THE PLACE - N A M E S

OF R O M A N

Keith Matthews
Lonsdale College
University of Lancaster

BRITAIN

Contents
i

Contents

i i Abbreviations
Conventions
1

1: The Nature

2-

Sources

3*

Identifications

8
12
13
^k
15
18
19
20
21
23
26
27

o f the

i General
i i I t e r I 'a l i m i t e , i d e s t a u a l l o ,
praetorio'
i i iI t e r I I 'a u a l l o a d p o r t u m
ritupis'
i v I t e r V 'a l o n d i n i o l u g u u a l i o '
V I t e r V I 'a l o n d i n i o l i n d o '
v i I t e r V I I 'a r e g n o l u n d i n i o ^
v i i I t e r X 'a c i a n o u e n t a m e d i o l a n o '
v i i i I t e r X I 'a s e g o n t i o d e u a m '
i x I t e r X I I 'a m u r i d u n o u i r o c o n i o r u m '
X I t e r X I I I 'ab i s c a c a l l e u a '
x i Iter XIV 'alio itinere isca calleua'
x i i I t e r XV 'a c a l l e u a i s c a d u m n o n i o r u m '
x i i i 'per lineam u a l l i '
xiv The Scottish Lowlands
XV 'ciuitates
recto t r a m i t e una a l t e r i connexae'
x v iThe Scottish Highlands

32

k:

Tribal,

37

5'

River and Stream

4-1
4-2
45
kh^6

Table
Table
6 :

Civitas

and Regional

51

8 : Conclusions:

What

60

Mountains

i Islands
i i Coastal Features
i i i Mountains
and

59

names

Islands, Coastal Features and

7 Some P u z z l e s

56
57
58

names

1^ L i r e c t l j - a t t e s t e d R i v e r names
2* I n d i r e c t l y - a t t e s t e d R i v e r names

47

53
54
55

Problem

Problems
Does i ta l l Mean?

i Linguistic observations
i i Semantic observations
T a b l e 3* I^atin names and names i n c o r p o r a t i n g L a t i n
elements
T a b l e k' N a m e s i n * d u r o - a n d * d u n o n
i i i Survival
T a b l e 5*- P e r s o n a l a n d d i v i n e n a m e s a n d * n e m e t o n e l e m e n t s
Table 6: Survivals
i v Conclusions
Bibliography
Maps

i i
Abbreviations
AI

Antonine

AS

Amiens

ASC

Anglo-Saxon

B e d e , HE

'

Itinerary
Skillet
Chronicle

Bede, H i s t o r i a E c c l e s i a s t i c a

BSAI

(See bibliography,

BSRC

(See bibliography)

CIL

Corpus

CPNS

Watson,

Inscriptionarum
V/.

p. 5 9 )

below

Latinarum

The History o f t h e C e l t i c Place-names

o f

Scotland.
dSB

de S i t u

HB

Histotria

HW

(See bibliography)

JRS

Journal

LHEB

(See bibliography)

ND

Notitia

PG

Ptolemy's

Pliny,

NH

Britanniae
B.rittonum

o f Roman

Studies

Dignitatum
Geography

Pliny's Natural

History

PNRB

(See bibliography)

PT

Peutinger

RB4-

(See bibliography)

RC

Ravenna

RIB

(See bibliography)

RuC

Rudge

Tacitus,

Agr

Table

Cosmography

Cup

Tacitus,

Agricola

Conventions
Capitals
(MAVCIO);
and

denote

minuscules

minuscules

(*Londonion).
Greek

R o m a n o - B r i t i s h names

words

denote

a r e used

9C

The
|B)

names ( B o d o t r i a )

o o

TT P

(U^ o

th

f o l l o w i n g symbols
0

Colonia
Civitas

are used

capital

Walled town

f ^
^ c h

^."^ s

forms

capitals

or B r i t i s h

t o t h e system

Mixed

hypothetical forms

according

or L a t i n

( o u x e l l a ) .

f o rriver

are.transcribed

Library, v i z . :

7
s

forms

An a s t e r i s k * denotes

British
a

Greek

(NOVIOMAGVS)

forms

(*LONACVM).

adopted

by the

Rough b r e a t h i n g

ps

o n t h e maps

Othr m a j o r
settlement
Minor
settlement
Unidentified
settlement

H
a

J-.egionary
fortress
Vexillation
fortress
Fort

Unidentified
fort

1: The Nature

"In fixing

the sites

o f t h e Problem

o f t h e towns

specified i n these

our a n t i q u a r i e s have assumed a most u n j u s t i f i a b l e

mere* r e s e m b l a n c e
to outweigh

o f a name was c o n s i d e r e d

place

latitude.

as a reason

The

sufficient

a l lothers."

J A G i l e s , Commentary on t h e I t i n e r a r y
The

Itineraries,

of Richard

of Cirencester

names o f Roman B r i t a i n have l o n g been n e g l e c t e d b o t h

by

historians and archaeologists, although t h e antiquaries o f t h e eightennth

and

nineteenth centuries took great delights i n trying

w i e r d and w o n d e r f u l names found i n C l a s s i c a l sources.

little

w a s kno'vm. a b o u t

wherever
onset

t h e Roman p a s t ,

i t was easy

t o locate the
Since comparitively

t o l o c a t e naunes

the individual antiquary's imagination took him, but with the

o f more s c i e n t i f i c

archaeological techjiiques,

i t became

clear

t h a t n o t e v e r y e a r t h w o r k e n c l o s u r e was a Roman s t a t i o n a n d t h e r e f o r e
a

candidate

to

f o ri d e n t i f i c a t i o n s ,

t h e problem

was

and t h a t a much more r i g o r o u s approach

necessary.

As knowledge o f t h e Roman r o a d

system

increased,

became t h e b a s i s f o rm o s t i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s
Geography o f Ptolemy
names,
one

remained

British

o f town names, w h i l e t h e

the principal

have thought i t n a t u r a l

source

of tribal

and

river

t h a t a s y s t e m a t i c s t u d y o f Romano-

place-names vjould f o l l o w o

P r o f e s s o r Jackson

By and l a r g e , t h i s

t w e l f t h c e n t u r i e s AD

(LHEB) ; A H A

of s u r v i v a l o f t h e names i n Lowland
b e e n made o f i n d i v i d u a l
places

has n o t happened;

h a s s t u d i e d some o f t h e names a g a i n s t t h e

background o f t h e changes i n t h e B r i t t o n i c

study

Itinerary

so t h a t once t h e study o f m o d e m place-names was w e l l - e s t a b l i s h e d

might

and

the Antonine

named i n t h e m ( e . g . BSRC, B S A I ,
o f Romano-British

between the f i r s t

Hogg has examined t h e q u e s t i o n

Britain

documents w i t h

languages

broader

(Hogg 1964);

the intention
Rivet 1974);

studies have

of identifying
h u t o n l y one

p l a c e - n a m e s i n g e n e r a l h a s b e e n made

pioneer

(Gelling

1 978).
Dr G e l l i n g bases h e r s h o r t .survey on t h e l i s t
introduction to the third
Britain,

h u t forms

the Antonine

e d i t i o n o f t h e Ordnance Survey

the majority

Itinerary

o f names g i v e n i n t h e

and upon Hogg ( 1 9 6 4 ) .

settlement

name:

BSAI has found a convincing

British

suffix,

Calleua.

2o A n a d j e c t i v e w i t h a s u f f i x ,

e.g.

Coccio.

3.

A river-name

4.

A compound name f o ra t o p o g r a p h i c a l f e a t u r e ,

with

or without suffix,

P e r s o n a l n a m e s a r e r a r e ..."
The

from

She d i s t i n g u i s h e s f o u r types o f

'M . A B r i t i s h t o p o g r a p h i c a l t e r m w i t h a p l a c e - n a m e - f o r m i n g
e.g.

o f Roman

o f h e r c o n c l u s i o n s o n l y upon names

f o rwhich

etymology,

Map

(Gelling

e.g. R u t u n i o , Deua.
e.g. L e t o c e t o .

1978: 51)

predominance o f t o p o g r a p h i c names i s n o t e d

(ibid:

50),while the

order o f elements
Modem Welsh

i n compounds i s shown t o he t h e r e v e r s e o f t h a t o f

(although Modem Welsh

place-names a r e n o t s t r i c t l y

compounds

LHEB 2 2 5 ) . D r G e l l i n g ' s c o n c l u s i o n s a r e n o t new, h u t t h e f a c t t h a t

have heen s t a t e d as p a r t o f a study o f H o m a n o - B r i t i s h names i s a
in

theright direction,

an a n a l y s i s as complete

they

step

a l t h o u g h t h e r e i s s t i l l a l o n g way t o go h e f o r e
as t h a t o f t h e E n g l i s h Place-Name

Survey's

can he u n d e r t a k e n ,
NOTE
and

Since

t h e ahove was w r i t t e n a major

study hy Professor Rivet

C o l i n S m i t h , t h e P l a c e Names o f Roman B r i t a i n

which f o r t h e f i r s t time has given u s a complete

available

sources.

be g e n u i n e ,

o f which

T h i s work

lists

(PNRB), has

appeared,

synthesis of a l l the

4 5 3 names w h i c h a r e c o n s i d e r e d t o

364 are identified with certainty or probability,

dealing w i t h each source

i nt u m .

However, t h e r e i s l i t t l e o r no

attempt a t analysis (although t h e index with i t s thorough etymological

t r e a t m e n t o f t h e names p r o v i d e s t h e r a w m a t e r i a l s f o r such
something

which w i l l

surely follow.

an analysis),

2:
Before

any

a n a l y s i s c a n "be m a d e o f R o m a n o - B r i t i s h ,

considerable
and

Sources

amount of source

sorted into a coherent

Since

nature, identifications
helps

w h e n we

sources

collected

o f names w i t h

to eliminate duplications
an

i n c i d e n t a l manner, i n the context o f the i n d i v i d u a l work, although

i n

c a s e o f ND

the

lists
The

c150

map

to

of the major

Ptolemaeus

been used to

sources

give

i s the Geography

(PG), an Alexandrian astronomer

3 presents

Book I I Chapter
of Britain;

geographical

an index

writing

of

i n Greek

t o f e a t u r e s named

a l t h o u g h h i s maps have been l o s t ,

of a modem atlas,

g i v e t h e l a t i t u d e and

feature.

He

T y r e , who

appears to have l i v e d

apparent
of

statea t h a t h i s main source

that the B r i t i s h

varying dates;

named

i t i s

on

possible

'towns'

are Homan f o r t s near

Roman occupation

PG

up

and

later

been cobbled

and

hill-forts

will
AD,

reflect

together from

q u a n t i t i e s and

sources

a l l the
centres

at eborakon),

so

the e a r l i e s t phase o f

wheras f o r B r i t a i n n o r t h of

i s normally accurate

i n transcribingBritish

genders are not always

the

the

during
names,

reliable

changes i n the sounds o f the Greek language have

(LHEB
opened

the t e x t t o an enormous number o f v a r i a n t s ; P r o f e s s o r R i v e t ' s

study
of

o f t h e B r i t i s h s e c t i o n ( R i v e t 1974)

the d i f f i c u l t i e s
The

surrounding

the

Itinerary

( A I ) ,has

best understood

t o c l e a r up

most

work.

a result

of a l l the geographical

c o l l e c t i o n o f j o u r n e y s made a t d i f f e r e n t

and

helped

recent

as

the

a l s o been the subject o f an i n t e n s i v e

s t u d y by P r o f e s s o r R i v e t ( B S A I ), as
the

has

itinerarium Prouinciarum Antonini Augusti, better-known

Antonine

of

i t i s quite

or ather native

fortress

named

Marinus

t h e names r e f l e c t t h e campaigns o f A g r i c o l a

although h i s vowel
35),

32),

(LHEB

of the Legionary

d u r i n g t h e 70s

Tyne-Solway line,
8 0 s AD,

o f i n f o r m a t i o n was

AD

s e c t i o n has

that the situation represented

the

c100

like

longitude of each

thus f o r the Brigantes of Northern England,

(with the sole exception

o f wh-ich i t i s
sources.

t i m e s by

undoubtedly

I t appears to
different

be

people,

t a k e s i t s name f r o m t h e E m p e r o r C a r a c a l l a ( M a r c u s A u r e l i u s A n t o n i n u s ) ,

whose j o u r n e y f r o m Rome t o t h e E a s t

i s probably

longest ofthe itinera i n the collection.

(iter

One

represented

by

of the B r i t i s h

the
itinera

I I i n t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l B r i t i s h n u m b e r i n g ) seems t o o f f e r

o p p o r t u n i t y f o r d a t i n g , f i r s t l y by
at

has

r e c o n s t r u c t t h e m t o some e x t e n t by means o f h i s i n d i c e s w h i c h ,

those

name places

order.

AD.

his

i t i s c l e a r t h a t s o m e k i n d o f map

earliest

Claudius

Other

sources

i n

the

the sources.

the

the greater part of our

known s i t e s i s o f t e n a q u i t e easy t a s k , and

come t o c o l l a t e

names,

m a t e r i a l a t o u r d i s p o s a l m u s t be

body.

a r e works, o f a g e o g r a p h i c a l

place

B i r r e n s ( D u m f r i e s ) , and

Penkridge:

however,

these

secondly

the mention
by

o f BLATOBVLGrvl'I,

the s p e l l i n g of

seem i r r e c o n c i l a b l e ,

an
located

PENNOCRVCIVl'I,

s i n c e B i r r e n s was

finally

abandoned as e a r l y as c180 AD, w h i l e t h e form PEMOCSVCIVM should

later

t h a n c 3 0 0 AD."^

Whatever t h e date

since, by giving distances

o f A I i t i s o f prime

between sites,

i t has enabled

f o u r o r so o f i t s 113 names t o be assigned

while

those which

areunlocated

be

importance

a l l b u t about

t oHomano-British

sites,

p r e c i s e l y can be g i v e n a n

approximate

position; moreover, i t i s t h e l e a s t corrupt o f o u r sources.

Hand i nhand w i t h t h e Antonine
an itinerary i npictorial

(PT),

assigns

i t t o thethird

I t i n e r a r y goes t h e Peutinger
form,

dated

a result,

w M c h had been l o s t before

WRlDYWfK

distorted, since

source

As
preserved,

parts o f AI.

I S C A DYMNONIORVM

The

(Exeter)

fragment.

i s t h eRavenna Cosmography

(RC),

study by S i r Ian Richmond, 0 G S

I f o r Williams (BSRC) which,

remained

copy was made.

b y a n a n o n y m o u s c l e r i c o f R a v e n n a c 7 0 0 AD ( P H R B ) ; t h i s h a s

been t h e subject o f a major

and

t h epresent

( s i d f o r d ) also appear on t h e s u r v i v i n g

latest geographical

compiled

since most o f t h e i s l a n d was

and centres duplicating t h e corresponding

map m u s t h a v e b e e n v i o l e n t l y

The

revision);

only t h e c o a s t - l i n e o f Kent and East Anglia has been

w i t h roads

and

t o c 3 6 5 AD ( L H S B 3 3 ; PNKB

century, w i t h an early fifth-century

however, i t i s o f l i t t l e use i nB r i t a i n ,
on a sheet

Table

although

somewhat dated,

t h emodel f o r a l l subsequent studies.

Despite

Crawford

has rightly
i t s late

date,

RC c o n t a i n s n o m a t e r i a l r e l a t i n g t o B r i t a i n o f p o s t - R o m a n d a t e , a n d
seems t o have been compiled

form a variety

presumably o f second century date

on t h eAntonine
which

since

Wall, while another

o f classical sources/is

i t includes a l i s t

source

seems t o be a F l a v i a n map

had previously been used by Ptolemy.

u s i n g RC i s t h a t i t i s u n s u r p a s s e d
scholarly efforts

The greatest problem i n

i ni t s textual

o f BSRC h a v e h e l p e d

corruptions, but the

t o s o l v e many p u z z l e s ,

more recent studies ( n o t a b l e j D i l l e m a n n 1979 and PKRB)

a number o f t h emore i n t r a c t a b l e names.
fact that i t preserves
a number o f areas
Of

t h enon-geographical

most u s e f u l .
of

major

AI thought

while
elucidated

o f RC l i e s

i n the

especiallyi n

ignored.

sources,
t h e date

t h eN o t i t i a Dignitatum
and accuracy

(ND)i s t h e

o f t h e document a r e areas

controversy, i t i s clear that i t consists o f a s e to f l i s t s

locating a l l t h emajor

civil

and m i l i t a r y appointments

o r i g i n a l l y drawn up i n t h el a t e r f o u r t h
in

The value

have

more names t h a n a n y o t h e r source,

otherwise

of forts

century,

i n t h e Empire

and thereafter revised

p a r t (probably by a p r i v a t e i n d i v i d u a l ) t o c430 A D .

