx .

 0
2
0

75

1.5. 201011
.

 Z
Z
Z /2 
  /2
 /2

 


dx
cos(a sin x) dx  = 
cos(a sin x) dx

 0

2  0
0
Z

 /2



=
[cos(a sin x) 1] dx
 0

Z /2
[1 cos(a sin x)] dx
=
0


Z /2
2 a sin x
2 sin
=
dx
2
0

Z /2 
 a sin x 2

 dx

2

2
0
Z
a2 /2 2
=
sin x dx 0 .
a0
2 0

(| sin t| |t|)

/2

lim

cos(a sin x) dx =

a0 0

.
2

8.

I=
0

ln x
dx
(x + 1)3

.
.

Z
I=
0

ln x
dx =
(x + 1)3

Z
|0

Z
ln x
ln x
dx
+
dx .
(x + 1)3
(x
+ 1)3
1
{z
} |
{z
}
I1

I2

ln x
f (x) = (x+1)
3 g1 (x) = | ln x|,

1
|f (x)|
= lim
= 1.
+
g1 (x)
x0 (x + 1)3
R1
R1
0 | ln x| dx = 0 ln x dx = 1 ,
lim

x0+

I1 .
x 1

ln x
x
1
<
<
(x + 1)3
(x + 1)3
(x + 1)2

76

1.

1
(x+1)2

dx =

1
2

I2 . I .

Z
ln x
1
1
ln x
dx =
+
dx
( )
3
2
(x + 1)
2(x + 1)
2
x(x + 1)2
Z
Z
Z
ln x
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
dx
dx

dx

2
2(x + 1)
2
x
2
x+1
2
(x + 1)2


ln x
1
1
x
=
+ ln
+
.
2
2(x + 1)
2
x+1
2(x + 1)

Z
0





1
ln x
1
x
ln x
+
dx = lim
+ ln
x
(x + 1)3
2(x + 1)2 2
x+1
2(x + 1)




ln x
1
1
x
lim
+
+
ln
x+1
2(x + 1)
x0+
2 (x + 1)2 2


1
1
ln x
1
1

= lim
+
lim
ln
x
1

2 x (x + 1)2 2 x0+
(x + 1)2
2
ln x
1
1
+ lim x ln x
= lim
2
+
x
2
(x + 1)
2
x0
1
= .
( LHpital)
2

9. ( ). f : [0, 1] R ,

xn f (x) dx = f (1) .

lim n

.
1

n
x f (x) dx =
f (1) + n
n+1
n

n
0

xn (f (x) f (1)) dx .

Z
n

1
n

1
n

x f (1) dx + n
xn (f (x) f (1)) dx
0
0
Z 1
Z 1
= nf (1)
xn dx + n
xn (f (x) f (1)) dx
0
0
Z 1
n
=
f (1) + n
xn (f (x) f (1)) dx
n+1
0

x f (x) dx = n
0

77

1.5. 201011

 Z

n



Z 1




n
n


f (1) = n 
x f (x) dx
x (f (x) f (1)) dx
n+1
0
Z 1
n
xn |f (x) f (1)| dx .
n

> 0. f 1, > 0, 0 < < 1,

x [1 , 1] |f (x) f (1)| < /2. ,

x |f (x) f (1)| dx = n

n
0

xn |f (x) f (1)| dx

x |f (x) f (1)| dx + n
0
1

xn |f (x) f (1)| dx + n

n
0

1
Z 1

xn dx


n 
1 (1 )n+1
n+12
0
Z 1

<n
xn |f (x) f (1)| dx + .
2
0
xn |f (x) f (1)| dx +

=n

M = max {|f (x) f (1)| : x [0, 1]}. ,

xn dx =

x |f (x) f (1)| dx nM

n
0

n
M (1 )n+1 .
n+1

n
M (1 )n+1 = 0, n0 N n n0
limn n+1
1

xn |f (x) f (1)| dx

n
0

M (1 )n+1 < .
n+1
2

n n0

 Z

n




n
x f (x) dx
f (1) < .
n+1
n

Z
lim n

xn f (x) dx = lim

n
f (1) = f (1) .
n+1

78

1.

1.6

200910

1

1. Kepler [Johannes Kepler (15711630)]

x sin x = a ,

(0, 1) a R.

(xn )

x0 = a xn = a + sin xn1 .
(xn ) , limn xn =

. Kepler.
.

|xn+1 xn | = |sin xn sin xn1 |

 
 





x

x
n
n1
 cos xn + xn1 
= 2 sin



2
2
 


xn xn1 
2 sin

2


 xn xn1 
 = |xn xn1 | , n = 1, 2, . . . .
2 

2
, (xn ) , limn xn =

. y = sin x ,


lim xn = a + lim sin xn1 = a + sin lim xn1 = a + sin ,
n

Kepler.
Kepler. 1 Kepler,

| 1 | = |sin sin 1 |
 

 


+ 1 
1  

= 2 sin
 cos

2
2
 


1 
2 sin

2


 1 

2 
2 
< | 1 | ,

( 0 < < 1)

79

1.6. 200910
.

2.

an ,

n=1

1
an = 2 2
n





2
n1
2
2
.
n
n


an 2

n1 n2
1
+
+ +
n
n
n


.






1
2
n1
an = 2 2
2
2
n
n
n


 

1
2
n1
=2 1+1
1+1
1 + 1
n
n
n


 

n1
n2
n (n 1)
=2 1+
1+
1 +
n
n
n


n1 n2
1
2
+
+ +
n
n
n
2
= (1 + 2 + + (n 1))
n
2 n (n 1)
=
= n 1.
n
2
, limn an = =
6 0

n=1 an

3.

X
n=2

1
ln 1 2
n


.







1
1
1
n+1
n1
+ ln 1
= ln
+ ln
,
ln 1 2 = ln 1 +
n
n
n
n
n

80

1.

N
X
n=2


 X
N
N
X
1
ln 1 2 =
[ln(n + 1) ln n]
[ln n ln(n 1)]
n
n=2

n=2

= [(ln 3 ln 2) + (ln 4 ln 3) + + (ln(N + 1) ln N )]

[(ln 2 ln 1) + (ln 3 ln 2) + + (ln N ln(N 1))]
= [ln(N + 1) ln 2] [ln N ln 1]


N +1
ln 2
= ln
N


1
= ln 1 +
ln 2 ln 2 .
N
N
,

X
n=2



1
ln 1 2 = ln 2 .
n

4.



p

 p
n2 + 1 n = (1)n sin
sin n2 + 1 = (1)n sin

2
n +1+n


 p
sin n2 + 1 .

n=1

 p

h p

i
sin n2 + 1 = sin
n2 + 1 n + n
p

p

= sin
n2 + 1 n cos n + cos
n2 + 1 n sin n

p
= (1)n sin
n2 + 1 n
(cos n = (1)n )



= (1) sin
.
n2 + 1 + n


xn = /
n2 + 1 + n , 0


(0, /2). , an = sin xn = sin /( n2 + 1 + n)
limn an = 0. , Leibniz



2 + 1 .
sin

n
n=1

81

1.6. 200910
5.

X
an

,
n
n!
n=1

a > 0.

n!

nn = n ,

n 1.

(i) 0 < a < 1.

an

an
n
n!
P n
a = a/ (1 a) ,

n=1
P  n
n
n=1 a / n! .
(ii) a = 1.
1
1

n
n
n!

P 
n=1

n=1


n
n
a / n! .

(1/n) ,

(iii) a > 1.
an
an

.
n
n
n!

a
an
= lim
= a > 1,
n
n
n
n
n
P
n
Cauchy
n=1 (a /n) . ,



P
n
n=1 an / n! .
P
. n=1 (an /n)
lim

an
ax (LHpital)
= lim
=
lim ax ln a = =
6 0.
n n
x x
x


P 
n
, n=1 an / n! 0 < a < 1.
lim

6.



2
(x + 1)1/x x1/x < e e1/x 1 ,

x>0

82

1.

n+1

n
n .

n=1

. x > 0

(x + 1)1/x x1/x = eln(x+1)/x eln x/x



= eln x/x e(ln(x+1)ln x)/x 1


= eln x/x eln(1+1/x)/x 1


2
< e e1/x 1 .
(ln x x 1 < x, ln (1 + 1/x) 1/x)
,

n+1



2
n = (n + 1)1/n n1/n < e e1/n 1 .

ex 1
x0
x
lim

(LHpital)

lim ex = 1 ,

x0

e1/n 1
lim
= 1.
n
1/n2

1
n=1 n2

,

X

e1/n 1

n=1

. ,

n=1

n
n + 1 n n -

.
7. a > 1,

(i)



X
ln n a
n=2

(ii)


X

a
n1/n 1 .

n=2

a
(i) f (x) = lnxx ,
0

f (x) =

ln x
x

a1

1 ln x
0,
x2

x e.

83

1.6. 200910

a
f x e. an = lnnn , n 3
(an ) an > 0.

n=2 an

2 a2n =

n=2

n=2

ln 2n
2n

n=2 2

a
= (ln 2)

na

2n

X
n=1

na
2nan

bn = na /2nan ,

a
p
1
( n n)
n
= a1 < 1
bn = lim
n
n 2a1
2
P n
( Cauchy)
n=2 2 a2n .
P
n=2 (ln n/n)a .
lim

(ii)

ln n
ln x
= lim
n n
x x

(LHpital)

lim

1
= 0
x x
lim

ex 1
x0
x
lim

(LHpital)

lim ex = 1 .

x0

n=2

a
n1/n 1
lim
a = lim
n
n (ln n/n)
P ln n
a
n=2

eln n/n 1
ln n/n

!a
= 1.

a
n1/n 1 .

2
1. x > 1

Z
f (x) =
x

x2

1
ln
t

t1
9


dt

;
. a > 0,




Z x2
t1
1
t1
dt +
ln
dt
9
t
9
a




Z x2
1
t1
1
t1
ln
dt +
ln
dt ,
t
9
t
9
a

1
ln
t

Z
f (x) =
x

=
a

84

1.

1
f (x) = ln
x
0

x1
9

1
+ 2x 2 ln
x

x2 1
9


=

ln[(x 1)(x + 1)2 ] ln 9

.
x

, f 0 (x) = 0 ln[(x 1)(x + 1)2 ] = ln 9

(x 1)(x + 1)2 = 9 x3 + x2 x 10 = 0 (x 2)(x2 + 3x + 5) = 0 x = 2 .

f 0 (x) < 0 x (1, 2) f 0 (x) > 0 x (2, ), f
x = 2.
2.


f (x) = arcsin

x
x+1


.

f , y
y = /2.
. y = arcsin x x [1, 1],

x
1
1
x+1


2x + 1
1
0,
0
x+1
x+1
{(2x + 1) (x + 1) 0 , (x + 1) 0} x 1/2 ,

f D = [1/2, ).


lim arcsin

x
x+1


= lim arcsin
x

1
1 + 1/x


= arcsin 1 =

,
2

y = /2 .

(x/ (x + 1))0
1

f 0 (x) = q
=
> 0,
(x + 1) 2x + 1
1 (x/ (x + 1))2

x >

1
2

f 00 (x) =

3x + 2
< 0,
(x + 1)2 (2x + 1)

1
2

x > .

, f D = [1/2, ).
f .

85

1.6. 200910

E2
0


x
arcsin
|E2 | =
dx
x+1
1/2

x=0
Z 0

x
x


= x arcsin
+
dx ( )
x + 1 x=1/2
1/2 (x + 1) 2x + 1
Z 1 2

t 1
1
dt
( t = 2x + 1 x = t2 1 /2)
= arcsin (1) +
2
2
0 t +1
Z 1
Z 1

1
= +
dt 2
dt
2+1
4
t
0
0

= + 1 2 arctan t|t=1
t=0
4

= + 1 2 arctan 1
4

= +1 =1 .
4
2
4
Z

, E1

|E1 | =



|E2 | = 1
= 1.
4
4
4
2

3. fn (x) = nxn1 (n + 1)xn [0, 1], n =

1, 2, . . . .

fn (x) = 1 ,

x [0, 1)

n=1

Z
X
n=1 0

Z
fn (x) dx = 0 6= 1 =

1X

0 n=1

fn (x) dx .

86

1.

Z
X

|fn (x)| dx

n=1 0

P R 1
n=1 0

Z
X

n/(n+1)

n=1 0

1X 1
fn (x) dx
= ,
e
n+1
n=1

|fn (x)| dx = .

. :
(fn ), fn : [a, b] R, Riemann .

f (x), f Riemann
Z
X

P R b

fn (x) dx =

n=1 a

n=1 fn (x)

|fn (x)| dx < ,

Z bX

fn (x) dx .

a n=1

n=1 a

. x (0, 1).
N
X

fn (x) =

n=1

N
X


nxn1 (n + 1)xn

n=1



= (1 2x) + (2x 3x2 ) + + (N xN 1 (N + 1)xN )
= 1 (N + 1)xN

lim (N + 1)xN = lim

N +1
t+1
= lim t
t x
xN

(LHpital)

lim

1
= 0,
xt ln x

fn (x) = lim

n=1

n=1 fn (0)

N
X

fn (x) = 1 .

n=1

= 1.

Z
fn (x) dx =

x=1
nxn1 (n + 1)xn dx = xn xn+1 x=0 = 0 ,

Z
X
n=1 0

Z
fn (x) dx = 0 6= 1 =

1X

0 n=1

fn (x) dx .

87

1.6. 200910
fn (x) 0 x [0, n/(n + 1)],

n/(n+1)

|fn (x)| dx

fn (x) dx
0

n/(n+1)

nxn1 (n + 1)xn dx

x=n/(n+1)
= xn xn+1 x=0

n
n
1

=
n+1
n+1
1
1
=
n
(1 + 1/n) n + 1
1
1
>
.
e n+1

Z
X

n=1 0

P R 1
n=1 0

n
< e)
( 1 + n1

1X 1
|fn (x)| dx
= ,
e
n+1
n=1

|fn (x)| dx = .

4.

1 x2

d2 y
dy
x
+ n2 y = 0 ,
dx2
dx

|x| < 1 , n N ,

x = cos t .
. t (0, ) x = cos t t = arccos x,

dy
dy dt
dy
1
dy
1
1 dy
=

=
dx
dt dx
dt dx/dt
dt sin t
sin t dt



d2 y
d
1 dy
=

dx2
dx
sin t dt


d
1 dy
dt
=

dt
sin t dt
dx


cos t dy
1 d2 y
1
=

sin t dt2
dx/dt
sin2 t dt


1
cos t dy
1 d2 y
=

sin t sin2 t dt
sin t dt2
(1.8)


sin t

cos t dy
1 d2 y
2 dt sin t dt2
sin t


+

cos t dy
+ n2 y = 0
sin t dt

(1.8)

88

1.

d2 y
+ n2 y = 0 .
dt2

(1.9)

(1.9) r 2 + n2 = 0

r1,2 = ni. , (1.9)

y (t) = c1 cos nt + c2 sin nt ,

c1 , c2 R .

, (1.8)

y (x) = c1 cos (n arccos x) + c2 sin (n arccos x) ,

c1 , c2 R .

. Tn (x) := cos (n arccos x) (1.8)

Chebyshev n. T1 (x) = x, T2 (x) = 2x2 1, T3 (x) = 4x3 3x, T4 (x) =

8x4 8x2 + 1 ...

5. y = f (x), x (1, 1),

f 0 (x) =

,
(1 + x2 ) 1 x2

f (0) = 0 .

Z
f (x) f (0) =
0

dt f (x) =
2
(1 + t ) 1 t2

Z
0

(1 +

t2 )

1 t2

dt .

89

1.6. 200910
,

dt =
2
(1 + t ) 1 t2

cos


d
1 + sin2 cos
( t = sin , (/2, /2))

1
d
2 + 2 sin2
cos
Z
1
=
d
cos2 (1 + 2 tan2 )
Z
1
=
du
( u = tan )
1 + 2u2
Z
1
1
=
du

2
2
1/ 2 + u2

 
2
=
arctan
2u + c
2


2
arctan
2 tan + c
=
2
!



sin
2
2
2t
arctan
2
+c=
arctan
+ c.
=
2
cos
2
1 t2
=

2
f (x) =
arctan
2

!t=x


2t
2


arctan
=

2
1 t2 t=0

2x

,
1 x2

x (1, 1) .

6.

Z
I=

1
dx J =
4
x + x2 + 1

x2
dx ,
x4 + x2 + 1

x (0, ) .

J + I , J I I J .
.

Z
J +I =

1 + 1/x2
dx J I =
2
x + 1 + 1/x2

Z
x2

1 1/x2
dx .
+ 1 + 1/x2

90

1.
.

x2 + 1
dx
x4 + x2 + 1
Z
1 + 1/x2
=
dx
x2 + 1 + 1/x2
Z
(x 1/x)0
=
dx
(x 1/x)2 + 3
Z
1
=

2 dt
t2 +
3
1
t
= arctan + c
3
3


1
1
1
= arctan
+c
x
x
3
3
Z

J +I =

( t = x 1/x)

x2 1
dx
x4 + x2 + 1
Z
1 1/x2
=
dx
x2 + 1 + 1/x2
Z
(x + 1/x)0
=
dx
(x + 1/x)2 1
Z
1
=
dt
2
t 1

Z 
1
1
1
=

dt
2
t1 t+1


1  t 1 
= ln 
+c
2
t + 1
 2

x x+1
1
= ln
+ c.
2
x2 + x + 1
Z

J I =

( t = x + 1/x)




 2

1 1
1
x x+1
1
1
arctan
I=
x
ln
+c
2
x
2
x2 + x + 1
3
3

J=




 2

1 1
1
1
1
x x+1
arctan
x
+ ln
+ c.
2
x
2
x2 + x + 1
3
3

7. f : [0, A] R, A > 0, f (0) = 0.

f 0 (x)2 a2 + 2b2

Z
0

|f (t)f 0 (t)| dt ,

a 0, b > 0,

91

1.6. 200910


a  bx
e 1
b

|f (x)|

|f 0 (x)| aebx .

Rx

. F (x) := 0 |f 0 (t)| dt, |f (x)| F (x)


0
F 0 (x) a + bF (x) ebx F (x) aebx .
Rx

. F (x) := 0 |f 0 (t)| dt, x [0, A] F (x) 0, F 0 (x) = |f 0 (x)|

x

Z
F (x) =
0

Z

|f (t)| dt 



f (t) dt = |f (x)| .
0

F 0 (x)2 a2 + 2b2
2

Z0 x

a + 2b
= a2 + b2

0
x

|f (t)||f 0 (t)| dt
F (t)F 0 (t) dt

0
F 2 (t) dt

= a2 + b2 F 2 (x)
a2 + b2 F 2 (x) + 2abF (x)
= (a + bF (x))2


0
F 0 (x) a + bF (x) ebx F (x) aebx .
,

x

Z
0
ebt F (t) dt

aebt dt

ebx F (x)



a
a  bx
1 ebx F (x)
e 1 .
b
b

|f (x)|

a bx
(e 1) .
b

, F 0 (x) a + bF (x)

|f 0 (x)| a + b


a  bx
e 1 = aebx .
b

92

1.

3
1. n N ,

lim n

2n

x5

x
dx .
+1

. x 1,

x
1
1
4 < x5 + 1 < x4 .
(x + 1)
. x 1 n N

n3

1
x
3
3 1
4 < n x5 + 1 < n x4 ,
(x + 1)

[n, 2n]

Z 2n
Z 2n
1
1
x
3
3
dx n
dx
4 dx n
5
x +1
x4
(x + 1)
n
n
n
x=2n

Z 2n
3 1 x=2n

n3
1
n
x
3



dx
n
3 (x + 1)3 x=n
x5 + 1
3 x3 x=n
n




Z 2n
1
x
1
1
1
1
3

n
dx
1
.

3 (1 + 1/n)3 (2 + 1/n)3
x5 + 1
3
8
n

2n

, ( )

lim n

2n

x
1
dx =
x5 + 1
3

1
1
8


=

7
.
24

2. [0, 1],


lim

1
4n2 12

1
4n2 22

+ +

1
4n2 n2


.

+
+ +
4n2 12
4n2 22
4n2 n2

1
1
1
1

= q
+q
+ + q
n
2
2
2
4 (1/n)
4 (2/n)
4 (n/n)


n
n
1X
1
1X
k
q
=
=
f
,
n
n
n
2
4 (k/n)
k=1
k=1

93

1.6. 200910
f (x) = 1

. , Riemann

4x2

+
+ +
lim
4n2 12
4n2 22
4n2 n2
 
Z 1
 x x=1
1
1

dx = arcsin
= arcsin
= .
=

2
2
2
6
x=0
4x
0

3. f C 2 ([0, 1]), f : [0, 1] R ,

1

Z
0

1
1
f (x) dx = f (0) + f 0 (0) +
2
2

(x 1)2 f 00 (x) dx

(0, 1)

f (x) dx = f (0) +
0

1 0
1
f (0) + f 00 () .
2!
3!

.
1

Z
0

Z 1
f (x) dx = (x 1)f (x)|x=1

(x 1)f 0 (x) dx
( )
x=0
0
Z 1
= f (0)
(x 1)f 0 (x) dx
0
Z
x=1 1 1
1
2 0

= f (0) (x 1) f (x) x=0 +
(x 1)2 f 00 (x) dx
2
2 0
( )

1
1
= f (0) + f 0 (0) +
2
2

(x 1)2 f 00 (x) dx .

f 00 [0, 1] g(x) := (x 1)2

[0, 1],
( [27]) (0, 1)

00

00

f (x) (x 1) dx = f ()
0

x=1 1
1
3
(x 1) dx = f () (x 1) 
= f 00 () .
3
3
x=0
2

00

Z
0

Z
1 0
1 1
f (x) dx = f (0) + f (0) +
(x 1)2 f 00 (x) dx
2
2 0
1
1 1
= f (0) + f 0 (0) + f 00 ()
2
2 3
1 0
1
= f (0) + f (0) + f 00 () .
2!
3!

94

4.

1.

()

|ln x| dx (ii)

(i)

ln x
dx .
x2

()

1
sin x ln x dx .
x

.
() (i)
1

Z
ln x dx = ln 1 + lim x ln x +

|ln x| dx =

x0+

dx
0

( )

= lim

x0+

ln x
+1
1/x

= lim x + 1

( LHpital)

x0+

= 1,
R1

0 | ln x| dx 1.

(ii)

Z
ln x
ln x
1
dx = lim
+
dx
( )
2
x x
x
x2
1
1
Z
1
(LHpital)
=
dx
(limx lnxx
=
limx x1 = 0)
2
x
1
1
= lim + 1 = 1 ,
x x


R
1 ln x/x2 dx 1.
Z

()

Z
0

1
sin x ln x dx =
x

Z
|0

Z
1
1
sin x ln x dx +
sin x ln x dx ,
x
x
1
{z
} |
{z
}
I1

I2

I1 I2 .

lim

x0+

|sin x ln x/x|
sin x
= lim
|ln x|
x0+ x

(LHpital)

= lim cos x = 1
x

95

1.6. 200910

R1

0 | ln x| dx , I1
.
R 1

ln x
ln R
sin x
dx = cos R
+
x
R

cos x
1

1 ln x
dx .
x2

( )





cos R ln R  ln R 0 ,

R 
R R

lim cos R
R

ln R
= 0.
R

cos x

I2 =
1

1 ln x
dx .
x2

x 1




 1 + |ln x|
1

ln
x
1
ln x
cos x

= 2+ 2

x2 
x2
x
x
R
R
1 x12 dx, 1 lnx2x dx ,
I2 . ,

1
sin x ln x dx
x

5.

X
n2n
(x 2)2n .
(2n)!

n=1

. Stirling( [27]):

lim

n!
2 nn+1/2 en

= 1,

n!

2 nn+1/2 en .

2n
. cn = n2n (x 2) / (2n)!,



2n+2
 cn+1 
(2n)!

 = lim (n + 1)
lim 
2n (x 2)2

n
n (2n + 2)!
cn
n


2
(n + 1)
1 2n
e2
= lim
1+
(x 2)2 =
(x 2)2 .
n (2n + 1) (2n + 2)
n
4

96

1.
,



 cn+1 
 < 1

lim
n  cn 

e2
2
(x 2)2 < 1 |x 2| < .
4
e

, R = 2e .

|x 2| <

2
2
2
2 <x<2+ .
e
e
e

x = 2 2e |x 2| = 2e

 

X
n2n 2 2n X (2n)2n
=
.
(2n)! e
(2n)!e2n
n=1

n=1

(2n)2n /(2n)!e2n
(2n)2n 2n e2n

lim
= lim
n
n
(2n)!
1/ 2n

2(2n)2n+1/2 e2n
1
lim
=
(2n)!
2 n
1
=
( Stirling)
2

1 X 1
1
=
= ,
2n
2 n=1 n1/2
n=1

()

X
(2n)2n
= .
(2n)!e2n

()

n=1

, I = 2 2e , 2 + 2e .
6.

X
n=1

xn
.
n(n + 1)

1
n
n=1 (1) n(n+1)

. an = 1/n (n + 1),

lim

p
1
n
|an | = lim p
= 1.
n n n (n + 1)

97

1.6. 200910
,
f (x) =

xn
n=1 n(n+1) ,

(xf (x))0 =

|x| < 1, xf (x)

X
xn

n=1

=x+

xn
n=1 n(n+1) R = 1.
P
xn+1
=
n=1 n(n+1) , |x| < 1,

x2
xn
+ +
+ = ln (1 x) ,
2
n

|x| < 1 .

ln (1 t) dt

xf (x) =
0

= t ln (1

t=x
t)|t=0

Z x

= x ln (1 x) +
0

t
dt
0 1t
Z x
1
dt
dt
0 1t

( )

= x ln (1 x) + x + ln (1 x)
= x + (1 x) ln (1 x) .
,

f (x) =

1 +

1x
x

ln (1 x) |x| < 1, x 6= 0
x = 0 .

. Leibniz

1
n
n=1 (1) n(n+1)



1
1x
(1)
= lim
1+
ln (1 x) = 1 2 ln 2 .
n (n + 1) x1+
x

n=1

98

1.

1.7

20089

1

1. (an ),

an+1 =

a4n + 1
,
3

n = 1, 2, 3, . . . .

(an ), (i) a1 = 1 (ii) a1 = 2.

.
(i) a1 = 1. (an ) ,
0 . (an ) . ,
4
a1 = 1 > 1 3+1 = a2 an1 > an ,

an =

a4n1 + 1
a4 + 1
> n
= an+1 .
3
3

(an ) .
(ii) a1 = 2. (an ) .
4
, a1 = 2 < 2 3+1 = a2 an1 < an ,

an =

a4n1 + 1
a4 + 1
< n
= an+1 .
3
3

an 2n, n N, (an )
. a1 = 2 an 2n,

an+1 =

a4n + 1
(2n)4 + 1

> 2(n + 1) .
3
3

(2n)4 + 1
> 2(n + 1) 16n4 > 6n + 5
3
n N.
(an ) , limn an =

99

1.7. 20089
2. |q| < 1 |ak | M , k N.

bn = a1 q + a2 q 2 + + an q n ,
(bn ) Cauchy .
. 1 . k N,




n+1
n+2
n+k 
|bn+k bn | = an+1 q
+ an+2 q
+ + an+k q

|an+1 ||q|n+1 + |an+2 ||q|n+2 + + |an+k ||q|n+k


M |q|n+1 1 + |q| + + |q|k1
= M |q|n+1

1 |q|k
|q|n+1
M
.
1 |q|
1 |q|

|q|n+1

limn M 1|q| = 0, > 0 n0 N, n n0

k N |bn+k bn | < . (bn ) Cauchy
.
2 . bn n-

ak q k .

k=1

0 |ak q k | M |q|k

X
k=1

M |q|k = M

X
k=1

k=1 ak q

|q|
1 |q|

|q|k = M

k=0 |ak q

( )
k|

. ,

. (bn ),

n- , . (bn )
, Cauchy.
3.

n
.
nn n
(1)
n=2

100

1.

n
1
(1)n n + 1
n
1
n

=
=
= (1)
+
.
n
n
n1
n1 n1
(1) n n
(1) n 1

an = n/ (n 1), n 2, (an ) , limn an = 0.

, Leibniz

(1)n

n=2

X
n=2

n
n1

1
= ,
n1

( )

X
X
n
n
1
n

=
+
= .
(1)
nn n
n1
n1
(1)
n=2
n=2
n=2

( )

4. t R,

(1)n

n=1

1
n (1 + t2 /n)n

. ;
. , 1 2 n

, . 200708, (1 + x/n)

% ex , x > 0. , x > 0

n
bn = (1 + x/n) , limn bn = ex .

. t R bn = 1 + t2 /n

n

1
an =
n (1 + t2 /n)n
, limn an = 0. , Leibniz

(1)n

n=1

1
n (1 + t2 /n)n

X
n=1

1
.
n (1 + t2 /n)n

101

1.7. 20089
1 + t2 /n

n

< et ,

1 1
1
t2 1
.
n >
2 = e
2
t
n (1 + t /n)
ne
n

X
X
1
1
=
=
1/2
n n=2 n
n=1

( )

n=1

1
= .
n (1 + t2 /n)n

1
n
n=1 (1)
n(1+t2 /n)n

( )

5.
2

n
 2
X
n 5n + 1
n=1

. an =

n2 4n 2

n2
n2 5n + 1 / n2 4n 2
,
 2
n
 2


p
 n 5n + 1 
 n 5n + 1 
n



 .
= exp n ln  2
|an | =  2
n 4n 2 
n 4n 2 






 2

 x 5x + 1 
ln  x2 5x + 1 / x2 4x 2 


lim x ln  2
= lim
x
x 4x 2  x
1/x




0
2
x 5x + 1 / x2 4x 2
( LHpital)
= lim
x (1/x2 ) (x2 5x + 1) / (x2 4x 2)
x2 6x + 14
= lim x2 2
= 1
x
(x 4x 2) (x2 5x + 1)

 2

 n 5n + 1 

 = 1 .
lim n ln  2
n
n 4n 2 
y = exp x = ex R,

lim

p
n
|an | = exp

 2

 n 5n + 1 
 = exp (1) = 1 > 1 .
lim n ln  2
n
n 4n 2 
e

n
 2
X
n 5n + 1
n=1

n2 4n 2

102

1.

6.



X
1 2n ln n
1
.
n

n=2

an = (1 1/n)2n ln n = e2n ln nln(11/n) > 0 ,

n 2 .

ln (1 + x) < x, x > 1, x 6= 0, n 2



1
1
<
ln 1
n
n

an = e2n ln nln(11/n) < e2 ln n =

n=2

1
1
= 2.
n
eln n2

1/n2



X
X
1 2n ln n
an =
1
n
n=2

n=2

.
.
.



1
= 0,
lim ln x ln 1
x
x

lim

an = lim e2 ln nln(11/n) = 1 .
n

7. x R

X
n=2

1
n

ln (n + x2 )

.
. x R, N N x2 < n, n N .
. x R. N N, x2 < n, n N . ,
y = ln t, t > 0, ,

1
1
p
>
,
2
n ln 2n
n ln (n + x )

n N .

103

1.7. 20089

X
n=N

1
.
n ln 2n

an = 1/n ln 2n, n N , ,
P
n=N 2n a2n .
,

2n a2n =

2n

X
X
1
1
1
1

= .

=
ln 2 n=N n + 1
ln 2 n=N (n + 1)1/2

2n ln 2n+1


P 

1/n
ln
2n
= , . ,
n=N
n=N

n=N

X
n=N

1
p
= .
n ln (n + x2 )

1
p
= ,
2
n=2 n ln (n + x )
x R.

2
1.
(x+1)/2

Z
y = f (x) =

et dt

R.

f 1

f ,

1 + f 1 (y)
.
y0
y
lim

2
2
0
. f 0 (x) = ((x + 1)/2) e(x+1) /4 = (1/2) e(x+1) /4 > 0, x R. ,

f R 1 1.

y = f (x) x = f 1 (y) f 1 . f (1) = 0

f 1 , y 0 x 1.

1 + f 1 (y)
1+x
= lim
x1 f (x)
y0
y
lim

(LHpital)

lim

x1 f 0 (x)

= lim

2
x1 (1/2) e(x+1) /4

= 2.

104

1.

2.

|x| + 3
,
x3

f (x) = arctan

x 6= 3 .

f , Ox
x = 0 x = 3.
.

f (x) =

arctan x+3 = arctan (1) =

x3
4

x 0 ,

arctan x+3
x3

x > 0 .

x+3
limx3 x+3
x3 = limx3+ x3 = +,

lim f (x) =

x3

lim f (x) =

x3+

.
2

limx+ f (x) = arctan 1 = 4 , y = 4 .

f 0 (x) =

x < 0 ,

3
x2 +9

x > 0, x 6= 3

x < 0 ,

f 00 (x) =

6x
(x2 +9)2

x > 0, x 6= 3 .

, f [0, 3) (3, +).

f .

105

1.7. 20089

x+3
dx
x3
0

Z
x + 3 x=3
= x arctan
+
x 3

A=

arctan



x+3 0
x arctan
dx
x3
0
x=0
Z 3
x+3
x
= lim x arctan
3
dx
2

x3
x3
0 x +9
  3

x=3
ln x2 + 9 x=0
= 3
2
2
3
3 3
(ln 18 ln 9) = ( ln 2) 3.6727 .
=
2
2
2
3

( )

3.

2x dy
4
d2 y

y = 0,
dx2 1 x2 dx (1 x2 )2

|x| < 1 ,

t = tanh

1
x = ln
2

1+x
1x

0

. t = tanh1 x x = tanh t tanh1 x

1
.
1x2

dy
dy dt
dy
1
1 dy
=

=
dx
dt dx
dt 1 x2
1 x2 dt



d2 y
1 dy
d
=
dx2
dx 1 x2 dt


 
d
1
dy
1
d dy
+
=
dx 1 x2 dt
1 x2 dx dt
 
2x
dy
1
d dy
dt
=
+

2
2
1 x dt dt
dx
(1 x2 ) dt
=

dy
1
d2 y
+
.
(1 x2 )2 dt
(1 x2 )2 dt2
2x

dy
1
d2 y
2x
dy
4
+
y=0
2 dt
2 dt2
2 dt
2
2
2
(1 x )
(1 x )
(1 x )
(1 x2 )2
2x

(1.10)

106

1.

d2 y
4y = 0 .
dt2

(1.11)

(1.11) : r 2 4 = 0 r1,2 = 2. ,
(1.11)

y (t) = c1 e2t + c2 e2t ,

c1 , c2 R .

, (1.10)

y (x) = c1

1x
1+x
+ c2
,
1+x
1x

|x| < 1 ,

c1 , c2 R .

4.

cos2 x
dx ,
1 2 sin2 x

Z
I=

, k Z.
4

x 6= k





 1

 1 + sin t 
1



 + c,
dt = ln 
+ tan t + c = ln 
cos t
cos t
cos t 

I=

1
2

Z
Z
1 + cos 2x
1
1
1
dx =
dx +
dx
cos 2x
2
cos 2x
2
Z
1
1
x
=
dt + + c
( t = 2x)
4
cos t
2


1  1 + sin t  x
= ln 
+ +c
4
cos t  2




1  1 + sin 2x  x
1  cos x + sin x  x
= ln 
+ + c = ln 
+ + c.
4
cos 2x  2
4
cos x sin x  2

5. y = f (x), x (6, 2),

f 0 (x) =

x
,
12 x2 4x

f (2) = 3 .

f (x) f (2) =
2

1
dt f (x) =
12 t2 4t

1
dt 3 .
12 t2 4t

107

1.7. 20089

t
dt =
12 t2 4t

t
q
dt
16 (t + 2)2

u2
du
( u = t + 2)
16 u2
Z
Z
u
1

=
du 2
du
16 u2
42 u2
u
p
= 16 u2 2 arcsin
+c
4 

p
t+2
2
+ c.
= 12 t 4t 2 arcsin
4
Z

p


t + 2 t=x
12 t2 4t + 2 arcsin
3

4
t=2


p
x+2
= 12 x2 4x 2 arcsin
+ 1.
4

f (x) =

6.
/4

tann x dx ,

an =

n N ,

an + an2 =

1
,
n1

n 2.

a0 = ,
4

n1

a2n = (1)



1 1 1
1

n1
1 + + + (1)

,
3 5 7
2n 1 4

n1

1
a1 = ln 2 ,
2

a2n+1

(1)n1
=
2


1 1 1
n1 1
1 + + + (1)
ln 2 ,
2 3 4
n

Z
an =
0

/4

Z /4
tann2 x
dx
tann2 x dx
cos2 x
0
x=/4
tann1 xx=0 an2

1
n1
1
an2
=
n1

n 1.

108

1.

an + an2 = 1/ (n 1), n 2.
a2n+2 = 1/ (2n + 1)a2n a2n+3 = 1/2 (n + 1)a2n+1 ,
a2n a2n+1 .
7. y = f (x) R

f (x) + f 00 (x) 0 ,

x R.

f (x) + f (x + ) 0 ,

x R.


f (x + t) + f 00 (x + t) sin t dt .

Z
0

t=
f 00 (x + t) sin t dt = f 0 (x + t) sin tt=0

f 0 (x + t) cos t dt

( )

= f (x + t) cos t|t=
t=0

f (x + t) sin t dt
0

( )

Z
= f (x + ) + f (x)

f (x + t) sin t dt
0



f (x + t) + f 00 (x + t) sin t dt = f (x) + f (x + ) .

t [0, ] sin t 0 f (x + t) + f 00 (x + t) 0,
x, t R,



f (x + t) + f 00 (x + t) sin t dt 0 .

f (x) + f (x + ) 0 ,

x R.

109

1.7. 20089

8. f ( ) R.

Z
F (x) =

f (t) dt .
2

(x ) ,

f (x) = o (F (x))

f (x)
= 0,
2 f (t) dt

lim R x
x

Z
f (x) = o

xp


(x ) ,

f (t) dt

p
f (x)
lim R x p
= 0.
x
f (t) dt
2

. (i) f .

p
f (x)
1
f (t) dt 0 < R x p

x2
f (t) dt
2

xp

Z
p
f (x) (x 2)
2

p
f (x)
= 0.
lim R p
x x
f (t) dt
2
(ii) f . 2 t x

p
p
p
p
f (t) f (t) f (x) f (t)
[2, x]

p
f (x)
f (x)
.
f (t) dt 0 < R x p
Rx
f (t) dt
2 f (t) dt
2

xp

Z
p
f (t) dt f (x)
2

f (x)
= 0,
2 f (t) dt

lim R x

p
f (x)
lim R x p
= 0.
x
f (t) dt
2
.

f (x)
=0
2 f (t) dt

lim R x

f .

110

1.
3

1.

() Taylor

f (x) = f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 )(x x0 ) +

f 00 ()
(x x0 )2 ,
2!

x0 x,

f x0 x,

1
n1+

1
<

1
1

(n 1)
n


,

> 0, n = 2, 3, . . . .

() (), > 0

1
n=1 n1+

.
() f (x) = 1/x , x 6= 0, > 0. f 0 (x) = x1

f 00 (x) = ( + 1) x2 , Taylor x = n1 x0 = n, n = 2, 3, . . .,

1
1
1
1
= + +1 + ( + 1) +2 ,
(n 1)
n
n
2

(n 1, n).

1
1
1
1
1
> + +1 1+ <
(n 1)
n
n
n

1
1

(n 1)
n


.

() > 0 N 2
N 
X
n=2

1
1

(n 1)
n


=1

1
,
N


X
n=2

1
1

(n 1) n


= lim

1
N


= 1.

1) 1/n ) .


P
(), n=2 1/n1+ .


P
, > 0 n=1 1/n1+ .

n=2 (1/ (n

111

1.7. 20089
2. [0, 1],
n1
i
1 h
1 X
k2

=
2 ln(1 + 2) .
lim 2
n n
2
k 2 + n2
k=0

.
n1
n1  
n1
1 X
1X
(k/n)2
1X
k
k2

q
,
=
=
f
2
2
n2
n
n
n
k +n
(k/n)2 + 1
k=0
k=0
k=0

f (x) = x2 / x2 + 1. , Riemann

Z 1
n1
x2
1 X
k2

lim 2
=
dx .
n n
k 2 + n2
x2 + 1
0
k=0
I =

R

x2 / x2 + 1 dx,

x2 + 1 1

I=
dx
2
Z p x +1
Z
1
2
=
x + 1 dx
dx
2+1
x
Z p


p
=
x2 + 1 dx ln x + x2 + 1
Z


p
p
x2
2
dx ln x + x2 + 1
=x x +1
x2 + 1


p
p
= x x2 + 1 I ln x + x2 + 1 .
Z

( )


p
1 p 2
1 
2
I = x x + 1 ln x + x + 1 .
2
2
,

Z 1
n1
k2
1 X
x2

lim 2
=
dx
2 + n2
2+1
n n
k
x
0
k=0
 p
x=1 1 h

p
i
1 
1
2
2
=
x x + 1 ln x + x + 1 
=
2 ln 1 + 2 .
2
2
2
x=0

3.

Z
lim

x 1

2 /x

et

dt .

. .

112

1.

.
( [27]):
f : [a, b] R g : [a, b] R
, g(t) 0 t [a, b]. [a, b],
b

g(t) dt .

f (t)g(t) dx = f ()
a

2
f (t) = et /x g(t) = 1/t

[1, 3],
Z
1

2 /x

et

2 /x

dt = e

1
2
2
dt = e /x (ln 3 ln 1) = e /x ln 3 ,
t

, 1 3. ,

Z
lim

x 1

2 /x

et

dt = lim e

2 /x

ln 3 = ln 3 .

4.

Z
(i)
0

arctan x
dx (ii)
x

Z
1

1
dx .
x x2 1

.
(i)

Z
0

arctan x
dx =
x

Z
|0

Z
arctan x
arctan x
dx +
dx ,
x
x
1
{z
} |
{z
}
I1

I2

I1 (limx0 (arctan x/x) = 1).

I2 .

1
arctan x
,
x
4 x

x 1

1 (1/x) dx ,
I2 . ,
.

R
0

arctan x
x

dx

113

1.7. 20089
(ii)

Z
1

1
dx =
x x2 1

Z
1
1

dx +
dx .
2
x x 1
x x2 1
{z
} |2
{z
}

|1

I1

I2

1
1
1

0<
<
, x > 1
=
2
x x+1 x1
2 x1
x x 1


R2

1 1/ x 1 dx = 2 , I1 .

x
1/x x2 1
1
= lim
lim
= lim p
=1
2
2
x
x
x
1/x
x 1
1 1/x2


R
2 1/x2 dx ,
I2 .

R

, 1

5.

1/x x2 1 dx .

() ,

Z
0

sin x
dx
x

.
()

Z
0

sin x

dx = ,
x
2

Z
0

sin2 x
dx .
x2

.
()

Z
0

sin x
dx =
x

Z
|0

Z
sin x
sin x
dx +
dx dx ,
x
x
1
{z
} |
{z
}
I1

I2

114

1.
I1 (limx0 (sin x/x) = 1).
I2 .

R

Z
1

Z R
Z R
sin x
cos x R
cos x
cos R
cos x
dx =

dx =
+ cos 1
dx .

2
x
x x=1
x
R
x2
1
1



 cos R 
1


0 ,
 R  R
R

cos R
= 0.
R R
lim

Z
1

sin x
dx = lim
n
x

Z
1

sin x
dx = cos 1
x

cos x
dx .
x2
{z
}

|1

I3

I3 .

 cos x 
1


 2  2
x
x
R

1/x2 dx ,

R
1 cos x/x2  dx .

I3 . , I2

0 (sin x/x) dx .

() 0

sin2 x/x2 dx . -

x=R Z R
sin2 x
sin2 x 
sin 2x
dx =
+
dx

2
x
x x=r
x
r
x=R Z 2R
sin2 x 
sin t
=
+
dx ,

x x=r
t
2r

( )
( t = 2x)

Z
0

sin2 x
dx = lim
x2
r0+

Z
r

sin2 x
dx
x2

sin2 R
sin2 r
= lim
+ lim
+
R
R
r
r0+
Z
sin t

=
dt = .
t
2
0

Z
0

sin t
dt
t

115

1.7. 20089

6.

X
n ln n n
x .
n2 + 1

n=1
ln n
,
. an = n
n2 +1



2
 an+1 
n2 + 1

 = lim (n + 1) ln (n + 1) n + 1 = lim n + 1 ln (n + 1)
lim 
=1
n
n
an  n (n + 1)2 + 1
n ln n
n
ln n
(n + 1)2 + 1
R = 1.
(i) x = 1

X
n ln n
.
n2 + 1

n=1

n ln n/ n2 + 1
n2
lim
= lim 2
ln n =
n
n n + 1
1/n

n=1 (1/n)

X
n ln n n
x .
n2 + 1

n=1

.
(ii) x = 1

(1)n

n=1

n ln n
.
n2 + 1

an = n ln n/ n2 + 1 ,

x ln x (LHpital)
ln x + 1 (LHpital)
1
=
lim
=
lim
= 0.
2
x
x
x +1
2x
2x


f (x) := x ln x/ x2 + 1 , x > 0.


2 + 1 x2 ln x
1
+
x
f 0 (x) =
< 0 , x 4 ,
(1 + x2 )2
lim an = lim

(an ) n 4. ,
Leibniz .
, I = [1, 1).

116

1.

7. Maclaurin y = ln (1 + x), |x| < 1,

(1)n

n=2

1
.
n2 + n 2

X
n=2

1
1X
(1) 2
=
(1)n
n +n2
3
n

n=2

1
1

n1 n+2


.

