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End-Of-life Recycling and Disposal
End-Of-life Recycling and Disposal
Contents
The worldsteel LCI database
Use of the worldsteel data
End of life of products
worldsteel recycling methodology
Application of the methodology
e.g. Coke, Sinter, BF, BOF, EAF, Rolling, Coating, Pipe making etc
The data shows all inputs and outputs for each of the processes
e.g. Power, fuels, coal, iron ore, scrap, limestone, water, alloys etc.
e.g. air emissions, water emissions, waste, recovered materials etc
Number of requests
2010
100
50
0
2006
Ita
et
ly
he
rl a
nd
s
N
In
di
a
G
er
m
an
y
Fi
nl
an
Sw d
ed
en
C
hi
na
C
an
ad
a
Au
st
ra
li a
K
Fr
an
ce
SA
2005
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
End of life
We know that:
Recycling rates for steel products are very high but can be improved:
EAF Process
Iron ore
Scrap
Primary steel
Secondary steel
steel pool
Primary steel from the BOF route. contains scrap (10 30%)
Steel scrap recycling occurs in the EAF
Methodology justification
The methodology I
Assumes scrap input burdens and end-of-life recycling
credits are equal
Recycling steel scrap saves primary production
There is no 100% primary steel
A theoretical primary steel needs to be calculated
1 kg scrap
Y kg steel produced
The methodology II
The scrap LCI = the avoided 100% primary production
of steel the burden associated with the recycling of
steel scrap to make new steel, multiplied by the yield
of this process to consider losses in the process:
ScrapLCI = (X pr X re )Y
Xpr = the theoretical LCI for 100% primary metal production, from
the BOF route, assuming 0% scrap input.
Xre = the LCI for 100% secondary metal production from scrap in
the EAF (assuming scrap = 100%)
Y is the process yield of the EAF (i.e. >1kg scrap is required to
produce 1kg steel)
Xpr
Xre
+
)(
mY kg steel produced
1 mY kg steel produced
1 kg steel produced
Rearranging to get the theoretical 100% primary steel, Xpr, needs to produce 1-mY kg steel:
XBOF
mkg scrap input
Xpr
1 mY kg steel produced
Xre
1 kg steel produced
mY kg steel produced
The calculations
Yield: Y =
1
Scrapre
Therefore:
mY =
Scrap BOF
Scrap re
Scrap BOF
X BOF = 1
Scrap re
Scrap BOF
(X pr ) +
Scrap re
X re
ScrapBOF
X BOF
X re
Scrapre
=
ScrapBOF
1
Scrapre
X pr
0.119
1.7558
0.386
1.092
=
0.119
1
1.092
1
1.092
Environmental impact
Virgin material
Recycled material
Scrap remelting
Use phase
Disposal
Avoided production
Production
Use
End of life
S= 0.121 kg scrap
Steel production
1kg Hot Rolled Coil
Product manufacture,
use, maintenance and
final disposal
The scrap LCI is applied to the steel product cradle to gate LCIs to include
the end of life phase
A credit is given for the amount of steel scrap that will be recycled at the end
of life of the product, RR
A burden needs to be applied to any scrap that is used in the steelmaking
process, S
Upstream emissions
Raw materials and electricity
Site (scope 1)
Recycling credit
Sections
30
On-site (Scope 1)
Net recycling credit (85%)
Upstream
Cradle to gate including recycling
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
Sections
GWP, kg
PED, MJ
25
20
15
10
Excluding EoL
Including EoL
EAF Slab
-1
1kg Slab
Scrap recycling
credit (80%)
-2
Clare Broadbent
Manager, Life Cycle Assessment
broadbent@worldsteel.org
+32 2 702 89 32
For data: www.worldsteel.org