The date o f

the

B r i t i s h m a t e r i a l need n o t detain us unduly

here,

since

value

o f N D t o u s i s t h a t i t names v a r i o u s f o r t s n o t named

which

we c a n o f t e n l o c a t e o n t h e b a s i s

attested epigraphically i nthelate

t h e main
elsewhere,

o f i t s garrisons ( i fthese a r e

fourth century) o r from t h e fact

t h a t i t seems t o be b a s e d o n a map i n t h e o r d e r i n g o f i t s names. I t

has

one o r two corruptions and o b s c u r i t i e s , b u t g e n e r a l l y

names i n a c l e a r l y r e c o g n i s a b l e

form.

supplies

Epigraphic
sources

soiixces a r e most u s e f u l i n f i x i n g names d e r i v e d f r o m

t o known sites,

epigraphy

although

t h e r e a r e a f e w names known o n l y

t h e name t o he r e c o v e r e d

sources
those
of,

a r e , on t h e whole,
places

which

vague ahout

to find

these

place

since

Historical
only

could he expected t o have

heard

names d u p l i c a t e d

they are r a r e l y described

i n our

geographical

t o locate sites

with sufficient

No d a t e - l i m i t h a s b e e n s e t f o r t h e s o u r c e s
Sources include works dating from

form

names, and mention

when they a r e n o t , i t i s o f t e n impossible

certainty,

help

the correct Romano-British

( a s i n t h e case o f Y E R C O V I C I V M ) .

a work's audience

so i t i s u s u a l

sources;

from

( e . g . C O S I A SOLILIOE."^/!'!); o c c a s i o n a l l y i n s c r i p t i o n s m a y

overcome t e x t u a l c o r r u p t i o n s enabling
of

written

precision.

o f names, so t h a t L i t e r a r y

the earliest

contacts

before the

expeditions

o f Caesar t o t h e w r i t i n g s o f S t P a t r i c k , dating t o t h e

years

witnessed

which

Mediaeval

Historia Brittonum.

period which
counted

t h e death

a r e recorded

with

o f Roman B r i t a i n ,

up t o t h e e a r l y

A l l names d a t i n g f r o m

i n n o n - l i t e r a r y sources

the early

Mediaeval

such as charters are

a s m o d e r n s u r v i v a l s e v e n i f t h e name h a s s u b s e q ^ u e n t l y

disappeared

from use.
One s o u r c e
single
ago

source

which

might

have been mentioned as t h e most

f o r t h e h i s t o r y and geography o f Roman B r i t a i n

was t h e s o - c a l l e d

'Le S i t u B r i t a n n i a e ' o f R i c h a r d

(,dSB); t h i s p u r p o r t s

t o be a c o m p i l a t i o n made b y a

monk o f Westminster,

and includes

as

valuable

an itinerary

w e l l a s a d e s c r i p t i o n a n d map.

Although

150

years

of Cirencester

fourteenth-century

( o r 'Liaphragmata')

Richard

was a

genuine

fourteenth-century c h r o n i c l e r , there- i s today

n o d o u b t t h a t dSB i s a n

eighteenth-century

'discoverer'

f o r g e r y made b y t h e w o r k ' s

the Dane J u l i u s Bertram,

cited again

who p u b l i s h e d

i t i n 1747o

as an a u t h o r i t y f o rnames, b u t since

names h a v e b e e n i n common usage i t w i l l

as

t h e c a u s e f o r some

and editor,

I tw i l l

n o t be

s e v e r a l o f dSB's

be q u o t e d f r o m

time

t o time

misconceptions,^

Notes
1

There

i s an a l t e r n a t i v e s o l u t i o n here.

Professor

have based h i s d a t i n g o f t h e sound change

* c r u c j o - t o a r o u n d 300AD o n t h e b a s i s
believed
best
so

t o date

from

J a c k s o n seems t o

"^croucio-:>"^crocjo-

o f A I , which

he

mistakenly

t h e r e i g n o f D i o c l e t i a n (LHEB 5 1 3 ) ; i t i s perhaps

t o b r i n g t h e date

o f t h e change back t o t h e l a t e r

t h a t we h a v e a f a i r l y

close

second

century,

d a t i n g o f t h e r o u t e t o c 1 6 0 - c 1 8 0 AD.

On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e r e may h a v e b e e n a n a s s i m i l a t i o n t o L c r u x ,
before

t h e sound change took place;

regional variant.

crucis,,

s i m i l a r l y , y P E N N 0 C R V C I 7 M may be
i k e f f i ^ ^ o - ^ ^ c U i ^ ^ U^lV^^

a
s^di\^

Dates f o rt h e B r i t i s h

sectioi^ are almost

impossible

to

determine.

6
but i t i s certain that

t h e y r e p r e s e n t t h e s i t u a t i o n a f t e r 369;

Frere 2

b e l i e v e s t h a t i t i s t h e outcome o f S t i l i c h o ' s r e o r g a n i z a t i o no f
w h i l e l e s s o r t h o d o x o p i n i o n s see
Legions'

a f t e r 410,

c 4 3 0 (ard 1 9 7 3 ) .

either
A*date

c419

the l i s t s

a spart of a 'Return of

('CoHingwood & Myres)

c 4 0 0 AD,

c396,
the

or aslate a s

w h i l e i n e x a c t , i s enough f o r our

purpose.
3

R i c h a r d Bagshawe, i n a r e c e n t book (Bagshawe 1979), has

r e s u r r e c t dSBa s a genuine

source;

attempted

i n v i e w o f e=^2Ks:d.=S2td'Mayor' s

t h o r o u g h a n a l y s i s o f t h e f r a u d i n tiiexr

introduction to the

Series e d i t i o n of the genuine

Speculum H i s t o r i a l e ,

attempt i s , t o say

Richard's

t h e v e r y l e a s t , -^feicais:;!::-

\\\-Ci5^/vOfc\o:^ .

Rolls
such a n

to

3:
i

Identifications

General
Without

douht

Romano-British

Al^is
place

the hest

starting point f o r any i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f

names, s o t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n i s d i v i d e d

the i t i n e r a w i t h corrohorations and a d d i t i o n a l i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s

from other sources.

hetween
added

Each s e c t i o n i s accompanied h ya mapt o show t h e

r o u t e f o l l o w e d ( a n d t o show how i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s h a v e h e e n made ) .

has

PNRB

heen f o l l o w e d f o rt h e g r e a t e r p a r t , since i t i s t h e most r e c e n t , and

indeed

t h e only^ attempt

t o deal withjj^the m a t e r i a l , h u t t h e r e a r e a numher

o f d e p a r t u r e s / ^ \ >AJ:b<"^(i5t'c3i(Ov^.
ii Iter

I *al i m i t e ,

This iter

i d esta uallo,

praetorio'

(Map l )

i s one o f t h e most prohlematic, n o t l e a s t i n i t s heading

(see helow,

p S ) , hut' t h e beginning

i s w e l l - f i x e d w i t h BREMENTOI

attested epigraphically a t High Rochester,

equated

w i t h RC 185 a n d

PG h r e m e n i o n .

CORSTOPITYl^ i s C o r c h e s t e r

(Corhridge)

name s u r v i v a l ,

but i s n o t a C e l t i c form;

i f we may i d e n t i f y

RC 1 4 2 C O R I E L O P O C A R I Y M , w e h a v e a m o r e n o r m a l
f o r t a t Risingham,
f o r t o f Hadrian's
RIB

north o ^ Corchester

B r i t i s h place

i t with
name.'' T h e

along Dere S t r e e t , and a n outpost

W a l l , i s known t o h a v e been c a l l e d HABITANCVM

1225 a n d 1 2 3 5 , a name w h i c h

YINDOMORA f i t s E b c h e s t e r ,
ouinnoouion

o nt h e basis o f

i s probably

t h e EVIDBNSCA o f RC 1 8 9 .

and VINOYIA, Binchester, which

last

o f PG- a n d t h e s a m e a s R C 1 3 4 ; t h e L I N E O V I G L A w h i c h

i t i n RC c a n h a r d l y b e Ebchester'j
NI> X L o 3 0 , L O N G O V I C I Y M , w h i c h

from

and i s probably

i st h e
precedes

t o be identified

survives a sLanchester,

with

where i t i s proven

epigraphically.
Next,

CATAEACTONI a p p e a r s i n o t h e r i t i n e r a

i n PG, CACTABACTONION
be

Cattericko

(ll and V), a s katouraktonion

i n RC I 3 6 , a n d i n Bede HE i i . 1 4 e t c . ^ : t h i s

T h e M A G I S o f D X L . 2 9 i s i d e n t i f i e d a s P i e r c e b r i d g e b y

RB4 because o f i t s p r o x i m i t y t o LONGOVICIVM, a l t h o u g h t h i s

PNRB e q u a t e s

must

i t w i t h Burrow Walls

w i t h Aldborough,

(below,

p,17).

i s doubtful;

I S V R r m may b e i d e n t i f i e d

w i t h t h e r i v e r name U r e i n c o n f i r m a t i o n ; i t i st h e

i s o u r i o n o f PG, a n d t h e f o r m ISVBRIGANTY1>I i n i t e r Y s h o w s t h a t i t
became t h e C i v i t a s c a p i t a l o f t h e B r i g a n t e s .
c o n t a i n t h e name i f a n a l y s e d
PNRB, w h i c h
EBYRACYM

i s attractive,

*COC(C)YYE(DA,

R C 2 6 4 COGYYEYSYR'^/M
)ISYR(I)YT'I,

a s suggested b y

s i n c e RC l i s t s ^ o t h e r C i v i t a s c a p i t a l s .

i s one o f t h e b e s t - a t t e s t e d names o f Roman B r i t a i n ,

descendant forms

being

may

used i n a l l subsequent periods

with i t s

(Old Welsh

Cair

S b r a u c , A n g l o - S a x o n E o f o r w i c , Y i k i n g J o r v i k , whence m o d e r n Y o r k ) ;i t
i s mentioned
and

i n PG, A I ( i t i n e r a I , I I , Y ,Y I I l ) ,

other l i t e r a r y and epigraphic

sources.

c o r r e c t B r i t i s h f o r m , EBORACYJ'I w o u l d
alternative;

t h e evidence

ND X L . 3 , . 1 8 ^ , RC 1 3 7

Although

* E b u r a c o n i st h e

seem t o have been a commonly-used

f o rt h e COLONIA EBORACENSIS i s w e l l - k n o w n ,

but

it i soften forgotten that Aurelius V i c t o r refers

in

t o i t as a

municipium

the time o f Severus.^

The

s e c t i o n f o l l o w i n g KBVEACVM i s w i t h o u t d o u h t

DERVENTIO i s c l e a r l y a s i t e
(if

the distance
hetter;
Malton

o f seven miles from York would

s i n c e n o Homan o c c u p a t i o n

i sknown from t h i s

X has heen l o s t
of two i t i n e r a
another

puzzle,

helow).

much

and since

much i n g e n u i t y h a s heen

f r o m t h ed i s t a n c e f i g u r e s ,
( a ne x p l a n a t i o n w h i c h

However,

Bridge

site,

Ifergary (l973)

exercised i ne x p l a i n i n g t h e 'error'.

so

a t Malton.

fit Stamford

an identification,

fort

a s seems l i k e l y ) ,

heen i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h ei m p o r t a n t f o r t

i sso attractive

difficult;

on the S i v e r Derwent, and must he a

o f t h e same name i n ND X L . 5 1 ,

i t i s t h ef o r t

i t has always

t h em o s t

suggests

that an

while BSAI suggests

a conflation

has i t s advantage i nexplaining

So l e t u s accept DEEVENTIO a s M a l t o n ;

DELGOVICIA

D E V O V I C I A i n RC 1 3 9 f o l l o w s D S C V A R I A

and

PRAETORIO a r enow t o h e f o u n d .

and

BBVRACVI4, a n d i s c l e a r l y a n e r r o r f o r D E L G O V I C I A , w h i l e D E C V A R I A i s

almost

certainly

f o r t h ep e t o u a r i a o f PG, a t t e s t e d e p i g r a p h i c a l l y a t

Brough-on-Humher^; DELGOVICIA should

Malton

- York,

perhaps atWetwang,

heen i d e n t i f i e d
The

final

the i t e r
XV

where a large settlement has r e c e n t l y

i s t h el o c a t i o n o f PRAETORlO, which

headquarters

t o a place

begins

a t York,

h u tthis

should he

involves a doubling hack o f

already passed, a n u n p a r a l l e l e d occurrence

(dSB i t e r

i nL o n d o n , a n d r e t u r n s t h e r e ; t h i s may h a v e h e e n a n a t t e m p t

the forger t o j u s t i f y
the iter

originally

a doubling-back

i nA l ) .

BSAI's suggestion

terminated a t the Praetorium a t York,

section running from Malton

at PETVARIA, i sa t t r a c t i v e
of seven miles f o r the York
f r o m PETVARIA t o PRAETORIO.

i s i nr e a l i t y

another

i nthat i t w i l l
- 14alton stage

iter,

explain the

and that t h e

this

time

curious

^,

ending

distance

and also t h estrange

See, however, note

COGANGES m a y b e i d e n t i f i e d
formerly Cuncaceastre,

with m

change

above.

D I X I O i s o b v i o u s l y t h e s a m e a s D X L , 2 3

associated w i t h ARBEIA ( X L , 2 2 ) ,

t h el a c k o f known m i l i t a r y

Corchester

X L , 2 4 CONCAITGIOS, a n d C h e s t e r - l e - S t r e e t ,

which

remains

should be i n N o r t h - E a s t e r n England,

DICTI,

became Caer U r f e ,

S h i e l d s ; P r e r e 2 , f o l l o w e d b y PNRB, l o c a t e s ^ D I C T I V M
but

by

that

A f t e r D E V O V I C I A , RC l i s t s D I X I O LVGVEDVNO COGANGES f o l l o w e d b y

a place

(PI^IRB).

difficulty

the m i l i t a r y

then l i e i nt h etri'ange Brough

makes t h i s

South

a t Monkwearmouth,
uncertain.

perhaps a t Pieycebridge

*LVGVDVNVM
(from

which

PNRB h a s r e m o v e d t h e name M A G I S ) .

iii Iter
This

I I 'a u a l l o

iter

is-fairly

ritupis'

stretches from one comer

straightfoward.

modern C a r l i s l e ,
can

ad portum

LVGWALLO

so t h et w o previous

(Maps 2 & 3 )

o f t h ep r o v i n c e
represents
stages

will

be i d e n t i f i e d w i t h B i r r e n s ( B L A T O B V L G I V M )

t o t h eother, b u t

t h ea n c e s t o r

o f t h e

be outpost

forts, and

and Netherby

(CASTRA

EXPLORATORVM).'
llA-GNIS,

Connected w i t h LAGVBALTOI ( i . e .C a r l i s l e )

GABAGLAKDA

epigraphically,

a n d VIKDOLAEDE;

a n d o c c u r s - i n WD X L o 4 1

it i snot strictly
moving towards
of

this

such.

I n this

Carlisle,

counting

i t , AESICA w i l l

last

i s fised a t

i na list

and

a likely

area.