(1)n

n=2

n=2

n=2

1
1X
1
1X
1
n
=
(1)
+
(1)n+1
2
n +n2
3
n1 3
n+2
=

1
3

n=2

(1)n

1
1
+
n1 3

n=3

(1)n

1
.
n+1

Leibniz . ,

ln (1 + x) =

(1)n

X
xn X
xn1
xn+1
=
(1)n1
=
(1)n
,
n+1
n
n1
n=1

n=0

|x| < 1 .

n=2

(1)n

X
xn1
1
= lim
(1)n
= lim ln (1 + x) = ln 2
n 1 x1
n 1 x1
n=2

n=2

X
n=3




n+1
X
x2 x3
5
1
n x
= lim
(1)
= lim ln (1 + x) x +

= ln 2 .
(1)
n + 1 x1
n + 1 x1
2
3
6
n

n=3

X
n=2

1
1
=
(1) 2
n +n2
3
n



5
12 ln 2 5
ln 2 + ln 2
=
.
6
18

8. ( ).

Z
un =

/2

Z
sin 2nx cot x dx vn =

/2

sin 2nx
dx .
x

117

1.7. 20089
()

un =

lim vn =

sin x
dx .
x

() ,

lim (un vn ) = 0

Z
0

sin x
dx = .
x
2

118

1.

1.8

20078

1

1.

() n N ,

1
>2 n+12 n
n

1
1
1
1 + + + + > 2 n + 1 2.
n
2
3
() (xn )

1
1
1
xn = 1 + + + + 2 n .
n
2
3
. (xn ) .
.

()

2 n+12 n=2

2

2
n + 1 ( n)
2
2
1

= .
=

<
n+ n
n
n+1+ n
n+1+ n

1 >
1
2
1
3

>
>

2 2

2 3

2 4

2,

2 2,

2 3,

............
1
n

> 2 n + 1 2 n.

1
1
1
1 + + + + > 2 n + 1 2.
n
2
3

119

1.8. 20078
()

1
2 n+1 n
n+1

2

2
n + 1 ( n)
1
2
=

n+1
n+1+ n
1
2
=

n+1
n+1+ n
2
1

= 0,
<
n+1
n+1+ n+1

xn+1 xn =

xn+1 < xn . (xn ) . ()

1
1
1
xn = 1 + + + + 2 n > 2 n + 1 n 2 > 2 ,
n
2
3
(xn ) . , (xn )
.

2.

() x > 1,

x
ln (1 + x) x .
1+x
() limn an = 1, (an ) an 6= 1,
n N.

lim

ln an
= 1.
an 1

.
() f (x) = ln (1 + x) x/ (1 + x), x > 1,

f 0 (x) =

1
1
x

=
.
1 + x (1 + x)2
(1 + x)2

f 0 (x) 0, x (1, 0] f 0 (x) 0, x 0. ,

f (x) = ln (1 + x)

x
f (0) = 0 .
(1 + x)

g (x) = ln (1 + x) x, x > 1, g 0 (x) = 1/ (1 + x) 1 = x/ (1 + x).

g 0 (x) 0, x (1, 0] g 0 (x) 0, x 0. , g (x) =

ln (1 + x) x g (0) = 0.

120

1.
() 1 . x = an 1,

an 1
an 1
ln an an 1 .
ln (1 + (an 1)) an 1
1 + (an 1)
an
an 1

1
ln an
ln an
1

1
1
1 0,
an
an 1
an
an 1

an 1 > 0

ln an
ln an
1
1
0
1,

1
an 1
an
an 1
an

an 1 < 0 .

1
,



 
 ln an

 1



0
1  1 .
an 1
an
limn (1/an ) = 1,
( ) limn ln an / (an 1) = 1.
2 . f (x) = ln x/ (x 1),

ln x
x1 x 1

lim f (x) = lim

x1

(LHpital)

1
= 1.
x1 x
lim

limn an = 1, (an ) an 6= 1

n N,
lim f (an ) = 1

3.

ln an
= 1.
n an 1
lim

x , x (0, /2), .
() f (x) = tan
x

()

(1)n

n tan

n=1

1
.
n

.
() x (0, /2),

f (x) =

x
cos2 x

tan
x
2 x

2x 21 sin 2x
2x sin x cos x
4x sin 2x
=
=
.
2x3/2 cos2 x
2x3/2 cos2 x
4x3/2 cos2 x

t > 0 sin t < t sin t < 2t. , x > 0

4x sin 2x > 0. , f (x) =

tan
x,
x

x (0, /2), .

121

1.8. 20078
() an =

n tan(1/n), n 1 an > 0. ()

(an ) .

lim an = lim

tan x
1
n tan = lim
n x0+
x

(LHpital)

, Leibnitz

2 x
lim
= 0.
x0+ cos2 x
n n tan 1
n=1 (1)
n

4.

X
(an)n
n=1

n!

a > 0.

() 0 < a < 1/e a > 1/e.

() a = 1/e,

X
nn
.
n!en

n=1
n

n
. an = n!e
n , ( 1, 2

, . 200708)

an+1
1
=
an
e

1
1+
n

n


>

1
1+
n

1
=

1/ (n + 1)
.
1/n

() cn =

(an)n
n! ,



cn+1
(a (n + 1))n+1
n!
(n + 1)n
1 n
lim
= lim

= lim a
= lim a 1 +
= ae .
n cn
n
n
(n + 1)!
(an)n n
nn
n
ae < 1 a < 1/e

ae > 1 a > 1/e.

122

1.
n

n
() an = n!e
n ,

(n + 1)n+1 n!en
an+1
=

an
(n + 1)!en+1 nn
(n + 1)n
=
n
en

1
1 n
=
1+
e
n

1
1
> 1+
n
1/ (n + 1)
=
.
1/n

n+1
> e)
( 1 + n1

bn+1
an+1
>
,
an
bn

n N ,

bn = 1/n.

n=1 (n

n=1 (1/n)

n /n!en )

5. n = 23n +n
, limn n = 0
+n2

X
2n + n3
n=0

3n + n2

. an = nr xn , r R |x| < 1, limn an = 0(

, . 20067, 1.() ).
n

. limn (2/3) = limn n3 (1/2) = limn n2 (1/3) = 0,

2n + n3
= lim
lim n = lim n
n
n 3 + n2
n

 n
1+
2
3
1+

n3
2n
n2
3n

= 0.

n = (2/3) ,

1+
n
= lim
n n
n 1 +
lim

2n +n3
n=0 3n +n2

6.
Rn =

k=n ak .

n
n=0 (2/3)

n3
2n
n2
3n

= 1.

= 3 ,

k=1 ak ,

ak 0, k N, .

k=1 ak

=a

123

1.8. 20078
() ex 1 + x, x R,

an eRn eRn+1 eRn .

()

Rn
n=1 an e

an eRn 1 ea 1 .

n=1

.
() Rn+1 =

k=n+1 ak

= an +

k=n+1 ak

an =

k=n ak

an = Rn an ,

eRn+1 eRn = eRn +an eRn = eRn (ean 1) an eRn .

P

k=1 ak

()

, limn Rn = limn

k=n ak

= 0 -

N
X

eRn+1 eRn = eR2 eR1 + eR3 eR2 + + eRN +1 eRN

n=1

= eRN +1 eR1 1 eR1 = 1 e

N

k=1

ak

= 1 ea .

P
Rn+1 eRn =
eRn+1 eRn
n=1 e
P
Rn
1 ea . ()
n=1 an e

n=1

an eRn 1 ea 1 .

n=1

7.

n=1 an

a2n

n=1

n=1 an

;
.

n=1 an

, limn an = 0. , = 1

n0 N |an | < 1, n n0 . ,
0 a2n < |an | ,

n n0 .

124

1.

n=1 |an |

. ,

2
n=1 an

n=n0

n=n0

|an |

a2n .

n=1 an

. , Leibniz
. , ,

8.

n=1 an

P 
n=1

,
n+1
/ n
n=1 (1)

2 P
(1)n+1 / n =
n=1 1/n .

X
n=1

an
1 + an

.
. : () (an ) ,
() (an ) .

(akn ) (an ), limn akn = .

. 1 . (an ) ,

M > 0 an M , n N.
an
an
> 0,

1 + an
1+M

n=1 an

n N .

n=1 an / (1

+ an )

.
2 . (an ) .
(akn ) (an ), limn akn = . ,

lim

akn
= lim
n
1 + akn

1
akn

1
= 1.
+1

, (an / (1 + an ))
( 1 6= 0). (an / (1 + an ))
. ,
9.

n=1 an

n=1 an / (1

+ an ) .

X
n=1

(aan 1) ,

a > 1,

125

1.8. 20078
.
. 2().
.

n=1 an

limn an = 0. limn aan =

1. a > 1 an > 0, aan > 1, n N. bn = an ln a cn = aan 1,

bn
an ln a
ln aan
= lim an
= lim an
= 1.
( 2())
n cn
n a
1 n a 1
P
P

n=1 bn = ln a
n=1 an ,
P
P
n=1 cn = n=1 (aan 1), a > 1, .
lim

2
1.



1 x
f (x) = 1 +
x



1 x+1
g(x) = 1 +
,
x

x > 0.

f , g





1 x
1 x+1
lim 1 +
= lim 1 +
= e.
x
x
x
x
n

. an = (1 + 1/n)

bn =

(1 + 1/n)n+1 . limn (1 + 1/n)n = limn (1 + 1/n)n = e





1 n
1 n+1
1+
<e< 1+
,
n
n

n N.

. ( 2(), 1 , .
200708),

t
< ln(1 + t) < t ,
1+t

t > 0 .

, x > 0



0
1
f (x) = exp x ln 1 +
x
#


 

0 
 " 

1
1
1 x
1
1
= exp x ln 1 +
x ln 1 +
= 1+
ln 1 +
x 1 >0
x
x
x
x
1+ x
0

126

1.

0 
  




1
1
1
1 x
ln 1 +

< 0.
g (x) = exp (x + 1) ln 1 +
= 1+
x
x
x
x


, f g .

y = exp x = ex R,


1 x
lim 1 +
= lim (1 + t)1/t
x
x
t0+


ln (1 + t)
= lim exp
t
t0+


ln (1 + t)
= exp lim
t
t0+


1
= exp lim
t0+ 1 + t

( LHpital)

= e.


lim

1
1+
x

x+1




1
1 x
= lim 1 +
1+
= e.
x
x
x

2. y = f (x) = arcsin x

1 x2 , |x| 1,

. f 1 f ,

f 1 (y)
.
y1 1 + y
lim

f 0 (x) =

1
x
1+x
+
=
> 0,
2
2
1x
1x
1 x2

x (1, 1) .

, f [1, 1]

1 1. y = f (x) x = f 1 (y) f 1 .
f (0) = 1 f 1 , y 1 x 0.

f 1 (y)
x
= lim
lim
x0 f (x) + 1
y1 y + 1

(LHpital)

1
1 x2
lim 0
= lim
= 1.
x0 f (x)
x0 1 + x

127

1.8. 20078
3.

1/2

1
dx 0.5236 , n N .
2n
6
1x
0

. x [0, 1/2], 1 x2 1 x2n 1.

. x [0, 1/2] 1 x2 1 x2n 1.

0.5 <

1
1

,
2n
1x
1 x2

x [0, 1/2] ,

[0, 1/2]

Z 1/2
1
1

dx
dx
2n
1x
1 x2
0
0
Z 1/2
1
1
x=1/2

<
dx arcsin x|x=0
2n
2
1x
0
Z 1/2
1

dx arcsin (1/2)
0.5 <
1 x2n
0
Z 1/2
1

dx /6 0.5236 .
0.5 <
1 x2n
0

1/2

1/2

dx <

4. f : R R

f (x)2 = 121 +

f (t)2 + f 0 (t)2 dt ,

x R .

(1.12)

. (1.12)

2
2f (x) f 0 (x) = f (x)2 + f 0 (x)2 f 0 (x) f (x) = 0 f 0 (x) = f (x) .
2
y 0 = y y = cex , f (x) = cex . f (0) = 121 f (0) =

11, c = 11. , f (1.12)

f (x) = 11ex .

5. f : (0, ) R ,

x2

Z
f (t) dt =

f (t) dt .
1

(1.13)

128

1.

(1.13)
n

f (x) =

f x1/2

x1/2+1/22 ++1/2n

nN

f (1.13).
. (1.13)

x2

f (t) dt

f (t) dt

f (t) dt =
1

f (x)
.
2xf x2 f (x) = f (x) f x2 =
x
,

f (x) =

f ( x)

f ( 4 x)
x =
,
4
x



1/22

f
x
4
f ( x)
f (x) =
= 1/2+1/22 .
x4x
x

n

f (x) =

f x1/2

x1/2+1/22 ++1/2n

n

f x1/2
= 11/2n ,
x

n N.

f ,
n

n

f limn x1/2
f x1/2
f (1)
=
=
.
f (x) = lim
n
n x11/2
x
x

, f

f (x) =

c
,
x

c R.

6.

x2 1 y 00 + xy 0 + y = 0 ,

x > 1,

x = cosh t, t > 0 .

(1.14)

129

1.8. 20078

. x = cosh t , t > 0 t = cosh1 x = ln x +


x2 1 , x > 1

(cosh t)0 = sinh t, (sinh t)0 = cosh t. ,

y0 =

dy
dy dt
dy
1
dy
1
=

dx
dt dx
dt dx/dt
dt sinh t

 
 


d2 y
d dy
d dy
dt
1
d dy
1
=
=

dx2
dx dx
dt dx
dx
dt dt sinh t
dx/dt


  
1
1
1
d dy
dy d

=
+

dt dt
sinh t
dt dt sinh t
sinh t


2
cosh t dy
1
cosh t dy
1 d y
1 d2 y

=
=
2
2
2
2
sinh t dt
sinh t dt sinh t
sinh t dt
sinh3 t dt

y 00 =

x2 1 = cosh2 t 1 = sinh2 t, (1.14)

2

sinh t

1 d2 y
cosh t dy
2 dt2
sinh t
sinh3 t dt


+

cosh t dy
+ y = 0.
sinh t dt

d2 y
+ y = 0.
dt2

(1.15)

(1.15) : r 2 +1 = 0 r1,2 = i. ,
(1.15)

y (t) = c1 cos t + c2 sin t ,

c1 , c2 R .

, (1.14)

y (x) = c1 cos cosh1 x + c2 sin cosh1 x ,

c1 , c2 R

h 
i
h 
i
p
p
y (x) = c1 cos ln x + x2 1 + c2 sin ln x + x2 1 ,

7.

Z
I=

x2
dx ,
4x x2

0 < x < 4.

c1 , c2 R .

130

1.

Z
I=

x2
p
dx =
4 (x2 4x + 4)

x2
p
dx
4 (x 2)2
Z
Z
(t + 1)2
(2t + 2)2

2 dt = 4
dt .
=
2 1 t2
1 t2
Z

( x 2 = 2t t = x2
2 )

t = sin , (/2, /2), = arcsin t

1 t2 = cos . ,

(sin + 1)2
cos d
cos
Z
Z
Z
2
= 4 sin d + 8 sin d + 4
d
Z
Z
Z
= 2 (1 cos 2) d + 8 sin d + 4
d
Z

I=4

= 2 sin 2 8 cos + 4 + c
= 6 8 cos 2 sin cos + c
p
p
= 6 arcsin t 8 1 t2 2t 1 t2 + c


p
x2
x 2p
= 6 arcsin
4 4x x2
4x x2 + c .
2
2

8. y = f (x), x (/2, /2),

f 0 (x) =

1
,
a2 sin x + b2 cos2 x
2

f (0) = 1 ,

a, b R \ {0}.
.

Z
f (x) f (0) =
0

1
dt f (x) =
a2 sin2 t + b2 cos2 t

Z
0

1
dt + 1 .
a2 sin2 t + b2 cos2 t

131

1.8. 20078

1
dt =
2
2
a sin t + b2 cos2 t

1
cos2 t (a2 tan2 t

dt

+ b2 )

1
du ( u = tan t, t (/2, /2))
+ b2
Z
1
1
= 2
du
a
u2 + (b/a)2
 au 
1
=
arctan
+c
ab

b
1
a tan t
+ c.
=
arctan
ab
b
=

a2 u2

1
f (x) =
arctan
ab

a tan x
b


+ 1.

9. f : R R T > 0,

f (x + T ) = f (x), x R.
() x R

x+T

Z
f (t) dt =

f (t) dt .
0

() x R n N,

(x+n)T

Z
f (t) dt = n

xT

f (t) dt .
0

(n+/2)

|cos | d, R n N.

. I =
/2

.
() [27].
() ()

(x+n)T

(x+1)T

f (t) dt =
xT

(x+2)T

(x+1)T

Z
f (t) dt +

(x+n)T

f (t) dt + +

f (t) dt +
xT
Z T

Z
f (t) dt + +
{z
n

f (t) dt
(x+n1)T
Z T

f (t) dt = n
}

f (t) dt .
0

132
.

1.
|cos ( + x)| = |cos x|, y = |cos x| .

"Z

/2

|cos | d = n

I=n
0

Z
cos d

cos d = 2n .
/2

10.().

Z
tan d ,

(n, (n + 1/2) ) , n Z .

3
1. f : [0, a] R, a > 0,
f (0) = 0. (Sn )

 
n
X
k
,
Sn =
f
n2

n N,

k=1

limn Sn =

n>

1
.
a

f 0 (0)
2 .

. Maclaurin.
2
. Maclaurin f (x) = f (0) + f 0 (0)x + x2! f 00 (x),

(0, 1). n > 1/a, 0 < k/n2 < a, k = 1, 2, . . . , n. x = k/n2



 
k
k 0
k 2 00
k 0
k 2 00
k
= f (0)+ 2 f (0)+ 4 f (k,n ) = 2 f (0)+ 4 f (k,n ), k,n 0, 2 .
f
n2
n
2n
n
2n
n

n
n
1 0 X
1 X 2 00
Sn = 2 f (0)
k+ 4
k f (k,n )
n
2n
k=1

k=1

n
1 0 (1 + n)n
1 X 2 00
= 2 f (0)
+ 4
k f (k,n )
n
2
2n
k=1

n
n+1 0
1 X 2 00
f (0) + 4
=
k f (k,n ) .
2n
2n
k=1

133

1.8. 20078
M = max |f 00 (x)|,
0xa



n
n
n
X


M
M X 2
M X 2
M
2 00
Sn n + 1 f 0 (0) 1
,
k
|f
(
)|

n = 4 n3 =
k,n


4
4
4
2n
2n
2n
2n
2n
2n
k=1

k=1

k=1





Sn n + 1 f 0 (0) M ,
 2n

2n

n N ,

n>

1
.
a

n+1 0
f 0 (0)
f (0) =
.
n 2n
2

lim Sn = lim

2.



 


1
2 1/2
3 1/3
n 1/n
an = 1 +
1+
1+
1 +
.
n
n
n
n
()

lim ln an =

ln (1 + x)
dx .
x

() f (x) = ln (1 + x) /x ,

2
n=1 1/n

lim ln an =

2
12

= 2 /6,

2
lim an = e /12 .
n

.
()







1
1
2
1
3
1 
n
ln an = ln 1 +
+ ln 1 +
+ ln 1 +
+ + ln 1 +
n
2
n
3
n
n
n








1
1
n
2
n
3
n 
n
=
n ln 1 +
+ ln 1 +
+ ln 1 +
+ + ln 1 +
n
n
2
n
3
n
n
n
n
1 X ln (1 + k/n)
=
n
k/n
k=1

lim ln an =

ln (1 + x)
dx .
x

lim

x0+

R1

ln (1 + x)
x

(LHpital)

lim

x0+

1
= 1,
1+x

0 (ln (1 + x) /x) dx .

134

1.
() ln (1 + x) =

n1 n
x /n,
n=1 (1)

|x| < 1 ,

(1)n1
n=1

ln (1 + x)
=
f (x) =

x
1

xn1
n

|x| < 1, x 6= 0 ,
x = 0 .

ln(1 + x)
dx
x
0
Z 1X

xn1
=
(1)n1
dx
n
0 n=1
Z 1

X
X
1
n1 1
=
(1)
xn1 dx =
(1)n1 2 .
n 0
n

lim ln an =

n=1

n=1

2N
X

(1)n1

n=1

1
1
1
1
1
1
= 1 2 + 2 2 + +

2
2
n
2
3
4
(2N 1)
(2N )2


1
1
1
1
= 1 + 2 + 2 + +
+
2
3
(2N 1)2 (2N )2


1
1
1
2
+
+ +
22 42
(2N )2
=

2N
N
X
X
1
1

2
2
n
(2n)2

n=1
2N
X
n=1

1
1

2
n
2

n=1
N
X

n=1

1
2 2
2

=
,
n2 N 6
12
12

2
12

lim ln an =

2
lim an = e /12 .

3.

Z
lim

2u

u0 u

cos x
dx .
x

2u

cos x
dx =
x

Z
1

cos (tu)
dt .
t

( x = tu)

135

1.8. 20078
1 .

cos (tu)
dt
t

Z
1

 Z

1   2 cos (tu) 1 
dt =
dt
t   1
t
Z

 2 2 sin2 tu



2
=
dt
 1

t


Z 2
sin2 tu
2
=2
dt
t
1
Z 2 tu
2
2

dt

u2
=
2

t dt =
1

3u2
0 .
4 u0

,
2

Z
lim

u0 1

cos (tu)
dt =
t

1
dt = ln 2 .
t

2u

lim

u0 u

cos x
dx = ln 2 .
x

2 . (
[27])

2u

cos x
dx =
x

Z
1

cos(tu)
dt = cos(u)
t

Z
1

1
dt = cos(u) ln 2 ,
t

, 1 2. ,

Z
lim

2u

u0 u

cos x
dx = lim cos(u) ln 2 = cos(0) ln 2 = ln 2 .
u0
x

3 . u > 0. f (x) = cos x g(x) = 1/x

[u, 2u],

2u

cos x
dx = cos((u))
x

2u

1
dx = cos((u)) (ln 2u ln u) = cos((u)) ln 2 ,
x

(1.16)

(u), u (u) 2u. f (x) = cos x limu0+ (u) =

0, limu0+ cos((u)) = cos(0) = 1. , (1.16)

Z

2u

lim

u0+

cos t
dt = ln 2 .
t

136

1.

u < 0,

2u

lim

u0

cos x
dx = lim
x
u0

2u

u
Z 2v

= lim

v0+

cos t
dt
t

( x = t)

cos t
dt
t

(v = u > 0)

= ln 2 .

4.
e

Z
0

dx
p
.
(1 ln x) x (e x)

Z
0

dx
p
=
(1 ln x) x (e x)

Z e
dx
dx
p
p
+
(1 ln x) x (e x)
x (e x)
1 (1 ln x)
{z
} |
{z
}
I1

I2

I1

I2 .

1/ (1 ln x) x (e x)
x
1

p
= lim
=0
lim
= lim
+
+
+
1/ x
x0 (1 ln x)
x0
x (e x) x0 (1 ln x) e x
R1

0 (1/ x) dx ,
I1 .

lim

xe

1/ (1 ln x)

p
x (e x)

1/ (e x)

3/2

ex

(1 ln x) x
1
ex
= lim
e xe 1 ln x
1
1
= lim
e xe 1/x

= e
= lim

xe

Z

1

I2 .

1
(e x)3/2

( LHpital)

dx , -

137

1.8. 20078
,
e

Z
0

dx
p
.
(1 ln x) x (e x)

.
5. n N

Z
In =
0

x+

1
x2 + 1

n dx

. u = sinh1 x = ln x +


x2 + 1 .

x+

1
x2 + 1

n dx =

x+

x2 + 1
{z
I1

Z
n dx +
}

x+

x2 + 1
{z
I2

n dx ,
}

I1 .
I2 . x 1

x<x+

x2 + 1 x +


p

x2 + x2 = 1 + 2 x ,

1
1
1
1
n < n ,

n n 

x
x
1+ 2
x + x2 + 1

x 1.

1 (1/xn ) dx n 2. ,
I2
n 2. , In
n 2.



p
eu eu
u = sinh1 x = ln x + x2 + 1 x = sinh u =
.
2

138

1.

dx/du = cosh u = (eu + eu ) /2 n 2

Z
In =
0

1
enu

eu + eu
1

du =
2
2

(1n)u

(1+n)u

+e

du

!u=R
e(1n)u e(1+n)u 
1
=
lim



2 R 1 n
1+n
u=0


1
n
1
1
= 2
=

.
2 1n 1+n
n 1

6.

(i)

n n

(ii)

n=1

X
n=2

1
x5n .
2n ln n

(i) an = n

n,

n
n
|an | = n n = n n/n = n1/ n = eln n/ n .

ln n
ln x
lim = lim 1/2
n
x x
n

(LHpital)

1/x
1
= 2 lim 1/2 = 0 ,
1/2
x x
x x

2 lim

lim

p
n

|an | = lim eln n/

= e0 = 1

R = 1.
x = 1,

(1)n n

n=1



lim (1)n n n  = lim n n = lim e n ln n =

x = 1. , I = (1, 1).

139

1.8. 20078

(ii) cn = x5n /2n ln n,

p
n
|cn | =

s

 5n 
|x|5
n  x
=
 2n ln n  2 n ln n

lim ln

ln n = lim

ln(ln n)
ln(ln x)
= lim
x
n
x

lim

(LHpital)

lim

1
= 0,
x ln x

ln n = e0 = 1 .

lim

p
n
|cn | < 1

|x|5
< 1 |x| < 21/5 .
2

, R = 21/5 .
x = 21/5

X
n=2

1  1/5 5n X 1
2
=
.
2n ln n
ln n
n=2

ln n < n 1/ ln n > 1/n, n 2.

,

1
n=2 ln n

1
n=2 n

x = 21/5 ,

X
n=2

n=2

n=2

X
1  1/5 5n X
1
5n 1
2
=
(1)
=
(1)n
.
n
2 ln n
ln n
ln n

an = 1/ ln n limn an = 0,
Leibniz . ,




I = 21/5 , 21/5 .

7.

(i)

X
xn2/3
,
(n + 3)!

n=1

x 6= 0 (ii)

X
n=0

(1)n

1
.
(2n + 1) 3n

140

1.

(i) x 6= 0

X
X
xn2/3
xn
2/3
=x
(n + 3)!
(n + 3)!

n=1

=x

n=1

X
2/33

n=1

xn+3
(n + 3)!

xn
x2 x3
= x11/3
1x

n!
2!
3!
n=0


x2 x3
= x11/3 ex 1 x
.

2
6
(ii) arctan x =

arctan x =

n 2n+1
/ (2n
n=0 (1) x

X
n=0

+ 1), |x| < 1

2n+1

X
( x)
xn
(1)
(1)n
= x
,
2n + 1
2n + 1
n

0 x < 1.

n=0

, x = 1/3

1 X
1
1
(1)n
arctan =
(2n + 1) 3n
3
3 n=0

X
n=0

1
1
(1)
= 3 arctan =
n
(2n + 1) 3
3
n

3
.
6

141

1.9. 20067

1.9

20067

1

1. (an ) ,

an+1 an = 0, n N .
1
lim
n
n

1
1
1
+
+ +

a1 + a2
a2 + a3
an + an+1


=

> 0,

+ = 0 .

. (i) > 0.

1
=

ak + ak+1

ak+1 ak
ak+1 ak
=
ak+1 ak

an+1 = an + = an1 + 2 = = a1 + n ,


1
1
1
+
+ +

a1 + a2
a2 + a3
an + an+1



an+1 an
a2 a1
a3 a2
1
+
+ +
= lim
n

n



an+1 a1
1
= lim
n

n


a1 + n a1
1
= lim
n

n
r 
r
a1
a1

1
1
=
lim
+
=
= .
n

n
n

1
lim
n
n

(ii) = 0, an = a1 , n N.

1
lim
n
n

1
1
1

+
+ +

a1 + a2
a2 + a3
an + an+1



1
n
n
= lim
= lim = + .

n
n 2 a1
a1 + a1
n

142
2.

1.
() (an ),

an =

2
n
1
.
+ 2 + +
2
2
3
(n + 1)2

()

bn =

1
2
n
+
+ + 2
,
n2 + 1 n2 + 2
n +n

1
n (n + 1)
bn
2
2 (n2 + 1)
limn bn .
. () a2n an .
.
()

1
2
n
n+1
2n
a2n an =
+
+ +
+
+ +
22 32
(n + 1)2 (n + 2)2
(2n + 1)2


1
2
n

+
+ +
22 32
(n + 1)2
2n 1
2n
n+1
+ +
+
=
2
2
(n + 2)
(2n)
(2n + 1)2
2n
2n
2n

+ +
+
(2n + 1)2
(2n + 1)2 (2n + 1)2
2n
=n
(2n + 1)2
2n2
2

= .
2
(3n)
9

, (an ) Cauchy .
()

1
2
n
1
2
n
+
+ + 2
2
+
+ + 2
n 2 + n n2 + n
n +n
n + 1 n2 + 2
n +n
2
n
1
2
+ 2
+ + 2
,
n +1 n +1
n +1

1 + 2 + + n
1 + 2 + + n
bn
2
n +n
n2 + 1
n(n + 1)
n(n + 1)

bn
2
2(n + n)
2(n2 + 1)
1
n(n + 1)
bn
.
2
2(n2 + 1)

143

1.9. 20067

limn n (n + 1) /2 n2 + 1 = 1/2, (

) limn bn = 1/2.

3. lim an lim an



n 1/n
.
an = 1 + 32n(1)
.

a2n = 1 + 92n

1/2n


1/(2n+1) 1

1/(2n+1)
=
a2n+1 = 1 + 9(2n+1)
1 + 92n+1
.
9

ln (1 + 9x )
x
x
lim

limx (1 + 9x )

1/x

(LHpital)

9x ln 9
ln 9
= lim x
= ln 9 ,
x
x 1 + 9
x 9
+1
lim

= 9. , limn a2n = 9 limn a2n+1 = 1. ,

lim an = 1

4. lim

x1

lim an = 9 .

xn xn+1 .

n=1

xn xn+1 =

0 x = 1 .

n=1

. x = 1,

n=1

x x [0, 1),

P
xn xn+1 =
n=1 0 = 0. |x| < 1. ,

X
n=1

x
x =
1x
n

X
n=1

xn+1 =

x2
.
1x

X
n=1

X

X
xn xn+1 =
xn
xn+1 =
n=1

n=1

x
x2
x x2

=
= x.
1x 1x
1x

144

1.

. |x| < 1, :
N
X

xn xn+1 = x x2 + x2 x3 + + xN xN +1 = x xN +1 x .
N

n=1

lim

x1

5.

xn xn+1 = lim x = 1 .
x1

n=1

() limn n (

a 1) = ln a, a > 0.

() R

a1 ,

a > 1,

n=1

.
()

lim n

() a > 1 (

a1/n 1
ax 1
a 1 = lim
= lim
n
x0
1/n
x

(LHpital)

lim ax ln a = ln a .

x0

n
a 1) > 0. ()




( n a 1)
n
=
lim
n
a

1
= (ln a) > 0
n
n
1/n
lim

n=1 1/n

n=1 (

> 1,

a 1) , a > 1,

> 1.

6.

(i)

X
n!
n2
2
n=1

(ii)




X
1 n
1+ 2
1 .
n

n=1

145

1.9. 20067
. (ii)
n

(a + b) =

n  
X
n
k=0

ank bk = an + nan1 b +

n (n 1) n2 2
a
b + + bn .
2

.
2

(i) an = n!/2n ,
2

(n + 1)! 2n
n+1
an+1
= lim
= lim
lim
2
n 2(n+1)
n 2(n+1)2 n2
n an
n!
n+1
x + 1 (LHpital)
1
= lim 2n+1 = lim 2x+1
= = lim 2x+1
= 0 < 1.
n 2
x 2
x 2
2 ln 2
P
2
, n=1 (n!/2n ) .
(ii)

 
 n

1
n (n 1) 1 2
1
1
1 n
=1+n 2 +
+ +
1+
1+ 2
2
2
n
n
2
n
n
n

1
1+ 2
n
P

n
1

n=1 (1/n)

1
,
n

n N .

= +,




X
1 n
1+ 2
1 = + ,
n

n=1

7.

(i)
(ii)

1
(1)n sin
n
n=1



(1)n n1/n 1 .

n=1

(i) n N 1/ n (0, /2) y = sin x

(0, /2), an = sin (1/ n)

. , limn an = limn sin (1/ n) = 0. ,

P

n
Leibnitz n=1 (1) sin (1/ n) .

146

1.

(ii) an = n1/n 1, n > 1 an > 0.

(an ) , f (x) = x1/x 1.


f (x) = e

ln x/x

0  ln x 0
1 ln x 1/x
1 =
eln x/x =
x ,
x
x2

x > e f 0 (x) < 0. , x > e f

. , n 3 (an )
,

lim an = lim

n 1 = 1 1 = 0.

, Leibnitz

n 1/n 1)
n=1 (1) (n

8. 7 . ,

(i)

(ii)

1
sin
n
n=1

X


n1/n 1 .

n=1

. (ii): x 1 ln x, x > 0,
x = 1,

n1/n 1 ln n1/n =

ln n
.
n

(i) an = sin (1/ n) .

sin (1/ n)
sin x

lim
= lim
n
x0 x
1/ n

n=1 1/

n=1 sin (1/

n =

(LHpital)

n=1 1/n

1/2

= lim cos x = 1
x0

= +,

n) = +, .

147

1.9. 20067

(ii) n N
ln n
0.
n
P ln n

n1/n 1 ln n1/n =
, ,
,

ln n
n=1 n

= + ().

n1/n 1 = + ().
n=1 n

n=1

= + :

1 .

ln n/n
= lim ln n = +
n 1/n
n
P 1
n=1 n = +,
P
n=1 lnnn = +.
lim

2 . f (x) = ln x/x, x > 0.

f (x) =

ln x
x

0
=

1 ln x
,
x2

x > e f 0 (x) < 0. , x > e f

. , n 3 an = ln n/n

n=1 an

n=0 2

na

2 a2n =

n=0

n=1 an

X
n=0

ln n
n=1 n

ln 2n
2n n
2

= ln 2

n = + ,

n=0

= +,

ln n
n=1 n

2
1.

x/2

y = f (x) = x 1 +

cos t2 dt

R.

f 1

f ,

f 1 (y)
.
y1 y + 1
lim

2n

148

1.

0
2
. f 0 (x) = 1 + (x/2) cos (x/2) = 1 + (1/2) cos x2 /4 > 0, x R. ,
f R 1 1.

y = f (x) x = f 1 (y) f 1 . f (0) = 1

f 1 , y 1 x 0.

f 1 (y)
x
= lim
y1 y + 1
x0 f (x) + 1
lim

(LHpital)

lim

x0 f 0 (x)

1
2
= .
2
x0 1 + (1/2) cos (x /4)
3

= lim

2.

x2 1 y 00 + xy 0 y = 0 ,


t = cosh1 x = ln x +

x > 1,

(1.17)


x2 1

.
. t = cosh1 x x = cosh t.

y0 =

dy
dy dt
dy
1
=

2
dx
dt dx
dt
x 1

d2 y
d
y =
=
2
dx
dx
 
d dy

=
dt dt
00



 



dy
d dy
1
1
1
d dy
dy d

=
+
dx
dx dt
dx dt
dt dx
x2 1
x2 1
x2 1
2
d y
dt
1
dy
x
1
dy
x

= 2 2

.
3/2
2
dx
dt (x2 1)
dt x 1
dt (x2 1)3/2
x 1

x 1

1
dy
x
d2 y
2

2
dt x 1
dt (x2 1)3/2

!
+x

1
dy

y =0
dt
x2 1

d2 y
y = 0.
dt2

(1.18)

(1.18) : r 2 1 = 0 r1 = 1 r2 = 1. ,
(1.18)

y (t) = c1 et + c2 et ,

c1 , c2 R .

149

1.9. 20067
, (1.17)

1



p
p
+ c2 x + x2 1 ,
y (x) = c1 x + x2 1

c1 , c2 R .

3. f : R R
x

Z
f (x) +

ext f (t) dt = ex ,

(1.19)

x R. y = f (x)

y 00 + y 0 = 0 ,

y(0) = 1 , y 0 (0) = 2 .

y = f (x).
.

f (x) = e

xt

f (t) dt = e

et f (t) dt ,

f (x) = e

x x

e f (t) dt e e

f (x) = e

et f (t) dt f (x)

f 00 (x) = ex ex

et f (t) dt ex ex f (x) f 0 (x)

Z0 x

e
et f (t) dt f (x) f 0 (x)
 0

Z x
x
xt
= e f (x) +
e f (t) dt f 0 (x)
x

=e

=e

f (x)

( (1.19))

= f 0 (x) ,
f 00 (x) + f 0 (x) = 0. f ,

f (0) = 1 f 0 (0) = 2. , y = f (x)

y 00 + y 0 = 0 ,

y(0) = 1 , y 0 (0) = 2 .

150

1.

y 00 + y 0 = 0 : r 2 + r = 0 r1 = 1 r2 = 0.
, y 00 + y 0 = 0

y (x) = c1 ex + c2 ,

c1 , c2 R .

y (0) = 1 c1 + c2 = 1, y 0 (0) = 2 c1 = 2.
, c1 = 2 c2 = 1. ,

y = f (x) = 2ex 1 .

4.

Z
In =

1
dx ,
(x2 + a2 )n

a 6= 0 , n N ,

In+1 =

1
x
2n 1
In .
n +
2
2
2
2na (x + a )
2na2

I2 I3 .
.

Z 

0
1
x
2
2 n
dx
=

x
x
+
a
dx
n
n
(x2 + a2 )
(x2 + a2 )
Z
x2
x
+
2n
= 2
dx
n
(x + a2 )
(x2 + a2 )n+1


Z
x2 + a2 a2
x
+ 2n
dx
= 2
(x + a2 )n
(x2 + a2 )n+1
Z
Z
1
1
x
2
= 2
+
2n
dx

2na
dx ,
2
(x + a2 )n
(x2 + a2 )n
(x + a2 )n+1

(2n 1) In =

(x2

x
1
x
2n 1
2
In .
n + 2na In+1 In+1 =
n +
2
2
2
2
+a )
2na (x + a )
2na2

Z
I1 =

x2

1
1
x
dx = arctan + c ,
2
+a
a
a

I2 =

1
x
1
1
x
1
x
+ 2 I1 = 2 2
+ 3 arctan + c
2
2
2
2
2a x + a
2a
2a x + a
2a
a

151

1.9. 20067

I3 =

x
1
x
x
3
x
1
3
3
+ 5 arctan + c .
+ 2 I2 = 2
+ 4 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4a (x + a )
4a
4a (x + a )
8a x + a
8a
a

5.

1
dx ,
x + xa
Z R
. lim

x > 0, a R.

I=

R+ 1

1
x+x

dx .

. a = 1,

1
1
dx = ln x + c .
2x
2

I=
a 6= 1. ,

xa
dx
x1a + 1
Z
1
1
=
du
1a
u
1
ln u + c
=
1a


1
=
ln x1a + 1 + c .
1a

1
dx =
x + xa

I=

( u = x1a + 1)

Z
I=

. a =

1
x+

x 2

1
1a + 1 + c a 6= 1,
1
1a ln x
dx =

x + xa
1 ln x + c
a = 1 .
2

dx =

h 

x=R

i

1
1

ln x1 2 + 1 
ln R1 2 + 1 ln 2 .
=
x=1
1 2
1 2






lim ln R1 2 + 1 = lim ln 1/R 21 + 1 = ln 1 = 0 ,

R+

R+

Z
lim

R+ 1

1
x+x

dx =



ln 2
=
2 + 1 ln 2 .
1 2

152
6.

1.
()

1
dx .
3 + 5 sin x

I=

() y = f (x), x

f (x) =

2,

x3 2
,
x

 
3
2 = 1.

() t = tan x2 , x (, ), x = 2 arctan t,

sin x =

2 tan x2
1 + tan2

x
2

2t
1 + t2

dx =

2
dt .
1 + t2

Z
I=

1
2
dt =
2
3 + 10t/ (1 + t ) 1 + t2

2
dt =
2
3t + 10t + 3

2
dt .
(3t + 1) (t + 3)

2
A
B
A(t + 3) + B(3t + 1)
(A + 3B)t + (3A + B)
=
+
=
=
,
(3t + 1)(t + 3)
3t + 1 t + 3
(3t + 1)(t + 3)
(3t + 1)(t + 3)
{A + 3B = 0 ,

3A + B = 2}. {A = 3/4 , B = 1/4}.

Z
Z
3
1
1
1
I=
dt
dt
4
3t + 1
4
t+3
1
1
= ln |3t + 1| ln |t + 3| + c
4 
 4


1  3t + 1 
1  3 tan(x/2) + 1 
= ln 
+ c = ln 
+ c.
4
t+3 
4
tan(x/2) + 3 

153

1.9. 20067
()

x3 2
dx =
x

2t

dt
3 (t2 + 2)2/3

1/3
( t = x3 2 x = t2 + 2
)


Z
Z
t2 + 2 1
t2
2
2
dt
=
dt
=
3
t2 + 2
3
t2 + 2
Z
Z
2
2
1
=
dt

2 dt
3
3
t2 +
2
(t2 + 2)

1/3

2
2
t
= t arctan + c
3
3 2
2
r

p
2
x3 2
2
x3 2
=
arctan
+ c.
3
3
2
,

2
x3 2
2p 3
x 2
arctan
+ c,
f (x) =
3
3
2
, c = 1

 
3
2 = 1.

2p 3
2
x3 2
f (x) =
x 2
arctan
+ 1.
3
3
2

7. f : [0, 1] R ,

Z
0

1
f (x) x2 dx = f () ,
3

(1.20)

[0, 1].
. f (x) = arctan x, [0, 1].
. f x0 y0
[0, 1],
1

f (x) x2 dx f (y0 ) .

f (x0 ) 3
0

. f x0 y0
[0, 1]. f (x0 ) f (x) f (y0 ), x [0, 1]

Z
0

f (x0 ) x2 dx

Z
0

f (x) x2 dx

Z
0

f (y0 ) x2 dx .

154

1.

R1

R1

f (x0 )
3

0 f (x0 )x2 dx = f (x0 ) 0 x2 dx =

R1

0 f (y0 )x2 dx =

f (y0 )
3 ,

f (x)x2 dx f (y0 ) .

f (x0 ) 3
0

, Bolzano , [0, 1]
1

f (x)x2 dx

f () = 3
0

Z
0

1
f (x)x2 dx = f () .
3

. f (x) = arctan x,

1
2

x arctan x dx =
0

=
=
=
=

Z
x=1 1 1 3
1 3

x arctan x x=0
x (arctan x)0 dx
3
3 0
Z
1 1 1 x3
dx

3 4 3 0 1 + x2


Z

1 1
x

x
dx
12 3 0
1 + x2


x=1

1 2

x ln 1 + x2 x=0
12 6
1

(1 ln 2) .
12 6

, (1.20)

1
arctan =
(1 ln 2)
3
12 6
1
arctan = (1 ln 2)
 4 2

1
= tan
(1 ln 2) 0, 7321 .
4 2

8. f : [a, b] R 1 1 . f 1
f ,
b

f (b)

f 1 (x) dx = bf (b) af (a) .

f (x) dx +
a

f (a)

Z
0

1 xp dx =

Z
0

1 xq dx ,

p, q > 0 .

(1.21)

155

1.9. 20067
.

f (b)

Z
(x) dx =

f (a)

yf 0 (y) dy

( y = f 1 (x) x = f (y))

(y)|y=b
y=a

f (y) dy
Z b
f (y) dy
= bf (b) af (a)

= yf

( )

f (b)

f (x) dx +
. y = f (x) =

f 1 (x) dx = bf (b) af (a) .

f (a)

1 xp , x (0, 1)

h
i0
p
f 0 (x) = (1 xp )1/q = xp1 (1 xp )1/q1 < 0 ,
q
f [0, 1] [0, 1].

y=

1 xp y q = 1 xp xp = 1 y q x =

f f 1 (x) =

p
p
1 yq ,

1 xq , x [0, 1]. f (0) = 1

f (1) = 0, (1.21)
Z
0

q
1 xp dx +

Z
1

xq

Z
dx = 0

xp dx

Z
=

1 xq dx .

3
1. f : [0, 1] R n- [0, 1]

f (k) (0) = f (k) (1) = 0, k = 1, 2, . . . , n 1. c (0, 1)

|f (n) (c)| n!2n1 |f (1) f (0)| .

156

1.

. x0 [0, 1], Taylor

 



2

n1
1
1
f 00 (x0 ) 1
f (n1) (x0 ) 1
= f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 )
x0 +
x0 + +
x0
2
2
2!
2
(n 1)!
2


n
f (n) () 1
+
,
x0
n!
2

x0 1/2. Taylor x0 = 0 x0 = 1.

. Taylor x0 = 0 x0 = 1,
f (k) (0) = f (k) (1) = 0, k = 1, 2, . . . , n 1,

 
 
f (n) (1 ) 1 n
1
= f (0) +
f
,
2
n!
2

(1.22)

1 , 0 < 1 < 1/2

 
 n
1
f (n) (2 )
1
f
= f (1) +

,
2
n!
2

(1.23)

2 , 1/2 < 2 < 1. (1.22) (1.23)

f (1) f (0) =

i
1 h (n)
n (n)
f
(
)

(1)
f
(
)
.
1
2
n!2n

1
|f (1) f (0)| =
n!2n
1

n!2n
2

n!2n



 (n)

n (n)
f (1 ) (1) f (2 )
 
i
h
 (n)
 

f (1 ) + f (n) (2 )


 




 (n) 
f
(c)
(f (n) (c) = max f (n) (1 ) , f (n) (2 ) )
.




 (n) 
f
(c)

 n!2n1 |f (1) f (0)| .
. f ,



 (n) 
f (c) = 0 = n!2n1 |f (1) f (0)| ,

c [0, 1] .

157

1.9. 20067

2. [0, 1],

lim

r
n1
X
k=0

nk
= 1.
2
+ kn
2

n3

r
n1
X

k=0

k=0

f (x) =

n1 r

nk
1X
=
n3 + kn2
n

n1

nk
1X
=
n+k
n

k=0

n1

1 k/n
1X
=
f
1 + k/n
n
k=0

 
k
,
n

p
(1 x) / (1 + x). , Riemann

r
n1
X

lim

k=0

nk
=
3
n + kn2

Z
0

1x
dx .
1+x

r
t=

1x
,
1+x

x =

1 t2
1 + t2

dx =

4t
(1 + t2 )2

dt .

lim

r
n1
X
k=0

nk
=
n3 + kn2

t
1

4t
(1 + t2 )2

dt

t2

=4

dt
(1 + t2 )2
Z 1 h

1 i0
= 2
t 1 + t2
dt
0

Z 1
t t=1
1
+
2
dt
= 2

2
2
1 + t t=0
0 1+t

= 1 + 2 arctan t|t=1
1.
t=0 =
2
0

( )

3. f : [0, 1] R .
,

Z
lim n

1/ n

f (x)enx dx = f (0) .

158

1.

. enx > 0, n N x R,
( [27])

1/ n

f (x)e

nx

1/ n

dx = nf (n )


x=1/n 
enx dx = f (n ) enx x=0
= 1 e n f (n ) ,

(1.24)

n , 0 n 1/ n. f limn n = 0,
limn f (n ) = f (0). , (1.24)

1/ n

Z
lim n

f (x)enx dx = f (0) .

4.

Z
1

sin x
dx
xa

a > 0.
.
1

 
1
dx
x sin
x
p

p > 2.
.

Z
1

Z R
Z R
sin x
cos x R
cos R
cos x
cos x
dx
=

dx
=

+
cos
1

a
dx .

a

a+1
a
a+1
xa
xa x=1
x
R
1
1 x

a > 0,



 cos R 
1


0
 Ra  Ra
R

lim

cos R
= 0.
Ra

Z
1

sin x
dx = lim
n
xa

Z
1

sin x
dx = cos 1 a
xa

Z
|1

cos x
dx .
xa+1
{z
}
I1

I1 .

 cos x 
1


 a+1  a+1
x
x

159

1.9. 20067

1
xa+1

dx a > 0,
R  cos x 
1  xa+1  dx . R x
I1 . , a > 0 1 sin
xa dx

.
. x = 1/t, dx = 1/t2 dt,

xp sin

 
Z 1
Z 1/
sin t
1
sin t
dx =
dt
=
dt ,
p+2
p+2
x
t
t
1/
1

> 0.

Z
0

 
 
Z 1
Z 1/
Z
1
sin t
sin t
1
p
x sin
x sin
dx = lim
dx = lim
dt =
dt .
p+2
+
+
x
x
t
tp+2
0
0

1
1
p

sin t
dt p + 2 > 0 p > 2 .
tp+2
1
R1
, 0 xp sin (1/x) dx p > 2.
5.

() a2 4b < 0,

x2

dx
2
.
=
+ ax + b
4b a2

()

dx

= .
4+1
x
2

2


4
2
. x + 1 = x + 2x + 1 x 2x + 1
1
1
=
x4 + 1
2 2

x+ 2
x 2

.
x2 + 2x + 1 x2 2x + 1

.
()

dx
=
2
x + ax + b

dx
(x + a/2) + (4b a2 ) /4
Z
dt
=
( t = x + a/2)

2
t2 +
4b a2 /2


2
2t
=
arctan
+ c.
4b a2
4b a2
2

160

1.
,

dx
= lim
2
r
x + ax + b
R+

Z
r

x2

dx
+ ax + b






2
2R
2r
=
lim arctan
lim arctan
r
4b a2 R+
4b a2
4b a2

i
h

2

=
.
=
2
2
2
4b a
4b a2
()

Z
Z
1
1
x+ 2
x 2

dx =
dx
dx
x4 + 1
2 2
x2 + 2x + 1
x2 2x + 1

Z
Z
2x + 2
1
1
1

dx +
dx
=
2
2
4
4 2
x + 2x + 1
x + 2x + 1

Z
Z
1
2x 2
1
1

dx +
dx
2
2
4
4 2
x 2x + 1
x 2x + 1
!

1
x2 + 2x + 1

= ln
4 2
x2 2x + 1

Z
Z
1
1
1

dx +
dx ,
+
4
x2 + 2x + 1
x2 2x + 1

()

6.

Z R
1
1
dx = lim
dx
4
4
r
x +1
r x +1
R+
"
!
!#

1
R2 + 2R + 1
r2 + 2r + 1

=
lim ln
lim ln
r
4 2 R
R2 2R + 1
r2 2r + 1
Z

Z
1
1
1

+
dx +
dx
2
4
x2 + 2x + 1
x 2x + 1

1
2
2
= .
= q
+q

2
2
4
2
4
2
4 2

() R
R0

X
nn
n=1

n!

an xn .

n=1 an x

n,

161

1.9. 20067

()

X
(n!)2
(x 1)n .
(2n)!

n=1

.
() limn |an+1 /an | = 1/R. cn = nn an /n!,





 (n + 1)n+1 an+1

 cn+1 
n!
 = lim 
lim 
n 


n
n
cn
(n + 1)!
n an


n 




n+1
1 n
e
an+1 
1

= .
= lim
=
lim 1 +


n
n
n
an
R
n
R
P
, n=1 (nn an /n!) xn R0 = R/e.
(n!)2

() an = (2n)! ,



2
 an+1 
(n + 1)2
1

 = lim [(n + 1)!] (2n)! = lim
lim 
= .

2
n
n (2n + 1)(2n + 2)
n (2n + 2)!
an
(n!)
4
,

(n!)2
n=1 (2n)! (x

1)n R = 4. -

, |x 1| < 4 3 < x < 5.

x = 3 x = 5.
(i) x = 5

X
(n!)2 n
4 ,
(2n)!

n=1
(n!)2 4n

cn = (2n)! .

cn+1
[(n + 1)!]2 4n+1 (2n)!
4(n + 1)2
=

=
> 1,
cn
(2n + 2)!
(n!)2 4n
(2n + 1)(2n + 2)
(cn ) limn cn 6= 0. ,
.
(ii) x = 3

(1)n

n=1

(n!)2 n
4 ,
(2n)!

(n!)2
cn = (1)n (2n)! 4n . ,

|cn+1 |
> 1.
|cn |

162

1.
(|cn |) limn cn 6= 0. ,
.

(n!)2
n=1 (2n)! (x

1)n I = (3, 5).

2
7. y = ex ,

I=

ex dx =

P4

k
k=0 (1) /k!(2k + 1)

(1)k

k=0

1
.
k!(2k + 1)

= 1 1/3 + 1/10 1/42 + 1/216 0, 7475,

103 .

P tk
P
x2 =
k x2k
. et =
k=0 k! , t R, e
k=0 (1) k! ,
x R. ,

ex dx =

1X

(1)k

0 k=0

X
k=0

(1)k
k!

x2k
dx
k!
1

2k

dx =

X
(1)k

k!

k=0

1
ak = k!(2k+1)
I S4 =

P4

x=1

X
x2k+1 
1

=
(1)k
.

2k + 1 x=0
k! (2k + 1)

1
k
k=0 (1) k!(2k+1) ,

k=0

Leibniz

|I S4 | a5 =

1
1
=
< 103 .
5! 11
1320

I = 0, 74.
8.

X
x4n1
x3 x7 x11
x4n1
+

+ + (1)n
+ = 1 +
(1)n
.
4
8
12
4n
4n
n=1

f (x) = 1

x3 x7 x11
x4n1
+

+ + (1)n
+ ,
4
8
12
4n

|x| < 1 ,

(xf (x))0 1 = x3 + x7 x11 + + (1)n x4n1 + ,

|x| < 1 .

163

1.9. 20067
n

. cn = (1) x4n1 /4n,



 cn+1 
4n
 = lim

lim 
x4 = x4 ,

n 4 (n + 1)
n
cn

x4 < 1 |x| < 1 .

, R = 1.
. f (x) = 1 +

n x4n1 ,
n=1 (1)
4n

|x| < 1, f (0) = 1.

1 . |x| < 1 xf (x) = x +

(xf (x))0 1 =

(1)n x4n1 = x3

n=1

n x4n
n=1 (1) 4n .

(1)n1 x4(n1) = x3

n=1

1
=
1+t

n n
n=0 (1) t ,

(1)n x4n ,

|x| < 1 .

n=0

|t| < 1 ( ), t = x4

X
1
=
(1)n x4n ,
4
1+x

|x| < 1 .

n=0

(xf (x))0 1 =

x3
1 + x4

(xf (x))0 = 1

x3
,
1 + x4

|x| < 1 .

, |x| < 1

Z
xf (x) =

x3
1
dx = x ln(1 + x4 ) + c .
4
1+x
4

Z
dx

x = 0, 0 = ln 1/4 + c c = 0. , xf (x) = x 41 ln(1 + x4 ). ,

f (x) =

1
4x

ln(1 + x4 ) |x| < 1, x 6= 0 ,

x = 0 .

2 . y = ln(1 + t), |t| < 1,

. , |t| < 1 ln(1 + t) =

n1 tn /n.
n=1 (1)

t = x4 ,
ln(1 + x4 ) =

(1)n1

n=1

X
x4n
x4n
ln(1 + x4 ) =
(1)n
,
n
n
n=1

X
1
x4n1
ln(1 + x4 ) =
(1)n
,
4x
4n
n=1

|x| < 1 , x 6= 0 .

|x| < 1 .

164

1.

1+

(1)n

n=1

x4n1
1
=1
ln(1 + x4 ) ,
4n
4x

|x| < 1 , x 6= 0 .

165

1.10. 20045

1.10

20045

1

1.

an =

0 1 n
0 0 1
,
+
+ +
1
2
2n

n {1, 1}. (an ) Cauchy .

limn an = a, a [2, 2].

. 1 . k N,


0 1 n+k 
 0 1
n+1
|an+k an | = 
+

+

2n+1
2n+k


1
1
1
1
1
n+1 + + n+k = n+1 1 + + + k1
2
2
2
2
2


k
1
1 1/2
1
1
1
= n+1
= n 1 k < n .
2
1 1/2
2
2
2
limn 1/2n = 0, > 0, n0 N n n0

k N |an+k an | < . (an ) Cauchy

. ,
n
n
X
X
1
1

an
k
2
2k
k=0

1
k=0 2k

k=0

= 2, limn an = a, a [2, 2].

2 . an n-

X
0 1 k
k=0

2k

0 1 k /2k  1/2k

(1.25)

1
k=0 2k

= 2 ,
P  0 1 k 

 . (1.25)

k=0
2k
. (an ), n-
, . (an ) , Cauchy.

166
2.

1.
()

n=1

(/2)n
n!

R1

1
n
an := n!
0 (arcsin x) dx,

limn an = 0.

R x
() bn = 0 sin
x+n dx, limn bn = 0.

() n =

(/2)n
n! ,

n+1
(/2)n+1
/2
n!
= lim
= lim

=0
n
n n
n (n + 1)!
n n + 1
(/2)
lim

n=1

(/2)n
n!

. ,

(/2)n
= 0.
n
n!
lim

0 arcsin x 2 , x [0, 1],

1
0 an =
n!
limn

(/2)n
n!

Z
0

(/2)n
(arcsin x) dx
n!
n

dx =
0

(/2)n
.
n!

= 0, limn an = 0.

sin x
1
0 (x+n
x+n
, x [0, ],

Z
0 bn =
0

sin x
dx
x+n

Z
0


1

dx = ln(x + n)|x=
.
x=0 = ln( + n) ln(n) = ln 1 +
x+n
n

limn ln (1 + /n) = 0, limn bn = 0.

3.

() x arcsin x 2x, x [0, 1].

R 1/n

() an = 0

(arcsin x)a dx, a > 1.

n=1 an

a > 0.

() , .

167

1.10. 20045

: f (x) = arcsin xx, f 0 (x) = 1

1x2

0, x [0, 1). f (x) f (0) = 0, x [0, 1)

1
arcsin x x, x [0, 1]. g(x) = 2x arcsin x, g 0 (x) = 2 1x
= 0
2

x = 3/2. g(0) = 0, g( 3/2) = 3 /3 g(1) = 2 /2, g

x = 0. g(x) g(0) = 0, x [0, 1]

arcsin x 2x, x [0, 1].
() ()

1/n

xa dx an =

1/n

(arcsin x)a dx

1/n

(2x)a dx

1
1
2a
1
a+1 an
a+1 .
a+1 n
a+1 n
,

n=1 an

1
n=1 na+1

. a + 1 > 1 a > 0.
,

n=1 an

a > 0.

4. (an ), an = nn!n .

168

1.
a

() limn n+1
an = limn
() limn
.

an = 1e .

n! = .

()

n
n
1
1
= lim
= .
n
n (1 + 1/n)
n+1
e

n
n a = lim
n!/n = 1/e.
n
n

an+1
(n + 1)!
nn
lim
= lim

= lim
n an
n (n + 1)n+1
n
n!
limn
()

n
n! =

n!
1
n = .
n e
n

5.

X
(1)n

n
n!
n=1

. (i) an = 1/

X
(1)n
.
n ln n

n=1

n!, limn an = 0. -

(an ) . ,

p
p

1
1
n
n
p
> n+1
an > an+1
n+1 (n + 1)! > n! ln n+1 (n + 1)! > ln n!
n
n!
(n + 1)!
1
1
(ln 1 + ln 2 + + ln (n + 1)) > (ln 1 + ln 2 + + ln n)

n+1
n
ln 1 + ln 2 + + ln n + ln (n + 1)
n+1

>
ln 1 + ln 2 + + ln n
n
1
ln (n + 1)
1+
>1+
ln 1 + ln 2 + + ln n
n
n ln (n + 1) > ln 1 + ln 2 + + ln n
n N. ,

X
(1)n

Leibniz
.
n
n!
n=1

(ii) f (x) =

1
xln x ,

x > 0, x 1 f 0 (x) =

1/x1
(xln x)2

ln n
1
bn = nln
n . limn n = 0,

lim bn = lim

1
1
= lim
n
n ln n
n 1

ln n
n

= 0.

0.

169

1.10. 20045

, Leibniz

X
(1)n
.
n ln n

n=1

6.

()

ln n
n=1 n2

() an = ln (cos(1/n)) ln (sin(1/n)),
.

n=1 |an |

n=1 an .

ln n
n=1 n2 .

.
n
1
() bn = lnn2n cn = n3/2
, cbnn = nln1/2
.

1/x
2
= lim 1/2 = 0 ,
1/2
x 1/2x
x x
P
P
= 0. n=1 cn =
n=1
ln x
x x1/2
lim

limn cbnn

(LHpital)

lim

1
n3/2

ln n
n=1 n2

n=1 bn

() bn = lnn2n , n 2

|an |
ln (cos(1/n)) ln (sin(1/n))
|ln (cos(1/n))| |ln (sin(1/n))|

.
=
bn
1/n2
ln n
1/n2
ln n

ln(cos t)
ln (cos (1/x))
= lim
2
+
x
1/x
t2
t0
sin t/ cos t
= lim
2t
t0+
sin t
1
1
1

=
= lim
2 t0+ t
cos t
2
lim

( LHpital)

ln (sin (1/x))
ln(sin t)
= lim
+
ln x
ln (1/t)
t0
ln(sin t)
= lim
ln t
t0+
cos t/ sin t
= lim
( LHpital)
1/t
t0+
t
= lim
cos t = 1 ,
t0+ sin t
P
P ln n
|a |
limn bnn = 1/2. ()
n=1 bn =
n=1 n2 ,
P

n=1 |an |
P
. n=1 an .
lim

170

1.

2
1. f : [0, 1] R ,
1

Z
lim x

x0+

f (t)
dt .
t

. M > 0,

 Z

x



f (t) 
dt M x| ln x|, x (0, 1] .
t

. M = max |f (x)|, x (0, 1]

0x1

 Z

x



Z 1
f (t) 
|f (t)|
dt x
dt
t
t
x
Z 1
M
dt
x
x t
= M x ln t|t=1
t=x = M x (ln 1 ln x) = M x ln x = M x |ln x| .

lim x ln x = lim

x0+

x0+

ln x
1/x

(LHpital)

lim

x0+

1/x
= lim x = 0,
1/x2 x0+

 Z

lim x

x0+

2.


Z 1
f (t) 
f (t)
dt = 0 lim x
dt = 0 .
t
t
x0+
x

()

t3
sin t t ,
6

t 0 .

()

R 2x

. x

2x

sin t
dt = ln 2 .
t2
x0+ x



R 2x 
sin t/t2 dt ln 2 = x (sin t t) /t2 dt, x > 0 .
lim

171

1.10. 20045
.

() (t) = sin t t, 0 (t) = cos t 1 0. (t) (0) = 0,

t 0 sin t t, t 0. f (t) = t t3 /6 sin t, f 0 (t) =

1 t2 /2 cos t f 00 (t) = t + sin t = (t) 0, t 0. f 0 (t) =
1 t2 /2 cos t f 0 (0) = 0, t 0. , f (t) f (0) = 0, t 0
t t3 /6 sin t, t 0.
() x > 0

2x

sin t
dt ln 2 =
t2

2x

Z
=
x

2x

sin t
dt (ln 2x ln x)
t2
Z 2x
Z 2x
1
sin t t
sin t
dt
dt =
dt .
2
t
t
t2
x
x



() (sin t t) /t2  t/6, t > 0. ,
 Z 2x
 Z 2x 

Z 2x
Z 2x
 
 sin t t 

sin t t 
t
x2
sin t





dt

ln
2
dt
dt
=
0 .
=

dt

 

 t2 

t2
t2
6
4 x0+
x
x
x
x


R 2x
, limx0+ x sin t/t2 dt = ln 2.

3.

() , R,

Z
In =
0

2 +

t2 + t cos (nt) dt = (1)n

2.
2
n
n

() , R In = 1/n2 , n N.
.
()


sin (nt) 0
In =
dt
n
0
t=
Z



1
1
2

=
t + t sin (nt)

(2t + ) sin (nt) dt

n
n 0
t=0


Z
1
cos (nt) 0
=
dt
(2t + )
n 0
n
t=
Z

1
2

= 2 (2t + ) cos (nt)
2
cos (nt) dt
n
n 0
t=0
t=

1
2 +
2

= 2 [(2 + ) cos n ] 3 sin (nt)

= (1)n
2.
2
n
n
n
n
t=0
Z

t + t

172

1.
() ()

In =

22

n = 2k ,

2+2
(2k+1)2

n = 2k + 1 .

4k

In = 1/n2 , n = 2k 2/4k 2 = 1/4k 2 , = 1/2 . n = 2k +1,

2

(2 + 2) / (2k + 1) = 1/ (2k + 1) . , = 1/2 = 1.

4. y = f (x), x 1,
0

f (x) =

x1 1

,
x + 1 x2

f (1) = /2 .

Z xr
t1 1

dt .
f (x) f (1) =
f (t) dt f (x) = +
2
t + 1 t2
1
1


u = 1/t, du = 1/t2 dt,
Z

Z 1 r
Z 1
1/u 1

1u

1u

du
du = +
du = +
1/u + 1
2
1+u
2
1 u2
1/x
1/x
1/x
Z 1
Z 1
u=1
p
1
u

+
+
1

u
du
du = + arcsin u|u=1
u=1/x
2
u=1/x
1 u2
1 u2
1/x
1/x
s
 
  2
 2
1
1
1
x 1
+ arcsin 1 arcsin
1
= arcsin

.
x
x
x
x

f (x) = +
2

5.

1
y 0 = ln 1 + x2 .
2
1+y
.

1
2
dy
=
ln
1
+
x
dx ,
1 + y2

1
dy =
1 + y2

Z
arctan y =

ln 1 + x2 dx .

ln 1 + x2 dx .

173

1.10. 20045

x2
dx
1 + x2


Z


1 + x2 1
2
= x ln 1 + x 2
dx
1 + x2
Z
Z


1
= x ln 1 + x2 2 dx + 2
dx
1 + x2


= x ln 1 + x2 2x + 2 arctan x + C , C R .

arctan y = x ln 1 + x

y = tan x ln 1 + x2 2x + 2 arctan x + C ,

C R.

6. f : R R, f (0) = 1,

f (x) = f (x) +

f (t) dt ,

x R .

. f 00 (x) = f 0 (x) f 00 (x)

f 0 (x) = 0 : r2 r = 0. r1 = 0
r2 = 1
f (x) = c1 + c2 ex ,

c1 , c2 R .

f (0) = 1, c1 + c2 = 1.
0

f (0) = c2 = 1 +
0

t=1
c1 + c2 et dt = 1 + c1 t + c2 et t=0 = 1 + c1 + c2 e c2

c1 + c2 (e 2) = 1. c1 = (1 e) / (3 e) c2 = 2/ (3 e).

f (x) =

1e
2 x 2ex + 1 e
+
e =
.
3e 3e
3e

7. :

1 + x2 y 00 + xy 0 4y = 0

(1.26)

174

1.

t = sinh1 x = ln x +


1 + x2

.
. t = sinh1 x x = sinh t.

y0 =

dy dt
dy
1
dy
=

dx
dt dx
dt
1 + x2

d2 y
d
=
y =
2
dx
dx
 
d dy
=

dt dt
00




 


dy
d dy
d dy
1
dy d
1
1

=
=

dx
dx dt
dx dt
dt dx
1 + x2
1 + x2
1 + x2
2
dy
dt
d y
1
dy
1
x
x

= 2

2
3/2
2
dx
dt (1 + x2 )
dt 1 + x
dt (1 + x2 )3/2
1+x

(1.26)

1+x

2

1
dy
x
d2 y

2
2
dt 1 + x
dt (1 + x2 )3/2

!
+x

1
dy

4y = 0
dt
1 + x2

d2 y
4y = 0 .
dt2

(1.27)

(1.27) : r 2 4 = 0 r1 = 2 r2 = 2. ,
(1.27)

y (t) = c1 e2t + c2 e2t ,

c1 , c2 R .

, (1.26)

2

2

p
p
+ c2 x + 1 + x2 ,
y (x) = c1 x + 1 + x2

c1 , c2 R .

8. :

x2 y 00 + 4xy 0 x2 2 y = 0

(1.28)

u = x2 y

I .

175

1.10. 20045
.

du
dy
= 2xy + x2
dx
dx

2
d2 u
dy
2d y
=
2y
+
4x
+
x
.
dx2
dx
dx2

(1.28)

d2 u
u = 0.
dx2

(1.29)

(1.29) : r 2 1 = 0 r1 = 1 r2 = 1. ,
(1.29)

u (x) = c1 ex + c2 ex ,

c1 , c2 R .

, (1.28) I

y(x) =

1
x
x
c
e
+
c
e
,
1
2
x2

c1 , c2 R .

1. [0, 1],

lim

n
X

k=1

2n2

k
.
2kn + k 2

.
n
X
k=1

X
k
k


=
2
2
2n 2kn + k
n2 2 2 (k/n) + (k/n)2
k=1

k=1

k=1

1X
k/n
1X
=
f
=
n
n
2 2 (k/n) + (k/n)2

 
k
,
n

176

1.

f (x) =

x
. , Riemann
2 2x + x2
n
X

lim

k=1

k
=
2
2n 2kn + k 2

x
dx
2 2x + x2

x
dx
2
0 (x 1) + 1
Z 0
t+1
=
dt
( t = x 1)
2
1 t + 1
Z 0
Z 0
1
t
dt +
dt
=
2
2
1 t + 1
1 t + 1


t=0
1
2 
= ln 1 + t 
+ arctan t|t=0
t=1
2
=

t=1

1
ln 4
= ln 2 arctan (1) =
.
2
4

2.

()

x sin(x2 ) dx .

()

/2

x
(sin x)

dx ,

, > 0

0 < < + 1.
.

()

x sin x2 dx =

R1

I1 = 0

Z
|0

Z

x sin x2 dx +
x sin x2 dx ,
{z
} |1
{z
}
I1

I2

x sin x2 dx . -

177

1.10. 20045
I2 .
R

x sin x

2

!0
cos x2
dx =
dx

2
1

x=R

Z 


cos x2 
1 0
1 R


=
+
cos x2 dx
2 1
2 x 
x
Z

x=1

( )

2

cos R
=
2 R

cos 1 1
+

2
4

Z
1

cos x2
dx .
x3/2





 cos R2

cos R2
1



= 0,

 0 lim

R
R 
R R
R

Z
1

x sin x

cos 1 1
dx =

2
4

cos x2
dx .
x3/2



Z
 cos x2

1
1


dx = 2 ,

 3/2
3/2
3/2
 x
 x
x
1

1 cos x2 /x3/2  dx

cos x2 /x3/2 dx


R
I2 . , 0
x sin x2 dx
. 1

() f (x) = x / (sin x) g (x) = 1/x , f (x) , g (x) > 0, x (0, /2]

lim

x0+

 x 
f (x)
= lim
=
g (x) x0+ sin x


lim

x0+

x
sin x

(LHpital)

1 = 1 .

R /2

1/x dx
R /2

< 1 0 < < + 1. , 0 x / (sin x) dx

, , 0

0 < < + 1.

3. f (x) = lnx2x x

e. -

178

1.

n=2

ln n/n2

1 + ln 2 X ln n
ln 2 + 1 + ln 2
<
<
.
2
n2
2
n=2

. f 0 (x) = (1 2 ln x) /x3 0 2 ln x 1 ln x2 ln e x

e.

, f x 2.
,

n=2

ln n/n2

ln x/x2 dx .

Z
2


1 0
ln x dx
x
2

Z R
ln x x=R
1
=
+
(ln x)0 dx
x x=2
x
2
Z R
1
ln R ln 2
+
+
dx
=
2
R
2
x
2

ln R ln 2
1 x=R
ln R
1
1 + ln 2
=
+

=
+
.
R
2
x x=2
R
R
2
Z

ln x
dx =
x2

R

lim

ln R
R

(LHpital)

lim

1
= 0,
R

ln x
dx = lim
R
x2
R ln x

ln x
1 + ln 2
dx =
.
2
x
2

dx

x2

ln n
n=2 n2

Z
f (n) f (2)

f (x) dx
2

n=2

f (n) ,

n=2

X
ln n
n=2

n2

ln 2

Z
2

n=2

n=2

n=2

X ln n
X ln n ln 2
ln x
1 + ln 2 X ln n
dx

x2
n2
n2
4
2
n2

1 + ln 2 X ln n
ln 2 + 1 + ln 2
<
<
.
2
n2
2
n=2

179

1.10. 20045
4.

()

X
n=1

n2
xn .
3n + n

()

(1 + 1/n)(1)

n 2
n

xn .

n=1

.
() an = n2 / (3n + n),

an+1
= lim
n
n an

n+1
n

2

n+1
n

2

3n + n
3 (3n + n) 2n + 1

n+1
n

2

1
1
= ,
3 (2n 1) / (3n + n)
3

lim

= lim

= lim

3n + n
+n+1

3n+1

limn (2n 1) / (3n + n) = 0. , R = 3. x = 3,

X
n=1

2 n
X
n2
n
n n 3
(3)
=
(1)
.
3n + n
3n + n
n=1



2 n 

n2
n n 3 

lim (1) n
=
lim
=
n
3 + n  n 1 + n/3n
x = 3. ,
I = (3, 3).
(1)n n2

() an = (1 + 1/n)

2

1 + 1 4k
n = 2k ,
2k
an = 
2

(2k1)

1+ 1
n = 2k 1 .
2k1

n
limn 1 + n1
= e,
lim

2k


|a2k | = lim

1
1+
2k

2k
=e

180

1.

p
|a2k1 | = lim

2k1

lim

, lim


1+

1
2k 1

(2k1)

= e1 .

p


n
|an | = max e, e1 = e. , -

R = 1/e = e1 .

5. y = arctan x ,
1

x arctan x

I=

dx =

(1)n

n=0

n
n=0 (1) / (2n

P2

1
.
(2n + 1) (8n + 7)

+ 1) (8n + 7),

0, 005.
. arctan x =
2

x arctan x

=x

n 2n+1
/ (2n
n=0 (1) x

(1)

n=0

+ 1), |x| < 1,

2n+1

X
x4
x8n+6
=
(1)n
,
2n + 1
2n + 1

|x| < 1 .

n=0

, |x| < 1
x

t2 arctan t4 dt =

xX

0 n=0

=
=

X
n=0

X
n=0

Z
I=

(1)n

(1)n
2n + 1

I S2 =

n
n=0 (1) / (2n

t8n+6 dt

t=x

X
(1)
x8n+7
t8n+7 

=
(1)n
.

2n + 1 8n + 7 t=0
(2n + 1) (8n + 7)
n

n=0

n
n=0 (1) / (2n

x1

P2

X


t2 arctan t4 dt = lim
(1)n

t8n+6
dt
2n + 1

n=0

+ 1) (8n + 7) ,

X
x8n+7
1
=
(1)n
.
(2n + 1) (8n + 7)
(2n + 1) (8n + 7)
n=0

+ 1) (8n + 7), Leibniz

|I S2 | a3 =

1
1
1
=
<
= 0, 005 .
7 31
217
200

181

1.10. 20045
6.

X
n=0

x2n+2
.
(n + 1) (2n + 1)

. cn = x2n+2 / (n + 1) (2n + 1),



 cn+1 

 = lim (n + 1) (2n + 1) x2 = x2 ,
lim
n  cn 
n (n + 2) (2n + 3)

x2 < 1 |x| < 1 .

, R = 1.
.

x2n+2
, |x| < 1, f (0) = 0 .
(n + 1) (2n + 1)
n=0
P
n1 xn ln(1 x) =
1 . , |x| < 1 ln(1 + x) =
n=1 (1)
n
P x2n+1
P xn
n=0 n . , ln(1 + x) ln(1 x) = 2 n=0 2n+1 .
f (x) :=

f 0 (x) =

(2n + 2)

n=0

n=0

f 0 (x)

X x2n+1
x2n+1
=2
,
(n + 1)(2n + 1)
2n + 1

= ln(1 + x) ln(1 x), |x| < 1. ,

ln (1 + t) dt
ln (1 t) dt
0
Z x0
Z x
t
1
t=x
t=x
= t ln (1 + t)|t=0
dt t ln (1 t)|t=0 +
t
dt
1t
0 1+t
0
Z x
Z x
(1 + t) 1
(1 t) 1
= x ln (1 + x)
dt x ln (1 x) +
dt
1
+
t
1t
0
0
Z x
Z x
Z x
Z x
1
1
= x ln (1 + x)
dt +
dt x ln (1 x) +
dt
dt
0 1+t
0
0
0 1t




1+x
= x ln (1 + x) + ln (1 + x) x ln (1 x) + ln (1 x) = x ln
+ ln 1 x2 .
1x

f (x) =

2 .
|x| < 1 f 0 (x) = 2

n=0 x

2n+1 / (2n

+ 1) f 00 (x) = 2

n=0 x

2n

= 2/ 1 x2 .

f 0 (0) = 0,
0

f (x) =
0

2
dt =
1 t2

Z
0

x

1
1
+
1+t 1t


dt = ln (1 + x) ln (1 x) .

182

1.

1.11

20034

1

1. (un ),

s
un =

n+

n 1 + + 2 + 1.

(i)

n un < 2 n, n N.

un
(ii) limn
= 1.
n

(iii) limn (un

n) =

1
2

1 = 1 = u1 < 2 1,

n = 1. n = k , k uk < 2 k . ,
r
q
2
p

k + 1 < k + 1 + uk = uk+1 < k + 1 + 2 k =

k+1 = k+1
(i) un > 0, n N.

k+1<

k+1+

k + 1 = 2 k + 1.

k + 1 < uk+1 < 2 k + 1 ,

n = k + 1.
(ii)

n + un1 < n + 2 n 1,
s
s
r

un
n+2 n1
n1
1 <
= 1+2
1 .
n
n2 n
n

n un =

un
, limn
= 1.
n

(iii)

u2n n
un1
n 1 un1 / n 1
=
=

un n =

.
n
un + n
un + n
un / n + 1

(ii) limn un / n = limn un1 / n 1 = 1,

limn (un n) = 12 .

183

1.11. 20034
2. (An ) (Bn ),

Z
An =

xn ln(1 + x2 ) dx Bn =

xn ln(1 + x2 ) dx ,

c (0, 1).

0 < An

ln(1 + c2 ) n+1
c
,
n+1

Bn

ln(1 + c2 )
(1 cn+1 )
n+1

An
.
limn B
n

. ln(1 + x2 ) ln(1 + c2 ), x [0, c] ln(1 + x2 ) ln(1 + c2 ),

x [c, 1],
c

0 < An ln(1 + c2 )

xn dx =

ln(1 + c2 ) n+1
c
n+1

xn dx =

Bn ln(1 + c )
c

ln(1 + c2 )
(1 cn+1 ) .
n+1

, 0 < An /Bn cn+1 /(1 cn+1 ). c (0, 1), limn cn+1 = 0

An
limn cn+1 /(1 cn+1 ) = 0. , limn B
= 0.
n

3. Sn = 1/a1 +1/a2 + +1/an n = (1+1/a1 )(1+1/a2 ) (1+1/an ),

(an ) . (Sn ) ,
(ln n ) .
. ln(1 + x) < x, x > 0,

(ln n ) Cauchy.
. (Sn ) , (Sn ) Cauchy. , > 0

n0 N, n n0 k N
|Sn+k Sn | =

1
an+1

1
an+2

+ +

1
an+k

< .

, n n0 k N


|ln n+k ln n | = ln 1 +
<

1
an+1


+ ln 1 +

an+1
an+2
1
1
+
+ +
< .
an+2
an+k


+ + ln 1 +

1
an+k

184

1.

, (ln n ) Cauchy .
. n = eln n (ln n ) , (n ) .

4. () (an ),

an+1 = 6

1 + an
,
7 + an

a1 > 0 .

(an ) .
()

bn =

ln n (1 + cos n) n
.
ln 2n

.
() an > 0, n N. (an ) n 2



 1 + an 1 + an1 


|an+1 an | = 6 

7 + an 7 + an1 
|(1 + an ) (7 + an1 ) (1 + an1 ) (7 + an )|
=6
(7 + an ) (7 + an1 )
|an an1 |
36
= 36
<
|an an1 | ,
(7 + an ) (7 + an1 )
49
0 < 36/49 < 1. (an )
, limn an = 0. limn an+1 = , an+1 =

6 (1 + an ) / (7 + an ) = 6 (1 + ) / (7 + ). , 2 + 6 = 0
1 = 3 2 = 2. 0, limn an = 2.
()

b2k =

ln 2k (1 + cos 2k) 2k
ln 2k 4k
1 ln 2k/2k 2
=
=
ln 4k
ln 4k
2
ln 4k/4k

ln (2k + 1) (1 + cos (2k + )) (2k + 1)

ln 2 (2k + 1)
ln (2k + 1)
1
=
=
.
ln 2 + ln (2k + 1)
ln 2/ ln (2k + 1) + 1

b2k+1 =

185

1.11. 20034

limn ln n/n = 0, limk ln 2k/2k = limk ln 4k/4k = 0. , limk b2k = limk b2k+1 = 1. ,

lim inf an =

lim sup an = 1 .

5.
()

()

X
n=1

ln n
ln (en 1)

(ln n) ln n .

n=2

. ()

ln n
n=1 n

. ()

1
n=1 n2

ln n
n=1 n

()

= . ,

ln n/n
= lim ln n =
n
n 1/n
P
ln n
ln n
= ,
n=1 n = . an = ln(en 1) bn =
lim

1
n=1 n

ln n
n ,

n 2 an , bn > 0

an
ln n/ ln(en 1)
= lim
n bn
n
ln n/n
n
= lim
n ln(en 1)
x
ex 1
=
lim
= 1.
= lim
x
x ln(ex 1)
ex
lim

n=1 bn

ln n
n=1 n

ln n
n=1 ln(en 1)

= ,

n=1 an

( LHpital)

ln n
n=1 ln(en 1)

= . ,

() an = (ln n) ln n bn = 1/n2 , n 2 an , bn > 0

lim

an
= lim n2 (ln n) ln n
n
bn
2

2 ln nln(ln n)

= lim eln n e ln nln(ln n) = lim eln n

n

= lim eln n[2ln(ln n)] = 0 .

n

186

1.
limn ln n[2 ln (ln n)] = .

n=1

1/n

2

ln n
n=2 (ln n)

n=1 bn

n=1 an

=
=

6.


n2
sin
.
n+1
n=1


n1
. an = sin n2 / (n + 1) = (1)
sin (/ (n + 1)).



an = sin

n2
n+1

 2

n 1+1
= sin
n+1
 

1
= sin n 1 +
n+1





(n1)
= sin (n 1) +
= (1)
sin
.
n+1
n+1

bn = sin (/ (n + 1)), n N, limn bn =

P
2
0, Leibniz
n=1 sin n / (n + 1) .


PN
(1)n
N -
7. SN = n=2 ln 1 + n

X
n=2

(1)n
ln 1 +
n



,

limN S2N = limN S2N +1 = 0.

X
n=2

(1)n
ln 1 +
n



= 0.

S2N

2N
X









(1)n
1
1
1
=
ln 1 +
= ln 1 +
+ ln 1
+ + ln 1 +
n
2
3
2N 2
n=2




1
1
+ ln 1
+ ln 1 +
2N 1
2N
  
 
 





3
2
2N 1
2N 2
2N + 1
= ln
+ ln
+ + ln
+ ln
+ ln
2
3
2N 2
2N 1
2N




2N + 1
2N + 1
= ln
ln 1 = 0
= ln 1 + + ln 1 + ln
N
2N
2N

187

1.11. 20034

2N
+1
X



(1)n
ln 1 +
n
n=2








1
1
1
1
+ ln 1
+ + ln 1 +
+ ln 1
= ln 1 +
2
3
2N
2N + 1
  
 
 



3
2
2N + 1
2N
= ln
+ ln
+ + ln
+ ln
2
3
2N
2N + 1
= ln 1 + + ln 1 = 0 .

S2N +1 =

, limN S2N = limN S2N +1 = 0. , limN SN = 0

X
n=2

8.

(1)n
ln 1 +
n


= 0.

xn f (x) dx ,

(1)

n=0

f : [0, 1] R .
() N N,
N
X

(1)

n=0

x f (x) dx =
0

f (x)
dx + (1)N
1+x

xN +1

f (x)
dx .
1+x

() M = max |f (x)| ,
0x1


Z

(1)N


xN +1

()


f (x) 
M
dx
.
1+x
N +2

nR1 n
n=0 (1)
0 x f

(1)n

(x) dx

xn f (x) dx =

n=0

Z
0

f (x)
dx .
1+x

X
n=0

(1)

xn

1+x
dx .
1 + x2

188

1.
()

N
X

(1)n

xn f (x) dx =

n=0

N
1X

(1)n xn f (x) dx

0 n=0
1

Z
=


1 x + x2 + (x)N f (x) dx

=
0

=
0

1 (x)N +1
f (x) dx
1+x
Z 1
f (x)
f (x)
N
xN +1
dx + (1)
dx .
1+x
1+x
0

()

 Z 1
f (x) 
|f (x)|
x
dx
xN +1
dx
1
+
x
1+x
0
0
Z 1
1
xN +1
M
dx
1+x
0
Z 1
M
M
xN +1 dx =
.
N +2
0
N R 1 N +1 f (x)
() () limN (1)
1+x dx = 0. , ()
0 x

Z

(1)N


N +1

x f (x) dx = lim

(1)

n=0

N
X

(1)

x f (x) dx =
0

n=0

Z
0

f (x)
dx .
1+x

1+x
. f (x) = 1+x
2 , ()

(1)

n=0

1+x
x
dx =
1 + x2
n

Z
0

dx = arctan x|x=1
.
x=0 = arctan 1 arctan 0 =
2
1+x
4

2
1.

x/2

y = f (x) := 1 +

et dt

R.

f 1

f ,

f 1 (y)
.
y1 y 1
lim

189

1.11. 20034

2
2
0
. f 0 (x) = (x/2) e(x/2) = (1/2) ex /4 > 0, x R.

f R 1 1.

f (0) = 1,

y = f (x) x = f 1 (y) f 1 , y 1 x 0.
f 1 (y)
x
= lim
y1 y 1
x0 f (x) 1
lim

(LHpital)

lim

x0

1
2
= lim 2ex /4 = 2 .
f 0 (x) x0

2. :

Z
I=

x2
dx .
x2 2x + 2

Z
I=

(t + 1)2

dt
( t = x 1 x = t + 1)
t2 + 1


Z
t2 + 1 + 2t

=
dt
2+1
t
Z
Z p
2t
2
t + 1 dt +
dt .
=
2
t +1
|
{z
} |
{z
}

x2
q
dx =
2
(x 1) + 1

I1

I2

I1 ( t =

tan x, x (/2, /2) ):

Z
Z
Z p
p
p
t2 + 1 1
t2
2
2
2

t + 1 dt = t t + 1
I1 =
dt = t t + 1
dt
2+1
2+1
t
t
Z p
Z


p
p
p
1
2
2

=t t +1
t + 1 dt +
dt = t t2 + 1 I1 + ln t + t2 + 1
t2 + 1


p
1 
1 p
I1 = t t2 + 1 + ln t + t2 + 1 + C .
2
2

Z
I2 =

p
2t
dt = 2 t2 + 1 + C
t2 + 1

t = x 1,


p
p
1 
1 p
I = t t2 + 1 + ln t + t2 + 1 + 2 t2 + 1 + C
2
2

p
p
x 1p 2
1 
=
x 2x + 2 + ln x 1 + x2 2x + 2 + 2 x2 2x + 2 + C .
2
2

190

1.

3.

Z
0

t3
(4t2

+ 9)

3/2

dt =

1
,
4

x > 0.

t3

(4t2 + 9)

(27/8) tan3

Z
3/2

dt =

93/2 (tan2 + 1)

3/2

3/2
d
cos2

( t = 23 tan , (/2, /2))

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

3/2
Z
tan3 cos2
3
d
16
cos2
Z
3
sin3
d
16
cos2


Z
1 cos2 sin
3
d
16
cos2
Z
Z
3
sin
3
sin d
d

16
cos2
16


3
1
+ cos + C
16 cos
p

3
1
2
1 + tan +
+C
16
1 + tan2

q
3
1
+C
1 + (2t/3)2 + q
16
2
1 + (2t/3)
!

4t2 + 9
3
3
+
+C.
16
3
4t2 + 9

Z
0

t3
(4t2 + 9)3/2

1
dt =
4

3
16

!t=x

1

=


4
!t=0

4x2 + 9
3
3
1
+
=
2
3
8
4
4x + 9
3
4t2 + 9
+
3
4t2 + 9

3
16
p
9

4x2 + 9 +
= 10
4x2 + 9
p
2
p

4x2 + 9 10 4x2 + 9 + 9 = 0 .

4x2 + 9 = 9. 4x2 + 9 = 1 ,

4x2 + 9 = 9 4x2 = 72 x2 = 18 x = 3 2. x > 0,

x = 3 2.
,

4x2 + 9 = 1

191

1.11. 20034
4. y = f (x), x (, ),

1
,
3 cos x

f 0 (x) =

f (0) = 0.

.
x

f (t) dt =

f (x) =

1
dt .
3 cos t

Weierstrass u = tan (t/2) t = 2 arctan u,

t (, ),
dt =

2
du
1 + u2

cos t =

1 tan2 (t/2)
1 u2
=
.
1 + u2
1 + tan2 (t/2)

Z
f (x) =
0

1
dt =
3 cos t

tan(x/2)

1
3 (1

tan(x/2)

u2 ) / (1

u2 )

2
du
1 + u2

1
du
+1

2u2

Z
1
1 tan(x/2)
=

2 du
2 0
u2 + 1/ 2

 u=tan(x/2) 2


2

arctan
arctan
2u 
2 tan (x/2) .
=
=
2
2
u=0

5.

() x R

2 arctan

p


1 + x2 x + arctan x = /2 .

()


Z
 Z x
t
p
2
f (x) =
1+x x +
1
arctan t dt 2
2
1 + t2
0
0

1+x2 x

arctan t dt ,

x R, ln 2 .
.

() (x) := 2 arctan

1+

x2

x + arctan x, x R,

0
1 + x2 x
1
0 (x) = 2

2 +
1
+
x2
1+
1 + x2 x

x/ 1 + x2 1
1
1
1

+
=
=
+
= 0,
2
2
1+x
1+x
1 + x2
1 + x2
1 + x2 x

x R .