Chesterholm

o f all f o r t s >

although

same l i s t , MAGNIS f o l l o w s a f t e r
forts

heGreatchesters

AESICA;

a c t u a l l y o n t h e all a n d s o u t h

a n d MAGNIS w i l l

j u n c t i o n o f t h e M a i d e n Way a n d t h e S t a n e g a t e .
Way i a t h e f o r t

i nRC a r e

h e Carvoran,

South

along

a tt h e

t h e Maiden

o f W h i t l e y Castle, a nimportant pre-Roman mining

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n f o rt h e epiakon

T h e l o c a t i o n o f GABAGLANDA

Western

sector o f Hadrian's

(below,

p23)

o f PG, p l a c e d

i s a question which

Wall, and w i l l

beleft

centre

i nthis

general

involves the entire

until

section xiii

From L V G W A L I V M t h e r o u t e i nA I i s duplicated b y i t e r V a sf a ra s York

(in

reverse

order); i nthis

BEREDA, a n d i s f i x e d
BRABONIAGO

iter,

V O R E D A i s t o h e i d e n t i f i e d w i t h RC. 1 2 8

epigraphically a t Old Penrith, BROVONACIS w i t h t h e

X L . 2 ? a n d ( B ) R A V O N I A ( C O ) o f RC 1 2 3 , a l s o

of

epigraphically a t Kirkby Thore,

and VERTERIS w i t h t h e stage

name i n i t e r V, w i t h KD X L . 2 6 a n d V A L T E R I S i n RC 1 2 7 , w h i c h
under-Stainmore.

I n i t e r V t h e r e i s o n l y one stage

L V G W A L I V l - I , BROCAVO,

i nboth

itinera,

l o c a t e d a t Bowes Castle'; A I t h e n f a l l s
York,

passing

thefort

a t Greta

Bridge,

into

of

ND X L . 2 8 a s a c c e p t e d b y R B 4 , b u t w h i c h

(a

name c e r t a i n l y n o t t o b e eq_uated

has

iter

iter

i s probably n o t t h e MGLONE

w i t h Binchester, VINOVIA, a sF r e r e 2
a sPNRB d o e s ,

I I h e a d s f o rt h e L e g i o n a r y

on t h e Dee, b u t t h e d i s t a n c e s

They reasoned

t h a t a stage

s i m i l a r names were i n c l o s e
in

while

t o be correct.

presumably because two

c o n t a c t ; C A L C A R I A a n d CAICBODVNiO a r e l i n k e d

CAMBODVNVl'I i s a l s o i n B e d e , r e f e r r i n g
although

t h eRomano-British

site

four),

t h e distance here

i swildly

t ob e

this general

to

ALVNA/ALIGINCA

PG'solikana

stage

located.

instead of thirty-

a r e a P G a n d R C 1 1 1 l o c a t e a CAl'IVLODVNVI^, w h i c h
b yRC: PNliB a c c e p t t h a t t h i s

olikana with llkley

Now,

is"linked

l a s t may b e a v a r i a n t o f

i s t o be rejected (this being

t o PNRB),

Loidis

should have been here.

r a t h e r t h a n t h e *ALAVNA t h e y p r o p o s e .

635 according

i nRegie

Tadcaster

s u r v i v e s a sManchester, and

out (eighteen miles

we may presume t h a t t h e m i s s i n g

in

t o Campodono

has n o t y e t been

A f t e r CAI^IBODVNVl^ c o m e s MAJvIVCIO i n A I , w h i c h
since

Chester

a now-famous

CALCARIA a p p e a r s i n Bede a sK a e l c a c a e s t i r , a n d i s c l e a r l y

(Leeds),

RIB

a t LEVA,

t h e c o n f l a t e d PAl'tPOCALIA o f RC 1 2 5 , s o t h e e r r o r i s u n l i k e l y

here.^

of

fortress

(BSRC 4 3 ) i s l i k e l y

has been ommitted,

since t h e

fort).

given are insufficient;

s o l u t i o n b yRichmond and Crawford

Following-

I along Dere S t r e e t t o

n a m e -^LVGVDVNVM i s p e r h a p s t o b e a t t a t c h e d t o t h i s
York,

Brough-

may h e t h e MORBIO o f X L . 2 1

done, and p o s s i b l y n o t w i t h P i e r c e b r i d g e

Leaving

fits

XL,25 a n d R C 1 3 5 , a n d

which

o f t h e same

between VERTERIS and

g

f i x e d e p i g r a p h i c a l l y a t Brougham.

VERTERIS i s LAVATRIS, found

confirmed

The

identification

t h e VERBEIA o f

and we may accept E l s l a c k , t h e s o l u t i o n o f

10

PNRB, w i t h o u t i n v o l v i n g OLEl^ACYI^ a n d O L E R I C A , s i n c e BSRC' s

^ALICONA p r o v i d e s
should

a reasonable

t h e r e f o r e be nearby,

probably

a t Slack,

which

emendation

e x p l a n a t i o n o f b o t h f o r m s . CM'NLODYWWi

o nt h e road between Leeds and Manchester,

suits

t h e distances w e l l enough; t h e l o s s o f

CAMVLODYNVI^ a f t e r CA14BOLYNVI4 w i l l h a v e b e e n v e r y e a s y i n d e e d .
l o c a t e s PGrhigodounon

a t Castleshaw,

between Slack and Manchester.

I ' l A M V C I Y M r e c u r s i n i t e r X a n d R C 1 0 9 I'LANCIO, a n d a f t e r

this

( f o u n d a l s o i n i t e r X a n d RC 9 1 ) may b e i d e n t i f i e d w i t h
B e t w e e n L E V A a n d CONDATE RC i n s e r t s
on t h e d i r e c t r o u t e .
of

theDerbyshire

f o u r names, which

GONLATE

Northwich.
can hardly l i e

LVTYLARON i s known e p i g r a p h i c a l l y a s t h e c e n t r e

lead-mining

district,

t o be sought

near

irksworth;

DERBENTIOM w i l l then be L i t t l e c h e s t e r o nt h e Derbyshire

"'/ERATINO c a n n o t

PNRB

be located with certainty,

seems t h e most l i k e l y

candidate

Lerwent.

although t h e town

at

( a l t h o u g h s e e now PNRB f o r a n e q u a t i o n

w i t h YERNBl-iETYM, W i l l o u g h b y ) , w h i l e S A L I N A E i s m o s t r e a s o n a b l y
at

Rocester

placed

Northwich.
A f t e r DEVA (PG, A I i t i n e r a

I I , X I , RC 8 6and v a r i o u s epigraphic

BOVIO i s u s u a l l y l o c a t e d a t H o l t , t h e p o t t e r y - m a n u f a c t u r i n g
although

t h e distance

south from Chester

too

which

i s n o t known,

RC 8 5 SAYDONIO, p l a c e d

between

a l t h o u g h PuB3

recorded

s e t t l e m e n t a t I'lalpas; t h e s e t t l e m e n t a t H e r o n b r i d g e

close t o Chester

suggestion

centre, but

f r o m DEYA i s c o r r e c t , i t i n v o l v e s u s i n g a r o a d

DEYA a n d MEDIOLANYM i s n o t r e a d i l y i d e n t i f i a b l e ,
a minor

sources),

t o h a v e b e e n n a m e d s e p a r a t e l y b y RC,

i s probably
PNRB's

t h a t t h e G a u l i s h I ^ D I O L A i m ^ SANTOFVM h a s i n f l u e n c e d t h e

Cosmographer i s perhaps a little s t r a i n e d : Dillemann

n a m e w i t h BOYVm,

which

i s rather simpler.

1979 connects

the

M D I O L A T O I f i t s t h e town

Q
at

>[hitchurch, which

also occurs

asthe finishing-point

RYTYNIO must b e o n t h e Roden, probably

distances

a t Harcourt

of iter X ;

Mill,

which t h e

confirm.

Y R I O C O N I O s u r v i v e s a s roxeter, t h e e n d p o i n t o f i t e r X I I , w h e r e t h e
form

YIROCONIORYI.I

( f o r * Y I R O C O N ( r a CORITOY)lORYl-I

Y T R I C O N I O N CORNOYIORYM
the

famous forum

Cair Guricon
its

? ) agrees

i nnaming i t a sC i v i t a s capital,

inscription.

YIRICONP/iyi

occurs

w i t h RC's

confirmed b y

i n t h e Old Welsh

form

i n t h e X X V I I I C i u i t a t e s s e c t i o n o f HB, a n d t h e q u e s t i o n o f
B e f o r e Y I R I C O N I Y M RC 7 8 l i s t s ALAYNA,

survival i s vexed.

PNRB p l a u s i b l y e q u a t e s

w i t h A l c e s t e r (Warwks).

which

Prom Wroxeter,

A I moves

o n t o YXACONA, i d e n t i f i e d a s R e d H i l l , a l t h o u g h i t i s p o s s i b l e

that the

name h a s i n f l u e n c e d t h e m o d e r n O a k e n g a t e s ; PENNOCRYCIO h a s
survived intact a sPenkridge;

ETOCBTO i s t h e same a s LECTOCETO i n RC

9 4 a n d HB's C a i r L u i t C o i t , a n d s u r v i v e s a s L i c h f i e l d ,
town
at

has-migrated

Mancetter

from

i s another

t h eRomano-British
survival.

into

site

although the

a t W a l l ; i'lANDYESSEDO

This remarkable

along Watling S t r e e t w i l l be discussed

A t YENONAE w e f a l l

certainly

group o f s u r v i v a l s

below.

line w i t h i t i n e r a Y I and Y I I I ,

although t h e

11
staging-posts
at High

are

Cross,

important

s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t i n each l i s t .

w h e r e t h e P o s s ay

crossroads.

BANl'TAVENTA o c c u r s

crosses

Watling Street,

TRIPONTIO i n i t e r V I alone

i n a l l t h r e e i t i n e r a , ' ' ^ and

Lodge, where the Bannaventa I n n preserves

h a r d l y he
w i t h RC

t a k e n as

evidence

9 5 lACIOLYLI-IA,

Towcester,

9 6 YIROLANIYl'I

referred
the

t o as

and

and

i n the

LACTODORO may

VERVLAMIYI'I i n T a c i t u s ' A n n a l s

a f t e r which

^^Tiilton

he

identified
and

spelling.

evenrually
at

LONLIlNlYM.

have a Romano-British

spelling

LOKDINIYM a t variance w i t h

t h e / B r i t i s h f o r m "^Londonion:

the

the B r i t i s h rather than Romano-British

I t was

from

l a t e r r e n a m e d A Y G Y S T A ( o f . RC

Prere 2 conjectures that

evidence
After
iter

i t had

for this i s indirect

London i t e r

at Crayford.

LYROBRIYIS),

hy

i t i n e r a I I Iand

identified with

*(DYRO)BRI(NA)YIS

and

as

i n PT

B e d e HE

form.

Ammianus),

and
the

l Y ; NOYIOI'IAGO i n

the *(N0YI0)1'IADYS

o f PT,

located

I I only, i s located at

i n a l l three itinera (iter

as w e l l

and

of

(Prere 2 2 4 1 ) ,

YAGNIACIS, a l s o i n i t e r

DYROBROYIS i s f o u n d

11,31

the survival

a l s o h e e n named CAESAREA, a l t h o u g h

I I i s joined

I I o n l y i s t o he

9 7 , WD

of
The

the i n d u s t r i a l settlement

the i t i n e r a reach

can

ourolanion,

a l t h o u g h ^ ^ S t Alhan'-s

c a s e o f E B O R A C V M / E B V R A C Y M , we

name i s , i n f a c t ,

Parm;

on pre-Roman c o i n s

the most complete

SYLLONIACIS represents

an

x i v . 3 3 , where i t i s

t h e name a l s o occurs

name s u r v i v e d t o hecome W e r l a m e c e a s t e r ,

As

i s located at

MCIOVIMIO at Dropshort,

C a t u u e l l a u n i , w i t h YERTiAMIO h e i n g

Brockley H i l l ,

longer

i s a t Cave's I n n

VEROLAI'IIO i s t h e same a s PC's

a municipium;

superseded i t ,

no

i s

i t s memory ( a l t h o u g h t h i s

of survival!).

DYROCOBRIYAE a t L u n s t a h l e .
RC

VENONAE i t s e l f

lY alone
RC

*(DY)RO(B)RIYIS,

74

has

Springhead.
the

correct'
and

LYROBRABIS

74

i i , 3L u r o h r e u i , t h e l a s t f i x i n g i t as

1 2

Rochester,
is

t o he

name as
as

DYROLEYO has
sought

c a p i t a l ) , B e d e HE

i n ASC

as L o r w i c

a l i t e r a r y form than a genuine

survival

of the t r i h a l

w i t h Recxilver, which

certainty,

P a v e r s h a m ; RC

AD.

which

which

i n HB

DVBRIS and

in

A I i t e r l Y , PT

RC

i t was

R A T Y P I S , WD

such
to

he

show

starting

a famous place
Ill's

XIWIII.IS;

s t a t e d t o he

the rhoutoupiai of

X X Y I I I . 1 9 RYTYPIS,

including several

71 DYBRIS; f i n a l l y ,

L E M A Y I O , ND

order,

o f Bede's R e p t a c a e s t i r ,

Dover i s the English form of AI i t e r

XXVIII.14

PG

seems t o

d e s c e n d a n t o f R E G Y L B I Y I ^ iNL

various literaryreferences,

ND

i n

i s more l i k e l y

taken i n clockwise

i s the direct

show t h a t

town

i . 2 5 etc. i n various forms

ceaster,

PORTYI'i R Y T Y P I S o f A l ' i t e r I I , P T

mentions,

the

e p i t h e t , b^vV U> vAAjrTb-KlCtlu^ib l a t s o r o v o ^ l ^ V ' i ^

i s the modern form

7 3 RYTYPIS and

gives

as DYROAYERNO CANTIACORYl'I ( p r o v i n g

c o r r u p t i o n o f R Y T Y B I PORTYS, t h u s i d e n t i f y i n g i t w i t h
PG,

hut i t

LYROYEPJTO o c c u r s

survival; Cair Ceint

f o r t s of East Kent are hest

Richhorough

72

a s L Y R O A Y E R Y S , RC

s t a t u s as C i v i t a s

The

and

t h e name o f t h e r i v e r S w a l e i n e r r o r .

as D o r u u e m u m , and

the

heen located with

hetween Sittinghoume

d a r o u e m o n , PT

its

never

RC

poetic

even i n the f i r s t

century

PORTYT'I D Y B R I S , P T

DYBRIS,

Lympne i s PORTVM

X X V I I I . 1 5 LE1'L4NNIS a n d

RC

70

LEMANIS

LEIMIS;

12
this
iv

second l a r g e group

I t e r V 'al o n d i n i o

o f survivals will

luguualio'

he discussed

helow

(Map 4 )

This r o u t e from London t o C a r l i s l e

gave many o f t h e o l d e r a n t i q u a r i e s

a great deal o f trouhle, since they were determined t o prove that

1 '5
CAI'IBORICO w a s C a m b r i d g e
h u talthough t h eroad system o f East Anglia
ftvvAa'xA^s - i - s ' v e r y p o o r l y - k n o w n ,
The
the

mention

i t i s p o s s i b l e t o make sense

o f COLOHIA a s t h e t h i r d

stage

r o u t e heads f o rColchester, a Colony,

that

t h er i v e r

Colne

o nw h i c h

o f this

i salways

iter

today.

t a k e n t o mean

that

b u t i t should n o tb e f o r g o t t e n

C o l c h e s t e r s t a n d s h a s a C e l t i c name, a n d

that a B r i t i s h "*Colonia ( f r o m a ne a r l i e r ^Colaunia) i s a p o s s i b l e

s e t t l e m e n t name; h a v i n g s a i d which,
Colchester that
In

t h edistances f i t

i t can h a r d l y be doubted

i t e r IX,. w h i c h

follows

that

this

i swhat

t h e same g e n e r a l d i r e c t i o n ,

referred t o asCAimODWO,

s ow e l l f o r
i s meant.