192

1.
(x) = c. (0) = 2 arctan 1 + arctan 0 = 2 (/4) + 0 = /2. ,

(x) = /2, x R.
() x R


0 
x
p
2
1+x x + 1
arctan x
f (x) =
2
1 + x2
p
0
p

2
1 + x2 x arctan
1 + x2 x

 

x

=
1 + 1
arctan x
2
1 + x2
1 + x2


p

x
2
1 arctan
1 + x2 x
1 + x2
 
h

p
i
x

1 + 1
=
arctan x + 2 arctan
1 + x2 x
2
1 + x2
1 + x2





x
x

=
1 +
1
2
2
1 + x2
1 + x2


(arctan x + 2 arctan
1 + x2 x = 2 )
0

= 0.
.

=
2

=
2

=
2

f (0) =

Z
2

arctan t dt
0

t
dt
2
0 1+t

t=1
2 arctan 1 + ln 1 + t2 t=0
2

t arctan t|t=1
t=0

+2

+ ln 2 ln 1 = ln 2 ,
4

f (x) = ln 2.

6. :

y 0 + (tan x) y = x sin 2x ,

<x< .
2
2

(1.30)

. : y 0 + (tan x) y = 0

y = c e

tan x dx

= c e

(sin x/ cos x) dx

= c eln(cos x) = c cos x ,

c R.

193

1.11. 20034

(1.30) y (x) = c (x) cos x. y (1.30),

y0 + (tan x) y = x sin 2x,

[c (x) cos x]0 + (tan x) c (x) cos x = x sin 2x

c0 (x) cos x c (x) sin x + c (x) sin x = x sin 2x
c0 (x) cos x = 2x sin x cos x c0 (x) = 2x sin x .

Z
c (x) = 2

Z
x d ( cos x) = 2x cos x + 2

x sin x dx = 2

cos x dx = 2x cos x + 2 sin x .

, y (x) = (2x cos x + 2 sin x) cos x = 2x cos2 x + sin 2x. ,

(1.30)

y = c cos x 2x cos2 x + sin 2x ,

c R.

7. :

1 x2

d2 y
dy
x
+ y = 0,
dx2
dx

|x| < 1 ,

x = sin t .
. t (/2, /2) x = sin t t = arcsin x,

y0 =

dy
dy dt
dy
1
dy
1
=

dx
dt dx
dt dx/dt
dt cos t

 




d2 y
d dy
d dy
1
d dy
1
dt
y =
=
=

2
dx
dx dx
dx dt cos t
dt dt cos t
dx
 2

dy sin t
1
d y
1
=

2
2
dt cos t
dt cos t
dx/dt
 2

d y
1
dy sin t
1
=

.
2
2
dt cos t
dt cos t cos t
00

(1.31)
2

cos t

d2 y
1
dy sin t

2
dt cos t
dt cos2 t

1
dy
1
sin t

+y =0
cos t
dt cos t

(1.31)

194

1.

d2 y
+ y = 0.
dt2

(1.32)

(1.32) : r 2 + 1 = 0
r1,2 = i. , (1.32)

y (t) = c1 cos t + c2 sin t ,

c1 , c2 R .

, (1.31)

q
y (x) = c1 cos (arcsin x) + c2 sin (arcsin x) = c1 1 sin2 (arcsin x) + c2 sin (arcsin x)
p
= c1 1 x2 + c2 x , c1 , c2 R .

8. :

y 00 + 4y = 1 + x + sin x .

(1.33)

. y 00 + 4y = 0 :

r2 + 4 = 0 r1,2 = 2i. ,

y (x) = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x ,

c1 , c2 R .

y 00 + 4y = 1 + x

(1.34)

y 00 + 4y = sin x .

(1.35)

f1 (x) = 1 + x = (1 + x) e0x cos (0 x) + e0x sin (0 x) 0

r 2 + 4 = 0, (1.34)

y1 = a + bx. (1.34) 4a + 4bx = 1 + x, x R, 4a = 4b = 1 a = b = 1/4. , (1.34) y1 = 1/4 + (1/4) x.

f2 (x) = sin x = 0 e0x cos x + e0x sin x 0 + i = i r 2 + 4 = 0, (1.35) y1 = a cos x + b sin x.

195

1.11. 20034

(1.35) 3a cos x + 3b sin x = sin x, x R, a = 0

b = 1/3. , (1.35) y2 = (1/3) sin x.
, y1 + y2 = 1/4 + (1/4) x + (1/3) sin x (1.33). ,
(1.33)

y = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x + 1/4 + (1/4) x + (1/3) sin x ,

c1 , c2 R .

9. :

y 00 2y 0 + y = xex + 4 ,

y(0) = y 0 (0) = 1 .

(1.36)

. y 00 2y 0 + y = 0 :

r2 2r + 1 = 0 r1 = r2 = 1. ,

y (x) = c1 ex + c2 xex ,

c1 , c2 R .

y 00 2y 0 + y = xex

(1.37)

y 00 2y 0 + y = 4 .

(1.38)

f1 (x) = xex = xex cos(0 x) + ex sin(0 x) 1 r 2 2r + 1 = 0, (1.37)

y1 = x2 (a + bx)ex = (ax2 + bx3 )ex .

(1.37) 2a + 6bx = x, x R, a = 0 b = 1/6.
, (1.37) y1 = (1/6) x3 ex .
f2 (x) = 4 = 4e0x cos(0x)+e0x sin(0x) 0
r 2 2r +1 = 0, (1.38) y2 = a.
(1.38) a = 4. , (1.38) y2 = 4.

196

1.

, y1 + y2 = (1/6) x3 ex + 4 (1.36). , (1.36)

y = c1 ex + c2 xex + (1/6) x3 ex + 4 ,

c1 , c2 R .

(1.36)

y 0 = (c1 + c2 ) ex + c2 xex + (1/2) x2 ex + (1/6) x3 ex ,

c1 , c2 R

y (0) = 1 c1 + 4 = 1 c1 = 3, y 0 (0) = 1

c1 + c2 = 1 c2 = 1 c1 = 4. ,
y = 3ex + 4xex + (1/6) x3 ex + 4 .

197

1.12. 20023

1.12

20023

1

1. (xn ), xn = 1/4+22 /42 +32 /43 + +n2 /4n , Cauchy.

. 4n n4 , n 4.
. 1 . n4 4n , n 4. p N n 3

(n + p)2
(n + 1)2 (n + 2)2
+
+

+
4n+1
4n+2
4n+p
2
2
(n + 1)
(n + 2)
(n + p)2

+
+

+
(n + 1)4 (n + 2)4
(n + p)4
1
1
1
=
+
+ +
2
2
(n + 1)
(n + 2)
(n + p)2
1
1
1
+
+ +
<
n(n + 1) (n + 1)(n + 2)
(n + p 1)(n + p)

 



1
1
1
1
1
1
=

+ +

n n+1
n+1 n+2
n+p1 n+p
1
1
1
< .
=
n n+p
n

xn+p xn =

|xn+p xn | = xn+p xn <

1
0 .
n n

(xn ) Cauchy .
2 . xn n-

k2
k=1 4k .

ck = 4kk ,

(k + 1)2 4k
1 (k + 1)2
1
ck+1
=

< 1 .
2
2
k+1
k 4
ck
k
4
k
4
. , (xn ) .
(xn ) Cauchy.
2. (an ), a1 R an+1 = 13 arctan an , n N. (an )
.
. < ,

arctan arctan =

1
( ) ,
1 + 2

(, ) .

198

1.

|an+1 an | =

1
1
1
1
|arctan an arctan an1 | =
|an an1 | |an an1 | ,
2
3
3 1 + n
3

n an1 an . ,

|an+1 an |

1
|an an1 | ,
3

n = 2, 3, . . . .

(an ) , limn an = .
y = arctan x ,

lim an+1 =



1
1
lim arctan an = arctan lim an
n
3 n
3

1
arctan = 0 .
3

, limn an = 0.
3. :
() xn = 2(1)n+1 + (1)

n(n+1)
2

(2 + n3 )

2n
() yn = 2n1
n+1 cos ( 3 ) .

.
()

x4k
x4k+2



3
= 2 + 2 +
0 ,
4k k


3
4 ,
= 2 2 +
4k + 2 k

x4k+1
x4k+3



3
=2 2+
0 ,
4k + 1 k


3
=2+ 2+
4 .
4k + 3 k

lim xn = 4 lim xn = 4.
() y3k =

6k 1
cos (2k) 2,
k
3k + 1


 
6k + 1
2
6k + 1
1
cos 2k +

y3k+1 =
=
1
3k + 2
3
3k + 2
2 k

y3k+2



 
6k + 3
4
6k + 3
1
cos 2k +
=

1 .
=
3k + 3
3
3k + 3
2 k

lim yn = 2 lim yn = 1.

199

1.12. 20023
4.

() Sn (x) n-
h
X

i
k 2 xk (1 x) (k 1)2 xk1 (1 x) ,

x [0, 1] ,

k=1

Sn (x) = n2 xn (1 x) .
()
Z
X
k=1

1h

i
k 2 xk (1 x) (k 1)2 xk1 (1 x) dx

X
k=1

"

#
(k 1)2
k2
= 1.

(k + 1) (k + 2) k (k + 1)

.
()

Sn (x) =

n h
X

n h
i
i
X
k 2 xk (k 1)2 xk1
k 2 xk (1 x) (k 1)2 xk1 = (1 x)
k=1

k=1

= (1 x) x + 22 x2 x + 32 x3 22 x

2

i

+ + n2 xn (n 1)2 xn1

= (1 x) n2 xn .
Sn (0) = Sn (1) = 0. 0 < x < 1,

n2 (p=1/x)
n2
t2
= (1 x) lim n = (1 x) lim t
n
n (1/x)
n p
t p
2
2t (LHpital)
=
(1 x) lim
= 0.
= (1 x) lim t
t pt (ln p)2
t p ln p

lim Sn (x) = (1 x) lim

,
h
i
X
k 2 xk (1 x) (k 1)2 xk1 (1 x) = 0 ,

x [0, 1] ,

k=1

()

Z
0

1h

i
k 2 xk (1 x) (k 1)2 xk1 (1 x) dx
Z 1
Z 1


2
2
k
k+1
=k
x x
dx (k 1)
xk1 xk dx

 0

0
1
1
1
1

(k 1)2

= k2
k+1 k+2
k k+1

k2
(k 1)2

(k + 1) (k + 2) k (k + 1)

(LHpital)

200

1.

n Z
X
k=1

"
=
=

1h

n
i
X
2 k
k1
k x (1 x) (k 1) x
(1 x) dx =

12
23

"

k=1


+

22

12


  2
3
22
+ +

+ +

34 23
45 34

(k 1)2
k2

(k + 1) (k + 2) k (k + 1)

n2
(n 1)2

(n + 1) (n + 2) n (n + 1)

!#

n2
1 .
(n + 1) (n + 2) n

Z
X

1h

i
k 2 xk (1 x) (k 1)2 xk1 (1 x) dx = 1 .

k=1

.
Z
X

1h

i
k 2 xk (1 x) (k 1)2 xk1 (1 x) dx

k=1

Z
6=

h
1X

i
k 2 xk (1 x) (k 1)2 xk1 (1 x) dx .

0 k=1

5.

n
n=1 (1) sin (a/n),

a R.

;
. a = 0

n
n=1 (1) sin 0

= 0, . a 6= 0.

n0 N n n0 0 < |a|/n /2. ,

an := sin (|a|/n) n n0 , limn an = 0.

(1) sin(a/n) =

a > 0

a < 0 ,

n
n=n0 (1) sin(|a|/n)
n+1 sin(|a|/n)
n=n0 (1)

n=n0

Leibniz

n
n=1 (1) sin(a/n)

. ,

(1)n sin(a/n) a R .

n=1

a 6= 0

X
n=n0

|(1)n sin(a/n)| =

X
n=n0

|sin(a/n)| =

X
n=n0

sin(|a|/n) .

201

1.12. 20023

lim

n=n0

sin(|a|/n)
sin(|a|x)
= lim
x0
1/n
x

(LHpital)

|a|

1/n = ,

sin(|a|/n) = .

n=n0

n
n=1 (1) sin(a/n)

a R, a 6= 0.

6.

an =

n=1 an ,

1/3n n ,

1/2n n .

. lim

an = 1/2 lim

an = 1/3. lim

an = 1/2 < 1,

.
.

an+1
2
=

an
1
3

an+1
1
lim
= lim
k 2
an

3 2k
2

n = 2k

2 2k+1

n = 2k + 1 ,

 2k
3
=
2

an+1
1
lim
= lim
k 3
an

 2k+1
2
= 0.
3

lim

an+1
an+1
= 0 < 1 < = lim
an
an

.
7. :
()

()

p
X
3
n=1

n3 + 1 n

(1/n ln (1 + 1/n)) .

n=1

.
.

n=1

1/n2 .

202

1.
()


p
3
p
  p
2
p
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
1=
n +1 n =
n +1n
n +1 +n n +1+n
,

n :=

p
1
3
n3 + 1 n = q

3
(n3 + 1)2 + n 3 n3 + 1 + n2

n :=

1
,
n2

n2
n
= lim q

n 3
n n
(n3 + 1)2 + n 3 n3 + 1 + n2
lim

1
1
= .
= lim q
p
n 3
3
(1 + 1/n3 )2 + 3 1 + 1/n3 + 1


P
2 ,

n=1 1/n

P 
3
n=1
n3 + 1 n .
() an := 1/n ln (1 + 1/n) bn = 1/n2 . ln(1 + x) < x x > 0,

(an ) . ,
an
x ln (1 + x)
1/n ln (1 + 1/n)
= lim
= lim
2
n bn
n
x0
1/n
x2
1 1/ (1 + x)
= lim
( LHpital)
x0
2x
1
1
= lim
= .
x0 2 (1 + x)
2


P
2 ,

n=1 1/n
P
n=1 (1/n ln (1 + 1/n)).
lim

8.

(1 n sin(1/n))a ,

a R.

n=1

n=1 (1/n

2a ) .

. sin x x, 0 x /2, n N sin(1/n) < 1/n.

n := (1 n sin(1/n))a > 0 n := 1/n2a > 0, a R.

1 sinx x
1 n sin(1/n)
=
lim
n
x0
1/n2
x2
lim

(LHpital)

sin x x cos x
x0
2x3
lim

(LHpital)

1
sin x
1
lim
= ,
6 x0 x
6

203

1.12. 20023

1
n
limn
n = 6a . , ,

P
2a .
n sin(1/n))a
n=1 1/n
P
2a

n=1 (1/n ) 2a > 1,
P
a
a > 1/2. ,
n=1 (1 n sin(1/n)) a > 1/2

n=1 (1

a 1/2.
9.



X
ln n a
n

n=2

a > 1.

x
. f (x) = lnxx , x > 0, f 0 (x) = 1ln
0, x e. ,
x2

n 3 n := (ln n/n)a .

n=1

ln 2n
2n

a
= (ln 2)

X
n=1

na
2n(a1)

()

an := na /2n(a1) ,

lim

n
an = lim

na

n 2a1

1
2a1

< 1.

, () .

n=2

ln n a
,
n

a > 1, .

2
1. f (x) = 1 x + sin x R. f 1
f ,

f 1 (y)
lim
.
y1 3 y 1
. f 0 (x) = 1 + cos x 0, f 0 (x) < 0 x R, x 6= 2k (k Z).

f f 1
. y = f (x) x = f 1 (y) f 1 (1) = 0,


lim

y1

f 1 (y)

3
y1

3

x3
x0 x + sin x

= lim

(LHpital)

3x2
x0 1 + cos x
lim

(LHpital)

x
x0 sin x

6 lim

(LHpital)

6 .

204

1.

f 1 (y)
3
lim
= 3 6 = 6 .
3
y1
y1

2. :

Z
I=



p
ln x + x2 1 dx ,

x > 1.

 Z h 
i0
p
p
2
I = ln x +
1 dx = x ln x + x 1 x ln x + x2 1
dx

 Z 1 + x/ x2 1

p
2

dx
= x ln x + x 1 x
x + x2 1
Z



 p
p
p
x
dx = x ln x + x2 1 x2 1 + C ,
= x ln x + x2 1
x2 1
Z

x2

C R.
3. y = f (x), |x| < 1,

f 0 (x) =

arcsin x
(1 x2 )3/2

f (0) = 0.

f (x) =

f 0 (t) dt

Z
=
0

arcsin t
(1 t2 )3/2

arcsin x

dt

arcsin (sin )
cos d
( t = sin , /2 < < /2)
cos3
0
Z arcsin x
Z arcsin x

=
d
=
(tan )0 d
2
cos
0
0
Z arcsin x
x
= tan |=arcsin

tan d
( )
=0
0
=arcsin x
sin 
x
= p
+ ln cos |=arcsin

=0
2 
1 sin =0
=arcsin x
=arcsin x
p
sin 

= p
+ ln 1 sin2 

2 
=0
1 sin =0
p


x arcsin x
x arcsin x 1
=
+ ln 1 x2 =
+ ln 1 x2 .
2
2
2
1x
1x
=

205

1.12. 20023

4. f : R R f (0) = 0 0 < f 0 (x) 1.

x 0

Z

f (t) dt
0

2
f (t) dt
.

()

. f 0 (x) > 0, f f (x) > f (0) = 0,

x > 0.
x

Z

2
f (t) dt
,

f (t) dt

F (x) :=
0

F (x) := f (x) 2f (x)


Z
2
f (t) dt = f (x) f (x) 2


f (t) dt

F 0 (x) 0, x 0, F (x) F (0) = 0,

x 0 ().
2

f (x) 2

f (t) dt 0 ,

x 0 .

Rx

G(x) := f (x)2 2 0 f (t) dt.

G0 (x) = 2f (x)f 0 (x) 2f (x) = 2f (x)(f 0 (x) 1) 0 ,

G(x) G(0) = 0 x 0 f (x)2 2

f (t) dt 0 x 0 .
0

5. y = f (x), f
, .
(x, y) ,
.
. y = f (x)

y0 = x + y ,

y(0) = 0 .

206

1.

: y 0 = y

y = cex ,

c R.

y (x) = c (x) ex .

y y 0 = x + y ,
[c (x) ex ]0 = x + c (x) ex c0 (x) ex + c (x) ex = x + c (x) ex c0 (x) ex = x c0 (x) = xex .
,

Z
c (x) =

xe

x 0

x e

dx =

dx = xe

Z
+

ex dx = xex ex .

y (x) = (xex ex ) ex = x 1. y 0 = x + y

y = cex x 1. y(0) = 0, c = 1
y = f (x) = ex x 1 .

6. :

xy 00 + 2y 0 xy = 0 ,

x>0

u = xy .
.

u0 = xy 0 + y u00 = xy 00 + y 0 + y 0 = xy 00 + 2y 0 ,
xy 00 + 2y 0 xy = 0

u00 u = 0 .

(1.39)

(1.39) : r 2 1 = 0 r1 = 1 r2 = 1. ,
(1.39)

u (x) = c1 ex + c2 ex ,

c1 , c2 R .

, xy 00 + 2y 0 xy = 0, x > 0,

y (x) =

1
c1 ex + c2 ex ,
x

c1 , c2 R .

207

1.12. 20023
7. :

3x2 y 00 + 11xy 0 3y = 0 ,

x>0

x = et .
. x > 0 x = et t = ln x.

y0 =

dy dt
dy
1
dy 1
dy
dy
=

=
t = et
dx
dt dx
dt dx/dt
dt e
dt

00

 




d2 y
d dy
d
d
dt
t dy
t dy
=
=
=
e
=
e

2
dx
dx dx
dx
dt
dt
dt
dx


2
dy
1
d y

=
et 2 et
dt
dt
dx/dt


2
2
1
dy
t d y
t dy
2t d y
=
e

=
e
e2t
.
2
t
2
dt
dt
e
dt
dt





2
2t dy
t
t dy
2t d y
e
+ 11e e
4y = 0
3e e
dt2
dt
dt
2t

d2 y
dy
+8
3y = 0 .
2
dt
dt

(1.40)

(1.40) : 3r 2 + 8r 3 = 0 r1 = 3 r2 = 13 .
, (1.40)

y (t) = c1 e3t + c2 et/3 ,

c1 , c2 R .

, 3x2 y 00 + 11xy 0 3y = 0, x > 0,

y(x) = c1 x3 + c2 x1/3 ,

c1 , c2 R .

8. ()

y 00 + 4y = cos 2t .
.

(1.41)

208

1.

. y 00 + 4y = 0 :

r2 + 4 = 0 r1,2 = 2i. ,

y (x) = c1 cos 2t + c2 sin 2t ,

c1 , c2 R .

f (t) = cos 2t = e0t cos 2t + e0t sin 2t 0 + 2i r 2 + 4 = 0, (1.41) y = t(a cos 2t + b sin 2t).
y (1.41),

4a sin 2t + 4b cos 2t = cos 2t ,

t R .

, {4a = 0, 4b = 1} {a = 0, b = 1/4}. , y = 41 t sin 2t. ,

(1.41)

1
y = c1 cos 2t + c2 sin 2t + t sin 2t ,
4

c1 , c2 R .

3
1. f : R R ,

f (n) (0) = 0, n N. M > 0 |f (n) (x)| M , n N x R,

Maclaurin f (x) = 0, x R.
. f : R R f (n) (0) =

0, n N . ,

e1/x2 x 6= 0
f (x) =

0
x=0,
f (x) 6= 0, x 6= 0 f
0, f (n) (0) = 0, n N .
. x R. Maclaurin

f (x) =

n
X
f (k) (0)
k=0

k!

xk +

f (n+1) () n+1
x
,
(n + 1)!

209

1.12. 20023
0 x. , f (k) (0) = 0, k N,

 (n+1) 
f
() n+1
|x|n+1
|x|
M
.
|f (x)| =
(n + 1)!
(n + 1)!
|x|n+1

limn (n+1)! = 0, f (x) = 0, x R.

|x|n+1

. x = 0, limn (n+1)! = 0. x R, x 6= 0.
|x|n+1

|x|n

limn (n+1)! = 0 limn n! = 0,

|x|n
n=1 n!

|x|n

. , an := n! ,



n+1
 an+1 
n!
|x|
 = lim |x|

lim 
n = lim
= 0 < 1,

n
n (n + 1)! |x|
n (n + 1)
an
. , .
|x|n

, limn n! = 0.
2. f : [0, 1] R [0, 1],
f (0) = f (1) = 0 M > 0 |f 00 (x)| M ,

x (0, 1). |f 0 (x)| M/2, x [0, 1].

. x [0, 1], Taylor

f (t) = f (x) +

f 0 (x)
f 00 ()
(t x) +
(t x)2 ,
1!
2!

x t.

. Taylor t = 0 t = 1,

0 = f (0) = f (x) f 0 (x)x +

f 00 (1 ) 2
x ,
2!

(1.42)

f 00 (2 )
(1 x)2 ,
2!

(1.43)

1 , 0 < 1 < x 1

0 = f (1) = f (x) f 0 (x) (1 x) +

2 , 0 x < 2 < 1. (1.42) (1.43) x = 0 x = 1

. (1.43) (1.42)

f 0 (x) =

i
1 h 00
f (1 )x2 f 00 (2 ) (1 x)2 ,
2

x [0, 1] .

(1.44)

210

1.

|f 00 (1 )| M |f 00 (2 )| M , (1.44)

 M
M 2
x + (1 x)2 =
(2x2 2x + 1) ,
2
2

|f 0 (x)|

x [0, 1] .

, x [0, 1] 0 < 2x2 2x + 1 1

M
,
2

|f 0 (x)|

x [0, 1] .

3. :



X
2 + (1)n n n
()
x
5 + (1)n+1
()

n=1

2n xn .

n=1

.
() an =

2+(1)n
5+(1)n+1

n

an =

3 2k
4

n = 2k ,

1 2k+1
6

n = 2k + 1 .

2k

, lim

a2k =

3
3

4 k 4

2k+1

a2k+1 =

1
1
.
6 k 6

an = max {3/4 , 1/6} = 3/4. , -

R = 4/3. |x| < 4/3 4/3 < x < 4/3.

x = 4/3


cn :=
2k

n=1 cn ,

2 + (1)n
5 + (1)n+1

n  n
4
.

3

(4/3)2k = 1. , cn
P
,
n=1 cn .

, c2k := (3/4)

I = (4/3, 4/3).

211

1.12. 20023
2
() cn = 2n xn ,

0 |x| < 1 ,

p
lim n |cn | = lim 2 |x|n = 2 |x| = 1 ,
n
n

|x| > 1 .

n n2
n=1 2 x

|x| < 1. ,

R = 1.
I = (1, 1).

4.
n 2
n



X
1 (1)
1+
n

xn .

n=1

. an := (1 + 1/n)

(1)n n2

2

1 + 1 4k
n = 2k ,
2k
an = 
2


1 + 1 (2k1) n = 2k 1 .
2k1

n
= e,
limn 1 + n1
lim

2k


|a2k | = lim

1
1+
2k

2k

1
2k 1

(2k1)

=e

lim

, lim

p
|a2k1 | = lim

2k1


1+

= e1 .

p


n
|an | = max e, e1 = e. ,

R = 1/e = e1 . |x| < 1/e 1/e < x < 1/e.

x = 1/e

n=1 cn ,


cn :=

1
1+
n

(1)n n2  n
1

.
e

212

1.

, c2k := (1 + 1/2k)

(2k)2

/e2k

2


2
(1 + x)1/x
ln (1 + x) x (LHpital)
(1 + 1/2k)(2k)
=
lim
=
exp
lim
=
lim c2k = lim
x0
x0
k
k
x2
e2k
e1/x
!


1
(1 + x)1 1
= exp lim
= exp (1/2) = e1/2 .
= exp lim
x0 2 (1 + x)
x0
2x
P
, cn ,
n=1 cn .

I = (1/e, 1/e).
. y = exp x y = ex .
5.

X
5 2x
=
6 5x + x2

n=0

52x
65x+x2

1
2x

1
2n+1

1
3n+1

xn ,

|x| < 2 .

1
3x .

. 1/ (1 t) =

n
n=0 t ,

|t| < 1,

5 2x
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 X  x n 1 X  x n
=
+
=

=
+
6 5x + x2
2x 3x
2 1 x/2 3 1 x/3
2
2
3
3
n=0
n=0


X
1
1
=
+
xn , |x| < min {2, 3} = 2 .
2n+1 3n+1
n=0

6. f (x) = x5 / 1 + x3

f (14) (0).
. 1/ (1 + t) =

f (x) =

n n
n=0 (1) t ,

|t| < 1,

n=0

n=0

n=0

X
X
X f (n) (0)
x5
5
n 3n
n 3n+5
=
x
(1)
x
=
(1)
x
=
xn ,
1 + x3
n!

|x| < 1 .

f (14) (0)
= (1)3 f (14) (0) = 14! .
14!

7.

n
n=0 (x/a)

= 1/ (1 x/a), |x| < a,

12 23
34
45
+ 3 x + 4 x2 + 5 x3 + ,
2
a
a
a
a

|x| < a .

213

1.12. 20023
.

X  x n
1
x x2 x3 x4
xn
=
= 1 + + 2 + 3 + 4 + + n + ,
1 x/a
a
a a
a
a
a

|x| < a .

n=0

1 2x 3x2 4x3
1 X  x n1
nxn1
1
n
=
=
+
+
+
+

+
+ ,
a
a
a a2
a3
a4
an
a (1 x/a)2
n=1

|x| < a .

 x n2
1 X
2
=
n
(n

1)
a2
a
a2 (1 x/a)3
n=2

12 23
34
n (n 1) n2
+ 3 x + 4 x2 + +
x
+ ,
a2
a
a
an

|x| < a .

12 23
34
45
2a
+ 3 x + 4 x2 + 5 x3 + =
,
a2
a
a
a
(a x)3

|x| < a .

8. f (x) = (1 x2 )1/2 Maclaurin,

1 3 13 5 135 7
2x +
4x +
6x + ,
2
24
246

|x| < 1 .

(1 + t)a = 1 +

X
a (a 1) (a 2) (a n + 1)

n!

n=1

tn ,

|t| < 1 ,

t = x2 a = 1/2

1x

2 1/2

X
21 12 1 21 2 12 n + 1
=1+
(1)n x2n
n!
n=1

X
12 32 25 2n1
2
=1+
(1)n x2n
n!
=1+
=1+

n=1

(1)n

n=1

X
n=1

1 3 5 (2n 1)
(1)n x2n
2n n!

1 3 5 (2n 1) 2n
x
2 4 6 (2n)

1
13 4 135 6
= 1 + x2 +
x +
x + ,
2
24
246

|x| < 1 .

214

1.

, |x| < 1

1 x2

1/2 i0

X
1 3 5 (2n 1)
n=1

2 4 6 (2n)

1
13 3 135 5
2nx2n1 = 2x +
4x +
6x + .
2
24
246

x2

h

1/2 i0
1 3 13 5 135 7
x3
,
2x +
4x +
6x + = x2 1 x2
=
2
24
246
(1 x2 )3/2

|x| < 1 .

9.

1 3 1 5 1 7
x2n+3
x x + x + (1)n
+ .
2
4
6
2n + 2
.

X
x2n+3
x2n+1
1 3 1 5 1 7
x x + x + (1)n
+ =
(1)n1
.
2
4
6
2n + 2
2n
n=1

cn = (1)n1 x2n+1 /2n,

lim

limn

p
n

p
|x|2+1/n 2
n
|cn | = lim
x = x2
n
n
2n

|cn | < 1 x2 < 1 |x| < 1.

R = 1.

1
1
1
x2n+3
f (x) := x3 x5 + x7 + (1)n
+ ,
2
4
6
2n + 2

|x| < 1 ,

1
1
x2n+2
1
f (x) = xg(x) g(x) := x2 x4 + x6 + (1)n
+ ,
2
4
6
2n + 2
g

g 0 (x) = x x3 + x5 + (1)n x2n+1 +

= x 1 x2 + x4 + (1)n x2n +
=x

(1)n x2n =

n=0

x
,
1 + x2

|x| < 1 .

|x| < 1 .

215

1.12. 20023
,

Z
g (x) =
0

1
t
2
dt
=
ln
1
+
x
.
1 + t2
2

f (x) =

x
ln 1 + x2 .
2

10. f (x) = arctan x ,

1

Z
I=
0

I S2 =

X
arctan x
1
.
dx =
(1)k
x
(2k + 1)2
k=0

P2

1
k
k=0 (1) (2k+1)2

= 1

1
9

1
25

209
225 ,

1/49.
. arctan x =

n 2k+1
/ (2k
k=0 (1) x

k=0

k=0

+ 1), |x| < 1,

X
x2k+1
x2k
arctan x
1X
(1)k
(1)k
=
=
,
x
x
2k + 1
2k + 1

|x| < 1 .

, |x| < 1

Z
0

arctan t
dt =
t

xX

(1)k

0 k=0

k=0

(1)k
2k + 1

Z
I=
0

I S2 =

t2k
dt
2k + 1
x
2k

t
0

t=x

X
X
(1)k
t2k+1 
x2k+1
dt =

=
(1)k

2 .
2k + 1 2k + 1 t=0
(2k
+
1)
n=0
k=0

k
k=0 (1)

/ (2k + 1)2 ,

X
X
arctan t
x2k+1
1
dt = lim
(1)k
=
(1)k
2
2 .
t
x1
(2k
+
1)
(2k
+
1)
k=0
k=0

P2

k
k=0 (1)

/ (2k + 1)2 = 209/225, Leibniz -

|I S2 | a3 =

1
1
.
=
2
7
49

216

1.
4

1. [0, 1],

lim

n
X

k=1

n+k
.
4n4 k 2 n2

.
n
X

 
n
n
1 X 1 + k/n
1X
n+k
k

p
lim
= lim
= lim
,
f
4 k 2 n2
2
n
n n
n n
n
4n
4

(k/n)
k=1
k=1
k=1
f (x) = 1+x 2 . f [0, 1],
4x

Riemann
n
X

n+k

lim
=
n
4n4 k 2 n2
k=1

1+x

dx
4 x2

1
dx +
2
2 x2

x
dx
4 x2
0
0
x=1
p

x=1
2
= arcsin(x/2)|x=0 4 x 
x=0

= arcsin(1/2) 3 + 2 = /6 + 2 3 .
=

2. f : [0, ) R , R, 6= .

1
y=

x


e(xt) e(xt) f (t) dt ,

x 0,

d2 y
dy
+ ( + )
+ y = f (x) ,
dx2
dx

y(0) = y 0 (0) = 0 .

ex
y=

ex
e f (t) dt

et f (t) dt ,

dy
ex
=
dx

Z
0

et f (t) dt +

ex

Z
0

et f (t) dt

217

1.12. 20023

2 ex
d2 y
=
dx2

2 ex
e f (t) dt + f (x)

et f (t) dt .

, ,

d2 y
dy
+ ( + )
+ y = f (x) .
2
dx
dx
y(0) = y 0 (0) = 0.
3. f : [0, ] R .

f () = 1

R
0

(f (x) + f 00 (x)) sin x dx = 2, f (0).

Z
0

 0 0
f (x) sin x dx
0
Z
x=
0

= f (x) sin x x=0
f 0 (x) cos x dx
0
Z
f 0 (x) cos x dx
=
0
Z
x=
= f (x) cos x|x=0
f (x) sin x dx
0
Z
= f () + f (0)
f (x) sin x dx .

f 00 (x) sin x dx =

( )

( )

f (x) + f 00 (x) sin x dx f () = 2 1 = 1 .

f (0) =
0

4.

Z
lim

n n

3n

n arctan x
dx .
n2 + x2

. f : [a, b] R g : [a, b] R
, g(x) 0 x [a, b], [a, b]

Z
f (x)g(x) dx = f ()

g(x) dx .
a

218

1.

n
, f (x) = arctan x g(x) = n2 +x
2 ,

3n

n arctan x
dx = arctan n
n2 + x2

3n

n
dx
n2 + x2

3n
= arctan n arctan (x/n)|x=
x=n



= arctan n arctan 3 arctan 1

= arctan n (/3 /4) = arctan n (/12) ,

n n,

i
3n .

3n, limn n = limn arctan n = /2.

n n
,

3n

lim

n n

n arctan x

2
dx
=

=
.
n2 + x2
2 12
24

5. y = arcsin ex , ln 2 x 0.
.

`=

1+
ln 2

1+
ln 2
1

Z
=

1/2
Z 1

dy
dx

2
dx

ex

1 e2x

2

dx =

ln 2

1
dx
1 e2x

1
dt
t 1 t2

( t = ex x = ln t)

1
q
dt
1/2 t2 (1/t)2 1
Z 1
Z 2
1
1

=
du =
du
2
2
u 1
u 1
2
1

u=2

p


= ln u + u2 1 
= ln 2 + 3 .
=

( u = 1/t t = 1/u)

u=1

R1 

. 1/2 1/t 1 t2

dt -

t = sin , /2 /2. ,


=/2
Z /2
Z /2

1
cos
1
1

`=
dt =
d =
d = ln
+ cot 
2
sin
1/2 t 1 t
/6 sin cos
/6 sin
=/6




= ln 1 + ln 2 + 3 = ln 2 + 3 .
Z

219

1.12. 20023
6.

R /2

() n N In = 0

cosn x dx, In =
/2

(2n)!
.
4n (n!)2 2

cos2n x dx =

I2n =

n1
n In2

()

() n N,

Z
0

1
(2n 2)!
.
dx =
2
2
n
n1
(1 + x )
4
[(n 1)!] 2

.
()

/2

/2

cos x dx =

In =

(sin x)0 cosn1 x dx

x=/2
= sin x cosn1 xx=0

/2

sin x cosn1 x

= (n 1)

sin x cos

n2

/2

x dx = (n 1)

1 cos2 x cosn2 x dx

0
/2

dx

/2

0

cosn2 x dx (n 1)

= (n 1)
0

/2

cosn x dx = (n 1) In2 (n 1) In .

, nIn = (n 1) In2

In =

n1
In2
n

(1.45)

/2

I2 =

cos x dx =
0

/2

1 + cos 2x
1
dx =
2
2



sin 2x x=/2 1
x+
= ,

2
2 2
x=0

() n = 1. () n = k . ,

2k + 1
I2k
( (1.45))
2k + 2
2k + 1 (2k)!
=

( () n = k )
2k + 2 4k (k!)2 2
(2k + 1) (2k + 2) (2k)!
(2k + 2)!

=
,
2
2
2
(2k + 2)
4k (k!) 2
4k+1 [(k + 1)!] 2

I2k+2 =

() n = k + 1. , () n N.

220

1.
() x = tan , /2 < < /2,

Z
0

1
dx =
(1 + x2 )n

/2

1
1
d
n
2
(1 + tan ) cos2

/2

cos2n
d
cos2

Z
=
0

/2

cos2(n1) d =

=
0

(2n 2)!

2 2 .
1)!]

4n1 [(n

( () n 1)

7.

Z
0

cos2 x

dx .
3
1 x2

cos2 x
1
cos2 x
f (x) :=

=
3
3
3
2
1
+
x
1
x
1x

g(x) :=
3

1
,
1x

0 x < 1,

f (x), g(x) > 0, x [0, 1).

lim

x1

f (x)
cos2 x
cos2 1

= lim
=
R+
3
g(x) x1 3 1 + x
2

R1

0 1/ 3 1 x dx = 3/2 ,

R1
0

cos2 x/ 3 1 x2 dx .

8.

Z
0

ln(1 + 3 x)
dx .
esin x 1

. x [0, 1] : esin x 1 + sin x ln (1 + 3 x) 3 x.

. et 1 + t, t R ln(1 + t) t, t > 1,

esin x 1 + sin x, x R ln (1 + 3 x) 3 x, x > 1. ,

3
ln (1 + 3 x)
x
0 < sin x
<
,
e
1
sin x

x (0, 1] .

(1.46)

221

1.12. 20023

1
f (x) := sin x g(x) := x2/3
, f (x), g(x) > 0, x (0, 1].

lim

x0+

f (x)
x
= lim
=1
g(x) x0+ sin x

R1

1
0 x2/3
dx = 3 ,

R1

0 sin x dx
.

, -

, (1.46)

R1

ln(1+ 3 x)

0 esin x 1 dx .
9. :

ln (1 + x)
dx
x
1
Z
x arctan x

dx.
() J =
1 + x3
0

() I =

.
() x 1 f (x) :=

ln(1+x)
x

> 0 g(x) :=

1
x

> 0.

f (x)
= lim ln (1 + x) = ,
x g(x)
x
R 1
1 x dx = (),
lim

I=

R
1

ln(1+x)
x

dx = ().

()

J=
0

x arctan x

dx =
1 + x3

Z
|0

Z
x arctan x
x arctan x

dx +
dx .
3
1+x
1 + x3
{z
} |1
{z
}
J1

J2

J1 ,
arctan x
J2 . x 1 f (x) := x
> 0 g(x) :=
3
1+x

1
x1/2

> 0.
f (x)
x3/2 arctan x
arctan x

= lim
= lim p
= ,
x g(x)
x
x
2
1 + x3
1/x3 + 1
lim

R
1

1/x1/2 dx = (), -

222

1.

J2 = 1

x
arctan x
1+x3

dx = (). ,

J .

10. ,

2e1

nen 3e1 .

n=1

. an := nen ,

lim

n
an = lim

n=1 ne

n
1
= <1
e
e

. f (x) := xex , x 1,

f (x) > 0 f 0 (x) = ex (1 x) 0, f .

f (x) dx

f (n) f (1)
1

n=1

f (n)

n=1

ne

xe

dx

n=1

nen .

n=1

xe

Z
dx = lim

r 1

xe


Z

x x=r
dx = lim xe x=1 +
r


dx

( )

= lim rer + e1 er + e1

r
+ 2e1
r er
1
= lim r + 2e1 = 2e1 ,
r e

= lim

( LHpital)

X
n=1

nen e1 2e1

X
n=1

nen 2e1

X
n=1

nen 3e1 .

2.1

201415
&


9 , 2015

1. A, B R inf A < inf B . A

B .

(1,3 .)

. infimum , = inf B

inf A > 0 A,
< inf A + = inf A + inf B inf A = inf B.
B .
2.

() lim = = +1 , N ,
+

= 1 .

=1

(1,2 .)
223

224

2.
()
+
X
+1

=0

9
.
4
(1,5 .)

.
()

s = 1 +2 + + = (2 1 )+(3 2 )+ +(+1 ) = +1 1 1

= 1 .

=1

() :
+
X

P+

=0 x

x+1 =

=0

1
1x ,

x
,
1x

|x| < 1.

|x| < 1 .

+
X

( + 1)x =

=0

1
,
(1 x)2

|x| < 1 .

x = 1/3 .

3. f : R R

f (x) =

x3 7 x

x .

R f .
.

(1,5 .)

. f x 6= 2. , (n )
limn n = x,

lim f (n ) = lim (n3 7) = x3 7 .

225

2.1. 201415
(n ) limn n = x,

lim f (n ) = 1 .

limn f (n ) 6= limn f (n )

x3 7 6= 1 x3 8 6= 0 x 6= 2 .
() f x 6= 2.
f 2. 2 Q,

f (2) = 1. x
|f (x) f (2)| = |x3 7 1| = |x3 8| = |x 2|(x2 + 2x + 4)
x |f (x) f (2)| = |1 1| = 0.

|f (x) f (2)| |x 2|(x2 + 2x + 4) ,

x R .

> 0. |x 2| < 1 1 < x < 3, |f (x) f (2)| < 19|x 2|.


:= min 1, 19
,
x R |x 2| < |f (x) f (2)| < .
f 2.
4. Darboux .
f : I R I x0
I . limxx+ f 0 (x) +.
0

. g : (, 1) R

g(x) =

e1/x / ln(1/x) 0 < x < 1

x 0 .

f : (, 1) R f 0 (x) = g(x), x < 1;

.

(2 .)

226

2.
. Darboux : f : [a, b] R
f 0 (a) 6= f 0 (b). c f 0 (a) f 0 (b) (a, b)

f 0 () = c .
f 0 (x0 +) = limxx+ f 0 (x) = +. f 0 x0 ,
0
M = f 0 (x0 )+1 > 0 x (x0 , x0 +) I f 0 (x)

f 0 (x0 ) + 1. > 0 f 0 (x0 ) 6= f 0 (x0 + )( ;).

Darboux c J f 0 (x0 )

f 0 (x0 + ) (x0 , x0 + ) c = f 0 () f 0 (x0 ) + 1.

[f 0 (x0 ) + 1, +) J
J . f 0 (x0 ) + 1 f 0 (x0 ) < +, .
f 0 (x0 +) = +. f 0 (x0 +) +.
. limx0 g(x) = 1

lim g(x) = lim

x0+

x0+

e1/x
et
= lim
= lim tet = + .
ln(1/x) t+ ln t t+

( LHpital)

, f : (, 1) R f 0 (x) = g(x),

x < 1, limx0 f 0 (x) = 1 limx0+ f 0 (x) = +, . ,

f : (, 1) R f 0 (x) = g(x) x < 1.
5. f C 2 ([1, 1]), f : [1, 1] R
[1, 1]. Maclaurin x = 1/n

x = 1/n, n N ,



  
X
1
1
f
+f
2f (0)
n
n
n=1

.
.

 

X
1
1
sin
.
n
n

n=1

(1,5 .)
. x [1, 1], x 6= 0. Maclaurin, 0 x

f (x) = f (0) + f 0 (0)x +

f 00 () 2
x .
2!

227

2.1. 201415
x = 1/n

1
n

= f (0) +

1 0
1
f (0) + 2 f 00 (n )
n
2n

(2.1)

1
1
f n1 = f (0) f 0 (0) + 2 f 00 (n ) ,
n
2n

(2.2)

n , n 0 < n < 1/n 1/n < n < 0. (2.1),

(2.2)
1
n

+ f n1 2f (0) =

1
2n2


f 00 (n ) + f 00 (n ) ,

n , n [1, 1].

M := max |f 00 (x)| .
x[1,1]

1
n




+ f n1 2f (0) M

2
n=1 (1/n )

X

f

1
n2

1
n




+ f n1 2f (0)

1
n


+ f n1 2f (0)

n=1

X


n=1

.
. f (x) := x sin x R.

1
n

1
n=1 n

sin

+ f n1 2f (0) =
1
n

1
n

sin

1
n

1
n

sin

1
n

= 2 n1 sin

1
n

6.

Z
1

dt = ,
2
4
t + 2t + 1

2<x<1+

2.
(1,5 .)

228

2.
.
x

1
dt =
t2 + 2t + 1

Z
1

1
p
dt
2 (t 1)2

x1

1
q
du
( u = t 1)
0
( 2)2 u2


u u=x1
= arcsin 
2 u=0




x1
x1
= arcsin
arcsin 0 = arcsin
.
2
2
=

Z
1

dt = arcsin
4
t2 + 2t + 1

x1


=

 

x1
1
= sin
= .
4
4
2
2

, x = 2.

11 , 2015
1. A, B R. sup A = inf B .
> 0, A B , < .

(1,3 .)

. > 0. supremum

infimum, A B ,
> sup A

< inf B +

.
2

< inf B + 2 (sup A 2 ) = .

2.

() N , lim

1 + 2 + + 15 .

(1,2 .)

()

x4

=1

, x R ,
.
.

(1,5 .)

229

2.1. 201415
() N

15 <

1 + 2 + + 15 <

15 + 15 + + 15 = 15 15 .

lim

= 1. ,

lim

1 + 2 + + 15 = 15 .

() ( )
|x| < 1 |x| 1.

X
1
=
x4 ,
1 x4

x (1, 1) ,

=0

=1

x
xX
4x41 =
=
4
4
=1

!0
x

=0

x
=
4

1
1 x4

0
=

x4
,
(1 x4 )2

x (1, 1).

3.

() f : R R

f (x) =

cos 1
x

x 6= 0

x=0.

(xn ), (yn ) limn xn = limn yn = 0

limn f (xn ) 6= limn f (yn ). limx0 f (x);
.

(1 .)

() f : R R



1
= f (r) ,
f r+
n

r n .

()

f (r) = f (0), r . f ; .
(1,5 .)
.

230

2.
() xn = 1/2n yn = 1/(2n + /2), n N . xn , yn 0,

f (xn ) = cos 2n = 1 f (yn ) = cos(2n + /2) = 0 n N .

limn f (xn ) = 1 6= 0 = limn f (yn ). , ()
limx0 f (x) .
() () r Q n N ,


m
f r+
= f (r) ,
n

m N .

()

, () m = 1. ()
m N ,






m+1
m 1
m
f r+
=f r+
=f r+
+
= f (r) .
n
n
n
n
() m + 1.
r = 0 r = m/n, ()

m
n

 m
= f (0) = f
n

f (r) = f (0), r Q. x0 R \ Q (rn )

limn rn = x0 . f ,
() f (x0 ) = limn f (rn ) = f (0). , f (x) =

f (0) x R f .

4. f C 3 ([1, 1]), f : [1, 1] R

[1, 1]. Maclaurin x = 1/n

x = 1/n, n N ,



  
X
1
1
1
f
+f
2f (0) 2 f 00 (0)
n
n
n
n=1

.
.


 

X
1 1
1
arctan
.
n n
n

n=1

231

2.1. 201415

(2 .)
. x [1, 1], x 6= 0. Maclaurin, 0 x

f (x) = f (0) + f 0 (0)x +

f 00 (0) 2 f 000 () 3
x +
x .
2!
3!

x = 1/n

1
n

= f (0) + n1 f 0 (0) +

1
f 00 (0)
2n2

1
f 000 (n )
6n3

(2.3)

f n1 = f (0) n1 f 0 (0) +

1
f 00 (0)
2n2

1
f 00 (n ) ,
6n3

(2.4)

n , n 0 < n < 1/n 1/n < n < 0. (2.3),

(2.4)

1
n

+ f n1 2f (0)

1 00
f (0)
n2

1
6n3

f 00 (n ) f 00 (n ) ,

n , n [1, 1].

M := max |f 00 (x)| .
x[1,1]

1
n

+ f n1 2f (0)

1 00
f (0)
n2

3
n=1 (1/n )

X

f

1
6n3

|f 00 (n )| + |f 00 (n )|

M
3

1
n

+ f n1 2f (0)

1 00
f (0)
n2

1
n

+ f n1 2f (0)

1 00
f (0)
n2

n=1

.
. f (x) := x arctan x R

f 0 (x) = arctan x +

x
1 + x2

f 00 (x) =

2
.
(1 + x2 )2

n=1

1
n3

n=1

X

f

f n1 + f n1 2f (0) n12 f 00 (0) = 2 n1 arctan



1
1 1
.
n n arctan n

1
n

2 n12

232

2.

5. f : [1, ) R f (1) = 1

f 0 (t) =

t2

1
,
+ f 2 (t)

t 1 .

f 0 (t) 2
, t 1 limx f (x)
t +1

(1,5 .)
lim f (x) 1 + .

. f 0 (t) > 0, t 1, f
f (t) f (1) = 1, t 1. ,

f 0 (t) =

t2

1
1
2
,
2
+ f (t)
t +1

t 1 .

, x 1

Z
f (x)f (1) =
1

f 0 (t) dt

Z
1

1
dt = arctan t|t=x
t=1 = arctan xarctan 1 = arctan x .
t2 + 1
4

y = arctan x | arctan x| < /2, x R

f (x) < f (1) +

=1+ .
2
4
4

f ,

1 + /4 . , limx f (x)
lim f (x) 1 +

.
4

233

2.2. 201314

2.2

201314
&


28 , 2014

1. A, B R sup A = inf B . A
B , < 103 .

(1,5 .)

. supremum infimum
, = 103 /2 A B

> sup A

103
2

< inf B +

103
.
2

<

2.


 

103
103
inf B +
sup A
= 103 .
2
2

() ( ) lim+ 2 = 0.

+
X

=1

(1,2 .)

()

f (x) =

16x
.
(4 + x2 )2
(1,3 .)

.
() lim+ 2 = 0, = 1 0 N

|2 | < 1 , 0 | | <

1
, 0 .
2

234

2.

P+

=0

P+

=0 (1/2)

| | . ,
+
X

=1

.
()

16x
x
=
= 2
2
2
(4 + x )
(1 + (x/2)2 )2

1
1 + (x/2)2

0
.

X
1
=
(1) x ,
1+x

|x| < 1 ,

( )

=0

0

x2 x4 x6
+

+
f (x) = 2 1
4
16 64
x3 3x5
=x
+
, |x/2| < 1 |x| < 2 .
2
16

3.

() R
x = 1. .

(1 .)

() f : R R .
Taylor x R. limx+ f 00 (x) = a R,

lim (f (x + 2) + f (x) 2f (x + 1)) .

x+

(1,5 .)
.
() f : R R

f (x) =

x 1 x

x .

235

2.2. 201314

x0 R, x0 . (n ) limn n = x0 ,
limn f (n ) = limn (n 1) = x0 1. (n )
limn n = x0 , limn f (n ) = 0.
limn f (n ) 6= limn f (n ) x0 1 6= 0 x0 6= 1.
f
R \ {1}.
f 1. f (1) = 1 1 =

0,
|f (x) f (1)| = |f (x)| |x 1|
limx1 f (x) = f (1), f 1.
() x R. Taylor h R

f (x + h) = f (x) + f 0 (x)h +

f 00 (c) 2
h ,
2!

c x x + h .

h = 1 h = 2

f (x + 1) = f (x) + f 0 (x) +

f 00 (x )
,
2!

x x < x < x + 1

f (x + 2) = f (x) + 2f 0 (x) +

f 00 (x ) 2
2 ,
2!

x x < x < x + 2 .

f (x + 2) + f (x) 2f (x + 1) = 2f 00 (x ) f 00 (x ) ,
x < x < x + 1 x < x < x + 2. limx+ f 00 (x) = a,

lim (f (x + 2) + f (x) 2f (x + 1)) = lim 2f 00 (x ) lim f 00 (x ) = 2a a = a .

x+

x+

x+

4. f : (0, +) R C 1 (0, +) limx+ xf 0 (x) =

1.

236

2.
() a > 0

1
.
x a f 0 (x) >
2x

(1 .)
() limx+ f (x) .

(1 .)

.
() limx+ xf 0 (x) = 1, = 1/2 a > 0 x a

|xf 0 (x) 1| <

1
1
3
1
3
< xf 0 (x) <
< f 0 (x) <
.
2
2
2
2x
2x

1
.
x a f 0 (x) >
2x

() f 0 (0, +),

f (x) = f (a) +
Za x
f (a) +
a

f 0 (t) dt
1
dt
2t

1
(f 0 (t) > 2t
t a > 0)

1
= f (a) + (ln x ln a)
2
1 x
= f (a) + ln +
2 a x+
limx+ f (x) = +.

5. (an )
2

an =

n
X
k=1

n2

n
1X
1
=

2 .
2
2
4n + k
n
4+ k
k=1

k, n N,

(k+1)/n

k/n

1
1
1
dx


2
4+x
n4+ k 2
n

k/n

(k1)/n

1
dx
4 + x2

237

2.2. 201314

(n2 +1)/n

1/n

1
dx an
4 + x2

Z
0

1
dx .
4 + x2

limn an .

(2 .)

1
. f (x) = 4+x
2 [0, +),

(k+1)/n

k/n

1
dx
4 + x2

1
dx
4 + x2

(k+1)/n

k/n

1


k 2
n

4+

dx =

1
1


n4+ k 2
n

k/n

(k1)/n

k/n

(k1)/n

1
4+

k 2
n

1
1

.
n4+ k 2

dx =

(k+1)/n

k/n

1
1
1
dx


2
4+x
n4+ k 2
n

k/n

(k1)/n

1
dx .
4 + x2

k = 1 k = n2 ,
2

n Z
X
k=1

(k+1)/n

k/n

n2

n2

X
1
1
1X
dx

2
4 + x2
n
4+ k
k=1

k=1

k/n

(k1)/n

1
dx
4 + x2

(n2 +1)/n

1/n

1
dx an
4 + x2

Z
0

1
dx .
4 + x2

 x x=(n2 +1)/n
 x x=n
1
1


arctan
an arctan
2
2 x=1/n
2
2 x=0


 2

 
n
1
n +1
1
1
arctan
arctan
an arctan
.
2
2n
2n
2
2


 2

 
1
n +1
1
1

lim
arctan
arctan
= =
n 2
2n
2n
2 2
4

n 1
1

arctan
= = ,
n 2
2
2 2
4
lim

limn an = 4 .

238

2.

6 , 2014

1. A, B R sup A = inf B . A
1
.
B , < 10

(1,3 .)

. supremum infimum
, = 101 /2 A B

> sup A

101
2

< inf B +

101
.
2

<

2.

 


101
1
101
sup A
= 101 =
.
inf B +
2
2
10

() ( ) lim+ = >

0. 0 N > 0, 0 .

(1,2 .)

()

f (x) =

2x
.
(1 + x2 )2
(1,5 .)

.
() lim+ = > 0, = /2 0 N 0

| | <

< <
.
2
2
2

,
0 >

> 0.
2

()

2x
=

(1 + x2 )2

1
1 + x2

0
.

239

2.2. 201314

X
1
=
(1) x ,
1+x

|x| < 1 ,

( )

=0

f (x) = 1 x2 + x4 x6 +
3

0

= 2x + 4x 6x + = 2

+
X

(1) x21 ,

|x2 | < 1 |x| < 1 .

=1

3.

(i) Bolzano-Weierstrass ()
.

(0,5 .)

(ii) f : [a, b] R

f (x)2 + (f 0 (x))2 > 0 ,

x [a, b] .

f [a, b].

(2.5)
(1,5 .)

.
(i) Bolzano-Weierstrass :
.
() : f : A R

R, A 6= , x0 A (xn )
A x0 , (f (xn )) f (x0 ).
(ii) . Z(f ) :=

{x [a, b] : f (x) = 0} , f
[a, b] . (xn )
Z(f ). f (xn ) = 0 n N . (xn )
Bolzano-Weierstrass
(xkn ) limn xkn = x0 . a xkn b n N
x0 [a, b]. f ,

240

2.
limn f (xkn ) = f (x0 ). f (xkn ) = 0
n N f (x0 ) = 0, x0 f .
f x0 [a, b]

f 0 (x0 ) = lim

xx0

f (x) f (x0 )
.
x x0

()

f 0 (x0 ) = lim

f (xkn ) f (x0 )
= 0.
xkn x0

f (x0 ) = f 0 (x0 ) = 0. (2.5) .

f [a, b] .

4. [0, 1],

n
X

lim

k=1

4k 2

n
.
4kn + 2n2
(1,5 .)

.
n
X
k=1

k=1

k=1

n
1X
1
1X
=
=
f
2
2
2
4k 4kn + 2n
n
n
4 (k/n) 4(k/n) + 2

 
k
,
n

1
f (x) = 4x2 4x+2
. , Riemann

lim

n
X
k=1

n
=
2
4k 4kn + 2n2

Z
0

1
dx =
2
4x 4x + 2

Z
0

1
dx .
(2x 1)2 + 1

lim

n
X
k=1

n
=
2
4k 4kn + 2n2

Z
0

1
dx
(2x 1)2 + 1

Z
1 1 1
=
dt
( t = 2x 1)
2 1 t2 + 1
1
= arctan t|t=1
t=1
2
1

= (arctan 1 arctan(1)) = arctan 1 = .

2
4

241

2.2. 201314

5. f : R R T > 0, f (t + T ) =

f (t) t R.
() x R

x+T

Z
f (t) dt =

f (t) dt .

(1 .)
() x R n N,

x+nT

Z
f (t) dt = n

f (t) dt .

(0,5 .)
() .

1007

1007

| cos 2t| dt ,

| sin t| dt (ii)

(i)

R.

(1 .)
.
() 1 . f (t T ) = f ((t T ) + T ) = f (t), t R.

x+T

f (t) dt =

f (t) dt +
x

0
0

T
Z x

f (t) dt +
x

f (t) dt +
0

f (t T ) dt

f (t) dt +
0

f (t) dt
T
Z x+T

f (t) dt +
x

x+T

f (t) dt +

( u = t T )

f (u) du
0

Z
f (t) dt +

Z
f (t) dt +

Z
f (t) dt =

f (t) dt .
0

2 .

Z
F (x) :=

x+T

x+T

f (t) dt

f (t) dt =
x

f (t) dt .
0

f , F F 0 (x) = f (x + T ) f (x) = 0,

RT

x R. F R. F (x) = F (0) = 0 f (t) dt

x+T

Z
f (t) dt =

f (t) dt ,
0

x R .

242

2.
() ()

x+nT

x+T

Z
f (t) dt =

x+2T

f (t) dt

x+T
T

Z
f (t) dt + +
{z

x+(n1)T

f (t) dt +

x+nT

f (t) dt + +

f (t) dt +

Z
f (t) dt = n
}

f (t) dt .
0

() . (i) y = | sin t| -,

1007

| sin t| dt = 1007

| sin t| dt
0

sin t dt

= 1007
0

= 1007( cos + cos 0) = 1007 2 = 2014 .

(ii)

1007

1
| cos 2t| dt =
2

20142

| cos x| dx

( x = 2t)

| cos x| dx

= 1007
0

( y = | cos x| -)

"Z

/2

cos x dx

= 1007
0

#
cos x dx

/2

= 1007 [(sin(/2) (sin() sin(/2))] = 1007 2 = 2014 .

. x = 2t

.
2

243

2.3. 201213

2.3

201213
&


22 , 2013

1.

() A, B . inf A <

sup B , A B < .

(1 .)

() lim = < 0. 0 N, < 0

0 .

(1 .)

.
() = sup B inf A > 0, supremum
infimum A B

< inf A +

= sup B < .
2
2

< .
() > 0

+ < 0 (.. = 2 ) 0 N,
< + < 0 ,

2.

0 .

() lim = = +1 , N,
+

= 1 .

=1

(1 .)
() , 0,

1
(2 + x)2
.
.

(1 .)

244

2.
()

s = 1 + 2 + +
= (1 2 ) + (2 3 ) + + ( +1 )
= 1 +1 1

= 1 .

=1

()

1
(2 + x)2

=
=
=
=

3.

0
1

2+x

0
1
1

2 1 + x/2
1
(1 x/2 + x2 /4 x3 /8 + x4 /16 )0
2
1/4 x/4 + 3x2 /16 x3 /8 + , |x| < 2 .


() f : (a, ) R, a R, limx+ xf (x) = , R.

limx+ xf (x) = limx+ f (x) = 0.

(1 .)

() f [a, b].
x [a, b] y [a, b]

1
|f (y)| |f (x)| .
2
x0 [a, b] f (x0 ) = 0.

(1,5 .)

. (xn ) [a, b]

|f (xn )|

1
2n1

|f (x1 )| .

245

2.3. 201213

() limx+ xf (x) = , > 0 = () > a

x >
|xf (x) | < .
= 1 > a, > 0. |xf (x)| || |xf (x) | < 1
|xf (x)| < || + 1 x > .

|f (x)| <

|| + 1
,
x

x > .

limx+ f (x) = 0.
() 1 .

x1 [a, b].

x2 [a, b]

|f (x2 )| (1/2)|f (x1 )|. xk [a, b] |f (xk )| (1/2k1 )|f (x1 )|.
xk+1 [a, b] |f (xk+1 )| (1/2)|f (xk )|

(1/2k )|f (x1 )|.

|f (xn )|

1
2n1

|f (x1 )| ,

n N .

f (xn ) 0. (xn )

[a, b] Bolzano-Weierstrass (xkn ) , xkn x0 . a xkn b

n N x0 [a, b]. f ,
f (xkn ) f (x0 ). f (xn ) 0

f (xkn ) 0. , f (x0 ) = 0.
2 . . f
[a, b]. |f | [a, b], |f | [a, b].

x1 [a, b]
|f (x)| |f (x1 )| ,

x [a, b] .

(2.6)

y [a, b]

1
1
|f (y)| |f (x1 )| |f (y)| .
2
2

( (2.6))

f [a, b], |f (y)| > 0

1 1/2 . f
[a, b].

246

2.

4. f : I R I x0
I .
() Darboux f I .
f 0 (x0 ) = limxx f 0 (x) f 0 (x0 +) = limxx+ f 0 (x) ,
0
0

f 0 (x0 ) < f 0 (x0 ) < f 0 (x0 +) ;

.

(0,8 .)

() f 0 (x) 6= 0 x I , f I . (0,8 .)
() f 0 (x) 6= 0 x I f (x0 ) = f 0 (x0 ) = 1.

Z
F (x) :=

f (x)

et dt

f (I) (F 1 )0 (0),
F 1 F .

(1 .)

.
() Darboux : a, b I f 0 (a) 6= f 0 (b), c f 0 (a) f 0 (b)
a b, f 0 () = c.
f 0 (x0 ) < f 0 (x0 ) < f 0 (x0 +). f 0 (x0 ) < c < f 0 (x0 +) c 6= f 0 (x0 ),
Darboux x I c = f 0 (x)
. f 0 (x0 ) < f 0 (x0 ) < f 0 (x0 +), f 0
x0 .
() f 0 I . , x, y I f 0 (x) < 0 < f 0 (y), Darboux

x y f 0 () = 0. , f 0 (x) 6= 0
x I f 0 () 6= 0. f 0 (x) < 0

x I f 0 (x) > 0 x I . , f I f
I .

247

2.3. 201213
()
2

F 0 (x) = f 0 (x)ef (x) 6= 0 x I

F f (I). F (x0 ) = 0

(F 1 )(0) = x0 ,
2

(F 1 )0 (0) =

1
ef (x0 )
=
= e.
F 0 (x0 )
f 0 (x0 )

5. ,

2

lim

a0 0

4 + a2 x3
dx .
4 + x2
(1,5 .)

. 1 . f (x) =

4 + a2 x3 g(x) =

1
4+x2

[0, 2],
2

Z 2
p
4 + a2 x3
1
2
3
dx = 4 + a
dx
2
2
2
4+x
0
0 2 +x
 x x=2
p
1

= 4 + a2 3 arctan

2
2 x=0
p
p
1
4 + a2 3 ,
= 4 + a2 3 arctan 1 =
2
8
p
0 2. lima0 4 + a2 3 = 2,
Z

Z
lim

a0 0

2 .

lim

a0

4 + a2 x3

dx = .
4 + x2
4

4 + a2 x2
4 + x2

Z
dx =
0

2
dx ,
4 + x2


 Z
Z 2
 4 + a2 x3

2
2
4 + a2 x3 2


=
dx

dx
dx


2
 4 + x2

4 + x2
0
0 4+x
Z 2
p
1
3
( 4 + 8a 2)
dx 0 .
2
a0
0 4+x

248

2.

lim

a0 0

4 + a2 x3
dx =
4 + x2

dx = arctan 1 = .
22 + x2
4

13 , 2013
1. A, B . sup A < sup B ,
B A.
sup A sup B ;

(1 .)

. = sup B sup A > 0, supremum

B

> sup B = sup B sup B + sup A = sup A .

> , A, A.
, (
A = [0, 1) B = [1/2, 1)).
2. ( ) .
()

X
=1

2 + 2

.
()

(1 .)

=1

X
=1

.
.

2 +
(1 .)

249

2.3. 201213
() N

< 2
= 2.
2 + 2

P
2 ,

=1 1/

.
2 + 2
0<

=1

() :
( ) , M > 0, M
N.

=
,
2 +
2+M
2+M
N

X
=1

.
2 +

( ) . ( )

( )
lim = + .

1
= lim
=1
2 +
2/ + 1

lim
6= 0. ,
2 +

X
.
2 +
lim

=1

3. f : (0, ) R C 1 (0, ) limx xf 0 (x) = 1.

() a > 0

1
x a f 0 (x) >
.
2x

(1 .)
() limx f (x) .
.

(1 .)

250

2.
() limx xf 0 (x) = 1, = 1/2 M > 0 x > M

|xf 0 (x) 1| <

1
1
3
1
3
< xf 0 (x) <
< f 0 (x) <
.
2
2
2
2x
2x

a > M > 0,

1
x a f 0 (x) >
.
2x

() f 0 (0, ),

f (x) = f (a) +
Za x
f (a) +
a

f 0 (t) dt
1
dt
2t

1
(f 0 (t) > 2t
t a > 0)

1
= f (a) + (ln x ln a)
2
1 x
= f (a) + ln
2 a x
limx f (x) = .

4. f : R R C 2

f (x + y)f (x y) (f (x))2 ,

x, y R .

f (x)f 00 (x) (f 0 (x))2 ,

x R .
(2 .)

. x R, x . y 6= 0, Taylor

f (x + y) = f (x) + f 0 (x)y +

f 00 (y ) 2
y ,
2!

y x x + y

f (x y) = f (x) f 0 (x)y +

f 00 (y ) 2
y ,
2!

y x x y .

251

2.3. 201213

f 00 (y ) 3
f 00 (y ) 2
y + f (x)f 0 (x)y (f 0 (x))2 y 2 + f 0 (x)
y
2
2
f 00 (y ) 2
f 00 (y ) 3 f 00 (y )f 00 (y ) 4
+f (x)
y f 0 (x)
y +
y (f (x))2 .
2
2
4

(f (x))2 f (x)f 0 (x)y + f (x)

f (x)

f 00 (y ) 2 0
f 00 (y ) 3
f 00 (y ) 2 0
f 00 (y ) 3 f 00 (y )f 00 (y ) 4
y +f (x)
y +f (x)
y f (x)
y +
y (f 0 (x))2 y 2
2
2
2
2
4

y 2

f (x)

f 00 (y )
f 00 (y )
f 00 (y )
f 00 (y )f 00 (y ) 2
f 00 (y )
+ f 0 (x)
y + f (x)
f 0 (x)
y+
y (f 0 (x))2 .
2
2
2
2
4

limy0 y = limy0 y = x f 00 ,
y 0

f (x)

5.

f 00 (x)
f 00 (x)
+ f (x)
(f 0 (x))2 f (x)f 00 (x) (f 0 (x))2 ,
2
2

x R .

() f (x) = ln x [1, n], n N, n 2

P = {1, 2, . . . , n 1, n} [1, n]. L(f, P ),

U (f, P ) f P

n 1 + ln(n 1)! n ln n n 1 + ln n! .
(1 .)
() f : (1, ) R

f 0 (x) =

,
(x + 2) x + 1

x > 1 f (0) =

.
2
(1 .)

252

2.
() f (x) = ln x [1, n],

L(f, P ) = (2 1) ln 1 + (3 2) ln 2 + + (n (n 1)) ln(n 1)

= ln 2 + + ln(n 1) = ln(n 1)!

U (f, P ) = (2 1) ln 2 + (3 2) ln 3 + + (n (n 1)) ln n
= ln 2 + ln 3 + + ln n = ln n! .

Z
1

ln x dx = x ln x|x=n
x=1

dx = n ln n n + 1 .
1

L(f, P )

ln x dx U (f, P )
1

ln(n 1)! n ln n n + 1 ln n! n 1 + ln(n 1)! n ln n n 1 + ln n! .

() x > 1

f (x) f (0) =
0

Z
=
1

dt
(t + 2) t + 1
x+1

(u2

1
2u du
+ 1)u

( u =

x+1
= 2 arctan u|u=
u=1

= 2(arctan x + 1 arctan 1)


= 2 arctan x + 1
= 2 arctan x + 1
4
2

f (x) = 2 arctan x + 1.

t + 1 t = u2 1)

253

2.4. 201112

2.4

201112
&


8 , 2012

1.

() A, B x y , x A
y B . inf B x, x A.

(1 .)

() ( ) .

lim

| | = < 1 .

lim = 0.

(1 .)

.
() inf B < x, x A, = x inf B > 0, infimum y B

y < inf B + = x
. inf B x, x A.
() , > 0 0 N,

| | < + = < 1 0 .

0 | | < 0 .
0 < < 1, lim = 0 lim | | = 0.
lim = 0

254
2.

2.
() ( ) ( ) .

= + .

lim

=1

(1 .)

=1

() , 0,

f (x) =

1
,
(1 + x)3

|x| < 1 .
(1 .)

.
() M > 0. 0 N,

> M 0 .

> M 0 .

= + ,

=1

= + .

=1

() ,
,


0
1
1
1
=
(1 + x)3
2 (1 + x)2

00
1
1
=
2 1+x

00
1
1 x + x2 x3 + x4 x5 +
=
2

0
1
1 + 2x 3x2 + 4x3 5x4 +
=
2
= 1 3x + 6x2 10x3 + ,

|x| < 1 .

3. f : [a, b] R [a, b].

255

2.4. 201112

() f . , n N xn [a, b]

|f (xn )| > n .
Bolzano-Weierstrass
. f [a, b]. (1 .)
() f (x0 ) > 0, x0 (a, b). > 0,
x [x0 , x0 + ] [a, b]

3f (x0 )
f (x0 )
< f (x) <
.
2
2

(2.7)

. f (x) 0 x [a, b]

f (x) dx = 0 .
a

x0 (a, b) f (x0 ) > 0, (2.7)

f (x) dx > 0 .

()

f (x) = 0 x [a, b].

(1,5 .)

.
() (xn ) [a, b]
Bolzano-Weierstrass , (xkn ) limn xkn = x.
a xkn b n N x [a, b]. f
,

lim f (xkn ) = f (x) .

(f (xkn )) .

|f (xkn )| > kn n , n N
limn |f (xkn )| = , (f (xkn )) . . f [a, b].

256

2.
() f x0 (a, b), = f (x0 )/2 > 0 1 > 0
x [a, b] |x x0 | < 1 , x (x0 1 , x0 + 1 ),

|f (x) f (x0 )| <

f (x0 )
f (x0 )
3f (x0 )

< f (x) <

.
2
2
2

< 1 [x0 , x0 + ] [a, b],

x [x0 , x0 + ] [a, b]

f (x0 )
3f (x0 )
< f (x) <
.
2
2

. x0 (a, b) f (x0 ) > 0, (2.7)

x0 +

f (x) dx
a

x0 +

f (x) dx
x0

x0

f (x0 )
dx = f (x0 ) > 0 .
2

()

f (x) = 0 x (a, b). f [a, b],

f (a) = limxa+ f (x) = 0 f (b) = limxb f (x) = 0. , f (x) = 0

x [a, b].

4.

() Taylor. Taylor Taylor

n (n N) . .
Taylor;

(1 .)

() Maclaurin f (x) = ln(1 + x), x > 1

k N x > 0

1
1
1
1
x x2 + x2k < ln(1 + x) < x x2 + +
x2k+1 .
2
2k
2
2k + 1

(2.8)
(1,5 .)

.
() Taylor: n N f : [a, b] R
f 0 , f 00 , . . . , f (n) [a, b] f (n+1)

(a, b). x0 [a, b], x [a, b] x0 x

f (x) = f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 )(x x0 ) +

f (n) (x0 )
f 00 (x0 )
(x x0 )2 + +
(x x0 )n + Rn (x) ,
2!
n!
( Taylor)

257

2.4. 201112

Pn (x) =

n
X
f (k) (x0 )
k=0

k!

(x x0 )k Taylor n

Rn (x)

Rn (x) =

f (n+1) ()
(x x0 )n+1
(n + 1)!

(Lagrange)

Rn (x) =

f (n+1) ()
(x )n (x x0 ) .
n!

(Cauchy)

Taylor Lagrange
.
Cauchy (
[27]).
() Maclaurin( Taylor x0 = 0)

f (x) = f (0) + f 0 (0)x +

f 00 (0) 2
f (n) (0) n f (n+1) () n+1
x + +
x +
x
,
2!
n!
(n + 1)!

0 x. n- f (x) = ln(1 + x),

x > 1,
f (n) (x) = (1)n1

(n 1)!
.
(1 + x)n

f (n) (0)
1
= (1)n1
n!
n

f (n+1) ()
1
= (1)n
.
(n + 1)!
(n + 1)(1 + )n+1

, x > 0

1
1
1
ln(1 + x) = x x2 + + (1)n1 xn + (1)n
xn+1 ,
n+1
2
n
(n
+
1)(1
+
)
|
{z
} |
{z
}
Pn (x)

(2.9)

Rn (x)

0 < < x.

(i) n = 2k , R2k (x) > 0 (2.9)

(2.8).

(ii) n = 2k + 1 , R2k+1 (x) < 0 (2.9)

(2.8).

258

2.

5.

1
dt ,
t2 + 2t + 5

xR

Z
1

t2

dt =
+ 2t + 5
24

x = 2 3 1.

(1,5 .)

Z
1

1
dt =
2
t + 2t + 5

1
dt
2
2
1 (t + 1) + 2


1
t + 1 t=x
= arctan

2
2

 t=1
1
x+1
1
= arctan
arctan 1
2
2
2


x+1

1
.
= arctan
2
2
8

Z
1

dt =
2
t + 2t + 5
24



1
x+1

arctan
=
2
2
8
24


x+1

arctan
=
2
3
x+1

= tan
2
3
x+1
= 3
2

x = 2 3 1.

259

2.4. 201112

5 , 2012
1. A, B . sup A < sup B ,
B A.
sup A sup B ;

(1 .)

. = sup B sup A > 0, supremum

B

> sup B = sup B sup B + sup A = sup A .

> , A, A.
, (
A = [0, 1) B = [1/2, 1)).
2. ( ) .
()

X
=1

2 + 2

.
()

(1 .)

=1

X
=1

2 +
(1 .)

.
() N

1
< 2
= 2.
2
2 +

P
2

,
=1 1/

.
2 + 2
0<

=1

() :

260

2.
( ) , M > 0, M
N .

=
,
2 +
2+M
2+M
N

X
=1

.
2 +

( ) . ( )

( )
lim = + .

1
= lim
=1
2 +
2/ + 1

6= 0. ,
lim
2 +

X
.
2 +
lim

=1

3.

() Bolzano-Weierstrass .
(0,5 .)
() f : [a, b] R . (xn )
[a, b]

f (xn ) =

2
.
n2

x0 [a, b] f (x0 ) = 0.

(0,8 .)

() g : R R . g(r) = 0 r Q, g(x) = 0
x R; .

(0,7 .)

.
() Bolzano-Weierstrass : .

261

2.4. 201112

: f : A R, A R,
x0 A (xn )

A x0 , (f (xn )) f (x0 ).
() (xn ) Bolzano-Weierstrass
(xkn ) limn xkn = x0 . a xkn b n N
x0 [a, b]. f ,

f (x0 ) = lim f (xkn ) = lim

n

2
= 0.
kn2

() x R. Q R, (rn )
limn rn = x. , n N rn Q

1
1
< rn < x + .
n
n

limn rn = x. g ,

g(x) = lim g(rn ) = 0 .

n

, g(x) = 0 x R.

4. f : [a, b] R [a, b] (a, b).

limxa+ f 0 (x) = R, f a

f+0 (a) = (, f+0 (a) = f 0 (a+)).

(1 .)

. limxa+ f 0 (x) = ,

> 0 > 0, x a < x < a + b |f 0 (x) | < .

(2.10)
t (a, a + ) (a, t)

f (t) f (a)
= f 0 () .
ta
, (2.10) x =



 f (t) f (a)

t (a, a + ) , 
 < .
ta

262

2.
0 (a) = lim
f+
ta+

f (t)f (a)
ta

= . , f a

.
5. I R f : I R .
() f x0 I f 0 (x0 ) 6= 0, f 1 y0 = f (x0 )

(f 1 )0 (y0 ) =

1
f 0 (x

0)

.
(1 .)

() f f 0 (x) = (1 + x3 )1/2 x I =

(1, ), g = f 1
3
g 00 (x) = g(x)2 , x f (I) .
2
(1 .)
.
()

f 1 (y0 + h) f 1 (y0 )
h0
h
lim

1/f 0 (x0 ). h , h 6= 0,

y0 + h f 1 ( f ).
f 1 1, t 6= 0 y0 + h = f (x0 + t). ,
h = f (x0 + t) y0 = f (x0 + t) f (x0 )

x0 + t = f 1 (y0 + h), t = f 1 (y0 + h) x0 = f 1 (y0 + h) f 1 (y0 ) .

f 1 limh0 [f 1 (y0 + h) f 1 (y0 )] = 0.
t 0 h 0. ,

f 1 (y0 + h) f 1 (y0 )
t
= lim
t0 f (x0 + t) f (x0 )
h0
h
1
1
= lim f (x +t)f (x ) = 0
.
0
0
t0
f (x0 )
lim

(f 1 )0 (y

0)

1/f 0 (x0 ).

263

2.4. 201112

() f 0 (x) > 0 x (1, ), f

I = (1, ). x f (I)
1
f 0 (f 1 (x))

1/2
= 1 + [f 1 (x)]3

g 0 (x) = (f 1 )0 (x) =

( ())

3 [f 1 (x)]2 (f 1 )0 (x)
2 {1 + [f 1 (x)]3 }1/2
3
3
= [f 1 (x)]2 = g(x)2 .
2
2

g 00 (x) =

6.

()

Z
2

1
dx .
x x1

(1 .)
() f : [0, 1] R . a, b > 0,
,

lim

0+

f (x)
b
dx = f (0) ln .
x
a
(1 .)
1

| ln t| dt 1.

()
0

(1 .)
.
()

Z
2

dx =
x x1

Z
1

(t2

1
2t dt
+ 1)t

( t =

3
= 2 arctan t|t=
t=1

= 2(arctan 3 arctan 1)
 
=2

= .
3
4
6

x 1 x = t2 + 1)

264

2.
() > 0 a, b (0, 1). f

g(x) = 1/x a, b,
( [27])

f (x)
dx = f (())
x

1
b
dx = f (()) (ln b ln a) = f (()) ln ,
x
a

(2.11)

() [a, b] a < b () [b, a] b < a. f

lim0+ () = 0, lim0+ f (()) = f (0). , (2.11)

lim

0+

f (x)
b
dx = f (0) ln .
x
a

() x (0, 1)

ln t dt =

| ln t| dt =
x

t ln t|t=1
t=x

dt = x ln x + 1 x

+
x

( )

Z
|ln t| dt = lim

| ln t| dt

x0+

= lim (x ln x + 1 x)
x0+

= lim x ln x + 1
x0+

= lim

x0+

ln x
+1
1/x

= lim x + 1
x0+

( LHpital)

= 1.
R1

0 | ln t| dt 1.

265

2.5. 201011

2.5

201011
&


24 , 2011

1.

() A, B .

inf A < inf B , A B .

inf A inf B ;

(1,2 .)

()

n
o
: Z, N \ {1}
ln

R.

(1,5 .)

.
() = inf B inf A > 0, infimum
A

< inf A + = inf A + (inf B inf A) = inf B .

> , B , B .
, inf A inf B ,
( A = B = (0, 1]).
() 1 . x, y R, x < y . x > 0

N \ {1},
1
< y x.
ln

> x.
ln

1
x.
ln

266

2.
,

1
x+
< x + (y x) = y
ln
ln

x<

< y.
ln

x < 0 < y , = 0. x < y < 0, 0 < y < x

, , N , 6= 1,

y <

< x x <
< y.
ln
ln

n
o
: Z, N \ {1}
ln

R.
2 . x R. (x )

x =

[x ln ]
,
ln

2,

[x ln ] x ln .

x ln 1 < [x ln ] x ln ,
ln

1
< x x .
ln

, lim x = x.
x R ,
R.

2. 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . = 5 || < 1.

=0

(1,5 .)

267

2.5. 201011
. lim+ = +,














 +1 +1 

 = ||  +1  = ||  + 5  = || 1 + 5  || < 1

 

 
 
 +
. ,

lim = 0 .

s
s

= 0 + 1 + 2 2 + + 1 1
= 0 + 1 2 + + 1 .

(1 )s = 0 + (1 0 ) + (2 1 ) 2 + + (1 2 ) 1 1 .

(1 )s = 0 + 5 1 + + 2 + + 2 1 .
,

(1 ) lim s = 0 + 5 lim
+

2
X

k lim 1 .
+

k=0

, || < 1 ( )
lim+ = 0,

(1 )

= 0 + 5

=0

X
=0

=0

0
5
+
.
1 (1 )2

3. f : [a, b] R [a, b], |f |

[a, b]. g
[a, b], |g| [a, b].

(1 .)

268

2.
. f x0 [a, b]. , > 0 =

() > 0 x [a, b] |x x0 | < |f (x) f (x0 )| < .

||f (x)| |f (x0 )|| |f (x) f (x0 )|,
> 0 = () > 0 x [a, b] |x x0 | <

||f (x)| |f (x0 )|| < . |f | x0 .

g

g(x) =

x [a, b] Q ,

1 x [a, b] \ Q .
g [a, b], |g(x)| = 1 x [a, b].
|g| [a, b].
4.

() f : (0, +) (0, +)

lim f (x) =

x0+

, lim f (x) = 0 f 0 (x)

x > 0 .
x+
2
1 + x2

f (x) = arctan(1/x) x > 0.

(1 .)

() Bolzano-Weierstrass .
f : [a, b] R
[a, b]. f , f 0 [a, b],
f [a, b] .
(1,5 .)
.
() g(x) := f (x) arctan(1/x), g (0, +)

g 0 (x) = f 0 (x)

1
(1/x)0
= f 0 (x) +
0,
2
1 + (1/x)
1 + x2

x > 0 .

g (0, +).

lim g(x) = lim f (x) lim arctan

x0+

x0+

x0+

1

= =0
x
2
2

269

2.5. 201011

lim g(x) = lim f (x) lim arctan

x+

x+

x+

1
= 0.
x

g(x) = 0 f (x) = arctan(1/x) x > 0.

() Bolzano-Weierstrass : .
: f : A R, A R,
x0 A (xn )

A x0 , (f (xn )) f (x0 ).
Z(f ) := {x [a, b] : f (x) = 0} f [a, b].
Z(f ) . (xn )
Z(f ). f (xn ) = 0 n N .
(xn ) Bolzano-Weierstrass
(xkn ) limn xkn = c. a xkn b n N
c [a, b]. f ,
limn f (xkn ) = f (c). f (xkn ) = 0 n N

f (c) = 0, c f .
f c [a, b]

f 0 (c) = lim

xc

f (x) f (c)
.
xc

limn xkn = c,

f (xkn ) f (c)
= 0.
n
xkn c

f 0 (c) = lim

f (c) = f 0 (c) = 0, c [a, b] f f 0 .

. , f [a, b] .

5.

()

Z
0

dx =
x + 2 x2

Z
0

/4

1
1

d = ln 2 + .
tan + 1
4
8
(1,5 .)

270

2.
() n N,

Z
lim

n+ 0

n arcsin (x/2)
dx .
x+n

(1,5 .)

.
()

dx =
x + 2 x2

/4

2 cos

d
2 sin + 2 cos
0

( x = 2 sin = arcsin(x/ 2), 0 /4)

Z /4
1
d
=
tan + 1
0
Z 1
1
=
dt
(1
+
t)
(1 + t2 )
0

( t = tan = arctan t, 0 /4)


Z 
1 1
1
t + 1
=
+
dt
2 0 1+t
1 + t2
Z
Z
Z
1 1 1
1 1 t
1 1 1
=
dt
dt +
dt
2 0 1+t
2 0 1 + t2
2 0 1 + t2
1
1
1




1
1
1
= ln (1 + t) ln 1 + t2  + arctan t
2
4
2
0

= ln 2 + .
4
8
() 1 .

Z
 Z

Z 3

 
3
3
n arcsin(x/2)
x arcsin(x/2) 

 
dx
arcsin(x/2) dx = 
dx

 0
  0

x+n
x+n
0
Z 3
x arcsin(x/2)
dx
=
x+n
0
Z 3
3
1
dx

3
x+n
0

0 .
n n+
,

Z
lim

n+ 0

n arcsin(x/2)
dx =
x+n

arcsin(x/2) dx .
0

271

2.5. 201011

x
dx
4 x2
0
3

 p


2
= 3 arcsin
3/2 + 4 x 
0

3
=
1.
3
3

arcsin(x/2) dx = x arcsin(x/2)|0

Z
lim

n+ 0

2 . [0,

n arcsin(x/2)
dx =
x+n

3
1.
3

3] fn (x) =

n
x+n ,

n N ,

g(x) = arcsin(x/2) . ,

Z
0

Z 3
n
n arcsin(x/2)
dx =
arcsin(x/2) dx
x+n
n + n 0
!

R 3
3
n
1
, ( 0 arcsin(x/2) dx = 3/3 1)
=
3
n + n

n 0 n

3. 0 n /n
lim

n+

3/n,

n
=0
n

Z
lim

n+ 0

n arcsin(x/2)
dx =
x+n

3
1
3

1
lim
=
n+ n /n + 1

3
1.
3

31 , 2011
1. A R. 0
/ A, inf A = 0 A .
B


B=

3x
: xA
3x + 1


.

272

2.
inf B = 0 sup B = 1. B , ;
(1,5 .)
. B 0
1. inf sup, inf B = 0

sup B = 1.
> 0. inf A = 0, x A, x < /3

3x
< 3x < .
3x + 1
inf B = 0.
A , x A

x>

1
1
.
3 3

3x
>1
3x + 1
sup B = 1.
B

3x
3x
= 0
=1
3x + 1
3x + 1
B .
2.

() lim

3n + 5n .

(1 .)

() (bn ), n 0,

lim bn = b .

an = bn1 bn+1 , n 1.

an .

n=1

(1,5 .)
.

273

2.5. 201011
()

5<
limn

3n + 5 n <

n
5n + 5n = 5 2 .

2 = 1( > 0 limn

n
= 1). ,

lim

n n
3 + 5n = 5 .

() . SN =

PN

n=1 an

N -

SN =

N
X

(bn1 bn ) +

n=1

N
X

(bn bn+1 )

n=1

= [(b0 b1 ) + (b1 b2 ) + + (bN 2 bN 1 ) + (bN 1 bN )]

+ [(b1 b2 ) + (b2 b3 ) + + (bN 1 bN ) + (bN bN +1 )]
= [b0 bN ] + [b1 bN +1 ] = b0 + b1 bN bN +1 .
,

X
n=1

an = lim SN = lim (b0 + b1 bN bN +1 ) = b0 + b1 2b .

N

3. f [a, ), a R
limx f (x) , limx f (x) = R.

f [a, ).

(1 .)

. limx f (x) = , > 0 M > a |f (x) | <

x > M . ,

< f (x) < + x > M .

f [a, M ], f
. c1 , c2 R

c1 < f (x) < c2 ,

x [a, M ] .

274

2.

min{ , c1 } < f (x) < max{ + , c2 } ,

x [a, ) .

f [a, ).
4. f : [a, b] R f 0 (a) > f 0 (b).

c (f 0 (b), f 0 (a)) (a, b) f 0 () = c.

. g(x) := f (x) cx
a, b.

(1,5 .)

. g : [a, b] R

g(x) := f (x) cx .
,

g 0 (a) = f 0 (a) c > 0 g 0 (b) = f 0 (b) c < 0 .

g [a, b]
[a, b].
= a, h > 0 a + h < b g(a + h) g(a)

g 0 (a) = lim

h0+

g(a + h) g(a)
0.
h

()

= b, h < 0 b + h > a g(b + h) g(b)

g 0 (b) = lim

h0

g(b + h) g(b)
0.
h

()

, (a, b) Fermat g 0 () = 0 f 0 () = c.
5.

() f : [0, 1] R .

1X
lim
f
n n
k=1

  Z 1
k
=
f (x) dx .
n
0
(1 .)

()





1/n
12
22
n2
1 + 2 1 + 2
,
an =
1+ 2
n
n
n
() lim an = 2e(4)/2 .
n

(1,5 .)

275

2.5. 201011

() Pn = {x0 , x1 , x2 , . . . , xn } [0, 1],

xk = k/n, 0 k n. xk xk1 = k/n(k1)/n = 1/n, limn kPn k =

limn 1/n = 0. = (k )nk=1 , xk1 k xk (1 k n),
Riemann

S (f, Pn , ) =

n
X

f (k ) (xk xk1 ) =

k=1

1X
f (k ) .
n
k=1

f [0, 1], Riemann

1X
f (k ) .
n n

f (x) dx = lim S (f, Pn , ) = lim

n

(2.12)

k=1

k = k/n, 1 k n, (2.12)
n

1X
lim
f
n n
k=1

  Z 1
k
f (x) dx .
=
n
0

()

 





12
22
n2
1
ln an =
ln 1 + 2 + ln 1 + 2 + + ln 1 + 2
n
n
n
n
!




n
n
2
2
1X
k
1X
k
=
ln 1 + 2 =
ln 1 +
.
n
n
n
n
k=1

k=1

, ()
n

1X
lim ln an = lim
ln 1 +
n
n n
k=1
Z 1
=
ln(1 + x2 ) dx

 2 !
k
n

Z 1
x=1
2x2
= x ln(1 + x2 )x=0
dx
2
0 1+x
Z 1
(1 + x2 ) 1
= ln 2 2
dx
1 + x2
0
Z 1
Z 1
1
= ln 2 2
dx + 2
dx
2
0
0 1+x

( )

= ln 2 2 + 2 arctan x|x=1
x=0
= ln 2 2 + 2 arctan 1 = ln 2 2 +

.
2

276

2.
,

lim an = eln 22+/2 = 2e(4)/2 .