Colchester i s

i n PG k a m o u d o l a n o n , P T CAMYLOLWO, RC 9 9

JIANYLODVLO COLONIA, i n P l i n y N H i i . 1 8 7 C A I l ^ O D V N O , D i o l x , 2 1 , 9
kamoulodounon; Cair Colun

i n HB 66 appears

r i v e r name r a t h e r t h a n a s u r v i v a l

t o be a derivative

o f thetitle,

and w i l l

o f the

Lave been t h e

14

source
The
and

o f t h emodern

i n t e r v e n i n g s t a g e i n i t e r Y , CAESAROI'IAGO, i s a t W i t f o r d

occurs

iter

name.

also i ni t e r

I X , PT a s (GAE)BAROMACI,

(Dunnet

t o be i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h eprobable
1973; also PNRB)

identified

a sK e l v e d o n .

w a l l e d town a t Chigwell

r a t h e r than Romford,

b e t w e e n C A E S A R O M A G Y S a n d CAl^'IVLOLYNYI'I

iter

t h emore u s u a l

suggestion;

I X and PT locate CANONIC,

I ti s o f i n t e r e s t t o note t h a t

CAESAROI'IAGYS

a nu n u s u a l name, b e i n g h a l f - L a t i n a n d h a l f - B r i t i s h .
B e y o n d CMNLODTfm

t o t h eE a s t is/(e-niy B r a d w e l l , t h eY t h a n c e a s t e r o f

B e d e , a n d t h e OTHONA o f N D X X Y I I I . I 3 .
routes, iter

To t h e North, t h eitinera

follow different

is

r e p e a t e d o n t h e s u r v i v i n g p o r t i o n o f P T : A D ANSAl'I i s p r o b a b l y t h e

and

CONBRETOYIO f i t s

t h edistances thence

House,

leaves t h edirect route t o

( s i n c e P T p o r t r a y s S I N O M G I a s i fo n t h e

coast),

w i t h *SEN01'IAGYS p l a c e d

Margary

1973 (now accepted

a t Dunwich b yBSAI and a t Y o x f o r d b y

b yPI^IRB);

distance t o Dunwich i sa l i t t l e

D u n w i c h h a d a s C e l t i c name, r e c o r d e d
-beea-^ R o m a n o - B r i t i s h *DYiymCY14.
routes,

sincei t

t h etown known a t Baylham

show t h a t t h e i t e r

YENTA t o d i v e r t t o t h e coast

the

IX/^being t h emore e a s t e r l y ,

seem

to

settlement a t Higham.

a n d R C 9 7 a s CESOROMAGO;

I X p l a c e s D Y R O L I T O b e t w e e n CAESAROIvIAGYS a n d L O N D I N I Y M , a n d i s

probably

is

(Chelmsford)

thelatter

i smore l i k e l y ,

t o of a rand since we know

since
that

b y B e d e a s D o m n o c , which^wii.i=d33&e

Walton Castle, n o t o nany o f t h e

s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n a -Sa'^Br-Sh-e^^efe^-t,

a n d i s t h emost

reasonable

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f PORTYS ADYRNI o f ND XX^;"III.21 . ^ ^

Returning t o i t e r Y, YILLA
settlement a t Scole,
of

PAYSTINI

may be i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e s m a l l

and beyond i t ICINOS must be t h eC i v i t a s

t h e I c e n i a t C a i s t o r S t E d m u n d s , t h e "^/ENTA I C I N O R Y M o f i t e r

capital
I X . AD

w h i c h occurs i n P T i s h e s t e x p l a i n e d a sAD * ( V E N ) T A

TAYM,

cut

short when the mapl o s t

i t swesternmost

103 i s u n d o u b t e d l y t h e same to-vm.

identified
of

s h e e t : VENTACENOI^'M i n EC

T o the east, Burgh

a s GAEIAIWONOR o f ND J O T I I I . I ?

e s t u a r i e s o f t h e T a r e a n d aveney, i t i s n o w

unknown.
we may
the

C a s t l e may h e

since i t lay'on the e s t u a r y

t h e r i v e r T a r e , t h e g a r i e n n o s o f P C ( a l t h o u g h due

Prom YENTA we a r e o nl e s s f i r m ground,

(ICSNOR)VM

t o changes i n t h e

o nthe l a t t e r ) .

a s the roads westward

D Y E O B R I Y A S i s a t t e s t e d e p i g r a p h i c a l l y a t ater N e w t o n , s o
identify

DYEOLIPONTE w i t h Cambridge;

this

l a t t e r seems t o b e

same a s t h e D Y E C I N A T I S o f EC 100 w h i c h o c c u r s b e t w e e n

and DYROYIGYTYM, p l a u s i b l y e q u a t e d w i t h Godmanchester

back
RB4

f r o m Cambridge,

CAi-IBORICO i s p l a c e d b y B S A I

a t L a c k f o r d ; R B 4 ' s s u g g e s t i o n i s now

in

are

Colchester

b y BSRC.

a t Hockwold,

adopted b y PNRB.

Working
and b y

Tucked

away

the north-west corner of Norfolk i s the f o r t of Brancaster, preserving

the

name o f ND X X Y I I I . 1 6 , BRANODYNO.

Beyond DYROBRIYAE, CAYSENNIS i s i d e n t i f i e d

S a l t e r s f o r d b yRB4,
better.

the distances perhaps

w i t h Sapperton b y BSAI

suiting

the l a t t e r

Council of Aries,

slightly

PG,RC I O 4 where i t s

LliroO also occurs i n i t i n e r a Y I and Y I I I ,

s t a t u s a s Colony i s c o n f i r m e d b o t h i n epigraphy and a l s o

the

and

the Minutes o f

a sw e l l a si n the modern form which must

be derived

f r o m a c o l l o q u i a l f o r m *LINDOCOLONIA ( L H E B ) .
Prom LINDYM t o EBYEACYM i t e r Y i s followed b y i t e r Y I I I

( i nreverse

o r d e r ) a l o n g t h e same s t a g e s ; S E G E L O C I and A G E L O C O a r e o b v i o u s l y t h e
same p l a c e , L i t t l e b o r o u g h ,
ALS

(= A L(INDO)

p o s s i b l y a t t e s t e d o na m i l e s t o n e r e a d i n g

S(EGEL0CY]*1)

f o u n d i n ND X L . 2 8 ,

? ) .

DANO f i t s

located at Castleford-on-Aire.

( i n i t s conflated form),

P R A E S I D I O o f NT) X L . 1 9 ,

S E X T A E ( i . e . Y o r k ) a n d DAN^/J!-! i s i d e n t i f i e d

by P r e r e 2, a v e r y d o u b t f u l a t t r i b u t i o n / ^
in

which

a sNewton

Connected

and

One

the site

Kyme

w i t h LINDYl'I C O L O N I A

b e i n t h e P e n C o u n t r y , n e a r t h e ash.

o f PG w h i c h

should

I t has been e x p l a i n e d a s a

(e.g. b yPNRB) , but this

the Catuuellauni,

lork,

of Horncastle-on-Bain admirably.

f i n a l problem i s the location of the s a l i n a i

misplaced Droitwich

i s

comes

RC i s BANHOYALLYM, w h i c h d o e s n o t seem t o b e o n t h e r o a d t o

and which f i t s

of

i s also

while LEGEOLIO/LAGECIO i s probably to he identified

w i t h R C 126, w h i c h f o l l o w s C A L C A E I A

between

Doncaster, and

last

i s not i n the territory

a sPG s t a t e s ; i t i s p o s s i b l y i n t h e r e g i o n o f

Spalding, although the settlement remains to be found.

The

section from Y o r k t o C a r l i s l e has a l r e a d y been discussed i n

s e c t i o n s i i and i i i above.
V I t e r Y I 'a l o n d i n i o
The

first

lindo'

(Jlap 5 )

p a r t o f t h i s r o u t e has

a t YENONIS, High Cross.

EATAE,

a l r e a d y been covered, and we b e g i n

which occurs a sEATECOEION

C O E I ( T A N O E ) Y M ) i n RC 9 2 and a s r h a g e

i n PG,

RC's

( f o r *RATE

forming showing i t

u
t o l i a v e "been t h e G i v i t a s
follows

capital of the Coritani.

i n RC d a n n o t h e H i g h C r o s s

or any

and

i s emended *PL.

which

a r i v e r name w i t h

TAlvlYS h y P N R B , w h o c o n n e c t

IvIARGIDVNO m u s t

initial

i t w i t h t h e Tame.

VERurffiTO o c c u r s i n a-more c o r r e c t f o r m i n i t e r V I I I
f i t s illoughhy-on-the-oldsc

which

o f t h e o t h e r names

occur i n t h i s area i n A I ; i t i s presumably

PL.,

ELTAYOE.I

(VEPJJEI'IETO) ,

heCastle Hill,

and

A D PONTEl'I

E a s t Stoke ( t h e b r i d g e ^ p r e s u m a b l y b e i n g across t h e T r e n t j , and

CROCOCALANA,

Brough.
vi

I t e r V I I 'aregno
This iter

lundinio'

b e g i n s w i t h one

(Map 6 )

ox the biggest sources of confusion i n the

e n t i r e body o f evidence f o r R o m a n o - B r i t i s h place names, t h e c o n t r o v e r s y

o v e r t h e name o f t h e t r i b e w h i c h i n h a b i t e d what
q u e s t i o n i s d e a l t w i t h more f u l l y
AI's

form t o be a nerror

p.12

above), which must

39 and

be C h i c h e s t e r , the noouiomagos

(Margary 1973,

Between

ARLAONEON, t h e l a t t e r

note

above),

and a p o s s i b l e d e r i v a t i o n
location;

is

t o b e ickham.

and

Southampton Water

PG

also

firstly,

and

t o be connected

o f ARMIS w i l l

of the sea')
difficult
done.

suit

have

Bitterne,

admirably describes i t s

to interpret i t asthe river

Given this,

CLAVSENTVM i s more

F i n a l l y , t h e m e g a s l i m e n (PORTVS JiAGNVS) o f PG

l o c a t e d i n t h i s area, and

and

h u t RC m a y

PORTVS A L V R N I a s BSRC a n d PNRB

E r m e , i n S o u t h D e v o n , a s PNRB h a s
likely

usually

BSA-I e t c . ) , b u t t h e d i s t a n c e s

.The p o s i t i o n

('arm

i t i sunnecessary

ICINOS

identified with Portchester(although

i t can h a r d l y b e l i n k e d w i t h NL's
t o do,

CLAVSENTV!'! i s

( i f emended * A R D A V N I V M ) presumably

w i t h P o r t s Lown,-.and t h e r e f o r e

tried

cp.

a n d NOVIOI'IAGVS RC l o c a t e s A R M I S

VENTA

take

o f PG and RC

much h e t t e r ; PNRB l e a v e s t h e q u e s t i o n open,

o f use here.

the

here

f o r "^REGNIS ( f o r a B r i t i s h a n a l o g y ,

identified with Bitterne

16

be

Sussex;

( p o ' 3 3 ) , a n d w e may

below

4 4N0VI0I4AGN0 a n d NAVIMAGO R E G E N T m i .

s u i t ickham

i s now

probably refers

to the whole

of the Solent

(PNRB).

enables u s t o i d e n t i f y f o u r more names a l o n g t h e Sussex

coast;

k a i n o s l i m e n i s o b v i o u s l y a t r a n s l a t i o n o f N O W S PORTVS,

which

PNRB i n t e r p r e t s a s D o v e r o

However, t h e r i v e r name N O V I A and

place

name

NVBA o f R C ( 2 6 7 a n d 6 8 b ) may w e l l b e c o n n e c t e d ; BSRC 2 3 i d e n t i f i e s N O V I A

PL. w i t h t h e Ouse, w h i c h i s r e a s o n a b l e enough, and w h i c h has a good
1 7
harbour a t i t smouth.
The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n g i v e n h e r e i s a t t r a c t i v e ,
but

unproven.

R C 68a ANDERELIO i s t o b e connected

ANDERITOS, and
Andredesceaster
the

and have

documentary

Next, RC's
the

b y t h e s u r v i v a l o f t h e name a s

(ASC 491 ) ; the f o r m i s u s u a l l y

b a s i s o f stamped

tests,
the

i s f i x e d a t Pevensey

tiles,

w i t h ND X X V I I I . 2 0

but these have

g i v e n a sANDERITA o n

been submitted t o thermoluminescent

been shown t o be modern f o r g e r i e s

(Peacock

1973),

and

f o r m s p o i n t t o AN-DERITVM.

rm^VANTONIS i s o b v i o u s l y connected

r i v e r A r u n ; PNRB emends * F L .

w i t h PG's

trisantonos,

TRISANTONIS, which i s d i f f i c u l t ,

and

BSRC's e m e n d a t i o n * M T Y ( . . .
is not

the river,

Hardham.

The

something

like

hut

first

a place

on i t , i t m u s t he

element w i l l

-ANTO- i n o r d e r

G a l l i c name o f t h e F r e n c h

seems p r e f e r a b l e .

T R I S ) M T 0 N I S

the

I f TRISANTONIS

settlement

at

h a v e h e g u n w i t h I'lWV- f o l l o w e d

to explain the

r i v e r M u a n n e was

c o n f l a t i o n ; the

hy

Romano-

MVTYANNA^[which w i l l

explain

1 8

the

conflation ideally.

and

TRISANTONIS, and

Returning

The

can

site will

h a r d l y be

other than

the

t o A I , V M T A BELGARYl-I o c c u r s i n PG

VELGAROM, i n Bede EE
Winchester.

iii.7

as VENTA, and

I t i s possible

that this

two

o t h e r VENTAS known i n B r i t a i n are

The

iter

XV

therefore l i e hetween

as

settlement at
ouenta,

i n A I i t e r Xy,

suitable

since

an

B e t w e e n VENTA and

c a p i t a l s , the t r i b a l
CALLEVA A I i t e r XV

the S i l c h e s t e r - Old

distances

given are

too great

places

Sarum road,

figures given

i n AI

at Wheatsheaf Inn, since

total

and

since

of the i t e r

this

i n line

(Map

identifications of the f i r s t

long

caused confusion,

reasonable
however,

detail
iter

the whole of t h i s
so i t may

than might

i n reverse

i t as
this

four stations i n this

the i t e r

Chesterton,

necessai*y

begin

f o l l o w i n g dSB

iter X

Manchester.

and

as

and

(NAVION^E,

( w h i c h m u s t he

reading

EC

106)

A NAVIONE,

VENTA

the

actual

the

Thames,

have
hut

iter

also

will

1915);

challenged
i n

greater

to-take

the

clearer.
ahove

(p.lO),
has

identified

the older antiquaries,

but

also identified

t h e KAtfVCIO o f i t e r

ahove

I I ) as

i s a s e r i e s o f names,

i s c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e r i v e r Noe
and

(Haverfield

identified

CONDATE was

C o n n e c t e d w i t h l-IAMVCIVl'I i n E C

which the f i r s t
the milestone

imCVNIO

the

the

iter

i s unknown; M a r g a r y 1973

seems an u n n e c e s s a r y d u p l i c a t i o n .

as N o r t h w i c h ,

and

the second h a l f i s much

here

direct

epigraphy,

to examine t h i s

the town o f "Whitchurch,

should

the

direct route,

recently been

have been expected,

since

usually

identifying

crosses

t h e y a r e unconfir^v^ed by

be

and

7)

e x p l a n a t i o n has

otherwise

order,

MEDIOLANO f i t s
why

since

by A I

since

the

the

consensus favours H a v e r f i e l d ' s explanation

(Sliotter 1978),

but

mediolano '

and

Lastly, i n iter V I I ,

v i i

The

given

emendation of the figures brings

where the road

'a c i a n o u e n t a

67,
name

between Neatham and

stated total.

and

EC

chosen t o emend

t o l o c a t e "^VINDONIVM o n

w i t h the

the

Both VENTA

road,

P O N T I B V S i s t o be. l o c a t e d a t S t a i n e s
Iter X

and

without success,

the connecting-road

but

V I N D O M I ; ^ t h i s was

PNEB has

as

that the

t o a l l o w VINDOMI t o l i e on

name w i t h t h e s e t t l e m e n t a t N e a t h a m .

i s unknowii,

i n PG

epithets being

BSAI followed the S i l c h e s t e r - Chichester

distance

XI.60,

t o CALEBA AEBATIVM; i t i s p o s s i b l e

sought on

route,

surviving

e a r l y form Cilchester i s recorded.

CALLEVA w e r e c i v i t a s

VENTA

i n i t i n e r a XIV

w i t h t h e more c o r r e c t s p e l l i n g CALLEVA, as w e l l as

survived,

as

identifications.

t h e n p a s s e s t o GALLBVA ATEEBATVM, o c c u r r i n g

where i t i s corrupted

Hassocks.