6.

 
1

arctan x + arctan
= ,
x
2

x>0



1
2
x + 4 arctan x dx .
x
1/2

(1,5 .)
. x > 0

 0
1
1
(1/x)0
1
1
arctan x + arctan
=
+
=

= 0.
2
2
2
x
1+x
1 + (1/x)
1+x
1 + x2

arctan x + arctan(1/x) = c, x > 0. x = 1 arctan 1 +

arctan 1 = 2 arctan 1 = /2 = c. arctan x + arctan(1/x) = /2, x > 0.

1/2

1
x + 4
x
2

1/2 

arctan x dx =
2


  

1
1
1
4
+ t arctan
2 dt
t2
t
t

( x = 1/t)




2
1
1
=
t2 + 4 arctan
dt
t
t
1/2


Z 
Z 2 
2
1
1
2
2
=
t + 4 dt
t + 4 arctan t dt
2 1/2
t
t
1/2

(arctan(1/t) = /2 arctan t)




Z 
2
1
1
2
2
x + 4 dx
2
x + 4 arctan x dx =
x
2 1/2
x
1/2
 3
2
x
1 
21
=
3  =
.
2
3
3x
8
1/2
Z

1/2

1
x + 4
x
2


arctan x dx =

21
.
16

277

2.6. 200910

2.6

200910


11 , 2010

1.

f (x) =

arctan x

x 6= 0 ,

x = 0 .

() f (, 0), (0, )
limx0 f (x) limx f (x). f 0;
f ; .

(1,5 .)

()
x

Z
F (x) =

f (t) dt ,

x R.

y = F (x) . F 1
F , F 1

0

(0).

(0,5 .)

()

y = arctan x
Z 1

X
arctan x
(1)n
dx =
.
x
(2n + 1)2
0
n=0

(1 .)
.
() x 6= 0

x/ 1 + x2 arctan x
f (x) =
.
x2
0

g (x) = x/ 1 + x2 arctan x, x R

g 0 (x) =

1 x2
(1 + x2 )2

1
2x2
0.
=
1 + x2
(1 + x2 )2

g g (x) g (0) = 0 x 0

g (x) g (0) = 0 x 0. , f 0 (x) > 0 x < 0 f 0 (x) < 0

278

2.
x > 0. , f (, 0)
(0, ).

lim f (x) = lim

x0

x0

arctan x
x

(LHpital)

lim

x0

1
= 1.
1 + x2

limx arctan x = /2,

arctan x
= 0.
x
x

lim f (x) = lim

limx0 f (x) = 1 = f (0) f 0.

f (0, 1].
() f R F 0 (x) = f (x). () F 0 (x) > 0,
F R. F (1) = 0,

1
1
4
=
= .
f (1)
arctan 1

P
P

1
n 2n
= n=0 (1)n tn , |t| < 1, 1+t
2 =
n=0 (1) t , |t| < 1.

0
F 1 (0) =

1
() 1+t

F 0 (1)

Z
arctan x =
0

X
1
dt
=
(1)n
1 + t2

2n

dt =

n=0

(1)n

n=0

x2n+1
,
2n + 1

|x| < 1 .

arctan x X
x2n
=
(1)n
,
x
2n + 1

|x| < 1 ,

n=0

Z
0

X (1)n
arctan t
dt =
t
2n + 1
n=0

2n

dt =

(1)n
2n+1
.
2 x
(2n
+
1)
n=0

x = 1 ( Leibniz),

Z
0

2.

n=0

n=0

X (1)n
X (1)n
arctan t
2n+1
dt = lim
x
=
.
t
x1
(2n + 1)2
(2n + 1)2

() f : R R

(x t) f (t) dt = 3 ,

f (x) + 4

x R.

(1,5 .)

279

2.6. 200910

() ,

(1)n1 (2n 1) x2n2 .

n=1

(1,5 .)
.
()

f (x) = 3 4

(x t) f (t) dt = 3 4x
0

f (t) dt + 4
0

tf (t) dt .
0

f 0 (x) = 4

f (t) dt 4xf (x) + 4xf (x) = 4

0

f (t) dt .
0

f 0

f 00 (x) = 4f (x) f 00 (x) + 4f (x) = 0 .

, y = f (x)

y 00 + 4y = 0 ,

y(0) = 3 , y 0 (0) = 0 .

y 00 + 4y = 0 : r 2 + 4 = 0 r1,2 = 2i.
, y 00 + 4y = 0

y (x) = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x ,

c1 , c2 R .

y (0) = 3 c1 = 3, y 0 (0) = 0 c2 = 0. ,

y = f (x) = 3 cos 2x .
n1

() cn = (1)

(2n 1) x2n2 ,
lim

n
|cn | = lim n 2n 1 |x|22/n = x2 .
n

280

2.
, limn

p
n
|cn | < 1 x2 < 1 |x| < 1. ,

R = 1.
x = 1

n1
(2n
n=1 (1)

1).





lim (1)n1 (2n 1) = lim (2n 1) = ,

. I = (1, 1).

f (x) =

(1)n1 (2n 1) x2n2 ,

|x| < 1 .

n=1

"
f (x) =
"
=

X
n=1

#0
n1

(1)

x2n1
#0

(1) x

n=0
"
X

= x

2n+1

#0
(1)n x2n

n=0

1
= x
1 + x2

3.

0
=

1 x2
(1 + x2 )2

() f : [a, b] R g : [a, b] R
Riemann , g (t) 0 t [a, b].

[a, b]
Z

Z
f (t) g (t) dt = f ()

g (t) dt .
a

(1 .)
() ()

Z
lim

x0+

2x

sinn t
dt ,
tn+1

n N .
(1 .)

.
() , [27].

281

2.6. 200910
() 1 .


f (t) =

sin t
t

n
g (t) =

1
,
t

t > 0,

f, g g . x > 0, ()

2x

 Z
sin (x) n 2x 1
dt
(x)
t
x


sin (x) n
=
(ln 2x ln x)
(x)


sin (x) n
ln 2 ,
=
(x)

sinn t
dt =
tn+1

(x), x (x) 2x. limx0+ (x) = 0,


lim

x0+

sin (x)
(x)

n


= lim

u0+

sin u
u

n

(limu0+ sinu u = 1)

= 1.

Z
lim

x0+

2x

sinn t
dt = ln 2 .
tn+1

2 . y = sinx x
(0, ). , x (0, /2) t [x, 2x]

sin 2x
sin t
0<

< 1 ,
2x
t

sin 2x
2x

n

1
sinn t
1
n+1 < .
t
t
t

[x, 2x]

 Z
Z 2x
Z 2x
sinn t
1
sin 2x n 2x 1
dt
dt
dt
n+1
2x
t
t
t
x
x
x


Z 2x
sinn t
sin 2x n
(ln 2x ln x)
dt (ln 2x ln x)

2x
tn+1
x


Z 2x
sinn t
sin 2x n

ln 2
dt ln 2 .
2x
tn+1
x

n
= 1,
limx0+ sin2x2x
Z 2x
sinn t
lim
dt = ln 2 .
tn+1
x0+ x


4.

()

(i)


X
2
n=2

n1
+ ln
n
n

(ii)

X
n=1

n2
.
2n + n
(1,5 .)

282

2.
()

3x + 7
dx
2 x (x 1) (x + 4)

(1,5 .)

.
() (i) n 2 an = n2 + ln n1
n = 2/n + ln (1 1/n) > 0. bn = 1/n,

ln (1 1/n)
an
ln (1 x) (LHpital)
1
= 2 + lim
= 2 + lim
=
2 lim
= 1.
+
+
n
bn
1/n
x
x0
x0 1 x
P
n=1 (1/n) ,


P
n=2 n2 + ln n1
.
n
lim

(ii) an = n2 / (2n + n),





 an+1  an+1
(n + 1)2
2n + n
n+1 2
1 + n/2n
=

=

=
.
 an 
an
2n+1 + n + 1
n2
n
2 + n/2n + 1/2n

n
n
x
= lim n ln 2 = lim x ln 2
n
n 2
n e
x e
lim

(LHpital)

lim

x ex ln 2 ln 2

= 0,



 an+1  1
 = < 1.

lim
n  an 
2
, ( DAlembert)

n=1

n2 / (2n + n)

.
()

(3x + 7) /2 x (x 1) (x + 4)
3x2 + 7x
=
lim
x
x 2 (x 1) (x + 4)
1/x3/2
3
3 + 7/x
= lim
=
x 2 (1 1/x) (1 + 4/x)
2


R
4 1/x3/2 dx ,
lim

Z
4

3x + 7

dx
2 x (x 1) (x + 4)

283

2.6. 200910
.

3x + 7

dx =
2 x (x 1) (x + 4)

3t2 + 7
dt
(t2 1) (t2 + 4)
( t =

x x = t2 )

3t2 + 7
dt
(t 1) (t + 1) (t2 + 4)
Z
Z
Z
1
1
1
dt
dt +
dt
=
t1
t+1
t2 + 2 2


t 1 1

 + arctan t + c
= ln 
t + 1 2
2



 x 1 1
 + arctan x + c .
= ln 
2
x + 1 2
Z

Z
4

3x + 7

dx = lim
R
2 x (x 1) (x + 4)

3x + 7
dx
4 2 x (x 1) (x + 4)


!
 R 1 1
R


= lim ln 
 + arctan
 R + 1 2
R
2


1 1
ln + arctan 1
3 2
1

1
= ln 1 + + ln 3 = + ln 3 .
2 2
2 4
8

8 , 2010
1.

()

n! nn/2 ,

n N

X
(ln n)n
n=1

n!

.
(1,5 .)

284

2.
()

n=1 an

(un ) u1 > 0

un+1 =


p
1
un + u2n + a2n ,
2

n=1 (un+1

n N.

un ) .

(un ) ;

(1 .)

.
() n = 1 . n! nn/2 , (n + 1)!

(n + 1)(n+1)/2 .
(n + 1)! = n! (n + 1) nn/2 (n + 1) .

nn/2 (n + 1) (n + 1)(n+1)/2 nn/2 (n + 1)(n1)/2

nn (n + 1)n1
(n + 1) (1 + 1/n)n
ln (n + 1) n ln (1 + 1/n) .
. ,

n ln (1 + 1/n) n (1/n) = 1 ln (n + 1) ,
n N

n 2.

(ln n)n
(ln n)n
n/2 .
n!
n

r
lim

(ln n)n
ln n
ln x
= lim 1/2 = lim 1/2
n/2
n
x
n
n
x

(LHpital)

( Cauchy)
,

lim

n=1

2
x1/2

= 0 < 1,

(ln n)n /nn/2 .

n=1 ((ln n)

/n!) .

() (un ) .
n N

0 < un+1 un =


a2n
1
1 p 2
 < an .
un + a2n un = p
2
2
2
u2n + a2n + un

285

2.6. 200910

n=1 an

(un+1 un ) .

n=1

n 2
n1
X

(uk+1 uk ) = (u2 u1 ) + (u3 u2 ) + + (un un1 ) = un u1 ,

k=1

lim un = u1 + lim

n1
X

(uk+1 uk ) = u1 +

k=1

(uk+1 uk ) .

k=1

, (un ) .

2.

x4

d2 y
r2 y = 0 ,
dx2

r > 0,

(2.13)

x = t1 y = ut1

d2 u
du
+
+ u = 0 .
2
dt
dt

, , R (2.13)
(0, ).

(1,5 .)

t du u
dy dt
du
dy
=

= dt 2 (t2 ) = u t
dx
dt dx
t
dt



d2 y
d
du
=
ut
dx2
dx
dt


d
du
dt
=
ut

dt
dt
dx


2
du du
d u
d2 u
=

t 2 (t2 ) = t3 2 .
dt
dt
dt
dt

t1

d2 u
r2 ut1 = 0
dt2

286

2.

d2 u
r2 u = 0 .
dt2

(2.14)

(2.14) : 2 r 2 = 0 1,2 = r .
(2.14)

u (t) = c1 ert + c2 ert ,

c1 , c2 R .

, (2.13)



y (x) = x c1 er/x + c2 er/x ,

3.

c1 , c2 R .

x > 0,

() [0, 1],
n
X

lim

k2

2
2 3/2
k=1 (k + n )

(1,5 .)
() f : [a, b] R ,
b

Z
lim

n a

f (x) sin nx dx = 0 .

(1 .)
.

()
n
X

k2

k=1

(k 2 + n2 )3/2

1X
=

n
k=1

(k/n)2
(k/n)2 + 1

3/2

1X
=
f
n
k=1

 
k
,
n

3/2
f (x) = x2 / x2 + 1
. , Riemann

287

2.6. 200910

lim

n
X

k2

k=1

(k 2 + n2 )3/2

Z
=

x2

dx
(x2 + 1)3/2
Z 1 h

1/2 i0
=
x x2 + 1
dx
0
x=1 Z 1

x
1


=
+
dx

2
2
x + 1 x=0
x +1
0
0

( )

x=1
p
1

= + ln x + x2 + 1 
x=0
2




2
= ln 1 + 2
.
2


R1

x
. 0 (x2 +1)
3/2 dx x =

tan , /2 < < /2.

()

Z
a

Z
1
1 b 0
x=b
f (x) sin nx dx = f (x) cos nx|x=a +
f (x) cos nx dx
n
n a
Z
f (a) cos na f (b) cos nb 1 b 0
+
f (x) cos nx dx .
=
n
n a

M = maxx[a,b] |f (x)| M 0 = maxx[a,b] |f 0 (x)|,


Z b
Z

 |f (a) cos na f (b) cos nb| 1  b 0






f
(x)
sin
nx
dx

+
f
(x)
cos
nx
dx



n
n a
a
Z b

 0
|f (a)| + |f (b)| 1
f (x) dx
+

n
n a
0
2M
M (b a)

+
0 .
n
n
n
,

Z
lim

n a

f (x) sin nx dx = 0 .

4. a 6= 0.

1
dx
(1 + x)(1 + a2 x)
(1,5 .)

288

2.
.

Z
0

1
dx =
(1 + x)(1 + a2 x)

Z
|0

Z
1
1
+
dx
dx ,
2
(1 + x)(1 + a x)
(1 + x)(1 + a2 x)
1
{z
} |
{z
}
I1

I2

I2 . x 1

1
1 1
< 2 2
2
(1 + x)(1 + a x)
a x


R
1 1/x2 dx .



R
0 1/ (1 + x) 1 + a2 x dx .
0<

a 6= 1 R > 0,
Z

1
1
dx =
2
(1 + x)(1 + a x)
1 a2
1
=
1 a2
1
=
1 a2
1
=
1 a2

R


1
a2

dx
1 + x 1 + a2 x
0

x=R
ln(1 + x) ln(1 + a2 x) 

x=0


ln(1 + R) ln(1 + a2 R)


1+R
ln
.
1 + a2 R


, a 6= 1

1
dx = lim
R
(1 + x)(1 + a2 x)

1
dx
2
0 (1 + x)(1 + a x)


1
1+R
= lim
ln
2
R 1 a
1 + a2 R


1
1/R + 1
= lim
ln
R 1 a2
1/R + a2
 
1
1
2 ln |a|
=
ln
= 2
.
1 a2
a2
a 1

a = 1,

Z
0

1
1
dx = 1 lim
= 1.
x 1 + x
(1 + x)2

Z
0

2 ln |a|/(a2 1) a 6= 1 ,

1
dx =

(1 + x)(1 + a2 x)
1

a = 1 .

289

2.6. 200910
5.

() , y =

ln 1 x2 Maclaurin.

(0,5 .)

() ,

X
n=1

x2n
.
n(2n + 1)

X
n=1

1
.
n(2n + 1)
(2 .)

.
() 1/(1 t) =

n
n=0 t ,

Z
ln(1 x) =
0

|t| < 1. , |x| < 1

Z x

X
X
X
1
xn+1
xn
tn dt =
dt =
=
.
1t
n+1
n
0
n=0

n=0

n

X
X
x2
x2n
ln(1 x ) =
=
,
n
n
2

n=1

n=1

|x| < 1 .

n=1

() cn = x2n /n (2n + 1),



 cn+1 
x2n+2
n(2n + 1)
n(2n + 1)

 = lim
lim 

= lim
x2 = x2 .

2n
n
n (n + 1)(2n + 3)
n (n + 1)(2n + 3)
cn
x
limn |cn+1 /cn | < 1, |x| < 1. ,
R = 1.
x = 1

1
n=1 n(2n+1)

1
n=1 n2

0<

1
1
< 2
n(2n + 1)
n

1
n=1 n(2n+1) .

. ,

. ,

I = [1, 1].
f (x) =

x2n
n=1 n(2n+1) ,

|x| < 1, xf (x) =

(xf (x))0 =

X
x2n
n=1

x2n+1
n=1 n(2n+1) ,

= ln(1 x2 ) ,

|x| < 1,

|x| < 1 .

290

2.
,

Z
xf (x) =

ln(1 t2 ) dt

Z x
t=x
t2

dt
( )
= t ln(1 t ) t=0 2
1 t2
Z x 0
Z x
1
= x ln(1 x2 ) + 2
dt 2
dt
2
0
0 1t

Z x
1
1
dt
= x ln(1 x2 ) + 2x
+
1+t 1t
0
2

= x ln(1 x2 ) + 2x ln(1 + x) + ln(1 x)

= 2x (1 + x) ln(1 + x) + (1 x) ln(1 x) .
,

f (x) =

2 x1 + 1 ln(1 + x) + (x1 1) ln(1 x) |x| < 1, x 6= 0

x = 0 .

X
n=1

1
n=1 n(2n+1)



1
= lim 2 (x1 + 1) ln(1 + x) + (x1 1) ln(1 x)
n(2n + 1) x1
= 2 2 ln 2 + lim (x1 1) ln(1 x)
x1

= 2 2 ln 2 + lim

x1

ln(1 x)
(x1 1)1

= 2 2 ln 2 lim (1 x)
x1

= 2 2 ln 2 .

( LHpital)

291

2.7. 20089

2.7

20089


25 , 2009

1.

()

Z
an ,

1/n

an =
0

n=1

sin3 x
dx .
1+x
(1 .)

()

X
n=2

1
1
2

+
n
n1
n+1


.
(1 .)

.
() sin x x, x 0

1/n

0 < an =
0

sin3 x
dx
1+x
P 1

n=1 an

n=1 n4

1/n

x3
dx
1+x

1/n

x3 dx =

1
.
4n4

()

SN =

N 
X
n=2

1
2
1

+
n
n1
n+1


=

N 
X
n=2

 X

N 
1
1
1
1

,
n
n
n1
n+1
n=2

SN

 




1
1
1
1
1

=
1
+

+ +

N 1
2
2
3
N

 



1
1
1
1
1
1

+
+ +
N +1
2
3
3
4
N

 

1
1
1
1
= 1

1 .
N

N +1
2
2
N

X
n=2

1
2
1

+
n
n1
n+1

1
=1 .
2

292

2.

2.

d2 y
dy

x3 y = 0 ,
2
dx
dx

(2.15)

t = x2

(0, ).
(1 .)
.

dy
dy dt
dy
dy
=

=
2x = 2x
dx
dt dx
dt
dt



d2 y
dy
d
2x
=
dx2
dx
dt
 
dy
d dy
=2
+ 2x
dt
dx dt
 
d dy
dt
dy
+ 2x

=2
dt
dt dt
dx
2
dy
d y
=2
+ 4x2 2 .
dt
dt

2x

d2 y
dy
dy
+ 4x3 2 2x
x3 y = 0
dt
dt
dt

d2 y
y = 0.
dt2

(2.16)

(2.16) : 4r 2 1 = 0 r1,2 = 1/2. ,

(2.16)

y (t) = c1 et/2 + c2 et/2 ,

c1 , c2 R .

, (2.15)

y (x) = c1 ex

2 /2

+ c2 ex

2 /2

x > 0,

c1 , c2 R .

293

2.7. 20089
3.

() g : R R 2 -, g (t + 2) =

g (t), t R. x R
+x

g (t) dt =

g (t) dt .

+x

(1 .)
()

an =

f (t) cos nt dt ,

bn =

f (t) sin nt dt ,

n = 1, 2, . . . ,

f : R R 2 -.

1
Bn (x) =

x R,

f (x + t) sin nt dt ,

Bn (x) = bn cos nx an sin nx.

(1 .)

.
() 1 .

+x

g (t) dt =
+x

g (t) dt +
+x
Z +x

+x

Z
g (t) dt +

g (t) dt

g (u 2) du +

+x

g (t) dt +

g (t) dt

( u = t + 2 )

+x

g (u) du +

+x

g (t) dt +

g (t) dt

(g (u 2) = g (u))

g (t) dt .

2 .

+x

F (x) =

Z
g (t) dt

g (t) dt =
+x

+x

+x

g (t) dt ,
0

F 0 (x) = g ( + x)g ( + x) = g ( + x)g ( + x + 2) = g ( + x)g ( + x) = 0 ,

294

2.

x R. F (x) = c, x R. F (0) = g (t) dt

+x

g (t) dt ,

g (t) dt =

F (x) =

x R.

+x

()

Z
1
f (x + t) sin nt dt

Z
1 +x
=
f (u) sin n (u x) du
+x
Z
1
=
f (u) sin n (u x) du

Bn (x) =

( u = x + t)

( g (u) := f (u) sin n (u x) 2 -)

1
f (u) (sin nu cos nx cos nu sin nx) du


 Z

 Z
1
1
f (u) sin nu du cos nx
f (u) cos nu du sin nx
=


Z

= bn cos nx an sin nx .

4.

() f : [a, b] R g : [a, b] R
, g (t) 0 t [a, b]. [a, b]

Z
f (t) g (t) dt = f ()

g (t) dt .
a

(1 .)
() f : R R a > 0.

lim

x0

1
x2(a+1)

x2

ta f (t) dt .

(0,8 .)
.
() , [27].

295

2.7. 20089

() 1 . g(t) = ta



0, x2 , ()
Z

1
x2(a+1)

x2

ta f (t) dt =

f ((x))
x2(a+1)

x2

ta dt =

f ((x)) x2(a+1)
f ((x))

=
,
2(a+1)
a+1
a+1
x

(x), 0 (x) x2 . limx0 (x) = 0 f ,

limx0 f ((x)) = f (0). ,

lim

x0 x2(a+1)

x2

f ((x))
f (0)
=
.
x0 a + 1
a+1

ta f (t) dt = lim

2 .

lim

x0 x2(a+1)

R

x2

ta f (t) dt = lim

x0

0
x2 a
t
f
(t)
dt
0


2(a+1) 0

( LHpital)

2xx2a f (x2 )
x0 2(a + 1)x2a+1
f (0)
=
.
a+1
= lim

5.

( f )

()

I=

(ex

1
dx
+ 1)(ex + 1)

(1 .)

/2,

() 0 ex dx =

Z
In =

t2n e4t dt =

1 3 5 (2n 1)
,
23n+2

n = 1, 2, 3 . . . .
(1,5 .)

.
() x 0

0<

1
1
1
< x
< x = ex
(ex + 1)(ex + 1)
e +1
e

296

2.

0 ex dx = 1 ,
I .

ex
dx
(ex + 1)2
Z
1
dt
( t = ex + 1)
=
t2
1
1
= +c= x
+ c.
t
e +1
Z

1
dx =
x
(e + 1)(ex + 1)

1
1
1
+ = .
ex + 1 2
2

I = lim

()

In =

2n 4t2

t e

dt =

22n+1

x2n ex dx =

Jn ,
22n+1

( x = 2t)

Z
Jn =

x2n ex dx .

2n x2

x e

Z
dx =

2n1



Z
1 2n1 x2 2n 1
1 x2 0
2
dx = x
e
+
x2n2 ex dx .
e
2
2
2

x2n1
x ex2

lim x2n1 ex = lim

(LHpital)

x2n3
2n 1
lim
2 x ex2

(LHpital)

= 0,

2n 1
Jn =
2

x2n2 ex dx =

2n 1
Jn1 ,
2

n = 1, 2, 3 . . . .

Jn =

2n 1
(2n 1)(2n 3)
(2n 1)(2n 3) 3
Jn1 =
Jn2 = =
J1 ,
2
2
2
2n1

(2n 1)(2n 3) 3 1
Jn =
2n

Z
0

ex =

(2n 1)(2n 3) 3 1
,
2n+1

Z
In =
0

t2n e4t dt =

1 3 5 (2n 1)
,
23n+2

n = 1, 2, 3 . . . .

297

2.7. 20089

6.

()

X
(x 1)3n
n=1

n8n

.
(1 .)

()

(n (1)n ) 3n .

n=0

(1 .)
.
3n

/n8n ,
p
|x 1|3
|x 1|3

.
=
lim n |cn | = lim
n 8 n n
n
8
p
limn n |cn | < 1, |x 1|3 < 8 |x 1| <

() cn = (x 1)

2. , R = 2
x (1, 3)
(i) x = 1

n
n=1 (1) /n.

Leibniz .
(ii) x = 3

n=1 (1/n).

, I = [1, 3).
()

(n (1) ) 3

n=0

X
X
X
n
1X n
1
n 1
=

(1) n =

(1)n n .
n
n1
3
3
3
3
3
n=0

n=0

n=1

n=0

X
1
=
xn ,
1x
n=0

X
1
=
nxn1
(1 x)2
n=1

X
1
=
(1)n xn ,
1+x
n=0

, x = 1/3

X
n=0

(n (1) ) 3

n=1

n=0

X
1X n
1
=

(1)n n
3
3n1
3
1
1
1
3 3
=

= = 0.
2
3 (1 1/3)
1 + 1/3
4 4

|x| < 1 .

298

2.

9 , 2009
1.

()

n=1

n+1
n

.
(0,5 .)

() limn
0 <

n = 1. N N

n 1 < 1/3, n N

n1

n

n=1

(1 .)
()

an =

n=1 an ,

1/4n n ,

1/5n n .
(1 .)

.
()

n+1 n
1
1
1

=

< = 3/2
n
n n
n
n n+1+ n
P
1

n=1 n3/2

X
n=1

n+1
n

299

2.7. 20089
()

lim

ln n
ln x
= lim
x x
n

(LHpital)

lim

1
= 0,
x

lim

limn

n = lim n1/n = lim eln n/n = e0 = 1 .

n

n = 1, = 1/3 N N 0 <

n 1 < 1/3,

n N .

0<

n1

n

< (1/3)n ,

n N

(1/3)n . P
P

n
n
n=N ( n n 1) . n=1 ( n n 1)

n=N

.
.
( Cauchy). an = (

lim

n=1 (

an = lim

n 1) ,

n1 =0<1

n 1) .

() 1 . n = 2k ,

an =

2k

r
a2k =

2k

1
1
1
= .
2k
4 k 4
4

n = 2k + 1,

n
an =
, lim

n=1 an

2k+1

r
a2k+1 =

2k+1

1
52k+1

1
1
.
5 k 5

an = 1/4 < 1 ( Cauchy)

( DAlembert)

n=1 an .

2 .

1
, n 1.
4n
P
n=1 (1/4n ) = 1/3 ,
P
n=1 an .
0 < an

300

2.

2. 1 1 y = f (x)
dy
dx = f 0 (x) 6= 0, x R,

d2 y d2 x
+ 2 = 0.
dx2
dy

(2.17)

dy

d2 y

. ddyx2 dx dx2 .

(1,5 .)

dx
1
= dy
dy

dx

d2 x
d
=
2
dy
dy

1
dy
dx

d
=
dx

dy
dx

= 

1
dy
dx

2

dx
dy

( )

1
d2 y dx
d2 y



3 dx2 .
dx2 dy
dy
dx

d2 y
1
1  3 = 0 .
dx2
dy
dx

d2 y
=0
dx2

dy
dx

3
= 1.

d2 y

dx2 = 0 y = ax + b, a, b R a 6= 0, y 1 1.
 

dy
dx

= 1

dy
dx

= 1 y = x + c, c R.

(2.17) y = f (x) = ax + b, a, b R a 6= 0.
3.

() arctan t t, t 0.

(0,5 .)

() f : [0, 1] [0, )
f (0) = 0 f 0 (1) > 0.

Z
0

1
f (1)
dx 0
.
f 2 (x) + 1
f (1)

(2.18)

301

2.7. 20089
;

(1,5 .)

.
() (t) := arctan t t,

0 (t) =

1
t2

1
=

0,
1 + t2
1 + t2

t R.

, t 0 (t) (0) arctan t t.

() f 0 (x) f 0 (1) > 0, x [0, 1] f
.
f 0 , x [0, 1] f 0 (1) f 0 (x)

f 0 (1)
f 0 (x)

.
f 2 (x) + 1
f 2 (x) + 1

1

f (1)
0

1
dx
2
f (x) + 1

Z
=

f 0 (x)
dx
f 2 (x) + 1
(arctan(f (x)))0 dx

= arctan(f (1)) arctan(f (0))

= arctan(f (1)) .

(f (0) = 0)

f 0 (1) > 0 f (1) > f (0) = 0, () arctan(f (1)) f (1)

1
f 2 (x)

+1

dx

arctan(f (1))
f (1)
0
.
0
f (1)
f (1)

arctan(f (1)) = f (1) f (1) = 0.

Z
0

1
f 2 (x)

+1

dx = 0 .

( f 2 (x) + 1 > 0, x [0, 1])

(2.18).
. , f (1) > f (0) = 0, () arctan(f (1)) <

f (1) (2.18).

302
4.

2.
()

1 cos nx
dx ,
1 cos x

In =
0

n = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,

1
(In+1 + In1 ) ,
2

In =

n2

In .

(1,5 .)

()

sin x2 + x + 1 dx

.
.




2+x+1 0

cos
x
sin x2 + x + 1 =
.
2x + 1

(1,5 .)
.
()

1 cos nx
x0 1 cos x
lim

(LHpital)

n sin nx
x0 sin x
lim

(LHpital)

n2 cos nx
= n2 ,
cos x

In . n 2

2 [cos (n + 1) x + cos (n 1) x]
dx
2 (1 cos x)
0
Z
1 cos nx cos x
dx
=
1 cos x
Z0
(1 cos nx) + cos nx(1 cos x)
=
dx
1 cos x
0

Z
sin nx x=
= In +
cos nx dx = In +
= In .
n x=0
0

In+1 + In1
=
2

, {I1 , I2 , I3 , . . .}
= I2 I1 .

Z
I1 =
0

1 cos x
dx =
1 cos x

Z
I2 =
0

1 cos 2x
dx =
1 cos x

Z
0

2 2 cos2 x
dx = 2
1 cos x

(1 + cos x) dx = 2 ,
0

= 2 = . , In = I1 + (n 1) = + (n 1) = n .

303

2.7. 20089
()

Z
cos x2 + x + 1
cos x2 + x + 1
dx
sin x + x + 1 dx =
2
2x + 1
(2x + 1)2
2

( )



 cos x2 + x + 1

1


0 ,



 2x + 1 x
2x + 1

sin x + x + 1 dx = cos 1 2

cos x2 + x + 1

(2x + 1)2
{z
I

dx .
}

I .



 cos x2 + x + 1

1




2

 (2x + 1)2
(2x + 1)

Z
0

1
1
2 dx = 2 ,
(2x + 1)

()

I
. ,

sin x2 + x + 1 dx

5.

n + 2n xn .

n=1

(1,5 .)
. an = n + 2n ,



n1
 an+1 
1 + 1/n + 1/n2n+1
 = lim n + 1 + 2
= lim
= 1.
lim 

n
n
n
n
an
n+2
1 + 1/n2n

304

2.
, R = 1.
|x| < 1.
, |x| < 1

X
1
=
xn ,
1x
n=0

X
1
=
nxn1
(1 x)2 n=1

X  x n
x/2
=
.
1 x/2
2
n=1

, |x| < 1

X
n=1

 
X
X


x n
n + 2n xn =
nxn +
2
n=1

=x

n=1

n=1

nxn1 +

 
X
x n
n=1

x
x
+
.
(1 x)2 2 x

305

2.8. 20078

2.8

20078


25 , 2008

1.

()


ln

n=1

2n + 1
2n 1


.
(1 .)

()

(i)

X
ln n
n=1

n2

(ii)


X


2
n1/n 1 .

n=1

(1,5 .)
.
() 1 .
N
X
n=1


ln

2n + 1
2n 1

 
 
 


3
5
7
2N + 1
= ln
+ ln
+ ln
+ + ln
1
3
5
2N 1


2N + 1
3 5 7
= ln

= ln (2N + 1) .
N
1 3 5
2N 1


ln

n=1

2n + 1
2n 1


= ,

.
2 .


ln

2n + 1
2n 1

2
= ln 1 +
2n 1


.

lim

x0+

ln (1 + x)
x

(LHpital)

lim

x0+

1
= 1,
1+x

306

2.


ln 1 +
lim


= 1.

2
2n1

2
2n1

1)) = ,



X
2n + 1
ln
= .
2n 1

n=1 (2/ (2n

n=1

() (i) bn = ln n/n2 cn = 1/n3/2 ,

bn
ln n/n2
ln n
ln x
= lim
= lim = lim
n cn
n 1/n3/2
x
x
n
x
P
1
lim

ln n
n=1 n2

n=1 n3/2

(LHpital)

1
2 lim = 0 .
x
x

. bn = lnn2n n 2,

.

(ii)
2

an = n1/n 1 = eln n/n 1 bn =

ln n
.
n2

ln n
ln x
= lim 2
2
n n
x x

lim bn = lim

(LHpital)

1
= 0.
x 2x2
lim

lim

x0+

ex 1
x

(LHpital)

lim ex = 1 ,

x0+

an
eln n/n 1
= lim
= 1.
n bn
n ln n/n2
P ln n
lim

(i)

P 
n=1

n1/n

 n=1 n
1 .

2.

y 00 +

2x 0
1
y +
y=0
2
1+x
(1 + x2 )2

(2.19)

307

2.8. 20078
x = tan t .

(1,5 .)

. x = tan t t = arctan x.

y0 =

dy
dy dt
dy
1
dy
=

=
cos2 t
dx
dt dx
dt dx/dt
dt

y 00 =

 
d dy
d2 y
=
dx2
dx dx
 
dt
d dy

=
dt dx
dx


d dy
1
2
=
cos t
dt dt
dx/dt
  

dy
d dy
d2 y
dy
2
cos t
=
sin 2t cos2 t = 2 cos4 t
sin 2t cos2 t .
dt dt
dt
dt
dt

1 + x2 = 1 + tan2 t = cos12 t ,

d2 y
dy
dy
cos4 t
sin 2t cos2 t + 2 tan t cos2 t
cos2 t + y cos4 t = 0
2
dt
dt
dt

d2 y
+ y = 0.
dt2

(2.20)

(2.20) : r 2 + 1 = 0 r1,2 = i. ,
(2.20)

y (t) = c1 cos t + c2 sin t ,

c1 , c2 R .

1
1
cos t =
=
2
1 + x2
1 + tan t

sin t =

tan t
1+

tan2 t

x
,
1 + x2

(2.19)

c1 + c2 x
y (x) =
,
1 + x2

3.

c1 , c2 R .

() [0, 1],

lim

n1
X
k=0

k2

1
.
2kn + 2n2
(1,3 .)

308

2.
() ,

Z
lim

a0 0

1 + a4 x3
dx .
3 + x2
(1,2 .)

.
()
n1
X

n1

k=0

n1

1X
1X
1
1
q
=
=
f
n
n
2
k 2 2kn + 2n2
(k/n) 2k/n + 2
k=0
k=0

f (x) =

1
.
x2 2x+2

 
k
,
n

, Riemann

n1
X

lim
=
2
n
k 2kn + 2n2
k=0

dx =
2
x 2x + 2

Z
0

1
q
dx .
(x 1)2 + 1

lim

n1
X
k=0

1
=
2
k 2kn + 2n2

1
p
dx
(x 1)2 + 1

dt
( t = x 1)
2
t +1
1
t=0

p

= ln t + t2 + 1 
=

t=1

= ln(1 + 2) = ln(1 + 2) .
() 1 . f (x) =

1 + a4 x3 g(x) =

1
3+x2

[0, 3],

Z
0

Z 3
p
1 + a4 x3
1
43

dx
=
1
+
a
dx
2
2
3 + x2
0 ( 3) + x


p
1
x x=3
4
3
= 1 + a arctan 
3
3 x=0
p

1
p
= 1 + a4 3 arctan 3 =
1 + a4 3 ,
3
3 3

309

2.8. 20078
, 0 3. lima0
3

lim

a0 0

p
1 + a4 3 = 1,

1 + a4 x3

dx = .
2
3+x
3 3

2 .

 Z
Z
Z 3

 3 1 + a4 x3
3
1
1 + a4 x3 1


dx

dx
=
dx


2

 0
3 + x2
3 + x2
0 3+x
0
Z 3
p
1
4
( 1 + 27a 1)
dx 0 .
a0
3
+
x2
0

lim

a0 0

4.

1 + a4 x3
dx =
3 + x2

dx = .
3 + x2
3 3

() f [0, )


p
x2 + 1 x dx

p

x2

1
+ 1 x dx =
2


1

1
1+ 2
u


f (u) du .
(0,8 .)

() n N

Z
In =

p

x2 + 1 x

n

dx

() .

(1,7 .)

() u =

x2 + 1 x, x 0, x = u 2u1

dx
du

= u2u+1
2 .

x = 0 u = 1
p
lim ( x2 + 1 x) = lim

x2

1
= 0.
+1+x

Z
0

Z
p
2
f ( x + 1 x) dx =
1

u2 + 1
1
f (u)
du =
2
2u
2

(1 +
0

1
)f (u) du .
u2

310

2.
()

Z
0

Z 1 p
Z p
p
n
n
2
2
( x + 1 x) dx =
( x + 1 x) dx +
( x2 + 1 x)n dx ,
|0
{z
} |1
{z
}
J1

J2

J1 ,
J2 .


n
x
( x2 + 1 x)n
= lim
= lim
lim
x
x
x
1/xn
x2 + 1 + x
R

1
xn

1
p
1 + 1/x2 + 1

!n
=

1
2n

dx n

2. , J2
n 2. , In
n 2.
In , n 2, () f (x) = xn

1
In =
2

Z
0

1

1
1+ 2
u

1
u du =
2
n

(un + un2 ) du

u=1
1 un+1
un1 
+
2 n + 1 n 1 u=0


1
1
1
n
=
+
= 2
.
2 n+1 n1
n 1


5.

n2 xn .

n=1

X
n2
.
3n/2
n=1

(1,5 .)
. an = n2 ,




2
 an+1 
n
+
1
 = lim
lim 
= 1.
n  an 
n
n

311

2.8. 20078
, R = 1.

1
1x
=

n=0 x

n,

|x| < 1,

X
1
=
nxn1
(1 x)2
n=1

X
2
=
n(n 1)xn2 ,
(1 x)3

|x| < 1 .

n=2

n2 xn =

n=1

X
n=1

[n (n 1) + n] xn
n (n 1) xn +

n=1

= x2

X
n=1

n (n 1) xn2 + x

n=2

= x2

nxn

nxn1

n=1

2
1
x2 + x
+
x
=
,
(1 x)3
(1 x)2
(1 x)3

|x| < 1 .

. x = 1/ 3

X
1/3 + 1/ 3
n2
3+ 3
=

3 =

3 12, 0622 .
3n/2
1 1/ 3
31
n=1

1 , 2008
1.

()


ln

n=1

2n + 1
2n + 3


.
(1 .)

()

X
nln n
.
(ln n)n

n=2

(1 .)

312

2.
() (an ) .

an
n=1 n

2
n=1 an

, -

.
(1 .)

.
() 1 .
N
X


ln

n=1

2n + 1
2n + 3

 
 
 


3
5
7
2N + 1
+ ln
+ ln
+ + ln
5
7
9
2N + 3




3 5 7
3
2N + 1
= ln
= ln
.

5 7 9
2N + 3
2N + 3 N
= ln


ln

n=1

2n + 1
2n + 3


= ,

.
2 .


ln

2n + 1
2n + 3

2
= ln 1
2n + 3


.

lim

x0+

ln (1 x)
x


ln 1
lim

2
n=1 2n+3

lim

x0+

2
2n+3

1
= 1,
1x


= 1.

2
2n+3

(LHpital)

= ,







X
X
2n + 1
2n + 1
ln
=
ln
= .
2n + 3
2n + 3
n=1

n=1

() an = nln n / (ln n) , n 2. an > 0,

n 2

nln n/n
eln n/n
an =
=
.
ln n
ln n

ln2 n
ln2 x
= lim
n n
x x
lim

(LHpital)

ln x
x x

2 lim

(LHpital)

1
= 0,
x x

2 lim

313

2.8. 20078

lim eln

n/n

= 1.

lim

eln n/n
=0<1
n ln n

an = lim

( Cauchy) .
2

() (|an | 1/n) 0

a 
1
 n
2   a2n + 2 , n 1.
n
n


P 2
P
2

n=1 an
n=1 1/n


P
. n=1 a2n + 1/n2 . ,
P  
P  
2 n=1  ann  . n=1  ann  ,
P an

n=1 n

2. y = f (x), x (3/2, 5/2),

f 0 (x) =

4x2

1
,
+ 4x + 15

f (1/2) = .
(1,5 .)

f (x) f (1/2) =
1/2

1
dt f (x) =
2
4t + 4t + 15

1/2

4t2

1
dt + .
+ 4t + 15

1
1

dt =
2
2
4t + 4t + 15

1
q
dt
4 (t 1/2)2

Z
1
1

=
du
( u = t 1/2)
2
2
2 u2
u
1
+c
= arcsin
2
2



1
t 1/2
1
2t 1
= arcsin
+ c = arcsin
+ c.
2
2
2
4

314

2.
,

f (x) =

3.

1
arcsin
2

2x 1
4


+.

() f : [1, ) (0, ) ,
n
X

Z
f (k) f (1)

f (x) dx
1

k=1

n
X

f (k) f (n) ,

n = 1, 2, . . . .

k=1

(1 .)
() ()
n
1 X 1
lim
.
n n2/3
k 1/3
k=1

(1,5 .)
.
() f [k, k + 1], k N, k x k+1
f (k + 1) f (x) f (k)
k+1

Z
f (k + 1)

f (x) dx f (k) .
k

n 2, k = 1, 2, . . . , n 1
n1
X

Z
f (k + 1)

f (x) dx + +

f (x) dx +
1

k=1

Z
2

f (x) dx
n1

n1
X

f (k)

k=1

n
X

f (x) dx
1

k=2

n
X
k=1

f (k)

Z
f (k) f (1)

f (k) .

k=1
n

f (x) dx
1

n1
X

n
X

f (k) f (n) .

k=1

() f (x) = 1/x1/3 [1, ),

()

Z n
n
n
X
X
1
1
1
1

dx

.
1/3
1/3
1/3
1/3
k
x
k
n
1
k=1
k=1

315

2.8. 20078

Z
1

1
x1/3



3 2/3 x=n 3  2/3
dx = x 
=
n 1 ,
2
2
x=1

n
n
 X
X
3  2/3
1
1
1

2
k 1/3
k 1/3 n1/3
k=1
k=1

n


X
3  2/3
1
3  2/3
1

n 1 + 1/3
n 1 + 1.
2
2
n
k 1/3
k=1

,
n
1
1 X 1
3 1 1
3 3 1

.
2/3
2/3
1/3
2 2n
n
2 2 n2/3
n
k
k=1


lim

1
3 3 1
+

2/3
2 2n
n


= lim

3 1 1

2 2 n2/3


=

3
,
2

(
)
n
1 X 1
3
lim
= .
1/3
n n2/3
2
k
k=1

4.

Z
1

x
dx
(x + 1)2

(1,5 .)

lim

x/ (x + 1)2
x2
1
=
lim
= lim
=1
2
3/2
x (x + 1)
x (1 + 1/x)2
1/x
R

1/x3/2 dx , -

316

2.

R 


x/ (x + 1)2 dx .

0
1
x
dx
x+1

Z
1
x
1

=
+
dx
( )
x+1 2
x (x + 1)

x
1
=
+
dt
( t = x x = t2 )
2
x+1
t +1

x
=
+ arctan t + c
x+1

x
=
+ arctan x + c .
x+1

x
dx =
(x + 1)2

Z
1

5.

x
dx = lim
R
(x + 1)2

x
2 dx
1 (x + 1)
! 

R
1
= lim
+ arctan R + arctan 1
R
R+1
2

1
1
+ lim arctan R + arctan 1
= lim
R
R
2
R + 1/ R
1
1
= + = + .
2 2 4
2 4

() , y =

ln (1 2x) Maclaurin.

(0,7 .)

()

X
2n xn+2
.
n (n + 2)

n=1

X
n=1

1
.
n (n + 2) 2n
(2,3 .)