4I

RC

i s t h e V E N T A o f ND
also

NOYIA

therefore fit the fort

of
and
at

B r o u g h - o n - N o e , w h i l e t h e s e c o n d , A Q V I S ABlTEi'IEZB,
Buxton.

ZEKDOTALIA should

Following >mCVNIO
Margary 1973,
cannot

then he t h e f o r t

must he t h e spa a t
1 9

a t Melandra

i n A I i s C O C C I O , t a k e n t o h e igan h y B S A I a n d

r e j e c t e d h y E B 4 a n d Pl'TRB, s i n c e

he found,

t h e supposed

stage;

figure,
stage

i t i s difficult

h u t i f we r e a d

As

name a p p e a r s i n m
VBTERANORYM,

COCCIYM

avoiding

an

thelast

i s shown on i n s c r i p t i o n a l

evidence

certain station of theiter.

The

XL, 5 4 a s BREMETENRACVM,

a n d i n RC 1 2 4 a s B R E S M I T E N A C I

t h e e p i t h e t p o i n t i n g t o t h e status o f t h e vicus as a

settlement o f veterans.
kalagon,

o f t h e MAlWCr/li

higher

T h i s s o l u t i o n h a s heen adopted h y PJHIB.

a h o v e , BRSiyiETOITl''TACI

to have heen Rihchester,

thexuii

xx t o a

T u r t o n B o t t o m s may h e i n t e n d e d ,

westerly detour.

mentioned

o f 20 miles f o r t h e

t o emend t h e Roman n u m e r a l

xu, and alter

t o xiiii, a s i t e near

unnecessary

settlement

a n d s i n c e n o r o u t e t o BRSl^IETOMACI ( p r o v e n e p i g r a p h i c a l l y

at E-ihchester) i s d i r e c t enough t o a l l o w a distance

next

Castle.

T h e n e x t n a m e , GALACYM,

a p p e a r s i n PG a s

a n d i s p o s s i b l y t o be i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e CALVYIO o f R C 1 1 2 ;

t h i s name i s e i t h e r t o be i d e n t i f i e d w i t h L a n c a s t e r
Leather

1975) o r w i t h Burrow-in-Lonsdale

of t h e mileage

suggested

( S h o t t e r 197'8,

(BSAI, PNRB).

I ft h e emendation

b y BSAI be accepted. B u r r o w must be

N D h a s t w o n a m e s f o l l o w i n g BREl^IETENRACO w h i c h

lack proof

intended.
o f identity;

t h e g a r r i s o n l i s t e d u n d e r VIROSIDO, h o w e v e r , i s known, a t B r o u g h - b y Bainbridge

connectes
(ahove

( R I B 7 2 2 ) , a n d OLENACO s h o u l d

be i n t h e v i c i n i t y .

t h i s w i t h PG's o l i k a n a a n d R C ' s OLERICA, b u t t h i s was r e j e c t e d

p.9),

and i t i s tempting

f o r t known a t Lancaster,

since

t o c o n n e c t t h e name w i t h t h e c a v a l r y
i t may contain- t h e r i v e r name *Lona

L u n e ) i f t h e e a s y e m e n d a t i o n ^LONACVM i s
F o l l o w i n g CALACVM, A I h a s ALONE w h i c h
21
Haverfield's location,

identified w i t h Maryport

and

identify

stages

acceptable.

t o Low B o r r o w B r i d g e

i s exact,

The ALIONE o f N D XL.53 u s u a l l y

may be f o rt h i s

the remaining

(the

i s .certainly n o t Water crook,

and t h e distance

so we may a c c e p t B S A I ' s s u g g e s t i o n .

To

PNRB

ALONE.

we m u s t f o l l o w H a v e r f i e l d ' s

t u r n t o RC a n d N D ; i n t h e f o r m e r

i s t h e sequence CALWIO

example

GALLWIO

I4EDIB0GD0 CANTAVBNTI I V L I O C E N O N GABROCENTIO ALAVNA B R I B R A , w h i l e N D

has

ABALLABA CONGAVATA AXBLODVNO

ALIONE.
and

i t i s reasonable

wall
and

Now, t h e l i s t

itself,

i n ND i s p a r t o f t h e command ' p e r l i n e a m

t o argue t h a t these

forts

ualli',

(which are n o t on t h e
system

connected w i t h i t .

u n i t named a t GABROSENTI ( N DX L . 5 0 )

i s a t t e s t e d a t Moresby, and

we-may accept t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n p r o v i s i o n a l l y ,
done.

GLAl^JIBAITTA

below p , 2 3 ) a r e part o f t h e Cumbrian Coast defensive

hinterland forts

The

GABROSBNTI TVNNOCELO

T h e name i s c l e a r l y

a s R B 4 a n d PNRB

have

t h e s a m e a s RC 1 1 7 , a n d t h e a d j a c e n t

name

22

i n RC 1 1 8 , A L A V N A , m a y b e i d e n t i f i e d w i t h M a r y p o r t - o n - E l l e n ,
this

i t may be suggested

that the lists

a r e indeed

From

f o l l o w i n g t h e coast;

t h i s i s b o r n e o u t by t h e name r/LIOCSNON/TVNNOCELO w h i c h

may

perhaps

"be e m e n d e d * I T V N O C E L V ^ I , a n d
prohahly
the

at the apparent

which

gap

to

suits Eavenglass

the solution

identify
that
and

s i n c e we

do

t o be

and

( i t means

S h o t t e r 1978
that AI's

has

'Middle

f o r m w i t h C-

as L a n c a s t e r ,

ALONE as

f o r G-

Fort,

which

Windermere).

This serves

The
and

i f the l i s t

p.23)0
one

of

the

GALAVA as Low

may

t h e n be

fort

on

Thethree

the f o r t

he

argued

iter;

that

neither

i f we

be

that

are

to

of

Lake

which

solution adopted

f o r the next

the r i v e r Lerwent,

probably

here

of Caermote.

greeted

MGIS

that

e p i g r a p h i c a l l y on Hadrian's

the fort

t o equate

(below

(above

p.9,

the basis

of EIB

(ND X L . 1 4 / 2 9 )

i t i s t o be

p.16).

i s

at

i t with

taken to

899,

OLEEICA

associated

identified with

the

century.
begin

with-ABALLAVA,

Wall at Burgh-by-Sands, while

fourth

s o we

must assume t h a t

the

i n

t h e name g i v e n t o t h e f o r t

I I (CASTEA EXPLORATOEVI'l) p a s s e d f r o m u s e

the Wall, but

CONGAVATA

Breeze and

Dobson

the

i n AI

once the E x p l o r a t o r e s

t h a t a B r i t i s h name came i n t o u s e .

be

I f instead

f o r AXELODVNVM i s k n o w n t o h a v e b e e n a t N e t h e r b y

l o n g i d e n t i f i e d w i t h Drumbrugh on

at

few names, LEEVENTIO

Carlisle, usually

i n the fourth

ALAVNA,

o f MAIA, Bowness

a l l o w i n g us

Old

wrongly

BEIBEA f o l l o w s

i t w i l l be

i s a duplication

order

PNllB s u g g e s t s

been disbanded, and

since

which

garrison listed

iter

name.

difficulties

the

n a m e s l e f t i n i d e n t i f i e d a b o v e i n ND

century,

i s

(cp. i t e r V I I GALLEVA f o r

the coast,

C a r l i s l e w i t h MAGLONA o n

of Burrow Walls,

attested

follows,

XL.55,

w i t h MAGLONA, a n d

Bridge,

' MELIBOGDO

i n q u e s t i o n may

BSEC i d e n t i f i e d O L E E I C A w i t h

i d e n t i f y Old

Borrow

Ambleside.

e q u a l l y u n c e r t a i n : i n EC

i n reverse

O L E N A C O o f ND

noting

CLANOVENTA f r o m GLANNIBANTA,

'shore'

i s still following

r e m o v e s h o u l d be

Papcastle;

topography

BSAI.

MAIO, w h i c h

Working

I-IELIBOGLO,

GALACYiyi i s i d e n t i f i e d

t o show t h e c o n s i d e r a b l e

r e m a i n i n g names are

Beckfoot.

we

that

direct

f o r GALAVA),

demands a c o a s t a l s i t e ,

the

easily

40).

derivation;

still exist i n the interpretation of this

is basically

cannot

t h e name s u i t i n g t h e

( a l t h o u g h i t may

the latter,

allow;

also suits the meaning of the

the form.GLANNOVENTA

i t with

we

114

HO

as

to

equation CLANOVENTA/GLANNIBAN'TA,

to separate

Brougham nor Ambleside are

t h e two

(which i s probably

or more probably,

to Vatercrook,

SO

admitted

the easiest: the

( o r t h e r e v e r s e ) i s a common e r r o r

CALLEVA) , and

identify

be

Burrow-in-Lonsdale,

However, i t i s d i f f i c u l t
C-

connected

i s 16 m i l e s ) .

GALLVYIO

a British

CLANOVEN'TA' a s B r o u g h a m ,

then assigned

a l t h o u g h i t m u s t be

o f t h e B e n d ' BSEC

has

near

us

i s greater than AI w i l l

ground,

r e j e c t e d any

Head,

a t Beckermet

to GALAVA w i l l enahle

(although x i it o xx would

identified with Hardknott

admirably

and

distance

not know the road which

over very d i f f i c u l t

system

St Bee's

must accept Haverfield's opinion

Borrow Bridge

coming between Eavenglass

is

somewhere near

CMTAYENTI/GLANNIBANTA/CLANOVENTA

a t Ambleside,

t o Low

emend t h e f i g u r e
distance,

The

the fort

the distance

Next,

t h a t we

o f i t e r X.

i t with

he

i n the defensive

mouth of the r i v e r Ehen.

ohviously

would

had
was
(HW

275)

have r e j e c t e d t h i s ,

although t h e i r grounds f o r doing

f r o m c l e a r ; PNRB a c c e p t s
likely

thetraditional

identification,

so a r e f a r
which

seems

enough.

v i i i I t e r X I 'a s e g o n t i o deuam'
This

short iter

(Map 8 )

i s most s t r a i g h t f oward, beginning

S a i n t y n A r f o n , now C a e r n a r f o n ,
Cair Segeint

i s i n HB 6 6 .

a t SEGONTrJT*i,

Caer

f o u n d a l s o i n RC 8 2 ; t h e O l d W e l s h

CANOVIO ( p r i n t e d t e x t s

o f A I always

form

give

CONOVIO, h u t t h e c o r r e c t s p e l l i n g e x i s t s a s a v a r i a n t r e a d i n g ) i s k n o w n
t o he C a e r h u n o n A f o n Conwy,
the s p e l l i n g KANOVIO).

where i t i s a t t e s t e d e p i g r a p h i c a l l y (with

VARIS should he S t Asaph, h u t t h e f o r t has n o t

y e t h e e n l o c a t e d ; t h e r o u t e ends a t DEYA,

Chester,

S o m e w h e r e i n N o r t h W a l e s s h o u l d h e t h e t w o 'to"\ms'
mediolanion and brannogenion

o f t h e Ordovices,

(PC); t h e former i s presumably

i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e MEDIOMANYi'i o f RC 8 1 , w h i c h

lies

t o be

i n t h e sequence

YTRICONION LAYOBRINTA MEDI0MMm4 SEGYNTIO, p o s s i b l y o n a r o a d

Wroxeter

t o Caemarfon,

There

t h e MEDI0LANY>I a t W h i t c h u r c h
in

the territoiy

i s n o n e e d t o s u p p o s e t h a t RC 8 1 d u p l i c a t e s

(above,

o f t h e Ordovices

p d O ) a s PNRB do, s i n c e t h i s

(Webster

i d e n t i f i e d LAYOBRINTA w i t h Porden

1975).

BSRC a n d R B 4

seem t o have r u n a l o n g t h e v a l l e y

o f Afon Tanat

its

Caer Gai,

i s n o t e x a c t l y known,

at the southern end o f L l y n Tegid

suits

the identification i s f a r from certain,

site

on t h eTanat,

possibly near

i n t h emiddle

Grdovices;

(below,

the site

p.19),

is not.

Indeed,

Ordovicesare

Pyrynwy.
i s identified

the correct

w h i c h L e i n t w a r d i n e , PNRB's

about

o fthe

The

t o Chester

i s reasonable.
(Map 9 )

o f this i t e r are an intrusion from i t e r

o f t h e Demetae, and presumably

on Afon Llwchwr.

The
which

the Civitas

a t Cas-Llwchwr

and distances a r e against this,

of Hendy, f a r t h e r upstream

XY,

o f a MORIDYNYM i n b o t h i t i n e r a .

n e x t s t a g e , LEYCARYM, i s u s u a l l y p l a c e d

hut t h e roads

unwarranted;

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s a r e much t o o close t o London,

by t h e occurrence

o n e o f PG's 'towns'

distance

suggestion,

t h a t b o t h PG's 'towns'

uiroconiorum'

eight stages

as

o fthe

1-IYRIDYNO a t t h e h e a d o f t h i s i t e r i s C a e r f y r d d i n ( C a r m a r t h e n ) ,
is

this

a t t r i b u t e d t o them i n e r r o r i s perhaps a l i t t l e

i x I t e r X I I 'a m u r i d u n o

brought

of the valley

i snoti nthe territory

PNRB's a s s u m p t i o n

although their relationship

first

although

*LEYOBRINTA s h o u l d t h e n be a

a t Tomen-y-Mur i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y

i n both cases t h e proposed

The

would

t h e Llanymynech copper mines;

which

from both London and Chester,

have

t h e m e a n i n g o f l-'IEDIOLANYM, b u t

t h e r e i s a BRANOGENIYl'I i n EC 5 8 , b u t t h i s

Leintwardine

which

t o Caer Gai,

seems p r e f e r a b l e t o PNRB's i d e n t i f i c a t i o n w i t h A f o n
Finally,

i s not

G a e r , a n d BSRC i d e n t i f i e d I'lEDIOtlANTI'I

as Caersws, b u t t h e s e a r e n o t o n t h e r o a d t o C a e r n a r f o n ,

course

from

capital.

(Loughor),

and BSAI argues

PNRB t a k e s t h i s a

i n favour
stage

19
farther,
m.p.

assuming a t e x t u a l lacuna;

c l x x x u i ...

(leuca)

which, a l t h o u g h
Castell-Nedd

m.p.

leucaro

(m.p.

i t seems somewhat i n v o l v e d ,

(Neath),

and

Cowhridge f o l l o w i n g the
nearby.

The

is

i d e n t i f i e d as

t o be

xu,

' a muriduno uirocon(ium cornou)iorufli

fort

u ) , nido

at Caerdydd

of h r i c k s w i t h BOY

(Cardiff Castle)
244,

t h e T A M I O N o f EC

found

i n RC

books, has

no

52.

The

e p i t h e t SILYRYI>I,

authority, not

F r o m I S C A we

tum

even

At

t h i s p o i n t RC

BREMIA, t o be

i d e n t i f i e d as

the gold-mines at Lolaucothi

by

RB4

and

applied

P N R B ) w i t h PC's

to the

Llandoferi,

fort

while

and

i s

by

AI,

as

and

the

fortress at

often given

them

river

Caerleon,

t o ISCA i n

older

dSB!

has

the

stamped on

wrongly given

n o r t h t o G O B A N N I O w i t h RC,

Abergefenni.

etc.,

i d e n t i f i e d as

i s ignored

name; A I passes d i r e c t l y t o ISCA, t h e L e g i o n a r y

also

xu

i s a t t r a c t i v e . NIDVl^

BOMIO ( f o r ^ B O Y O T l ) i s t o he

discovery

m.p.

a small

fort

t o be

identified with

digression

along

road

62

to

at Llanio i n Llanddewi B r e f i parish;

a r e -connected by

louentinon,

settlement,

Rivet

1974

(and

a name w h i c h was

ALABYM i s p r o b a b l y

subsequently

probably

also

the

of

fort

*CICYCIY1-I r e f e r s t o t h e b r e a s t - s h a p e d h i l l

at Y

Gaer,

Brecon.
l-IAGNIS i n A I a n d

RC

may

be

i d e n t i f i e d as

the

s u r v i v i n g i n t h e m o d e m name Maund, a l t h o u g h
short migration;

58,

f i t t i n g the

n a m e s w h i c h f o l l o w i n RC

i s the

itinerary mileage

lead

Kenchester,

t h e name has

BRAYONIO w h i c h f o l l o w s i t i n A I

B R A N O G E N I Y M o f RC
The

town at

to Gloucester,

same as

to

and

undergone

the

Leintwardine.

are

dealt

'ith

helow,
X Iter X I I I
This

iter

corrected.
a former
'town'

'ah

calleua'

involves
The

one

first

Legionary

of

IO)

small problem, but

f o r t r e s s , w h i c h f i g u r e s i n PG-

settlement

CLEVO r e p r e s e n t s

the

at Gloucester,

a form

epigraphically

name v i a O l d

Welsh Cair

(COLONEAS and

CLAYINIO) are

l i n k e d by

likely

Around the

s h o w n t o be

w h i c h may

Grandison, while
located
is

the

located

two

possibly

ISCA t o Usk,

itself

boullaion, the

surviving i n the

COLONIA NERYIANA

Gloui

obviously
{'SB

66) .