317

2.8. 20078

n
n=0 t ,

() 1/ (1 t) =

|t| < 1. , |x| < 1

Z x

X
X
X
1
xn+1
xn
dt =
tn dt =
=
.
1t
n+1
n
0

ln (1 x) =
0

n=0

ln (1 2x) =

X
(2x)n

n=1

n=0

X
2n xn
n=1

n=1

|x| <

1
.
2

() cn = 2n xn+2 /n (n + 2),



n+1 |x|n+3
 cn+1 
n (n + 2)
2n (n + 2)
 = lim 2

lim 

= lim
|x| = 2 |x| .

n+2
n
n
n
n
cn
(n + 1) (n + 3) 2 |x|
(n + 1) (n + 3)
limn |cn+1 /cn | < 1, |x| < 1/2. , R = 1/2.

f (x) =

X
2n xn+2
,
n (n + 2)

|x| <

n=1

1
.
2

f 0 (x) =

X
2n xn+1

=x

n=1

X
2n xn
n=1

= x ln (1 2x) ,

|x| <

1
2

Z
f (x) =

t ln (1 2t) dt ,
0

|x| <

1
.
2

Z
t ln (1 2t) dt =

x  2 0
t

0
x2

2
x2
=
2
x2
=
2
,

ln (1 2t) dt
Z x
t2
ln (1 2x) +
dt
( )
0 1 2t
Z
Z
1 x
1 x 1
ln (1 2x)
(2t + 1) dt +
dt
4 0
4 0 1 2t

1
1 2
ln (1 2x)
x + x ln (1 2x) .
4
8
2

X

1


2n xn+2
1 2
=
x +x +
1 4x2 ln (1 2x) ,
n (n + 2)
4
8

n=1

. x = 1/4

X
n=1

2n
1 X
1
=
.
n (n + 2) 4n+2
16
n (n + 2) 2n
n=1

|x| <

1
.
2

318

2.
,

X
n=1



 

 
1
1
1
1
5 3
1 1
1
+
1 4 2 ln 1 2
= ln 2 .
= 16
+
n
2
n (n + 2) 2
4 4
4
8
4
4
4 2

319

2.9. 20067

2.9

20067


10 , 2007

1.

() an =

nr xn ,



 an+1 
r R |x| < 1. limn  an 

limn an .

(0,7 .)

() fn (x) = xn (1 x), gn (x) = n2 xn (1 x)

[0, 1]. bn = max fn (x) cn = max gn (x).
0x1

0x1

limn bn = 0

n 0

lim fn (x) dx ,

fn (x) dx =

lim

0 n

limn cn =

lim

n 0

Z
gn (x) dx 6=

lim gn (x) dx .

0 n

(1,8 .)
.
()





 an+1 
1 r
(n + 1)r |x|n+1


lim
= lim 1 +
|x| = |x| < 1 .
= lim
n  an 
n
n
nr |x|n
n
P
n=1 an limn an = 0.
n
() fn0 (x) = xn1 (n (n + 1)x) (0, 1) x = n+1
.

fn (0) = fn (1) = 0,

bn = max fn (x) = fn
0x1

n
n+1


=

n
n+1

n 
1

n
n+1


=

1
1


.
1 n n+1
1+ n

cn = max gn (x) =
0x1

1
n2

.
n
n+1
1 + n1

lim bn = lim

1
1
1

lim
= 0=0
1 n n n + 1
e
1+ n

320

2.

n2
1
1

lim
= = .
1 n n n + 1
e
1+ n

lim cn = lim

(), |x| < 1 limn xn = limn n2 xn = 0. ,

x [0, 1] limn fn (x) = limn gn (x) = 0.

Z 1
Z 1


lim
fn (x) dx = lim
xn xn+1 dx
n 0
n 0


1
1
= lim

n n + 1
n+2
Z 1
lim fn (x) dx ,
=0=
0 n

Z
lim

n 0

(xn xn+1 ) dx
0

1
1
2
= lim n

n
n+1 n+2
n2
= lim
n (n + 1)(n + 2)
Z 1
= 1 6= 0 =
lim gn (x) dx .

gn (x) dx = lim n

0 n

2.

()

X
nn
,
an2
n=1

a R, a 6= 0 .
(1 .)

()

n tan

n=1

1
+
4 n


,

a R.
(1 .)

.
2
() an = nn /an .

p
lim n |an | = lim

s

 n
 n
n
1
n  n 
lim
.
n = lim n
 an2  = n
n
|a|
|a|

321

2.9. 20067

|a| > 1, 1 () limn n(1/|a|)n = 0 < 1. ,

P 

nn /an

. |a| 1, a 6= 0,
n=1
p
limn n |an | = limn n(1/|a|)n = +
P  n n2 
P  n n2 
. ,

n=1 n /a
n=1 n /a

|a| > 1.
() an = na tan (/4 + 1/n), n 2 an > 0. bn = na .

an
= lim tan
lim
n
n bn

1
+
4 n
P


= tan

= 1,

a tan (/4

+ 1/n)
P
P

a
a
a

n=1 (1/n )
n=1 n =
n=1 n . ,
P a
a > 1 a < 1. ,
n=1 n tan (/4 + 1/n)

n=1 n

 

a < 1.

3. f : [0, /2] R ,

/2

f (x) dx = f () , [0, /2] .

0

1
f (x) = 2sin
x ,

!
3 3
0, 7767 .
= arcsin 2
4
(2 .)
. f x0

y0 [0, /2]. f (x0 ) f (x) f (y0 ), x [0, /2]

Z /2
Z /2
Z /2
Z
2 /2
f (x) dx f (y0 ) .
f (x0 ) dx
f (x) dx
f (y0 ) dx f (x0 )
0
0
0
0
Bolzano , [0, /2]

f () =

/2

f (x) dx .
0

x
1
f (x) = 2sin
x , t = tan 2 , x (, ),

x = 2 arctan t,
sin x =

2 tan x2
1 + tan2

x
2

2t
1 + t2

dx =

2
dt .
1 + t2

322

2.
,
/2

Z
0

1
dx =
2 sin x

=
0

Z
=
0

2
1
dt
2
2 2t/ (1 + t ) 1 + t2
1
dt
2
t t+1
1
dt
(t 1/2)2 + 3/4

1/2

( u = t 1/2)

2 du
3/2


2u u=1/2
2
= arctan 
3
3 u=1/2


4
1
2
= arctan
= .
3
3
3 3
1/2

2
f () =

/2

u2 +

1
1
4
3 3
dx
= sin = 2
2 sin x
2 sin
4
3 3
!
3 3
= arcsin 2
0, 7767 .
4

4. (0, /2), y = y (x)

y 00 + 2y 0 cos + y = 0
R

0 y (x) dx .

(1,5 .)

. : r 2 + 2r cos + 1 = 0

r1,2 = cos

p
p
cos2 1 = cos sin2 = cos i sin .

y (x) = (c1 cos (x sin ) + c2 sin (x sin )) ex cos ,

c1 , c2 R .

y(x)2 = (c1 cos (x sin ) + c2 sin (x sin ))2 e2x cos (|c1 | + |c2 |)2 e2x cos

323

2.9. 20067

2x cos

dx = lim

R 0

e2x cos dx

x=R
1

lim e2x cos 
2 cos R
x=0


1
1
2R cos
=
lim e
1 =
2 cos R
2 cos

(cos > 0)

R
0

y(x)2 dx

.
5.

dt

,
t t+1

x > 0,

(1,5 .)

. t > 0

1
1
1
< = 3/2
0<
t
t t+1
t t


R
x 1/t3/2 dt ,


R

x 1/t t + 1 dt .
Z
Z

dt
2udu

=
( u = t + 1 t = u2 1)
2
t t+1
x
x+1 u (u 1)

Z 
1
1

du
=
u+1
x+1 u 1


u 1 
= ln
u + 1 x+1




u1
x+11
= lim ln
ln
u
u+1
x+1+1




x+11
x+1+1
= ln 1 ln
= ln
.
x+1+1
x+11

6.

()

X
1 3n
x .
n3n

n=1

(1 .)

324

2.
() , Maclaurin

f (x) = 1/ 1 x3

1/2

1 3 13 6 135 9
3x +
6x +
9x + ,
2
24
246

|x| < 1 .
(1,5 .)

.
() cn = (1/n3n ) x3n ,

lim

p
|x|3
|x|3
n
|cn | = lim
.
=
n 3 n n
3

n
|cn | < 1, |x|3 < 3 |x| < 3 3.

3
, R = 3.

P
3
(i) x = 3 n=1 (1/n). .

P
3
n
(ii) x = 3
n=1 ((1) /n).

limn

Leibniz .


3

, I = 3,

3
3 .

()

(1 + t)a = 1 +

X
a (a 1) (a 2) (a n + 1)

n!

n=1

tn ,

|t| < 1 ,

t = x3 a = 1/2

X


21 12 1
3 1/2
=1+
f (x) = 1 x

12 2 12 n + 1
(1)n x3n
n!
n=1

X 1 3 5 2n1
2
2
2
2
=1+
(1)n x3n
n!
=1+

=1+

n=1

X
n=1

n=1

(1)n

1 3 5 (2n 1)
(1)n x3n
2n n!

1 3 5 (2n 1) 3n
x
2 4 6 (2n)

1
13 6 135 9
= 1 + x3 +
x +
x + ,
2
24
246

|x| < 1 .

3/2 1 2 1 3 5 1 3 5 8
3
f 0 (x) = x2 1 x3
= 3x +
6x +
9x + ,
2
2
24
246

|x| < 1

325

2.9. 20067

3x3
2 (1

x3 )3/2

1
13 6 135 9
= 3x3 +
6x +
9x + ,
2
24
246

|x| < 1 .

8 , 2007
1.

()




X
1
n+1
ln
.
n1
n
n=2
. ln (1 + x) < x, x > 0.

(1 .)

() a, a < 0,

X
(ln n)a
n=2

(1 .)

.
() n 2


ln

n+1
n1


= ln

(n 1) + 2
n1


= ln 1 +

2
n1


<

2
n1

1
0 < ln
n

n+1
n1


<

2
.
n (n 1)

(2.21)

2/ n (n 1)
2n3/2

lim
=
lim
=2
n
n
n (n 1)
1/n3/2


P
3/2 .

n=2 1/n
P

n=2 (2/ n (n 1)) . , (2.21)


P
n+1
n=2 1n ln n1
.

326

2.
() 1 . an =

(ln n)a
n ,

a < 0, n 2, .

2n a2n =

2n

X
(ln 2n )a
= (ln 2)a
na .
n
2

n=1
n=1
P a
P
a
,
n=1 n =
n=1 (1/n )
P
(ln n)a
a < 1. ,

n=2
n

n=1

a > 1
a < 1.

2 . [2, ) f (x) =

(ln x)a
x ,

a < 0,

Z
2

(ln x)a
dx =
x

(ln x)a
x

dx .

Zln2

=
ln 2

ta dt

( t = ln x)

1
dt
ta

a > 1 a < 1.

2.

n (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + n)
.
nn

limn n an :
an =

() limn n+1
an limn

n=1 an .

an .
(1 .)

() [0, 1] limn ln

an limn

n a .
n
(1,5 .)

.
()

an+1
(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) (2n + 2)
nn
=

an
(n + 1)n+1
n(n + 1)(n + 2) (n + n)
n
(2n + 1)(2n + 2) n
=

(n + 1)n+1
n
(2n + 1)(2n + 2)
nn
(2n + 1)(2n + 2)
1
=

.
n
n(n + 1)
(n + 1)
n(n + 1)
(1 + 1/n)n

327

2.9. 20067

n a = 4/e. 4/e >

n
P
1, ( ) n=1 an .
limn (an+1 /an ) = 4/e. limn

()

ln

1
{ln n + ln (n + 1) + ln (n + 2) + + ln (n + n) n ln n}
n
1
1
= ln n + {[ln (n + 1) ln n] + [ln (n + 2) ln n] + + [ln (n + n) ln n]}
n
n 






1
2
n
1
n
= ln n +
ln 1 +
+ ln 1 +
+ + ln 1 +
n
n
n
n


n

1X
k
= ln n n +
ln 1 +
n
n

an =

k=1

lim ln

an = lim ln
n



n
1X
k
ln 1 +
n n
n

n + lim

k=1

ln (1 + x) dx
Z 1
x
x=1
= x ln (1 + x)|x=0
dx
0 1+x
Z 1
(1 + x) 1
= ln 2
dx
1+x
0
Z 1
Z 1
1
= ln 2
dx +
dx
0
0 1+x
= ln 1 +

( )

= ln 2 1 + ln (1 + x)|x=1
x=0
= ln 2 1 + ln 2 = ln 4 1 .

lim

3.

an = eln 41 =

4
.
e

() f : I R a, b

I R, a < b. f . , t [0, 1]

f ((1 t) a + tb) (1 t) f (a) + tf (b) .

(2.22)

328

2.

1
ba

f (x) dx
a

f (a) + f (b)
.
2

(2.23)

(1 .)
() y = ln x [n, n + 1], n = 1, 2, 3, . . .,

r


1 n
n
1+

e.
n
n+1
(1 .)

() [0, 1]

f ((1 t) a + tb) dt =
0

1
ba

f (x) dx

( x = (1 t) a + tb)

[(1 t) f (a) + tf (b)] dt = f (a)

0

Z
(1 t) dt + f (b)

t dt =
0

f (a) + f (b)
.
2

, (2.22) (2.23).
() (2.23), f (x) = ln x, a = n b = n + 1

n+1

ln x dx
n

p
ln n + ln (n + 1)
= ln n (n + 1) .
2

n+1

n+1

x (ln x)0 dx
( )
n
Z n+1
= (n + 1) ln (n + 1) n ln n
dx

ln x dx =

x ln x|x=n+1
x=n

= n (ln (n + 1) ln n) + ln (n + 1) 1


n+1
+ ln (n + 1) 1
= n ln
n


1 n
= ln 1 +
+ ln (n + 1) 1 ,
n

329

2.9. 20067



p
1 n
ln 1 +
+ ln (n + 1) 1 ln n (n + 1)
n


p
1 n
ln 1 +
ln n (n + 1) ln (n + 1) + 1
n
p


n (n + 1)
1 n
ln 1 +
ln
+ ln e
n
n+1

r


n
1 n
ln
e .
ln 1 +
n
n+1
,

r


1 n
n
1+

e.
n
n+1

4.

()

x2 y 00 + xy 0 + 4y = 0 ,

x 1,

x = et . (1,5 .)
() a, a > 1,

x2 y 00 + xy 0 + 4y = 0 ,

1 x a,

y (1) = y (a) = 0 ,

(0,5 .)

.
() x > 0 x = et t = ln x.

y0 =

dy dt
dy
1
dy 1
dy
dy
=

=
t = et
dx
dt dx
dt dx/dt
dt e
dt

 




d
d
dt
d2 y
d dy
t dy
t dy
y = 2 =
=
e
=
e

dx
dx dx
dx
dt
dt
dt
dx




2
2
d y
dy
1
d y
dy
1
d2 y
dy
= et 2 et

= et 2 et
t = e2t 2 e2t .
dt
dt
dx/dt
dt
dt
e
dt
dt
00

330

2.





dy
dy
d2 y
+ et et
+ 4y = 0
e2t e2t 2 e2t
dt
dt
dt

d2 y
+ 4y = 0 .
dt2

(2.24)

(2.24) : r 2 + 4 = 0 r1,2 = 2i. ,

(2.24)

y (t) = c1 cos 2t + c2 sin 2t ,

c1 , c2 R .

y (x) = c1 cos (2 ln x) + c2 sin (2 ln x) ,

c1 , c2 R .

() y (1) = 0 c1 = 0 y (a) = 0
c2

sin (2 ln a) = 0 2 ln a = n a = en/2 ,
n .

5.

Rx

() 0 sin

t dt, x 0.

(0,8 .)

() an = (2n + 1/2) 2 bn = 4n2 2 , n N.

an

Z
lim

n 0

RR

limR 0 sin

sin t dt

Z
lim

n 0

bn

sin t dt .

t dt; .

(0,7 .)

.
()

sin t dt = 2
0

u sin u du

( u =

= 2

u= x
u cos u|u=0

t t = u2 , dt = 2udu)

+2

cos u du
0

= 2 x cos x + 2 sin x .

( )

331

2.9. 20067
() limn an = limn bn =

an

lim

n 0

 






sin t dt = lim 2 2n +
cos 2n +
+ 2 sin 2n +
= 2,
n
2
2
2

Z
lim

n 0

bn

sin t dt = lim (4n cos 2n + 2 sin 2n) = lim (4n) = .

n

Z
lim

n 0

RR

limR 0 sin

an

sin t dt 6= lim

n 0

bn

sin t dt ,

t dt .

6.

cos x

dx .
3
x
(1,5 .)

Z
0

cos x

dx =
3
x

Z
|0

Z
cos x
cos x

dx +
dx ,
3
3
x
x
1
{z
} |
{z
}
I1

I2

I1 I2 .



 cos x 
  1
 3x 
3
x

(1/ 3 x) dx .
R1

0 |cos x/ 3 x| dx .

R1
0

I1 .
I2 .

Z
1


Z
Z
cos x
sin x R
1 R sin x
sin R
1 R sin x

dx
=
+
dx
=

sin
1
+
dx .
3
3
3
3 1 x4/3
x
x x=1 3 1 x4/3
R



 sin R 
  1 0 ,
3
 3R 
R R

sin R
lim
= 0.
R 3 R

332

2.

Z
I2 =
1

cos x

dx = lim
3
R
x

Z
1

cos x
1

dx = sin 1 +
3
3
x

Z
|1

sin x
dx .
x4/3
{z
}
I3

I3 .



 sin x 
1


 x4/3  x4/3
R

1
dx ,
1 x4/3



x
1  sin
 dx . x4/3

I3 I2 . ,

R
0

7.

cos
x

3x

dx .

()

X
3n
n=1

x3n+1 .
(1 .)

()

1+

x2 x4 x6
+
+
+ .
3
5
7

f (x) = 1 +

x2 x4 x6
+
+
+
3
5
7


f

2x
1 + x2

= 1 + x2 f (x) .
(1,5 .)

.
() cn = (3n /n) x3n+1 ,



n+1 |x|3n+4
 cn+1 
n
n
 = lim 3

3 |x|3 = 3 |x|3 .
lim 
= lim

3n+1
n
n
n
n
cn
n+1
n
+
1
3 |x|
3

limn |cn+1 /cn | < 1, |x| < 1/3 |x| <

1/ 3 3. , R = 1/ 3 3.

333

2.9. 20067

P
3

n=1 1/n. .

P
3
n+1
(ii) x = 1/ 3 1/ 3
/n. n=1 (1)

(i) x = 1/ 3 1/ 3

Leibniz .

3

I = 1/ 3, 1/ 3 .
()

n=0 x

2n / (2n

+ 1). cn = x2n / (2n + 1),



2n+2
 cn+1 
2n + 1 2
2n + 1
 = lim x
lim 
= lim

x = x2 .

n
n 2n + 3
n 2n + 3
cn
x2n
limn |cn+1 /cn | < 1, x2 < 1 |x| < 1.
R = 1.

xf (x) = x+

x3 x5 x7
+ + + ,
3
5
7

(xf (x))0 = 1+x2 +x4 +x6 + ,

|x| < 1 .

(xf (x)) = 1/ 1 x2 , |x| < 1. ,

Z
xf (x) =
0

1
1
dt =
1 t2
2

x

Z
0

1
1
+
1t 1+t


dt =

1
ln
2




1 + t t=x 1
1+x
=
ln
.
1 t t=0
2
1x

f (x) =

1
2x

ln

1+x
1x

|x| < 1, x 6= 0
x = 0 .


f

2x
1 + x2

= (1 + x2 )f (x) .

334

2.

2.10

20045


31 , 2005

1.

ln n
n=1 n

n=1 (n

1/n

1).
(1,5 .)

.
ln n/n

(i) 1 . limn 1/n = limn ln n = .

1
n=1 n

= ,
P ln n

ln n
n=1 n

= ,

n=1 n

x
0, x e. f
2 . f (x) = lnxx , f 0 (x) = 1ln
x2

x e. an = lnnn , n 3 (an )
an > 0.

n=1 2

2 a2n =

n=1

X
n=1

n=1 an

na

2n

ln 2n
2n n
2

ln n
n=1 n

n=1 an

. ,

= ln 2

n=

n=1

= , .

. f x e, . ,

Z
e

ln x
dx = lim
R
x

Z
e

ln x
dx
x

ln R

= lim

R 1

t dt

( t = ln x)

(ln R)2 1
= ,
R
2
2

= lim

ln n
n=1 n

= .

(ii) ex x + 1, x R
1

nn 1 = e

ln n
n

ln n
,
n

n N .

335

2.10. 20045

ln n
n=1 n

= ,


P
n=1 n1/n 1 .

n=1

n1/n 1 = ,

. an = lnnn bn = n1/n 1, an , bn > 0, n 2.

limn abnn = 1,
.

n sin x dx,
2. sin x 2x
, x 0, 2 . In := 0 e

R /2

In = 2 0

en sin x dx limn na In = 0, a < 1.

(1,5 .)

2
0
00
. f (x) = sin x 2x
, f (x) = cos x f (x) = sin x 0,

x [0, /2]. f [0, /2], f (0) = f (/2) = 0.

f (x) 0, x [0, /2] sin x

2x

x [0, /2]. ,

y = 2x
(0, 0), (/2, 1) y = sin x
[0, /2]. sin x 2x
x [0, /2].

/2

In =

en sin x dx +

en sin x dx

/2

=
=

/2

n sin x

/2
0

en sin x dx
en sin(t) dt

/2
Z /2

dx +

n sin t

( x = t))

/2

dt = 2

en sin x dx .

0 < n In = 2n

/2

en sin x dx

2n

/2

e2nx/ dx

x=/2

= na1 e2nx/ 
x=0

a1

= n
limn na In = 0.

1e

0 .
n

336
3.

2.

R x3

() f (x) = 0 et dt,
1

ex dx = 1 e .

x f (x) dx 2

(1 .)
()

xy 0 =

p
x3 2 ,

2.

(1,5 .)
.

R1 2
6
6
() f 0 (x) = (x3 )0 ex = 3x2 ex , f (0) = 0 f (1) = 0 et dt,

Z
6

1
2

0
x3 f (x) dx
0
Z 1
1
3

= 2x f (x) 0 2
x3 f 0 (x) dx
( )
0
Z 1
Z 1
2
6
=2
et dt 6
x5 ex dx
0
0
Z 1
Z 1
1
2
2
x
x6 
=2
e dx e  = 2
ex dx e + 1

x f (x) dx = 2
0

Z
6

x2 f (x) dx 2

ex dx = 1 e .

()

y =

x3 2
,
x

2,

Z
y=

x3 2
dx + C ,
x

C R.

337

2.10. 20045
u =

x3 2, x = u2 + 2
Z

1/3

dx = 2u/3 u2 + 2

2/3 

du.

Z
x3 2
2
u2
dx =
du
2
x
3
u +2


Z
u2 + 2 2
2
=
du
3
u2 + 2
Z
Z
4
1
2

du
du
=
3
3
u2 + ( 2)2


2u
4
u
=
arctan
3
3 2
2
!
r

x3 2
2 x3 2 2 2
.
=

arctan
3
3
2

!
r

x3 2
2 x3 2 2 2
y=

arctan
+C,
3
3
2

4.

C R.

()

x3/2 cos x3 dx .

(1,5 .)

() (p) :=

ex xp1 dx, p > 0, .

(p + 1) = p (p) .
R

0 ex dx =

/2, (1/2) (5/2).

(1,3 .)

.
()

Z
0

x3/2 cos x3 dx =

Z
|0

Z




x3/2 cos x3 dx +
x3/2 cos x3 dx ,
{z
} |1
{z
}
I1

I2

338

2.

R1

I1 = 0 x3/2 cos x3

dx .

I2 .

x3/2 cos x

3

!0
sin x3
1

dx =
dx
3
x
1

x=R

Z 


sin x3 
1 0
1 R


sin x3 dx
=

3 1
3 x 
x
R

x=1

( )

3

sin R

=
3 R

sin 1 1
+

3
6

sin x3
dx
x3/2

3/2

cos x

!
Z
sin R3
sin 1 1 R sin x3

dx = lim

+
dx
R
3
6 1
x3/2
3 R


Z
sin 1 1 sin x3
+
=
dx .
3
6 1
x3/2





 sin R3

sin R3
1



= 0.
 0 lim


R
R 
R R
R


sin x3 /x3/2  1/x3/2

1
dx
x3/2



3 
 sin(x )  dx
 x3/2 
R

. 1

sin(x3 )
x3/2

I2 .

Z
0

x3/2 cos(x3 ) dx

dx

339

2.10. 20045
()

ex xp1 dx
Z R
ex (xp )0 dx
= lim
R 0

Z
x=R
= lim ex xp 

p (p) = p




x 0 p
e
x
dx
x=0
R
0


Z R
ex xp dx
= lim eR Rp +
R
0
Z
ex xp dx
(limR eR Rp = limR
=
0

Rp (LHpital)
=
eR

0)

= (p + 1) .
p = 1/2

Z
(1/2) =

x 1/2

dx = 2

et dt =

( x = t2 )

(5/2) = (3/2) (3/2) = (3/2) (1/2) (1/2) = 3 /4.

5.

()

X
(x 2)3n
n=1

3n n4

.
(1,3 .)

()

X
3n + 2
n=0

n!

xn .
(1,2 .)

3n

() cn = (x 2)

lim

/3n n4 ,

p
|x 2|3
1
|x 2|3
n
lim
=
.
|cn | =
n
n
3
3
n4

n
|cn | < 1, |x2|3 < 3 |x2| < 3 3.

3
R = 3.

limn

340

2.

P
1
3,
n=1 n4 .

P
3
(ii) x2 = 3, n=1 (1)n n14

(i) x 2 =

Leibniz .

, I = 2

3, 2 +


3
3 .

() an = (3n + 2)/n!,

3n + 5
n!
3n + 5
an+1
= lim

= lim
=0
n (n + 1)! 3n + 2
n (n + 1)(3n + 2)
n an
lim

R = ,

P
x R. ex = n=0 xn /n! , x R,

X
3n + 2
n=0

n!

xn = 3

X
X
n n
xn
x +2
n!
n!

n=0

n=0

n n1
= 3x
x
+ 2ex
n!
n=1
!0

X
xn
= 3x
+ 2ex
n!
n=0

= 3x (ex )0 + 2ex = 3xex + 2ex .

29 , 2005
1.

() (an ) an+1 =

n=1 (2

2 + an , a1 >

an ).

2.
(1,5 .)

()

n2 1

n=1

(1 .)
.

341

2.10. 20045
() an >

2, n N. , a1 >
an+1 =

2 an >

2,

2 + an > 2 + 2 > 2 .

bn = 2 an ,

 bn+1   2 an+1   2 2 + an 
|2 an |
1
=
=


 bn   2 an   2 an  = 2 + 2 + a
|2 a | < 2 + 2 .
n
n



 bn+1 
1


< 1,
lim 

bn
2+ 2
( DAlembert)
.
. an0 = 2, n0 N, an = 2 n n0 .

n=1 (2

an ) n n0

.
() 1 . n N

n2 1 n 1

0 < e

n2 1

, limn

n=1

2
e n 1

en = e1 < 1.

e(n1) .

n=1 e

(n1)

n
n=0 e

. -

2
2 . an = e n 1 bn = 1/n2 ,

ln x
lim
x
x2 1

(LHpital)

1/x

lim
= lim
x x/ x2 1
x

x2 1
= 0,
x2

an
2
2
2
2
= lim n2 e n 1 = lim e2 ln n n 1 = lim e n 1(2 ln n/ n 11) = 0 .
n bn
n
n
n

lim

n=1 e

n2 1

n=1

1/n2 ,

342
2.

2.
() :

y 00 +

2 0
y +y =0
x

(2.25)

u = xy
I .

(1 .)

()

y0 =

y
.
1 + ex
(1,5 .)

.
()

dy
du
=y+x
dx
dx

d2 u
dy
d2 y
=
2
+
x
.
dx2
dx
dx2

d2 u
+ u = 0.
dx2

(2.26)

(2.26) : r 2 + 1 = 0 r1,2 = i. ,
(2.26)

u (x) = c1 cos x + c2 sin x ,

c1 , c2 R .

, (2.25) I

y (x) =

1
(c1 cos x + c2 sin x) ,
x

c1 , c2 R .

()

1
1
dy =
dx ,
y
1 + ex

1
dy =
y

Z
ln |y| =

1
dx .
1 + ex

1
dx .
1 + ex

343

2.10. 20045
t =

1 + ex x = ln t2 1 , dx/dt =

2t/ t2 1
Z

2
dt
1
Z
Z
1
1
=
dt +
dt
t+1
t1




t1
1 + ex 1
+ C = ln
+C.
= ln
t+1
1 + ex + 1

ln |y| =

t2

1 + ex 1
y = C
,
1 + ex + 1

x arctan x

3.

(1 + x2 )2

C R.

dx.

() .

(0,8 .)

() arctan x + arctan(1/x) = /2, x > 0.

(0,5 .)

() .

(1,2 .)

.
()

x arctan x
(1 +

x2 )2

Z
dx =
0

x arctan x
x2 )2

(1 +
{z

Z
dx +

I1

x arctan x
(1 + x2 )2
{z
I2

dx ,
}

I1 .
I2 .

Z
Z
x
1
dx
dx =
dx
2 1 x4
2 1 x3
(1 + x2 )2
1
1


R
1 1/x3 dx ,
R
x
1 x arctan
dx .
(1+x2 )2
R x arctan x
I2 . , 0
dx .
(1+x2 )2
Z

2 dx 2
2
(1 + x )

x arctan x

() x > 0,

(arctan x + arctan(1/x))0 =

1
(1/x)0
1
1
+
=

= 0.
2
2
2
1+x
1+x
1 + x2
1 + (1/x)

344

2.
, arctan x + arctan(1/x) = c, x (0, ). arctan 1 + arctan 1 =

2 arctan 1 = /2 = c, x > 0 arctan x + arctan(1/x) = /2.

()

x arctan x
(1 +

x2 )2

dx =

(1/t) arctan (1/t)


2
1 + (1/t)2

1
t2

dt =
0

t arctan (1/t)
(1 + t2 )2

dt

( t = 1/x)

Z
0

Z

Z
1
x arctan x
x arctan (1/x)
dx =
dx +
dx
2
(1 + x2 )2
(1 + x2 )2
(1 + x2 )2
0
0
Z
1 x (arctan x + arctan (1/x))
=
dx
2 0
(1 + x2 )2
Z

x=R
x

2 1 
=
= .
dx = lim 1 + x

R
4 0 (1 + x2 )2
8
8
x=0

x arctan x

.
.

4.

() , y = 1/ (1 + ta ),

a > 0,
Z

X (1)n
1
dt
=
.
1 + ta
na + 1
n=0

.
()

n=0 (n

(1)n
n=0 n+3 .

+ 1) 3n .

() 1/ (1 + x) =

n n
n=0 (1) x ,

|x| < 1,

X
1
=
(1)n tna ,
1 + ta
n=0

|t| < 1 .

(1,5 .)
(1 .)

345

2.10. 20045
, |x| < 1

Z
0

1
dt =
1 + ta
=
=

xX

(1)n tna dt

0 n=0

tna dt

(1)

n=0

t=x

na+1
X
tna+1 
n x
(1)
.
=
(1)
na + 1 t=0
na + 1
n

n=0

n=0

n
n=0 (1) /(na

1
dt = lim
1 + ta
x1

+ 1) ,

X (1)n
1
dt
=
.
1 + ta
na + 1
n=0

a = 1/3, u = 1 + t1/3 t = (u 1)3

1

Z
0

3(u 1)2
du
u
1

Z 2
1
du
=3
u2+
u
1
 2
u=2

u
=3
2u + ln u 
2
u=1


1
= 3 + ln 2 .
2

1
dt =
1 + t1/3

1 X (1)n
1 1
1
1
=
=
dt = + ln 2 .
1/3
n+3
3
n/3 + 1
3 0 1+t
2
n=0
n=0
P
() 1/ (1 x) = n=0 xn , |x| < 1. , |x| < 1

X
(1)n

n=1

n=0

X
X
1
=
nxn1 =
(n + 1)xn .
2
(1 x)
x = 1/3

(n + 1)3n =

n=0

1
9
= .
2
(1 1/3)
4

346

2.

2.11

20034


1 , 2004

1. ()
()

n=1 n

(1+1/n) .

(0,5 .)

(i)


f (x) = ln

1+x
1x

g (x) = ln 1 x2

Maclaurin.

(0,8 .)

(ii)

X
n=0

x2n
.
(n + 1) (2n + 1)
(1,2 .)

.
() an = n(1+1/n) = n1/n /n bn = 1/n,
ln n
an
= lim n1/n = lim e n = e0 = 1 .
n
n
bn
P
P
n=1 1/n = , n=1 n(1+1/n) = , .

lim

()

1
(i) 1t
=

n
n=0 t

1
1+t

n n
n=0 (1) t ,

|t| < 1. ,

|x| < 1
x

Z
ln (1 x) =
0

X
1
dt =
1t

tn dt =

n=0 0

X
X
xn+1
xn
=
n+1
n

n=0

n=1

Z
ln(1 + x) =
0

X
1
dt =
(1)n
1+t
=

n=0

(1)n

n=0

tn dt

X
xn+1
xn
=
(1)n1
.
n+1
n
n=1

347

2.11. 20034
|x| < 1

g(x) = ln(1 x2 ) =

X
x2n+2
n=0

n+1


f (x) = ln

1+x
1x


= ln(1 + x) ln(1 x) = 2

X
x2n+1
.
2n + 1

n=0

2n

x
(ii) cn = (n+1)(2n+1)
,

lim

limn

p
n
|cn | = lim p
n
n

|x|2
(n + 1)(2n + 1)

= |x|2 .

p
n
|cn | < 1 |x| < 1.

R = 1 :

X
n=0

x2n
(n + 1)(2n + 1)

= 2
=

X x2n
x2n

(2n + 1)
n+1

n=0

n=0

2
1 X x2n+2
2
x
(2n + 1) x
n+1
n=0
n=0




1 ln 1+x + 12 ln(1 x2 ) |x| < 1, x 6= 0 ,

x
1x
x

x2n+1

x = 0 .

2. () f : [0, 1] R ,

Z
0

f (x)
1
dx = .
f (x) + f (1 x)
2
(1,2 .)

() y = f (x), x (3, 1),

f 0 (x) =

x
,
3 2x x2

f (1) = 0.
(1,3 .)

348

2.
()

f (x)
dx =
f (x) + f (1 x)

1/2

1/2

=
0

f (x)
dx +
f (x) + f (1 x)

f (x)
dx
f (x) + f (1 x)

1/2
0
1/2

f (x)
dx
f (x) + f (1 x)
f (1 t)
dt
f (1 t) + f (t)

( x = 1 t)

1/2

f (x)
dx +
f (x) + f (1 x)

1/2

f (x) + f (1 x)
dx =
f (x) + f (1 x)

=
0

Z
=
0

1/2

f (1 x)
dx
f (x) + f (1 x)

1/2

dx =
0

1
.
2

()

Z1
x

t
dt
3 2t t2
t
q
dt
4 (t + 1)2

f (t) dt =

f (x) =

=
1

x+1

u1

du
( u = t + 1)
4 u2
0
Z x+1
Z x+1
u
1

=
du
du
2
2
4u
2 u2
0
0
u=x+1
 u u=x+1
p


= 4 u2 
arcsin

2 u=0
u=0


p
x+1
2
.
= 2 3 2x x arcsin
2
Z

3. () f : [0, 1] R

|x t| f (t) dt ,

F (x) :=

x [0, 1] ,

F 00 (x).

(1,2 .)

() :

x2 y 00 3xy 0 + 4y = 0 ,

x > 0,

x = et .
(1,3 .)
.

349

2.11. 20034
()

(x t) f (t) dt
(x t) f (t) dt
x
0
Z 1
Z 1
Z x
Z x
tf (t) dt
f (t) dt +
tf (t) dt x
f (t) dt
=x
x
x
0
0
Z x
Z x
Z x
Z x
=x
f (t) dt
tf (t) dt + x
f (t) dt
tf (t) dt ,

F (x) =

f (t) dt + xf (x) xf (x) +

Z x
Z0 x
f (t) dt .
f (t) dt +
=

f (t) dt + xf (x) xf (x)

F (x) =

, F 00 (x) = f (x) + f (x) = 2f (x).

() x > 0 x = et t = ln x.

y0 =

dy
dy dt
dy 1
dy 1
dy
=
=
=
= et
t
dx
dt dx
dt dx/dt
dt e
dt

 




d dy
d
d
dt
d2 y
t dy
t dy
=
=
e
=
e
y =
2
dx
dx dx
dx
dt
dt
dt dx




2
2
d y
dy
1
d y
dy 1
d2 y
dy
= et 2 et
= et 2 et
= e2t 2 e2t
.
t
dt
dt dx/dt
dt
dt e
dt
dt
00





2
2t dy
t
t dy
2t d y
e
3e e
+ 4y = 0
e
e
dt2
dt
dt
2t

d2 y
dy
4
+ 4y = 0 .
2
dt
dt

(2.27)

(2.27) : r 2 4r + 4 = 0 r1 = r2 = 2.
, (2.27)

y (t) = c1 e2t + c2 te2t ,

c1 , c2 R .

y (x) = x2 (c1 + c2 ln x) ,

c1 , c2 R .

350

2.

4. () :

ln x
dx .
x2

|ln x| dx
1

(1 .)
()

I=
0

x+1
x2 + 1

2
ln x dx

(1,5 .)

.
()

Z
| ln x| dx =

Z
ln x dx = ln 1 + lim x ln x +
x0+

= lim

x0+

dx
0

ln x
+1
1/x

= lim x + 1

( LHpital)

x0+

= 1,
R1

0 | ln x| dx .
1
,
f (x) = lnx2x g(x) = x3/2

f (x)
ln x/x2
1
ln x (LHpital)
= lim
= lim
=
2 lim = 0 .
3/2
x g(x)
x 1/x
x
x
x
x
R 1
1 x3/2 dx ,
R
1 lnx2x dx .
lim

()

I=
0

x+1
x2 + 1

2

Z
ln x dx =
0

|
f (x) =

x+1
x2 +1

2

1

x+1
x2 + 1
{z

2

I1

ln x dx +
} |1

ln x g1 (x) = | ln x|,
|f (x)|
= lim
lim
x0+
x0+ g1 (x)

x+1
x2 + 1

2
= 1.

x+1
x2 + 1
{z
I2

2
ln x dx .
}

351

2.11. 20034

R1

0 | ln x| dx , I1
.
g2 (x) = lnx2x ,



f (x)
x+1 2
2
= 1.
lim
= lim x
x g2 (x)
x
x2 + 1
R
1 lnx2x dx , I2 . , I . t = 1/x,

0

I=

1/t + 1
1/t2 + 1

2

dt
ln (1/t) 2 =
t

1
t2

t2 + t
t2 + 1

2
ln t dt = I .

, I = 0.

5.

n1
An xn ,
n=1 (1)

An =

Pn

k=1 (1/k).

() An+1 /An = 1 + 1/(n + 1)An

R = 1.

(0,5 .)

() I = (1, 1).
(0,5 .)
() y =

n1 A xn ,
n
n=1 (1)

x (1, 1),

(1 + x)y 0 + y =

1
,
1+x

y(0) = 0 , 1 < x < 1 .

y , .
(2 .)
.
1
() An+1 = An + n+1
,

limn An =

An+1
An

= 1+

1
(n+1)An .

cn = (1)n1 An ,

1
k=1 k

= ,




 cn+1 
An+1
1


= lim
= lim 1 +
= 1.
lim
n  cn 
n An
n
(n + 1)An

R = 1.

352

2.

n1 A ,
n
n=0 (1)

() x = 1

n=0 An .

x = 1

limn |(1)n1 An | = limn An = , (1)n1 An 9 0

. limn An =
. , I = (1, 1).
() y =

n1 A xn ,
n
n=1 (1)

(1 + x)y 0 + y = (1 + x)

x (1, 1). y(0) = 0

(1)n1 nAn xn1 +

n=1

=
=

n=1

(1)n1 nAn xn +

n=1

(1)n (n + 1)An+1 xn +

n=0

=1+

(1)n1 An xn

n=1

(1)n1 nAn xn1 +

=1+

(1)n1 An xn

n=1

(1)n1 (n + 1)An xn

n=1

(1)n (n + 1) [An+1 An ] xn

n=1

(1)n xn

( () (n + 1) [An+1 An ] = 1)

n=1

(1)n xn =

n=0

y =

1
.
1+x

n1 A xn ,
n
n=1 (1)

(1 + x)y 0 + y =

x (1, 1),

1
,
1+x

y(0) = 0 ,

1 < x < 1 .

: (1 + x) y 0 + y = 0

y = ce

(1/(1+x)) dx

= ce ln(1+x) =

c
,
1+x

c R.
c(x)

y (x) = 1+x . y
,

0

c(x)
1
=
1+x
1+x
c(x)
c(x)
1
c0 (x)
+
=
1+x 1+x
1+x
1
.
c0 (x) =
1+x

c(x)
(1 + x)
1+x

, c(x) = ln(1 + x). , y (x) =

ln(1+x)
1+x

y=

c
ln(1 + x)
+
,
1+x
1+x

c R.

353

2.11. 20034
y(0) = 0 c = 0 y =

(1)n1 An xn =

n=1

ln(1 + x)
,
1+x

ln(1+x)
1+x .

1 < x < 1 .

(4) (5)

30 , 2004
1.

arccos x
lim
x1
1x
P

n=0 an , an = arccos

n
n+1

(1,5 .)

2
1/ 1 x2

= lim
= 2.
=
lim
x1
x1 1/2 1 x
1+x


q
n
1
n
, an = arccos n+1
bn = 1 n+1
= n+1
,
arccos x
lim

x1
1x

(LHpital)

an
= 2.
n bn
P
P 1
P
1

n=0 bn =
n=0 n+1 =
n=1 n = ,
P
P

n=0 an .
n=0 an = ,
lim

2.

ey 1 0
1
y = ,
y
e 2
x

x > 0.
(1,5 .)

ey 1
1
dy = dx ,
y
e 2
x

x > 0,

354

2.

ey 1
dy =
ey 2

1
dx = ln x + C ,
x

C R.

ey 1
dy =
ey 2

u1
du
( u = ey )
(u 2) u

Z 
1
1
1
+
du
=
2
u u2
1
1
1
1
= ln |u| + ln |u 2| = y + ln |ey 2| ,
2
2
2
2

1
1
y + ln |ey 2| = ln x + C ,
2
2

CR

y + ln |ey 2| 2 ln x = C ,

C R.

3. f : R R

(x t) f (t) dt = 1 ,

f (x) +
0

x R. y = f (x)

y 00 + ay = 0 ,

y(0) = 1 , y 0 (0) = 0 ,

a R. y = f (x).
(1,5 .)
.

f (x) = 1

Z
(x t) f (t) dt = 1 x

tf (t) dt ,

f (t) dt +
0

f (x) =

Z
f (t) dt xf (x) + xf (x) =

f (t) dt
0

f 00 (x) = f (x). f , f (0) = 1

f 0 (0) = 0. , y = f (x)

y 00 + ay = 0 ,

y(0) = 1 , y 0 (0) = 0 ,

355

2.11. 20034

a = 1. y 00 + y = 0 : r 2 + 1 = 0 r1,2 = i.
, y 00 + y = 0

y (x) = c1 cos x + c2 sin x ,

c1 , c2 R .

y (0) = 1 c1 = 1, y 0 (0) = 0 c2 = 0. ,

y = f (x) = cos x .

4. y = f (x), x 1,

f (x) =

x2 1
,
x2

f (1) = 0 .
(1,5 .)

f (t) dt =

f (x) =

Z1
x

t2 1
dt
t2

0 p
t2 1 dt
t1

0

t=x
Z x
21

t
1
=
+
dt ( )


t
t
1
t=1

Z x
x2 1
1

+
=
dt
2
x
t 1
1


t=x
p
x2 1


=
+ ln t + t2 1
x
t=1





p
p
2
x 1
x2 1


2
2
+ ln x + x 1 =
+ ln x x 1 .
=
x
x

t2

5. R.
()

Z
I =
1

> 1.

x2
dx
1 + x2
(0,5 .)

356

2.
() > 1

Z
J =
1

ln 1 + x2
dx ,
x

, ,

J = + I .
. J2 .

(1,5 .)

.
2

x
1
() f (x) = 1+x
2 g(x) = x ,

f (x)
x2
= lim
= 1.
x g(x)
x 1 + x2
R
1 x1 dx > 1.
R x2
1 1+x
2 dx
lim

> 1.
() > 1,

Z x  1 0
ln 1 + t2
t
dt =
ln(1 + t2 ) dt

t
1

1
t=x
Z

t1
1
2 
=

ln(1 + t )
1
1
t=1

t1 ln(1 + t2 )

0

dt

1 ln(1 + x2 )
ln 2
2
=
+

1
1 x
1 1

Z
1

t2
dt .
1 + t2

ln(1 + x2 )
x
x1
lim

(LHpital)

1
2
1
2
lim
=
lim
= 0.
1 x x3 (1 + x2 )
1 x x1 (1 + x2 )

J = lim

x 1

ln(1 + t2 )
ln 2
2
dt =
+
I .

t
1 1

J = + I =
R

. I2 = 1

1
1+x2

ln 2
2
=
.
1
1

dx = limx arctan x arctan 1 = /2 /4 = /4,

J2 = ln 2 + 2I2 = ln 2 + /2.

357

2.11. 20034

6. y =

arctan x
1

Z
0

X (1)n
arctan x
.
dx =
x
(2n + 1)2
n=0

(1 .)
1
. 1+t
=

n n
n=0 (1) t ,

1
1+t2

|t| < 1,

n 2n
n=0 (1) t ,

|t| < 1.