RC

only
and
name

GLEYENSIS

derived

PNRB w i t h G l o u c e s t e r ,

o f GLEBON COLONIA ( R C

from Eenchester i s the

has

easily

33

from

and

the

29

which

i s

p.2l)o

(below,
area

as

which i s

i d e n t i f i e d w i t h Monmouth,

at Veston-under-Penyard,

Romano-British

quite

i t i s one

stage t o BYRRIO i s n o r t h f r o m

(Archenfield).

attested

(Map

t h e S i l u r e s ; B L E S T I O i s t o be

ARICONIO the
Ercing

isca

the

RC

l i s t s a number of

s e r i e s EPOGESSA YPOCESSA MACATONION w h i c h

names, the
be

62)

first

fort

s e c o n d i s p e r h a p s t o be
settlement

s e r i e s ARGISTILLYI'I Y E R T I S S A L I N I S ,
at the important

BSRC

o f w h i c h i s e m e n d e d *EPOSESSA,.

i d e n t i f i e dw i t h the

a t Dymock, where a s m a l l

names;

salt-producing

and

settlement

at Stretton

emended *MAGALONIYM
i s known.

the

last

Beyond

and

and

Gloucester

of which should

town of Droitwich; YERTIS

be'
w i l l

20
t h e n "be W o r c e s t e r

24

and ARGISTILLVI<I i n t h e r e g i o n o f

Tewkeshury.

A f t e r G l o u c e s t e r i n A I s h o u l d come C i r e n c e s t e r , t h e C I R O N T O I DOBYNORYM
o f E C 6 6 a n d k o r i n i o n o f PG;

however,

been ommitted from the i t e r ,

since the total

i ti s obvious that this

nineteen miles short of the stated total,

distance between

GLEYVM and COEINIYI'L

been found,
xi

Iter XIV
This iter

Finally,

the iter

'alio itinere

which i s almost exactly

This will

(Map

then allow usto

t h e same p o i n t s a s i t e r X I I I ,

50)

which must
Park.

then fit

but uses

crossing of the river Severn, The

f o u n d a l s o i n EC 4 8 a sVENTASLVEVM, and

r o a d ; ^ METAi'IBALA (EC

identify

10)

stage ends a t VENTA SILVEVM, t h e C i v i t a s

names a r e l i s t e d between

the

r e a c h e s C A L L E V A ATEEBATV1I, S i l c h e s t e r .

different route, involving a ferry

first

falls

a l t h o u g h t h e s e t t l e m e n t here has n o t y e t

isca calleua'

t r a v e l s between

has

of the given distances

DVEOCOENOVIO w i t h t h e s e t t l e m e n t a t W a n b o r o u g h ; S P I N I S w i l l
Woodspeen, a n e v i d e n t s u r v i v a l ,

stage

capital

Silures,

surviving a sCaerwent.

h e r e a n d I S C A b y EC,
i s perhaps

of the

and must^ occur

Three
o na branch

a n e r r o r f o r *NEMETOBALA, a name

be connected w i t h the important r e l i g i o u s

site

at

Lydney

ALBINVMNO i s emended t o *ALBINIANO b y PNEB, i n w h i c h case i t

w i l l b e a n e s t a t e name, and

IVPANIA

i s presumably

f o r *LVPANIA,

w h e t h e r t h e s e names b e l o n g i n t h e P o r e s t o f Dean, S o u t h Wales

but

or i n

Avon i s uncertain.
Prom VENTA a s h o r t spur r o a d l e d o f f t o t h e c o a s t , where
was

crossed b yferry,

and

t h e s e t t l e m e n t a t Sea M i l l s must

o f A I and PVNCTVOBICE (= *POETV A B O N E )

greatest difficulty

of this iter

would b e t t e r s u i t Sea M i l l s

than Bitton,

h a s b e e n o m m i t t e d b e f o r e ABONE, b e c a u s e

have

b e t h e ABONE

T h i s i s where

the
TEAIECTVS,

which i s the place which

heen

proposed,

I t i s conjectured that the phrase

the former with the l a t t e r ;

Severn

occurs, since the next station,

to be i n d i c a t e d : v a r i o u s s o l u t i o n s have
seems t o b e b e s t .

o f EC 47.

the

of which
'sabrinae

BSAI's
traiectus'

a c o p y i s t a t some t i m e

confused

named TRAIECTVS would

originally

b e e n a name " w h i c h r e s e m b l e d T r a i e c t u s when b a d l y i - r r i t t e n "

( B S A I 6O) .

AQVAE S V L I S

t h e s t a g e now

seems

i s undoubtedly t h e famous

spa a t B a t h , t h e h u d a t a

therma

( ' h o t b a t h s ' ) o f PG and APAVNAEIS o f EC 2 0 a c c o r d i n g t o PNEB, w h i c h

s u g g e s t s t h a t EC 278 TilNEEVE i s a n a d d i t i o n a l e p i t h e t ;
o f t h e t o w n was

p o s s i b l y BADONIS, i f B a t h was

famous

There i s c e r t a i n l y n o t h i n g wrong

battle.

* b a d o n o - ^ * b a a o n adopted

b y the Saxons

is hotly disputed both byphilologists

fully

resolved.

the Celtic

indeed the site

also

name

of the

with a derivation

a sBathanceaster, but the question

and h i s t o r i a n s ,

a n d may

never be

The W e l s h name o f B a t h , Caer P a d d o n , i s a n a n t i q u a r i a n

form, and has n o r e l e v a n c e h e r e .

A f t e r AQVAE S V L I S MINEEVAE, A I p l a c e s VEELVGIONE, i d e n t i f i e d a s S a n d y
Lane;

CVIvETIONE a l s o o c c u r s i n RC 4 6 ,

on t h e r i v e r Kennet,

The^iter

and

i s t o be located at

joins iter XIII

Mildenhall

a t S P I N I S , b u t RC 4 5

L E Y C O M G O m u s t l i e o n t h e r o a d f r o m C V N E T I O t o Y E N T A BELGARYI'I, a n d
to

h e i d e n t i f i e d w i t h East Anton,

heen found,
xii

where a s m a l l s e t t l e m e n t has r e c e n t l y
25

a s p r e d i c t e d h y BSRC,
(I'iaps 1 1 & 1 2 )

I t e r X V 'a c a l l e u a i s c a dumnoniorum'

The
the

i s

s e c t i o n a s f a r a sYENTA has

heen dealt w i t h

(ahove,

p.15),

and

f i r s t stage i s o nthe road t o Old Sarum, where S a l i s h u r y i s the

descendant

o f SORYIODVNVM ( g i v e n i n t h e more c o r r e c t s p e l l i n g i n t h e

intrusion of this iter

1973)

Farm (Margary

into iter XII),

s oBRIGE w i l l f a l l near

or H i l d o n House ( B S A I ) ; P N ^

f i g u r e s t o i d e n t i f y t h e name w i t h t h e s i t e

has

SORVIODYNVM o c c u r s

i n RC a s a c o n f l a t i o n

Rings

sites.

Durotrages,

heyond i t ,

admirahly

( f o r *DYRN0VARIA) i s prohahly the Civitas

DVRNONOVARIA

distance

since n o Romano-

( h e l o w ) , and

VINDOCLADIA ( R C 3 8 B I N D O G L A D I A ) s u i t s Badhuiy

not

emended t h e

at Ashley,

B r i t i s h occupation i s known at either of the other

Buckholt

, and

capital

of

the

a l t h o u g h n o w h e r e i s t h e name r e c o r d e d w i t h t h e t r i h a l

e v e n RC w h i c h

i s normally careful

t o l i s t them,

epithet,

s i n c e t h e name i s

p r o h a h l y r e c o r d e d h e r e a sRC 1 2 DYRIARNO; t h e d o u n i o n

o f PG,

formerly

i d e n t i f i e d a s^ l a i d e n C a s t l e , i s more p r o h a h l y t o h e l o c a t e d a t Hod
f o l l o w i n g R B 4 and PNRB.

Next

i n A I comes MORIDYNO, t o h e i d e n t i f i e d

w i t h RC 2 3 ( a n d p r o h a h l y a l s o RC 15,
MORIONIO), a s i t e which has

H i l l ,

1 9 and

3 0 , I-iELAI-IONI, M I L I D Y I W I

l o n g h e e n d i s p u t e d ; PNRB's s u g g e s t i o n

and
of

Sidford i s possihly hest.

The

names f o l l o w i n g RC 2 3 a r e o b s c u r e

can b e i d e n t i f i e d w i t h any
been the Civitas
to

capital

certainty.

RC

RC 2 6 L I N D I N I S

the only walled town

2 5 (ALAYNA S I L V A ,

o n l y a few

i s k n o w n t o )ia.^e
and

i n the

OMIRETEDERTIS) are w r o n g l y

r e p r e s e n t A L A V N A , SORYIODVNV]vI ( S I L V A O M I
TEDERTIS ( i f RE-

was

and

i s

probably

Civitas

Dorchester,

2 4 and

presumably

confused,

of a division of the Durotrages,

beidentified with Ilchester,

other than

and

i s indeed

f o r FL,,

o nt h e r i v e r Axe,

PG's

divided,

f o r S O R V I ( O D ) O N I ) , and

and

a *FL.

a s PNRB c o n j e c t u r e s ) . A L A V N A i s

alaunos

(below,

p.

i d e n t i f i e d a b o v e a s O l d S a r u m , a n d T E D E R T I S FL'^n^IEN

) , SORYIODYNYM
occurring between

t h e s e and I l c h e s t e r can h a r d l y b e o t h e r t h a n t h e S t o u r , a l t h o u g h i n i t s
present form i t i s hopelessly corrupt.
B e y o n d I l c h e s t e r RC 2 7 CANZA i s t o b e c o n n e c t e d
d e r i v e d b y E k w a l l f r o m t h e r o o t * c a n t - a n d may
Cadbury Castle, where a Romano-British temple
settlement nearby.
(above,
will

p. 1 9 ) ,

perhaps

RC
24a,

Cam,

well be either f o r
i s known, or an

RC 2 9 CLAVINIO i s p r o b a b l y f o r GLSWly[,

i n which

unlocated

Gloucester

case DOLOCINDO, emended t o *DVROGINTVM b y PNRB,

benear Gloucester i n which

on-the-ater m a y

with the river

case the s e t t l e m e n t a t

Bourton-

be intended.

3 0 MORIONIO i s S i d f o r d a g a i n , and RC 3 2 ALAYNA i s t h e same a s RC

s o BOLYELAVNIO w i l l b e i n t h e same g e n e r a l a r e a , p e r h a p s

near

Honiton,
e m e n d RC

3 3 COLONEAS i s p r o b a b l y G l o u c e s t e r a g a i n ; i t i s e a s i e r t o

RC

3 4 A E L A f l l s / A R A N Y S t o "^^-ARNYS a n d

connect

i t -with t h e

r i v e r E a r n r a t h e r t h a n t h e D e v o n Ermfe a s P N R B h a s
that the Bam

i s t o o s m a l l t o s h o w o n a n e a r l y map

Somerset

done; the o b j e c t i o n
does n o t apply i f

t h i s *ARNYS i s a s e t t l e m e n t named f r o m t h e r i v e r ,

i n which

near Hambridge

indicated.

(on a p o s s i b l e Roman road) w i l l

3 7 I B E R l f l O m u s t be

o n , n e x t t o V I N D O C L A D I A , RC

I w e m e , w h i l e t h e MELEZO w h i c h p r e c e d e s
modem Melbury.

I n this

in South-Bastem

be

case,

RC

connected

i t may

be

Dumnonii,

t w i c e i n RC

can no

which
( l 6 and

occurs
23)

i n PG

longer help

End)

o n t h e F o s s Way,

PG's

Beyond t h i s

(above,

p.20),

and

t o be

located

DERVENTIONE, t h e r i v e r D a r t .
p l a u s i b l y equated
a n d RC

RC

2,

3 and

'amber')o

3 ELCONIO f o r

tamara,

and

to
must

Launceston.
t o be

a t Totnes, where the road south from E x e t e r

12 D V R I A R N O w a s

?)

where t h e name Nymet appears

11 D E V B N T I A S T B N E ( f o r * D E R V B N T I O S T A T I C ? ) i s p r o b a b l y

on the D a r t , perhaps

probably

9 ARDVARAVENATONE f o r

5 TAMARIS i s i d e n t i c a l w i t h PC's
at

be

4 NEMETOTCIO ( f o r ^NBI-IETOSTATIO

w i t h N o r t h Tawton,

on the Tamar, presumably

cannot

9 are

TAVO, t h e r i v e r Taw,

t h e r i v e r Kenwyn, and

'Rocky

t h e name o f t h e a c t u a l

r e c o r d s f o u r t e e n n a m e s ; RC

kenio),

and

PNRB's

a connection with *uebro~

FL.

13 V X E L I S

another

the second f o r

on l e a d p i g s as VEB..., w h i c h

GEl^IO

RC

names;

a n d MASONA

Bath are probably

seems r e a s o n a b l e ;

FL.

river.

Exeter,

w i t h * ( A N T ) I V E S T E V M (Land's

f o r Radstock,

r i v e r names, 2 ELTABO b e i n g f o r FL.

(PG's

and

M a l l e t ( s i n c e t h i s a r e a s u i t s a name m e a n i n g

i s recorded

W e s t o f E x e t e r RC

of

point

14 V B R T E V I A , M I L I D V N V M b e i n g y e t

expanded ( a l t h o u g h PNRB s u g g e s t s

the

I I , i n PT

i s c h a l i s must l i e i n t h i s g e n e r a l area, and

mining district

RC

capital

emended T E R M I N V M , b u t i t s

APAVNARIS i s Bath

suggestion-of Charterhouse

be

the

located

are placed a number o f

c e r t a i n l y t o be

the former perhaps

a s i t e near Shepton

the Civitas

s u r v i v i n g as Devon.

ALOVERGIVM o c c u r r i n g b e t w e e n S i d f o r d and

be a s u r v i v a l ,

t o be

t h e name s u r v i v i n g as

MESTE^7IA i s c o n n e c t e d

v e r s i o n o f MORIDVNTM.

is

the ancestor of

t h e home o f L e g i o

o f I S C A i n RC

h y P N R B , d u p l i c a t i n g RC

Mount').

river

identifications.

17 TERi^ONIN i s a l m o s t

l o c a t i o n i s unknown.

as

a s SCADViyiNAI'IORVl-I,

Between t h e two mentions

RC

Farther

Somerset.

w i t h t h e name o f t h e C i v i t a s
AI

site

with the

35 ANICETIS i s perhaps

F r o m M O R I D V N T M A I m o v e s t o I S C A DVI'IN0NI0RV14,
the

case a

i d e n t i f i e d above as D o r c h e s t e r ,

i s p r o b a b l y - i d e n t i c a l w i t h PG's

sought
crossed

and

ouxella: the distance i n

RC
PG

from London w i l l

s u i t a s i t e near- B i d e f o r d , a t t h e end

of the road north

from Exeter.

14 has

This leaves six

n a m e s ; RC
RC

RC

already been discussed above.

1 G I A N O ( f o r ^ G L A N O ? ) , RC

7 PILAIS

( = ? ) , RC

8 V E R N A X I S , RC

u o l i b a - ( f o r *VERLEVA ? ) .
in

This last

6 - PVROCORONAVIS ( f o r ^ D V R O C O R I T O V I V M ) ,
10 DEVIONISSO S T A T I C and
suits

the early fort

PG's

at Nanstallon,

i t s d i s t a n c e f r o m London, b u t i t i s as y e t i m p o s s i b l e t o l o c a t e t h e

otlier

names.

xiii

'per

ND

lineam ualli'

and

RC

preserve

long heen sources

to

I3)

(Map

lists

of forts

of confusion,

compound the d i f f i c u l t i e s ,

R u d g e Cup
around

(RUC)

and

on Hadrian's

since

we

posess two

Amiens S k i l l e t

t h e i r r i m s , and

apparently i n order,

which

and

a full

the

Romano-British
ND

be

and

are

they

depict

slightly

the V a i l

i n the western

w i t h n e i t h e r ND

will

running

RuC

and

of the

parts of their

lists,

the eastern section from Vallsend

t h e n be

Haltonchesters

PONS A E L I V S ,

Benwell

m u s t be

ONNTJI, C h e s t e r s

YELYRCION and

a l t h o u g h why

ommitted

here

identified

M G N I S was

CILYRNYM,'

is

was

and

b y RC

i d e n t i f i e d above

as

RC

should

identified

as

omit

Carvoran,

i n the next

f i x e d on i n c o n t r o v e r t i b l e
b y ND

it i s obvious
RC,

RuC

and

which

BROCOLITIA.

own

t h a t we

(p,9)

as

Chesterholm,

AESICA, on

and

the Wall,

south of the V a i l ,

and

Ahse.

therefore

epigraphic

RuC

grounds at Birdoswald,

and
but

and

o f CAICBOGLAN"IS a n d

consequently

and

been l o s t ;

we

i s

r p l a c e d by
may

Now

r e l a t e d forms

PNRB i s t o assume a l a c u n a
accident,

AS

g a r r i s o n a t AlfflOGLANNA.

are n o t d e a l i n g w i t h a l t e r n a t i v e names.

been dropped by

e n t r y has

emend

a p p e a r s t o have s u r v i v e d as

locates Birdoswald's

s o l u t i o n a d o p t e d h y HV
BANNA h a s

to

YERCOYICIYM.

s e c t i o n , w h e r e B A N N A i n RC,

from the occurrence

AS

this

RC.

problems begin

ommitted

and

may

YINDOBALA,

Carrawburgh

i t i s n o t on the V a i l ;

as G r e a t c h e s t e r s ,

a l s o OTTimitted by
The

list.

(SEGSDVNYM);

CONDERCYM, R u d c h e s t e r

X L . 4 0 BORCOYICIO t o

ND

YINDOLANA ( N D X L . 4 1 )

was

AS

which

H o u s e s t e a d s i s a t t e s t e d e p i g r a p h i c a l l y as YER..., e n a b l i n g us

is

the

4.

s e ef f i ' J "a p p e n d i x

agree l a r g e l y i n the f i r s t

name i s u n c l e a r .

149

different

sector,

n o r RC.

adds ESICA t o t h e end

names o f the f o r t s ,

taken to represent

RC

have

small pottery vessels,

a l s o name f o r t s

agreeing

but

recent discussion of the problems involved i n e s t a b l i s h i n g

EC

Newcastle

lists

( A S ) , which

a g r e e w i t h e a c h o t h e r , a l t h o u g h AS
For

t h e two

Vail,

i n ND,

i n

The

whereby

CAJyEBOGLANl'TA, w h o s e

therefore locate

CA14B0GLANNA

27

at

Castle steads

i t occurs

just

elsewhere

south of the line

i n RC,

of the V a i l ,

I t r e c u r s a s RC

167

section dealing w i t h the S c o t t i s h Lowlands,

name o f S t a n w i x ,

and

i t s a b s e n c e f r o m ND

name o f t h e g a r r i s o n .
fixed

CAMBROIANNA i n

to dittography of

noted

e p i g r a p h i c a l l y as ABALLAYA; Drumhur.gh may

and

MAIA i s Bowness-on-Solway

xiv

The

be

above

why

the

YXELODYNYM i s t o be

i s due

B u r g h - b y - S a n d s , i t was

explaining

(p.17),

the
the
i s

*CONCAYATA ( p . 1 8 ) ,

(p.17).

S c o t t i s h Lowlands

North of Hadrian's

V a i l we

so m o s t i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s
epigraphic

confirmation.

are

d e p e n d e n t o n PG

and

RC

are purely c o n j e c t u r a l except

I t i s probably

best

to start

f o r a l l names,

where there
w i t h PG

as

is
PNRB

has

done,

since his relatively

than the corrupt l i s t s

f e w 'towns'

are more e a s i l y

identified

o f names i n RCand t h e y a r e p l a c e d i n

trihal

areas which are approxiamtely located.

PG- a t t r i b u t e s
and r h e r i g o n i o n .
( w i t h Greek

t o the Novantae

o fGalloway

loukopibia

T h e f o r m e r i s c o r r u p t a n dwe may p e r h a p s

-b-f o r -ou-):

and has been connected

a grid

emend "'^loukobia

t h i s name c o n t a i n s a n e l e m e n t meaning

w i t h W h i t h o r n , the Candida

which may be a n approximate t r a n s l a t i o n

PIffiB s u g g e s t s

t w o 'towns',

'white'

Casa o f Bede HE i i i . 4 ,

o f t h e B r i t i s h name.

However,

o f names l y i n g i n s t r a i g h t l i n e s w h i c h

implies

t h a t a n i t i n e r a r y w a s t h e source o fPG's map o fS c o t l a n d , a n d u s i n g

this
HC

they suggest Glenlochar.

T h e f o r m *LYCOVIA may be compared

with

1 7 0 LYCOTION, b u t a n o r i g i n a l * L E Y C O Y I A o r ^LEYCOYIYI'I i s d e m a n d e d ,

rherigonion may be recognised a s the P e nRhionydd

and

i n the modern Stranraer,

name w a s g i v e n i s u n k n o w n .
(for
for

Among t h e S e l g o v a e
karbantorigon,
RC

The

a British

o f the c e n t r a l Lowlands

PG l i s t s

ouxellon, korda andtrimontion,

169 YXELA,

1 7 1 CORLA,

183 TRIMYNTITM)

Dumnonii

have

s i x 'towns'

PNRB

with
where i t

i n PG, b u t t h r e e o f t h e s e a r e n o r t h o f
(p.2"]);

ouindogara a n dk o r i a .

i t a s Camelon, but i t i s argued below

equation,

ouindogara i s a site

has n o t y e t been i d e n t i f i e d :
*Y(nODOGARA.
difficult,

the three

kolania i s

same a s RC 1 9 5 C O L A N I C A o n t h e A n t o n i n e W a l l ,

is

i n

epigraphically.

the isthmus are kolania,

the

f o i i r names,

a l lo f which occur

Porth-Clyde isthmus,'and are dealt with helow

of

derivation

C O R DA - w i t h C a s t l e d y k e s a n d T R I M O N T O T I w i t h N e w s t e a d ,

proven

the

t h e n a m e w i t h RC 1 7 4 BRIGOMONO

*CARBANT0RIT^/1'I w i t h E a s t e r H a p p r e w a n d L y n e , Y X E L Y M

W a r d Law,
is

PNRB c o n n e c t s

the

attractive.

( l 6 l CARBANT(0R)I(T)Y1/I,

identifies

tradition,

a l t h o u g h t h e Roman f o u n d a t i o n t ow h i c h

* R E R I G O N I O ( N O ) ) w h i c h , a l t h o u g h BSRC f i n d s
t h e name, i s v e r y

o fW e l s h

a n d PNRB

(p.26) that Bar H i l l

south

presumably

identifies
i s a

better

o n Irvine Bay (YINDOGARA SINTS), b u t

RC 1 5 6 BROCARA m a y b e a n a b b r e v i a t e d

T h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f k o r i a w i t h RC 1 9 9 C I B R A i s

andi s here rejected,

rather

although i t s l o c a t i o n a tBarochan

Hill

accepted.
The

fourth

with three

tribal

grouping listed

'towns', k o u r i a ,

i n Lowland

Scotland i s the

alauna andbremenion

Yotadini,

d u p l i c a t e d b y RC 1 7 7

CORITIOTAR ( f o r CORIA ^(Y)OTAD(lNOR^m) ? ) , 1 8 7ALAYNA a n d 1 8 5 BREMBNIYM

(which i s the starting-point

o fA I i t e r

I , High Rochester).

CORIA i s

i d e n t i f i e d b y PNRB a s I n v e r e s k , a n dALAYNA w i t h L o w L e a r c h i l d

on the

river Aln.
T h i s - l e a v e s a v e r y l a r g e n u m b e r o f n a m e s i n RC ( t w e n t y - s i x ) ,
is-not impossible that
wrongly attributed
in
the

158/9
Moray

t h e r e a r e some d u p l i c a t i o n s ,

t othe Lowlands.

STODOION SIN-ETRIADY^I

I nt h e l a t t e r

a n d some

and i t
names

c l a s s we may r e c o g n i s e

t h e p t e r o t o n s t r a t o p e d o n o f PG l o c a t e d o n

c o a s t , 1 6 0 CLINDYI4 f o r t h e l i n d o n o f PG l o c a t e d n o r t h o f t h e

Porth-Clyde
PG,

isthmus,

1 6 5 LOXA f o r t h e l o x a p o t a m o s

1 6 8 SMETRI f o r Smertae,

f o r Yacomagi,

1 7 6 EBIO f o r EPIDITl'I ( K i n t y r e ) ,

1 8 2 YEMYTIO f o r Yenicones,

CLASSIS) t e n t a t i v e l y a s c r i h e d t o South
( f o r ^PLYM. ABO),
duplication,
occurs

1 8 8 OLEICLAYIS

t h e R i v e r Ouse ( Y o r k s . ) .

There

i s one

1 9 0 RYI4AB0

certain

1 6 7 C A l f f l R O I A N N A f o r CAI-IBOGLANNA, C a s t l e s t e a d s ,

are

Glenlochar

several patterns ohservahle

- Castledykes

A3ISS0N - K i n t y r e ,

which

i n this:

from

south-west

Given

this,

where a f o r t
road

PRAESIDIYfl

from Crawford

S M E T R I may

(inveresk)

( i ftwo

Girvan,

- High

S h i e l d s - EYIDENSCA.

sites) will

prohahly

which

there i s a northward

EBYR0CAS(TEL)LYM

not hea duplication of

may

Dalswinton;

then he o nthe

(which i s perhaps CAMYLOSESSA)

road

v i a Cumnock,

located at the road

h e ABISSYl-I.

Secondly,

junction.

- 189) i n Northumberland

Rochester

- COCCYYEDA - Low

I t i s here

(p.l.*^)o

w i t h Newstead -

Learchild - South

propsed that EBYROCASTELLYI^I represents

Cappuck, f o l l o w i n g BSRC, and

t h a t COGCYYEDA i s t h e r i v e r

BSRC a n d

r e l a t e d t o HABITANCYI1 ( R i s i n g h a m )

PNRB; EYIDENSCA was

177

from

progression dealt w i t h helow

there i s a cluster (l83

Finally,

there

- S I - I E T R I - ard L a w

i n Dumfriesshire, possihly

(PRAESIDIYI'I ? ) was

ends near

167 to 176

- CAlvJYLOSESSA - P R A S S I L I Y I ' I - S t r a n r a e r -

Smertae hut perhaps a site

CAi'IYLOSESSA and

The

( f o r ^HORREA

S h i e l d s h yPNRB, and

a general westerly progression w i t h Castlesteads

PG's

18O.I#Jl0mG0

earlier at 131.

There
is

(River Lossie) o f

Coquet f o l l o w i n g
ahove,

p.7.

RC
the

155

( f o r "^FANYM C O ( C I ) D I )

FAITOCODI

cult of Cocidius

i s prohahly

appears t o have had

i t s focus

1 5 7 CROYCINGO i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h YINDOGARA, a n d
Renfrewshire

o h v i o u s l y t o h e t a k e n t o g e t h e r , and
a group o f names i n * r i t o n
thought
all
is

be i n the upper Tweed v a l l e y .

probably

a coastal site,

and

may

well

since

area.

RC

hea site

RC 1 6 2 and

163

Dillemann

1979

to spell a s i n g l e name),

i n

are

s i n c e w i t h CARBANTORITYM t h e y

( ' f o r d ' ) ( w h i c h i s why

them t o h e v a r y i n g attempts

i n this

may

or A y r s h i r e , perhaps Loudoun H i l l .

Bewcastle,

form
wrpngly

they

may

164 ALITACENON ( f o r *ALAWOCELYM ? )

b e l i n k e d w i t h ' 1 6 5 L O X A , 'as m a y 1 6 7

LOCATREYE.
The
228

' d i u e r s a l o c a ' o f RC 2 2 8 - 2 3 5 a r e u s u a l l y a s c r i b e d

(LOCYS)

being

MAPONI

a mistaken

'place',

230

IWAMl

a s s i m i l a t i o nof B r i t i s h "^loc-

the LOCYS

'pool' to Latin

t o BSRC's

'(Place near)
o f Man

the Tay',

Manau Gododdin, e s p e c i a l l y i n view

D A Y N O N I ( f o r -^DYI'INONIl)
MINOX) r e m a i n

completely

but

which

locus

and

this

since

233

i t i s

s u r v i v e d i n elsh t r a d i t i o n a s

o f SEGLOES ( f o r * S E L G O Y E S )

i t precedes.

obscure.

possibly

the equation of

byPNRB i s hardly necessary,

t o b e a t r i b a l name w h i c h

Lowlands

NOYP/S b y PNRB ( f o r t h e

2 3 2 T A B A i s t a k e n b y PITRB t o b e t h e r i v e r T a y ,

w i t h the Isle

more l i k e l y

w i t h Lochmaben,

PANOYIYS i s p l a u s i b l y emended FL.

river Nith),
preferable

i s t o be equated

to the

2 2 9 and

231

(MI:1A

and
and

i s

26

XV

'ciuitates

...

RC p r e s e r v e s
alteri

recto tramite una alteri

a list

of forts

c o n n e x a e , ub

to

however,

t e nforts

H\'/ 1 4 2 s u g g e s t s

exist,

disregard two forts

the

future).

Carriden

' i n ipsa britania recta tramite una

stage,

identifications
references

Broad Place',

which

identification,

others will

be r e c o ^ i s e d i n

a l l identifications

are purely conjectural.

direction the list

found

i n the

i s heading;

p l a i n now occupied

i connected w i t h a stream;

by Grangemouth, i s an i d e a l

w i t h a stream,

'Ridge'

they conjecture

a stream,

as being unoccupied.

although i t i s difficult

RC 1 9 4 B E G S S S B

since

form.

Rough Castle, beside

we h a v e a l r e a d y r e j e c t e d t h i s

'Rather

hut Mumrills,

PNRB's e m e n d a t i o n t o V O T A D I N I i s unnecessary'-,

there i s no connexion

the

RC 1 4 2 V O L I T A l M l O m u s t b e a

i n t h e names.