Z
arctan x =
0

X
1
dt =
(1)n
2
1+t

t2n dt =

n=0

(1)n

n=0

x2n+1
,
2n + 1

|x| < 1 .

x2n
arctan x X
=
(1)n
,
x
2n + 1

|x| < 1 ,

n=0

Z
0

X (1)n
arctan t
dt =
t
2n + 1
n=0

t2n dt =

(1)n
2n+1
.
2 x
(2n
+
1)
n=0

x = 1 ( Leibniz),
1

Z
0

n=0

n=0

X (1)n
X (1)n
arctan t
2n+1
dt = lim
x
=
.
t
x1
(2n + 1)2
(2n + 1)2

7.

(3)n x2n

n=0

X
(3)n x2n
n=1

() .

(1 .)

() .
.

n=1

(1)n
n

= ln 2.

.
n

() an = (3) x2n ,

lim

p
n
|an | = 3x2

(1,5 .)

358

2.

n
|an | < 1 |x| < 1/ 3.

P
n
n=0 (3) x2n R1 = 1/ 3.

P
n
x = 1/ 3
n=0 (1) (
limn

(1) 9 0).

I1 = (1/ 3, 1/ 3).
bn =

(3)n x2n
,
n

p
3x2
n
|bn | = lim
= 3x2
n n n
n
p

limn n |bn | < 1 |x| < 1/ 3.

P (3)n x2n
R2 = 1/ 3.
n=1
n

P
n1
x = 1/ 3
n=1 (1) n (
lim

Leibniz).

I2 =

[1/ 3, 1/ 3].

() 1/(1 + t) =

n n
n=0 (1) t ,

|t| < 1, t = 3x2

(3)n x2n =

n=0

f (x) =

n=1

(3)n x2n
,
n

|x| < 1/ 3 .

1
,
1 + 3x2

|x| < 1/ 3,

f (x) =
=

X
2n(3)n x2n1
n=1

2
x

2
=
x
2
=
x

n
(3)n x2n

n=1

!
n 2n

(3) x

n=0

1
1
1 + 3x2


=

6x
.
1 + 3x2

f (0) = 0,

Z
f (x) =

f (t) dt =
0

6t
dt = ln(1 + 3x2 ) .
1 + 3t2

X
(3)n x2n
n=1

= ln(1 + 3x2 ) ,

|x| < 1/ 3 .

359

2.11. 20034
.

lim

n x2n
n=1 (3) n

X
(3)n x2n

x(1/ 3) n=1

x = 1/ 3

X
(1)n
n=1

= ln(1 + 3/3) = ln 2 .

360

2.

2.12

20023


10 , 2003

1.

() (an ), an = 1/4 + 22 /42 + 32 /43 + + n2 /4n ,

Cauchy.
. 4n n4 , n 4.

n+1

() bn =
n

(1 .)

sin(x)
dx ,
x
1
(1)n 2n + 1

bn =

n(n + 1)

n+1

cos(x)
dx
x2
n
P
n=1 bn .

(1,5 .)

. () 1 . n4 4n , n 4. p N n 3

(n + 1)2 (n + 2)2
(n + p)2
+
+

+
4n+1
4n+2
4n+p
2
2
(n + 1)
(n + 2)
(n + p)2

+
+

+
(n + 1)4 (n + 2)4
(n + p)4
1
1
1
=
+
+ +
2
2
(n + 1)
(n + 2)
(n + p)2
1
1
1
+
+ +
<
n(n + 1) (n + 1)(n + 2)
(n + p 1)(n + p)

 



1
1
1
1
1
1
=

+ +

n n+1
n+1 n+2
n+p1 n+p
1
1
1
=
< .
n n+p
n

an+p an =

|an+p an | = an+p an <

1
0 .
n n

(an ) Cauchy ( ).
2 . an n-

k=1

k 2 /4k ,
ck+1
(k + 1)2 4k
(k + 1)2
1
=

=
< 1 .
k 4
ck
k2
4k 2
4k+1

k 2 /4k . ck =

361

2.12. 20023

. , (an ) .
, (an ) Cauchy.
()
n+1



1
cos(x)
bn =
d
x

n
x=n+1
Z

cos(x) 
1 n+1 cos(x)
=

dx
( )
x x=n
n
x2


Z
1 cos(n) cos((n + 1))
1 n+1 cos(x)
=

dx

n
n+1
n
x2


Z
1 n+1 cos(x)
1 (1)n (1)n+1

dx
=

n
n+1
n
x2


Z
(1)n 1
1 n+1 cos(x)
1
=

dx
+

n n+1
n
x2
Z
(1)n
2n + 1
1 n+1 cos(x)
=

dx .

n (n + 1) n
x2
P
(1)n
2n+1
cn := n(n+1)
, Leibniz
n=1 cn
R
n+1 cos(x)
dx,
. dn := 1 n
x2
Z
Z n+1
1 n+1 |cos(x)|
1
1 1
|dn |
dx

dx = 2 .
n
x2
n2 n
n
P
P
n=1 (1/n2 ) , n=1 |dn |
P
P
P
. n=1 dn . n=1 bn = n=1 cn +
P
n=1 dn .
Z

2.

() f : R R . y =

Rx
0

f (t) sinh(x t) dt
y 00 y = f (x) ,

y(0) = y 0 (0) = 0 .
(1,2 .)

()

y 00 y = sin x .
(1,3 .)
.

362

2.
()

ext e(xt)
f (t)
dt
2
0
Z
Z
ex x
ex x
t
f (t)e dt
f (t)et dt ,
=
2 0
2 0

f (t) sinh(x t) dt =

y=
0

ex
y =
2
0

f (t)e
0

ex
dt +
2

f (t)et dt

y 00 = f (x) +

y 00

ex
2

ex
2

f (t)et dt

f (t)et dt .

y = f (x). y(0) = y 0 (0) = 0.

() y 00 y = 0 r 2 1 =

0 r1,2 = 1.

y(x) = c1 ex + c2 ex ,

c1 , c2 R .

f (x) = sin x = 0 e0x cos x + e0x sin x 0 + i = i

r 2 1 = 0, y = a cos x + b sin x.
y y 00 y = sin x 2a cos x 2b sin x = sin x,
x R. 2a = 0, 2b = 1 a = 0, b = 1/2.

y = 21 sin x. y 00 y = sin x
y = c1 ex + c2 ex

3.

1
sin x ,
2

c1 , c2 R .

()




X
(1)n
x1 n
.
1 + ln n
3

n=1

(1 .)
()

(1)n1

n=1

x2n
.
2n (2n 1)

363

2.12. 20023
.

1
n1
n=1 (1)
n(2n1)

. (1,5 .)

.
(1)n

() an := 1+ln n 31n ,



 an+1 
3n (1 + ln n)

 = lim
lim 
n
an  n 3n+1 (1 + ln (n + 1))
1
1 + ln n
= lim
3 n 1 + ln (n + 1)
1 + ln t
1/t
1
1
(LHpital) 1
=
lim
= .
= lim
3 t 1 + ln (t + 1)
3 t 1/(t + 1)
3
R = 3.

|x 1| < 3 2 < x < 4.

() x = 2 :

1
n=1 n

1
n=1 1+ln n .
P
1
n=1 1+ln n =

1
1
1+ln
n n , n 1

( ).
P
n 1
() x = 4 :
n=1 (1) 1+ln n

= ,

( Leibniz).
I = (2, 4].
2n

x
() cn = (1)n1 2n(2n1)
,

lim

limn

p
n
|cn | |x| < 1. -

x2n
n1
n=1 (1)
2n(2n1)

f (x) =

f 0 (x) =

R = 1.

x2n
n1
n=1 (1)
2n(2n1) ,

p
|x|2
n
|cn | = lim p
= x2
n n 2n(2n 1)

(1)n1

n=1

|x| < 1,

x2n1
x3
x2n+1
=x
+ + (1)n
+ = arctan x ,
2n 1
3!
2n + 1

|x| < 1 .

Z
f (x) =

Z
arctan x dx = x arctan x
= x arctan x

x
dx
1 + x2

( )

1
ln(1 + x2 ) + C .
2

f (0) = 0, C = 0. f (x) = x arctan x 12 ln(1 + x2 ).

(1)n1

n=1

x2n
1
= x arctan x ln(1 + x2 ) ,
2n(2n 1)
2

|x| < 1 .

364

2.
. Leibniz

(1)n1

n=1

1
2n(2n 1)

n1

(1)

n=1



1
1
2
= lim x arctan x ln(1 + x )
2n(2n 1) x1
2
= arctan 1

1
1
ln 2 = ln 2 .
2
4 2

(1)n1

n=1

4.

1
=2
n(2n 1)


1

ln 2 = ln 2 .
4 2
2

() f : [a, b] R g : [a, b] R g(x) 0 x [a, b]. [a, b],

Z
f (x)g(x) dx = f ()

g(x) dx .
a

(1,2 .)
()

1/n

lim

n 0

ex

p
n2 x2 dx .
(1,3 .)

. () . [27].
2
() f (x) = ex g(x) =

Z
0

1/n

ex

n2 x2 , ()

Z
p
2
n2 x2 dx = en
0

1/n p

n2 x2 dx ,

n [0, 1/n] .

365

2.12. 20023

Z p
Z p
n2 x2 dx = n 1 sin2 n cos d
( x = n sin , /2 /2)

= n2

cos2 d

Z
n2
(1 + cos 2) d
2


1
n2
+ sin 2
=
2
2
=

n2
n2
( + sin cos ) =
=
2
2

x x
arcsin +
n n

x2
1 2
n

1/n

x2

!x=1/n
r
x2 
x x
1 2 
arcsin +
n n
n 
! x=0
r
1
1
n2 arcsin 2 + 1 4 .
n
n

p
n2
2
n2 x2 dx = en
2
2

en
2

0 n 1/n, limn n = 0 limn en = 1.

arcsin x2
1
lim n arcsin 2 = lim
n
x0
n
x2
2

(LHpital)

1
2x/ 1 x4
= lim
lim
= 1.
x0
x0
2x
1 x4

Z
lim

n 0

5.

1/n

p
1
n2 x2 dx = (1 + 1) = 1 .
2

ex

()

/2

1
(sin x)2/3 (cos x)1/2

dx .
(1 .)

()

1
n!

limn
.

n
X
1
k!
k=0
R
1 n t
dt .
n! 1 t e

tn et dt = e1

()
(1,5 .)

366

2.
()
/2

1
(sin x)2/3 (cos x)1/2

Z
=
|0

dx

Z /2
1
1
dx +
dx .
2/3
1/2
2/3
(sin x) (cos x)
(sin x) (cos x)1/2
1
{z
} |
{z
}
I1

I2

lim

x0+

 x 2/3
(sin x)2/3 (cos x)1/2
1
=
lim
=1
2/3
+
sin x
x0
x
(cos x)1/2
R1

0 x2/3 dx = 3 ,
I1 .

(sin x)2/3 (cos x)1/2

lim
= lim

1/2

x 2
x 2

x
2
R /2

x

sin 2 x

!1/2

1
=1
(sin x)2/3

(/2 x)1/2 dx = 2 (/2 1) ,

I2 .

Z
0

/2

1
(sin x)2/3 (cos x)1/2

dx

.
()

te
1

Z
dt = lim

x 1

tet dt


Z
t=x
= lim tet t=1 +
x

et dt


( )

= lim xex + e1 lim ex + e1 = 2e1 = e1

x

1
X
1
k!
k=0

367

2.12. 20023
() n = 1. () n = N ,

1
(N + 1)!

N +1 t

Z x
1
dt = lim
tN +1 et dt
x (N + 1)! 1


Z x

1
N +1 t t=x
N t
t
e t=1 + (N + 1)
t e dt
= lim
x (N + 1)!
1
( )

1
e1
1
lim xN +1 ex +
+
(N + 1)! x
(N + 1)! N !

tN et dt

N
N
+1
X
X
1
1
1
1
1
1
=e
+e
=e
,
(N + 1)!
k!
k!
k=0

k=0

() n = N + 1.

xN +1
x ex

lim xN +1 ex = lim

(LHpital)

(N + 1) xN
(N + 1)!
= = lim
= 0.
x
x
ex
ex
lim

() n N.

P
P
k
ex =
k=0 (1/k!) = e
k=0 x /k! x R,
()

1
lim
n n!

tn et dt = e1

X
1
= e1 e = 1 .
k!
k=0

(4) (5)

25 , 2003
1.

()

X
n=1

3
.
n + 2(1)n
(0,8 .)

() y = arcsin ex , ln 2 x 0 .
(1,7 .)
.

368

2.

() an = 3/

n + 2(1)

bn = 1/ n,

an
3 n
3
= lim
= lim
= 3.
n
n bn
n
n 1 + 2(1) / n
n + 2(1)n
lim

2(1)
2
2(1)
0<
0 lim
= 0.
n
n
n n
n


P
P

n=1 (1/ n) = n=1 1/n1/2 ,

P

n


n=1 3/
n + 2(1)
.
()

`=

1+
ln 2

1+

=
ln 2
1

Z
=

1/2
1

dy
dx

2
dx

ex

1 e2x

2

dx =
ln 2

dt
t 1 t2

1
dx
1 e2x
( t = ex x = ln t)

1
q
dt
1/2 t2 (1/t)2 1
Z 1
Z 2
1
1

=
du =
du
( u = 1/t t = 1/u)
2
2
u 1
u 1
2
1
u=2


p


= ln u + u2 1 
= ln 2 + 3 .
=

u=1

1
. 1/2 1 2 dt t 1t

t = sin , /2 < < /2.

Z /2
Z /2
1
cos
1
dt =
d =
d
2
1/2 t 1 t
/6 sin cos
/6 sin

=/2


1
= ln
+ cot 
= ln 1 + ln(2 + 3) = ln(2 + 3) .
sin
=/6
Z

`=

2.

() f : [0, 1] R .

1X
lim
f
n n
k=1

  Z 1
k
=
f (x) dx .
n
0
(1,2 .)

369

2.12. 20023
()

lim

n
X
k=1

k2

k
.
2kn + 2n2
(1,3 .)

.
() Pn = {x0 , x1 , x2 , . . . , xn } [0, 1],

xk = k/n, 0 k n. xk xk1 = k/n(k1)/n = 1/n, limn kPn k =

limn 1/n = 0. = (k )nk=1 , xk1 k xk (1 k n),
Riemann

S (f, Pn , ) =

n
X
k=1

1X
f (k ) (xk xk1 ) =
f (k ) .
n
k=1

f [0, 1], Riemann

Z
0

1X
f (k ) .
f (x) dx = lim S (f, Pn , ) = lim
n
n n

(2.28)

k=1

k = k/n, 1 k n, (2.28)
n

1X
f
lim
n n
k=1

  Z 1
k
=
f (x) dx .
n
0

(2.29)

()
n
X

 
n
n
k
1X
k/n
1X
k

p
lim
= lim
= lim
f
,
2
2
2
n
n
n
n
n
n
n k 2kn + 2n
(k/n) 2(k/n) + 2
k=1
k=1
k=1

f (x) = x/ x2 2x + 2. , (2.29)
Z 1
n
X
k
x

=
dx
lim
2 2kn + 2n2
2 2x + 2
n
n
k
x
0
k=1
Z 1
x
q
dx
=
0
1 + (x 1)2
Z 0
t+1

=
dt
( t = x 1)
1 + t2
1
Z 0
Z 0
t
1

=
dt +
dt
2
1+t
1 + t2
1
1
hp

it=0
p

=
1 + t2 + ln t + 1 + t2 
t=1



= 1 2 ln 1 + 2 .

370

2.

3.

() 0 et cos tx dt , x R, . (0,6 .)

() f (x) = 0 et cos tx dt , x R,

f (x) =
0


 t2
e cos tx dt .
x

x
f (x) + f (x) = 0 ,
2
0

t2

f (0) =
0

dt =
.
2

f .

(1,9 .)

() 0 |et cos tx| dt 0 et dt.

t2
0 e
R t2
0 e

dt ,
cos tx dt .
2

t 1 et et
Z
Z 1
Z
t2
t2
e dt =
e dt +
0

t2

dt

e
0

t2

dt +

et dt ,

R
R1
2
0 et dt 1 et dt . ,

Z
dt = lim

et dt = lim er + e = e .

r 1
R
2
, 0 et
1

dt (

R
0

et dt =

/2).

()
0

tet sin tx dt
0
Z r
2
= lim
(et /2)0 sin tx dt
r 0
t=r
"
#
Z r
2

x
et
2

sin tx

= lim
et cos tx dt
r

2
2 0
t=0
Z
2
er
x t2
sin rx
= lim
e cos tx dt .
r 2
2 0

f (x) =

( )

371

2.12. 20023



2
 er2
 er2
er


sin rx
0 lim
sin rx = 0 .

r 2
 2

2 r
,

x
f (x) =
2
0

x
2
et cos tx dt = f (x) ,
2

x
f (x) + f (x) = 0 ,
2
0

t2

f (0) =
0

dt =
.
2

,

R

f (x) = ce
f (0) =

4.

/2, c =

(x/2) dx

2 /4

= cex

/2. ,

x2 /4
f (x) =
e
.
2

() f : [n, ) R, n N , .

R
n

k=n f (k)

f (x) dx .

k=n f (k)

f (x) dx

f (k)
n

k=n+1

f (k) .

()

k=n

(1,2 .)
()

k=1

1/ ek+1 + e

3k

2+ 2.
2
k+1
3k
4e
4e
2e
e
+e
k=1

(1,3 .)
.

() x [k, k + 1] k N , k n, f (k + 1) f (x) f (k).

k+1

Z
f (k + 1) dx

k+1

Z
f (x) dx

k+1

f (k) dx
k

372

2.

k+1

f (x) dx f (k) .

f (k + 1)

(2.30)

(2.30)

k = n, n + 1, . . . , N 1,
N
1
X

f (k + 1)

N
1 Z k+1
X

k=n

k=n

f (x) dx

N
1
X

f (k) .

k=n

,
N
X

f (x) dx

f (k)
n

k=n+1

N
1
X

f (k) .

(2.31)

k=n

, n f (x) dx = A. ,
(2.31)

PN

k=n+1 f (k)

k=n+1 f (k)

k=n+1 f (k)

A, N N .
.

k=n f (k)

.
, -

n f (x) dx n f (x) dx.

,

lim

N n

f (x) dx = .

, (2.31) limN

k=n f (k)

= ( ). ,

PN 1
k=n

f (k) = .

k=n f (k)

(2.31)

lim

N
X

Z
f (k) lim

k=n+1

N n

f (x) dx lim

N
1
X

f (k)

k=n

().
1
() f (x) := ex+1 +e
3x , f [1, ).

373

2.12. 20023
x+1
3x
, f 0 (x) = eex+1 e
0, x 1.
+e3x

Z
1

1
dx =
x+1
e
+ e3x

Z1

=
e2

1
ex+1

e4

t2

1
dt
+ e4

e(x+1)

dx

( t = ex+1 x = ln t 1)

1
= lim
dt = 2 lim arctan
r e2 t2 + (e2 )2
e r


1

= 2

= 2.
e 2
4
4e


t t=r
e2 t=e2

, ()

X
k=1

1
+ e3k

ek+1

. ()

X
k=2

5.

k=1

k=1

X
X
1
1
1
1

2+ 2.
2
2
k+1
3k
k+1
3k
k+1
3k
4e
4e
4e
2e
e
+e
e
+e
e
+e

() Maclaurin

y = arctan x .

(0,6 .)

()

(1)n

n=1

x2n+1
.
4n2 1

(1)n
n=1 4n2 1

(1,9 .)

.
() 1/ (1 + t) =

n 2n
n=0 (1) t ,

n n
n=0 (1) t , |t|

< 1, 1/ 1 + t2 =

|t| < 1.

Z
arctan x =
0

X
1
dt
=
(1)n
1 + t2
n=0

t
0

2n

dt =

(1)n

n=0

2n+1

x
() cn = (1)n 4n
2 1 ,

lim

p
|x|2+1/n
n
|cn | = lim
= x2
n n 4n2 1

x2n+1
,
2n + 1

|x| < 1 .

374

2.
limn

p
n
|cn | < 1 |x| < 1.

n x2n+1
n=1 (1) 4n2 1

R = 1.

y = arctan x

(1)n

n=1

X
x2n+1
x2n+1
n
=
(1)
4n2 1
(2n 1) (2n + 1)
n=1

x2n+1
x2n+1
1X
(1)n

2n 1 2
2n + 1
n=1
n=1
(
)

2n+3
2n+1
1X
1 X
n+1 x
n x
=
(1)

(1)
x
2
2n + 1 2
2n + 1
n=0
n=0
(
)

2n+1
2n+1
X
x2 X
x
1
x
=
(1)n

(1)n
x
2
2n + 1 2
2n + 1
=

1
2

(1)n

n=0

=
,

(1)n

n=1

x2
2

n=0

arctan x

1
(arctan x x) .
2

x 1 2
x2n+1
=

x
+
1
arctan x .
4n2 1
2 2

. Leibniz

(1)n

n=1

1
4n2 1

1
(1)
= lim
2
4n 1 x1

n=1




x 1 2
1
1

x + 1 arctan x = arctan 1 = .
2 2
2
2 4

(4) (5)

375

2.13. 20012

2.13

20012


11 , 2002

1.

() (an )

a1 = 1,

an+1 =

2 + an
, n N.
1 + an

(an ) .

(1 .)

() :
(i)

(ii)



X
an n
, a R.
n+1

(0,8 .)

1
.
ln n

(0,7 .)

n=1

n=1

n2

.
() an 1, n 1,



 2 + an 2 + an1 
1
|an an1 |

=
|an+1 an | = 
|an an1 | ,


1 + an 1 + an1
(1 + an )(1 + an1 )
4
0 < 1/4 < 1. (an ) ,
2+an
limn an = a 1. limn an+1 = a, an+1 = 1+a
n

2
a = 2+a
1+a . , a = 2 a = 2. a 1,

limn an =

(i) an :=

2.

an n
,
n+1
lim

p
n
|an | = lim

n
|a| = |a| .
n+1

|a| < 1

n
n

|a| > 1. |a| = 1 |an | =
n+1

n
n
1
1
= lim
lim |an | = lim
6= 0 .
n =
n (1 + 1/n)
n
n n + 1
e


an 9 0, |a| = 1.

376

2.
(ii) ln n < n, n N

0<

n2

1
n=2 n2 ln n

1
2
1
< 2
< 2,
ln n
n n
n
P 2
n=2 n2

n 2 .

1
n=1 n2 ln n

Z
2.

() g : R R f (x) =

tg(t x) dt,
0

f 00 (x) + f 0 (x) = g (x) +

g (t) dt ,

f (0) = f 0 (0) = 0 .

(1,5 .)
()

y 00 + y 0 = ex ,

y(0) = y 0 (0) = 0 .
(1 .)

.
()

tg (t x) dt =

f (x) =

( u = t x)

(u + x) g (u) du
x

ug (u) du x
0

g (u) du ,
0

f (x) = xg (x)

Z
g (u) du + xg (x) =

g (u) du
0

f 00 (x) = g (x) .
,
00

f (x) + f (x) = g (x) +

g (t) dt ,
x

f (0) = f 0 (0) = 0 .

377

2.13. 20012

() y 00 +y 0 = 0 r 2 +r =

0, r1 = 1 r2 = 0. ,

y (x) = c1 ex + c2 ,

c1 , c2 R .

f (x) = ex 1 r 2 + r = 0,
y = axex . y y 00 + y 0 = ex

axex

00

+ axex

0

= ex ,

aex = ex a = 1 .

y = xex . , y 00 + y 0 = ex

y = xex + c1 ex + c2 ,

c1 , c2 R .

y(0) = y 0 (0) = 0

{c1 + c2 = 0,

c2 1 = 0} {c1 = 1,

c2 = 1} .

y = 1 (1 + x) ex .

3.

() f : (0, ) R
limx xf (x) = 2, limx xf 00 (x) = 0. x > 0,
(x, x + 1)

xf 0 (x) =

x
1 x
(x + 1)f (x + 1) xf (x) f 00 ()
x+1
2

limx xf 0 (x).

(1,2 .)

() . f : R R ,

Z
lim

a0+

af (x)

dx = f (0) .
2
2
a +x
2
(1,3 .)

378

2.
() x > 0, Taylor

f (x + 1) = f (x) + f 0 (x) +

1 00
f ()
2!

x
1 x
(x + 1) f (x + 1) xf (x) f 00 () ,
x+1
2

xf 0 (x) =

x
x < < x + 1. x+1
< x < 1, limx x = 1. -

, limx (x + 1) f (x + 1) = limx xf (x) = 2

limx f 00 () = 0. ,
x
lim (x + 1)f (x + 1) lim xf (x)
x x + 1 x
x
x
1
lim lim f 00 ()
2 x x

lim xf 0 (x) = lim

= 2 2 0 = 0.
() f : [, ] R g : [, ] R
g(x) 0 x [, ], [, ]

g(x) dx .

f (x)g(x) dx = f ()

a
g(x) = a2 +x
2 ,

Z
0

af (x)
dx = f ((a))
a2 + x2

1
dx
a2 + x2

x= a
= f ((a)) arctan(x/a)|x=0 = f ((a)) arctan(1/ a) ,

0 (a)

a.

lima0+ (a) = 0 f ,

lima0+ f ((a)) = f (0).

Z
lim

a0+

4.

af (x)

dx
=
lim
f
((a))
arctan(1/
a) = f (0) .
a2 + x2
2
a0+

()

Z
0

/4

1
dx .
tan x
(1 .)

379

2.13. 20012
1
() 1+x
=

n n
n=0 (1) x ,

|x| < 1,

Maclaurin y = ln(1 + x).

x3
x4
x5
x6

+ .
13 24 35 46
(1,5 .)
.
1
() f (x) =
3

tan x

1
g(x) =
3 x , 0 < x /4, f (x), g(x) > 0,

x (0, /4].

 x 1/3
3

f (x)
x
3
lim
cos
x
= lim
=
lim
=1
3
sin x
x0+ g(x)
x0+
tan x x0+
R /4

R /4

(1/ 3 x) dx = 0 x1/3 dx , -

R /4

1/ 3 tan x dx .

()

1
dt =
1+t

ln (1 + x) =
0

(1)n1

n=1

xn
n

xX

(1)n tn dt =

0 n=0

=x

x2
2

x3
3

(1)n

+ ,

n- an := (1)n1

tn dt =

n=0
4
x

(1)n

n=0

xn+1
n+1

|x| < 1 .

1
.
(n 2)n



 an+1 
(n 2)n
 = lim

lim
= 1,
n  an 
n (n 1)(n + 1)
R = 1.

f (x) =

x3
x4
x5
x6

+ ,
13 24 35 46

|x| < 1 ,



x3 x4 x5
x2 x3 x4
+

+ = x ln (1 + x) , |x| < 1 .
f (x) = x + + = x x
2
3
4
2
3
4
0

380

2.

f (t) dt =

f (x) =
0

=
=
=
=
=

t ln(1 + t) dt
t=x
Z

1 x t2

ln(1 + t)

dt ( )
2
2 0 1+t
t=0
Z
1 x (1 t2 ) 1
x2
ln(1 + x) +
dt
2
2 0
1+t
Z
Z
x2
1 x
1 x 1
ln(1 + x) +
(1 t) dt
dt
2
2 0
2 0 1+t

t=x
x2
t2 
1
1
t
ln(1 + x) +
ln(1 + t)|t=x
t=0
2
2
2 t=0 2


1
x2
1
x2
ln(1 + x) +
x
ln (1 + x) .
2
2
2
2
0
t2

1
x
x
f (x) = (x2 1) ln(1 + x) +
1
.
2
2
2

5. f : (0, ) R f 0 (x) > 0, x > 0.

1
n=1 f (n)

Z
()
1

1
dt .
f (t)

() x > 0,

x
0<
<
f (2x)

Z
x

2x

1
dt
f (t)

x
lim
= 0.
x f (x)
() f 1 f ,
Z
Z 1
1
1
f (t)
dt =
+
dt ,
f
(t)
f
(1)
t2
1
f (1)
Z 1
f (t)

dt .
t2
1
()

Z N +1 1
N
X
f 1 (n)
f (t)
<
dt
(n + 1)2
t2
1

n=1

X
f 1 (n)
n=1

n2

(2,5 .)

381

2.13. 20012

. f : (0, ) R ,
f 1 . f f 1 .

1
n=1 f (n)

1
limn f (n)
= 0 limn f (n) = .

limx f (x) = .
() y = 1/f (x) ,

1
n=1 f (n)

1
f (t)

dt .

1
1
() 0 < x t 2x, 0 < f (t) f (2x) 0 < f (2x)
f (t)
.

2x

Z 2x
1
dt <
f (2x)
x
x
Z 2x
x
<
0<
f (2x)
x
Z

1
dt
f (t)
Z 2x
1
1 2x
1
dt 0 <
<
dt .
f (t)
2 f (2x)
f (t)
x
R 2x 1
dt = 0,
limx x f (t)
0<

2x
x
= 0 lim
= 0.
x f (2x)
x f (x)
R 1
, () 1 f (t)
dt ,
Z 1

Z 2x
Z 2x
1
1
1
lim
dt = lim
dt +
dt
x x
x
f (t)
f (t)
f (t)
Z 1
Z x
1
1
dt +
dt = 0 .
=
f (t)
f (t)
1
1
lim

x
() limx f (x)
= 0 limx f (x) = ,

Z
1

1
dt
f
(t)
1

Z
t t=r

lim
= lim
r f (t) 
r

1
dt = lim
r
f (t)



1 0
t
dt
f (t)
1
t=1
Z r 0
r
1
tf (t)
= lim

+ lim
dt
r f (r)
f (1) r 1 f (t)2
Z r 0
1
tf (t)
=
+ lim
dt
f (1) r 1 f (t)2
Z f (r) 1
1
f (x)
=
+ lim
dx
f (1) r f (1)
x2
Z 1
1
f (x)
=
+
dx
f (1)
x2
f (1)
r

( )

( x = f (t))

382

2.

f 1 (t)
t2

dt .

() n t n + 1

f 1 (t)
f 1 (n)
<
,
(n + 1)2
t2
[n, n + 1]

f 1 (n)
=
(n + 1)2

n+1

f 1 (n)
dt <
(n + 1)2

n+1

f 1 (t)
dt .
t2

N N ,
N
N Z n+1 1
X
X
f 1 (n)
f (t)
<
dt
2
(n + 1)
t2
n=1
n=1 n
Z 3 1
Z N +1 1
Z 2 1
f (t)
f (t)
f (t)
dt +
dt + +
dt
=
2
2
t
t
t2
2
N
1
Z 1
Z N +1 1
f (t)
f (t)
dt

dt .
=
2
t
t2
1
1
R f 1 (t)
1
dt ,
t2
P f 1 (n)

n=1 (n+1)2

0<

f 1 (n)
f 1 (n)

,
4n2
(n + 1)2
P

n=1

f 1 (n)
n2

n=1

n 1,
f 1 (n)
4n2

(4) (5)

16 , 2002
1.

() (xn )nN

xn =
Cauchy.

arctan 1 arctan 2
arctan n
+
+ +
2
22
2n
(1 .)

383

2.13. 20012
()

n=1 an

lim

ln (1/an )
= .
ln n

> 1, (

= +).
.

(1,5 .)

() 1 . p N n 3

arctan (n + 1) arctan (n + 2)
arctan (n + p)
+
+ +
n+1
n+2
2
2n+p
 2


1
1
1
<
+ n+2 + + n+p
n+1
2 2
2
2


1

1
= n+2 1 + + + p1
2
2
2
p

1 1/2

= n+2
< n+1 .
2
1 1/2
2

xn+p xn =

|xn+p xn | = xn+p xn <

0 .
2n+1 n

(xn ) Cauchy ( ).
2 . xn n-

0<

1
k=1 2k

k=1

arctan k
.
2k

arctan k
1
< k
k
2 2
2

= 1 ,

k=1

arctan k
2k

. , (xn ) . (xn )
Cauchy.

ln(1/an )
= , n0 N
n
ln n

() > 0 > 1. lim



 ln (1/an )

ln(1/an )

n n0 : 
 < = n n0 : 1 < <
.
ln n
ln n

n n0 : ln n < ln(1/an )

1
1
> n an < .
an
n

n n0 : 0 < an <

1
n

384

2.
> 1,

n=n0

1
n=n0 n

an .

lim

n=1 an

ln(1/an )
= . a > 1, n0 N
ln n

n n0 :

ln(1/an )
> a ln(1/an ) > ln na 1/an > na an < 1/na .
ln n

1
.
na

n n0 : 0 < an <
a > 1,

2.

n=n0

1
n=n0 na

an .

n=1 an

()



X
2 + (1)n n n
x .
5 + (1)n+1

n=1

(1 .)
() :

(x 2)2 y 00 3 (x 2) y 0 + 4y = 0 ,

x>2

x = 2 + et .
(1,5 .)
.
() an =

2+(1)n
5+(1)n+1

n

an =

3 2k
4

n = 2k ,

1 2k+1 n = 2k + 1 .
6

2k

a2k =

, lim

3
3

4 k 4

2k+1

a2k+1 =

1
1
.
6 k 6

an = max {3/4 , 1/6} = 3/4. ,

R = 4/3.

|x| < 4/3 4/3 < x < 4/3 .

385

2.13. 20012
x = 4/3


cn =
2k

, c2k = (3/4)
,

n=1 cn ,

2 + (1)n
5 + (1)n+1

n  n
4

.
3

(4/3)2k = 1. , cn

n=1 cn

I = (4/3, 4/3).
() dx/dt = et ,

y0 =

dy
dy
dy dt
dy 1
dy 1
= et
=
=
=
dx
dt dx
dt dx/dt
dt et
dt

 




d dy
d
d
dt
d2 y
t dy
t dy
=
=
e
=
e
y =
2
dx
dx dx
dx
dt
dt
dt dx




2
2
2
dy
1
d y
dy 1
dy
d y
2t d y
= et 2 et
=
e
e2t
.
= et 2 et
dt
dt dx/dt
dt
dt et
dt2
dt
00





2
2t d y
2t dy
t
t dy
e e
e
3e e
+ 4y = 0
dt2
dt
dt
2t

d2 y
dy
4
+ 4y = 0 .
2
dt
dt

(2.32)

(2.32) r 2 4r + 4 = 0, r1 = r2 = 2.
, (2.32)

y (t) = (c1 + c2 t) e2t ,

c1 , c2 R .
2

, (x 2) y 00 3 (x 2) y 0 + 4y = 0, x > 2,

y (x) = [c1 + c2 ln (x 2)] (x 2)2 ,

Z
3.

() I =
0

/2

c1 , c2 R .

1
dx .
1 + 3 cos2 x

(1 .)

386

2.
()
1/n2

Z
lim

n 1/(n+3)2

x3/2 ex dx .
(1,5 .)

.
()

/2

I=
0

1
dx =
2
sin x + 4 cos2 x

/2

1
cos2 x (tan2 x

Z0

+ 4)

dx

1
dt
( t = tan x)
+4
0
Z r
1

1
= lim
= .
dt = lim arctan (t/2)|t=r
t=0
2
2
r 0 t + 2
2 r
4
=

t2

() f : [a, b] R g : [a, b] R
, g (x) 0 x [a, b], [a, b]

Z
f (x) g (x) dx = f ()

g (x) dx .

2
f (x) = ex g (x) = x3/2 ,

1/n2

x3/2 ex dx = en

1/(n+3)2

1/n2

1/(n+3)2

1/n2
2

x3/2 dx = en 2x1/2 

x=1/(n+3)2

= 6en ,

2
n , 1/(n + 3)2 n 1/n2 . limn n = 0 y = ex
2
, limn en = e0 = 1. ,

Z
lim

1/n2

n 1/(n+3)2

x3/2 ex dx = 6 .

4. (an ) limn an = . M > 0 an+1 an M , n N .

() f : [a1 , ) R ,

a f (t) dt ,
1

n=1 f (an )

.
(1,7 .)

387

2.13. 20012
()

an
n=1 1+a2n

(0,8 .)

.
() f , t [an , an+1 ], n N, f (t) f (an )

an+1

an+1

Z
f (t) dt

an

f (an ) dt = f (an )(an+1 an ) .

an

an+1

a2

f (t) dt
an

a2

a1

an+1

f (t) dt + +

f (t) dt +

f (t) dt =
a1

a3

f (a1 )(a2 a1 ) + f (a2 )(a3 a2 ) + + f (an )(an+1 an )

=

n
X

f (ak )(ak+1 ak ) .

k=1

an+1 an M , n N f ,

an+1

f (t) dt M

f (ak ) .
k=1
R
a1 f (t) dt ,

a1

Z
lim

an+1

n a
1

n
X

f (t) dt = .

f (t) dt =
a1

f (ak ) = lim

k=1

n=1 f (an )

n
X

f (ak ) = .

k=1

.
2

t
1t
0

() f (t) = 1+t
2 , f (t) = (1+t2 )2 . , k N

ak > 1, f [ak , ).

ak

Z x
t
t
dx = lim
dx
2
2
x
1+t
ak 1 + t
t=x
1
= lim ln(1 + t2 )t=a
k
2 x
i
1h
=
lim ln(1 + x2 ) ln(1 + a2k ) = ,
2 x

388

2.
()

n=k

X
n=1

Z
5.

f (an ) =

an
n=k 1+a2n

= . ,

an
= .
1 + a2n

( )

/2

sinn x dx , In =

() In =
0

n1
n In2

/2

sin2n+1 x dx =

I2n+1 =
0

4n (n!)2
.
(2n + 1)!

()

Z
0

4n (n!)2
x2n+1

dx =
.
(2n + 1)!
1 x2
(1,2 .)

() Maclaurin

y=

1
1x2

arcsin x =

(2n)!
x2n+1 ,
(2n + 1)4n (n!)2

n=0

|x| < 1 .
(1 .)

()

Z
0

X
arcsin x
1

dx =
2
(2n 1)2
1x
n=1
P
1

n=1 (2n1)2 .

(0,8 .)

.
()

Z
In =
0

/2

sinn x dx =

/2

(cos x)0 sinn1 x dx

x=/2
= cos x sinn1 xx=0 +
Z

/2

cos x(sinn1 x)0 dx

/2

cos2 x sinn2 x dx

= (n 1)
0

/2

(1 sin2 x) sinn2 x dx

= (n 1)
0

Z
= (n 1)

/2
n2

sin

Z
x dx (n 1)

= (n 1)In2 (n 1)In .

/2

sinn x dx

389

2.13. 20012
nIn = (n 1)In2

In =

n1
In2
n

(2.33)

(2.33)

2
2
I3 = I1 =
3
3

/2

2
2
4
x=/2
sin x dx = cos x|x=0 = = ,
3
3
3!

() n = 1. () n = k .
(2.33) n = 2k + 3

2k + 2
I2k+1
2k + 3
2k + 2 4k (k!)2

=
2k + 3 (2k + 1)!
(2k + 2)2
4k (k!)2
=

(2k + 2)(2k + 3) (2k + 1)!

4k+1 [(k + 1)!]2
,
=
(2k + 3)!

I2k+3 =

( () n = k )

() n = k + 1. () n N.
x = sin , /2 < < /2,

Z
0

x2n+1

dx =
1 x2

/2

sin2n+1 x dx =

4n (n!)2
.
(2n + 1)!

()
a

(1 + t) = 1 +

X
a(a 1)(a 2) (a n + 1)
n=1

n!

tn ,

|t| < 1 ,

t = x2 a = 1/2
2 1/2

(1 x )

X
21 12 1 21 2 12 n + 1
=1+
(1)n x2n
n!
n=1

X
21 32 52 2n1
2
(1)n x2n
=1+
n!
=1+
=1+
=1+

n=1

(1)n

n=1

X
n=1

X
n=1

1 3 5 (2n 1)
(1)n x2n
2n n!

1 2 3 4 5 (2n 1) 2n 2n
x
2 4 6 (2n) 2n n!

X (2n)!
(2n)!
2n
x
=
x2n ,
2n n! 2n n!
4n (n!)2
n=0

|x| < 1 .

390

2.
, |x| < 1
x

arcsin x =
0

Z x

X
X
1
(2n)!
(2n)!
2n
dt =
t dt =
x2n+1 .
n (n!)2
n (n!)2
2
4
(2n
+
1)4
1t
0
n=0
n=0

()

arcsin x

dx =
1 x2

/2

t dt =
0

2
,
8

( x = sin t)

() ()

Z
0

Z 1

X
arcsin x
x2n+1
(2n)!

dx =
dx
(2n + 1)4n (n!)2 0
1 x2
1 x2
n=0
=
=

X
n=0

X
n=0

X
n=1

(2n)!
4n (n!)2

(2n + 1)4n (n!)2 (2n + 1)!

X
1
1
=
.
2
(2n + 1)
(2n 1)2
n=1

2
1
=
.
(2n 1)2
8

(4) (5)


[1] A. G. Aksoy, M. A. Khamsi, A Problem Book in Real Analysis, Problem Books in Mathematics, SpringerVerlag, New York, 2010.
[2] P. Biler, A. Witkowski, Problems in Mathematical Analysis, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York,
1990.
[3] G. W. Bluman, Problem book for first year calculus, SpringerVerlag, New York, 1984.
[4] F. Burk, A Garden of Integrals, Mathematical Association of America, 2007.
[5] B. F. Butuzov(editor), Mathematical Analysis in Questions and Problems (English translation from the 1984 Russian edition), Mir Publishers, Moscow, 1988.
[6] W. J. Caczor and M. T. Nowak, Problems in Mathematical Analysis I : Real Numbers,
Sequences and Series , Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, R.I., 2000.
[7] W. J. Caczor and M. T. Nowak, Problems in Mathematical Analysis II : Continuity and
Differentiation, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, R.I., 2001.
[8] W. J. Caczor and M. T. Nowak, Problems in Mathematical Analysis III : Integration , Amer.
Math. Soc., Providence, R.I., 2003.
[9] C. H. Edwards, Jr. , The historical development of the calculus (3rd printing), Springer
Verlag, 1994.
[10] J. Franchini, J.-C. Jacquens, Exercises Corriges de Maths Suprieures Analyse, Ellipses,
Paris, 1993.
[11] J. Franchini, J.-C. Jacquens, Analyse 1, Ellipses, Paris, 1996.
391

392

[12] S. Francinu, H. Gianella and S. Nicolas, Exercices de mathmatiques des oraux de lcole
polytechnique et des coles normales suprieures : Analyse. Tome I, Cassini, Paris, 2007.
[13] S. Francinu, H. Gianella and S. Nicolas, Exercices de mathmatiques des oraux de lcole
polytechnique et des coles normales suprieures : Analyse. Tome II, Cassini, Paris, 2009.
[14] R. Gelca, T. Andreescu, Putnam and beyond, Springer, New York, 2007.
[15] L. Girard, Maths PTSIPT Exercises Corriges, Ellipses, Paris, 1998.
[16] M. Hata, Problems and solutions in real analysis, Series on Number Theory and its Applications, 4. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., Hackensack, NJ, 2007.
[17] L. B. W. Jolley, Summation of Series, Dover Publications(Phoenix Edition), 2004.
[18] G. Klambauer, Problems and Propositions in Analysis , Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York,
1979.
[19] K. Knopp, Theory and applications of infinite series, Dover Publications, 1990.
[20] B. M. Makarov, M. G. Goluzina, A. A. Lodkin, A. N. Podkorytov, Selected Problems in Real
Analysis, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, R.I., 1998.
[21] J.-M. Monier, Analyse 1 (cours et 300 exercises corriges), Dunod, Paris, 1996.
[22] J.-M. Monier, Analyse 2 (cours et 600 exercises corriges) (2nd ed.), Dunod, Paris, 1996.
[23] J.-M. Monier, Analyse, Dunod, Paris, 1997.
[24] G. Plya, G. Szeg, Problems and Theorems in Analysis I, SpringerVerlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1998.
[25] T.-L. T. Radulescu, V. D. Radulescu, T. Andreescu, Problems in real analysis. Advanced
calculus on the real axis, Springer, New York, 2009.
[26] A. R. Rajwade and A. K. Bhandari, Surprises and Counterexamples in Real Function
Theory, Hindustan Book Agency (India), 2007.

393

[27] . , ( ),
.. , , 2014.
[28] P. N. de Souza, J.-N. Silva, Berkeley problems in mathematics (3rd. ed.), SpringerVerlag,
New York, 2004.
[29] M. Spivak, Calculus (3rd. ed.), Publish or Perish Inc, Houston, Texas, 2006.
[30] M. Spivak, Answer book for Calculus (3rd. ed.), Publish or Perish Inc, Houston, Texas,
1994.
[31] J. M. Steele, The CauchySchwarz Master Class: An introduction to the art of inequalities,
Cambridge University Press, 2004.
[32] A. M. Gleason; R. E. Greenwood; L. M. Kelly, The William Lowell Putnam Mathematical
Competition. Problems and solutions: 19381964. Mathematical Association of America,
Washington, D.C., 1980.
[33] The William Lowell Putnam mathematical competition. Problems and solutions: 19651984,
Edited by Gerald L. Alexanderson, Leonard F. Klosinski and Loren C. Larson. Mathematical Association of America, Washington, DC, 1985.
[34] K. S. Kedlaya; B. Poonen; R. Vakil, The William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition,
19852000. Problems, solutions, and commentary, MAA Problem Books Series. Mathematical Association of America, Washington, DC, 2002.
[35] P. Walker, Examples and Theorems in Analysis, SpringerVerlag, 2004.