RC 1 9 3 P E X A i s e m e n d e d t o D E X A b y B S R C , w h i c h

foot

heen

a r e based on t h e s u r p r i s i n g l yd e t a i l e d

Y0LITA5OTI i s a good B r i t i s h

Place',

i n t h e-

a n d we may t h e r e f o r e

suits neither K i n n e i l nor Inveravon,

o v e r l o o k i n g -the broad

a r e kno^m

occupied

t o be VELVINIA ( R C 191 ) b y a n a l t a r

i s proven

topographic

a r e those

CI63),

esse

( a s B S R C a n d H\"7

and Rough Castle) known t o have

v i c u s i n 1 9 5 9 , s o we k n o w i n w h i c h
remaining

forts

( a n d , no doubt,

So, a t t h i s

Wall

de oceano

a r e named, w h i l e n i n e t e e n f o r t s

t h a t these

(Bearsden
time

t o t h eAntonine

( i . e .c158 -

second phase o f t h e W a l l

unoccupied a t this

(Map1 5 )

e t ipsa "britania plus angustissima

d i n o s c i t u r ' , wliictL m u s t r e f e r
observe);

connexae'

would

f i t , hut

I t i s possible

a n d t h a t t h e name means

t o see which

t o be

that

'Southerly

fort i s southerly.

i s perhaps t h e large f o r t a t Castlecary,

o f t h e ridge running between Cumbernauld and t h e canal,

a tthe

and i f

we a c c e p t t h i s , DEXA c o u l d b e t h e i m p o r t a n t f o r t a t C a m e l o n , n o r t h o f
the

Wall, and on-a low platform south o f t h e river

Carron,

which

may

e x p l a i n t h e name.
C O L A N I C A RC 1 9 5 a p p e a r s a s k o l a n i a ' i n P G , s o w e s h o u l d
Agricolan site
rejected,
suggests

o n t h e W a l l ; PITRB's s u g g e s t i o n

since

this

list

either Bar H i l l

a t Bar Hill,

The name means something

o r Croy H i l l ,

regular spacing-of

probably

second-period

point t o a topographical

Croy H i l l ,

like

forts.

feature evident

this
to
the

i s so, t h e spacing

identify

Castlecary,

Cadder

and vrill suit

i f we assume a

fairly

today,

and i t s connexion

with

n o r d o e s R C 1 9 7 S^^/HDOBIALON,

which

i s surely

Balmuildy.

t o f o l l o w PNRB i n e m e n d i n g t o ALAYNA, .I f

e v i d e n t i n t h e r e s t o f t h e l i s t may enahle

MEDIONEtlETYIi

an incorrect

v e r s i o n o f DOB- n o t r e m o v e d w h e n t h e c o r r e c t DOB- w a s w r i t t e n i n ) .
u s w i t h

us

w i t h A u c h e n d a v y a n d SYBDOBIADON w i t h Cadder;

l a t t e r may p e r h a p s be emended ^DOBIALYNYM ( S Y B - b e i n g

This leaves

RC 1 9 6 i ^ l E L I O N E M E T O N d o e s n o t

but RC 198-LITANA must be a 'Broad P l a c e ' ,

i t i shardly necessary

'Hill',

t h e former

A r t h u r ' s O'on b y PNRB seems a l i t t l e f a n c i f u l ,

Again,

o f Camelon i s t o be

seems t o name t h e f o r t a s LEXA, a n d F r e r e

t h a t Agrico.lan s i t e s

and M u m r i l l s .

seek a n

t w o n a m e s o f u n c e r t a i n m e a n i n g , RC 1 9 9 C I B R A

and

200

RC

C R E D I G O N E ; New

K i l p a t r i c k , B e a r s d e n , was

t h i s phase, while Duntocher i s a very

an acre.

This

leaves

with the remaining

*CCRIA and

C a s t l e h i l l and

^CREONES as

DIGONA; w h e n t h e

PNRB has

an

occupied

covering

easy t o emend these

tried

'de

t o do.

may

was

i n

half

identified

l a s t two

analyse

o r i g i n a l *CP^CONA, m i s c o p i e d as

c o r r e c t CRE-

only

O l d K i l p a t r i c k t o he

names: i t i s n o t

much more e a s i l y as

small fort

not

to

CREDIGOITB

CLICONA,

then

a d d e d , t h e i n c o r r e c t P I - was

not

removed.
Although
confident

we

lack the epigraphic

of our

details given

identifications

help

us

confirmations

o n H a d r i a n ' s all, t h e

t o some e x t e n t ,

i n v o l v e a numher of d i f f i c u l t i e s .
be made a b o u t t h e s e
forts
and

Old

K i l p a t r i c k ) are

closer

together

although

A few

identifications,

(Carriden, Mumrills,

which enahle

the

us

central section

does

interesting observations

Camelon, Castlecary,
while

a t the more vulnerable

he

topographic

i f correct; a l l seven

represented,

to

Bar

'primary'

Hill,

Balmuildy

the f o r t s named are

western

end

can

slightly

where three

'secondary'

29

forts

(Auchendavy, Cadder and

suggestion

o f HW

122

C a s t l e h i l l ) seem t o be

t h a t t h e s e c o n d p h a s e was

to the problems of occupying the lowlands

p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e n a m e s i n RC
t h e r e i s no

r e a l reason

are

seems b o r n e o u t by

the

' c i u i t a t e s ' were

line

j o i n e d t h e m o n RC's

x v i The
As

map

w i t h the lowlands,

occurring

i n RC

160

stratopedon
Culbin

and

t r a n s c r i b e d i n RC
and

226

equivalent
s a m e a s RC

TAGEA may

to begin

221

215

four

(alauna,

Inchtuthil,

lindon

these

as

the last

two

VICTORIEo
'towns', bannatia,

tameia,

PNRB as D a l g i n r o s s ,
( ? ) , and

Bellie.

of pteroton

be f o r * T A l ' r s ( l ) A , b u t
The

the

pteroton

Cardean,
Of

these

stratopedon,

which

T^/^SIS i s f o r ^

there appears to

Yenicones have only

one

'town'

P O R E O C L A S I S ( f o r *HORRKA C L A S S I S ) i d e n t i f i e d
do

of

the T a i x a l i w i t h deouana ( K i n t o r e ) ,

be
orrhea,
by

repeated

DEYONI.

first
210

w i t h PG:

STODOION SINETRIADVM, 212

f o r bannatia.

PNRB as M o n i f i e t h , as

and

lists

224

PINITATIS i s the L a t i n e q u i v a l e n t

Bellie,

The

shows t h a t some k i n d

best

D r u m q u h a s s l e and

I58/9

that

16)

Sands a t the mouth of' the Pindhorn

is

a t RC

(Map

t u e s i s , i d e n t i f i e d by

211

number

source.

C L I N D W and

RC

i n a

statement

a s t a r t i n g - p o i n t . PNRB i d e n t i f i e s

A m o n g t h e V a c o m a g i PG

forts:

i n v o l v i n g some

the e x p l i c i t

connexae'

i t i s probably

Ardoch (on A l l a a Water),

the

and

'towns' of the Dumnonii n o r t h o f the isthmus

o u i k t o r i a ) provide

no

alteri

Scottish Highlands

three
and

'una

Moreover,

since

reaction
the

the names o f reoccupied

t o emend t h e m as PNRB d o e s ,

strained explanations.

The

a more sensible

o f cases i t means r e j e c t i n g p e r f e c t B r i t i s h forms

rather

named.

t e n n a m e s i n RC

are

o b s c u r e , b u t RC

IBERRAIT ( f o r ^ H I B E R N I A ? )

seem t o i m p l y

205

CBRi4A ( f o r * C ( A ) E R M I

t h a t the west coast

is

28

being

followed.

F r o m P I M A T A CASTRA t h e r e seems t o b e a

progression:

Bellie

- LODONE - . L I T I N 0 I 4 A G 0 - K i n t o r e .

*(CA)LED0NES

h yPNKB, a n d * L I T A N O M A G V S

will

southward

LODOKE i s e m e n d e d

f a l l between Bellie

Kintore,

p e r h a p s a t Y t h a n ells.

The l a t t e r

obscure:

2 2 0 - 2 2 6 i s presumably i n Strathmore

and

p a r t o f t h e l i s t i s more
and S t r a t h Tay.I

222

a n d 2 2 3 ( L E V I O X A V A a n d CERI4IVl*l) a r e t o b e l o c a t e d b e t w e e n M o n i f i e t h

and

Inchtuthil,

intended.

a site

Against

south o f the Sidlaw H i l l s

this

i s PMB's

and Bertha

are surely

e m e n d a t i o n o f CERMOTI TO * C ( A ) B E E N I ,

but t h e form w i t h -IYI*I t e r m i n a t i o n makes t h e emendation u n l i k e l y : t h e

connexion

o f L B Y I O X A V A w i t h 2 2 0 LEVIODANYlvI a n d t h e e m e n d a t i o n

makes good sense,

can

2 2 5 J-IARCOTAXON

h a r d l y be sought

l i s t e d between I n c h t u t h i l and

i n Strathmore,

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h YICTOE.IA.

*LEVIODVTOI

Cardean

and i t mayr e p r e s e n t Pendoch i f

YORAN i s emended *YARAR b y PNRB, b u t i t m a y

be f o r S t r a t h c o r o ' .
This leaves

f o u r names u n e x p l a i n e d :

*NOYANTARYM b y PNRB, w h i c h

2 1 6 MEMANTYRYl^I i s e m e n d e d

i s reasonable

e n o u g h , 2 1 7 DECHA i s emended

^^DECANTAE, b u t i t m a y a l s o b e c o n n e c t e d w i t h 1 9 3 P E X A

(emended t o

*DEXA a b o v e , p . 2 6 ) , i d e n t i f i e d a s C a m e l o n ,

I n view

given t o 2 2 0 - 2 2 6 above, t h e two remaining

names m a yl i e a l o n g t h e

route north, Bochastle

and Strageath being

A s e r i e s o f names i n RC l i s t e d
placed

north o f t h e Antonine

Inveresk,
other.
the

stands

i s apparently

t oh e

W a l l ; 1 7 7 CORITIOTAR, i d e n t i f i e d a s
( = *YENICON'ES) a t t h e

( t h et i n a potamos o f P G ) ,

be i n southern Pife.

^YENICONES

i n the lowlands

identifications,

e m e n d e d *ITYNODYNYT^ b y PNRB, i s p r e s u m a b l y o n

r i v e r Eden i n P i f e

will

possible

a t one end, a n d 1 8 2 YEITYTIO

1 7 9 ITYCODON,

of the locations

DYBA3SISIS,

placed

sothat

CELOYION

b e t w e e n *YACOI'IAGI a n d

i s perhaps f o r Carpow.

Notes
1

B S R C , B S A I a n d VimB a l l a g r e e

i n

The f o r m g i v e n b y RC 1 4 2 seems t o i n d i c a t e a n a m e ' w i t h

British".

* c o r i o - + t r i b a l name.
it i s difficult
and. t h e y a d m i t
a t r i b a l name
2

t h a t CORSTOPITYl-I " i s m e a n i n g l e s s

The form

PNRB emends *CORIOSOPITYM

f o l l o w i n g BSRC, b u t

t o s e e h o w t h e f o r m i n RC c o u l d h a v e a r i s e n f r o m
the possibility

t h a t RC's

this,

form i s the better, involving

*Lopocares,

o f t h e name a t H E i i , 1 4 a n d i i . 2 0

*CATARACTA, w h i c h

would

supposes a

appear t o be a genuine

nominative

alternative,

Old Welsh form C a t r a e t h must be derived from t h i s

(LHEB

since the

564).

The r i v e r name U r e m a yb e d e r i v e d f r o m B r i t i s h - ^ I s u r a ( B S A I

tork

75).

i s r e f e r r e d t o a s SEI^TAE b y N D ; t h i s m a y b e a n a l t e r n a t i v e

name f o r t h e L e g i o n a r y
a textual

fortress

('At t h e S i x t h

corruption ( N D X L . 1 8 'praefectus

eb^raci)'),

although

i t i s difficult

(Legion's

Camp)') or-

l e g i o n i s sextae

i n this

latter

(uictricis,

case t o seeh o w

the
5

name SEXTAE i n t r u d e d i n t o
However, whether

V i c t o r i s using a l e g a l term or s-iapiy

'important place'
6

the picturae a t the head of the

chapter.

colloquial

i s unclear.

However, t h e h u i l d i n g sequence a t Brough i s p u r e l y m i l i t a r y and

and Wacher ( l 974)

suggests

t h a t PETVAS.IA i s t o he

P e r r i h y , t h r e e m i l e s away, a l l o w i n g us
the

fort at
See

(p.17)

helow

The

t o i d e n t i f y PRAETORIVl-I w i t h

f o r the suggestion

XL.49 AXELOLVNO

t h a t ND

q u e s t i o n o f s u r v i v a l i s much disputed,

hy the Angles

to their

hut the possihility

'condate

xziii,

numerals
The

from x u i i i i

hy- s u g g e s t i n g
attractive,
The

The

etoceto

Old Welsh forms

PNHB has

proposal

H e r e dSB

("Wreocen a n d

Curicon)

see

now

prohlem
i s

C^r/^Ua^s <3 ItJCdl

Iter

ISANTA

i s d e r i v e d f r o m DVROBRIVAE v i a
the Jutes

i s rejected out

very

i n v a l u a b l e hy p r o v i d i n g a lacuna

the distances

CAl'EBORICO

(DVRALIPONTE

of

attractive.

COLONIA

hetween

( f o r Cambridge),

= Godmanchester,

PlHiB w h e r e i t i s a r g u e d

DVPJTOmGO

i t i s t o be

admitted

t h a t t h e r i v e r name i s

that a Late B r i t i s h

r i v e r name w i t h a COLONIA u p o n i t i s a r a t h e r a m a z i n g
PNRB has

one

etc.).

from the town;

15

demand

to '*uri- which

hut nevertheless remains

I t e r I I I was

= Water Newton
But

distance.

ISAN1\WARIA.

V E N T A GENOM ( = V E N T A ICElTORVl^l) a n d

14

o f t h e Pcoman

of f i n a l * ion remains.

t h a t modern Rochester

then reducing

dSB

alheit unwittingly)

t o some e x t e n t a l l e v i a t e d

hut the d i f f i c u l t y

hand hy G e l l i n g 1978,

and

...'

emendation

a late' B r i t i s h syncope o f * u i r i -

Iter XVIII

a c t u a l ) , Flargary

(and f o l l o w s

j?o'givesthe c o r r e c t

O l d "'.^elsh " ^ C ' r o t i r i w a d a p t e d a s H r o f i h y

13

s t a t e d , 24

i n f e r i o r f o r m I S A l ^ ' A V A N T I A i s t h e h a s i s o f dSB

VARIA and
12

xuiii,

since a simple

to xxiiii

A n g l o - S a x o n and

a B r i t i s h *'D"riconon;

11

(l9

i n mileage

mediolano

This i s hardly necessary,

10

w e l l have heen a s s i m i l a t e d

l o c a t e s t h e ICEDIOLANVK o f I t e r X a t C h e s t e r t o n

Iter X

must

ownj^hurh.

Because of the discrepancy

1973

represents

Netherhy.

n o t he r e j e c t e d s i n c e t h e O l d "Welsh f o r m may

North

Brough.

an a l t e r n a t i v e name f o r
8

located at

naval,

r e v i v e d t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n / ^ w i t h RC

Portchester Castle, but i t i s d i f f i c u l t

more damaging, the m i l i t a r y occupation
compiled;

u n f o r t u n a t e l y , we

will

43

derived

*Colonia
coincidence,

ARLAONEON

and

to reconcile the forms,

a t Portchester- ended
never

before

WD

was

at

V i a l t o n C a s t l e ended, b u t i t as good i f n o t b e t t e r t o i d e n t i f y i t

r a t h e r t h a n P o r t c h e s t e r w i t h PORTVS ALVRINFI,
Ports of the Saxon Shore'

(Elek

1976).

know when the

and,

See

S Johnson

occupation

'The

Roman

30
16

On

t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e E n g l i s h p l a c e n a m e ickham, s e e

Gelling

'1978.
17

I t i s perhaps

is

unfortunate

today c a l l e d Newhavenl

that

the port a t the mouth

However, t h i s i s a s i x t e e n t h - c e n t u r y

c o i n e d when t h e c o u r s e o f t h e r i v e r was
water harhour f o r the fleet,
former mouth,

names i n

Pl^IRB's e m e n d a t i o n P L .

19

*EDEROTALIA

deep

s i l t e d up a t i t s

a c o n c e n t r a t i o no f Roman

PiniB's i d e n t i f i c a t i o n / w i t h Dover

TRISMTONIS i s textually

as an emendation

the r i v e r Btherow,

corruption,

name

finds
ignores

RC.

18

of

altered to provide a

since the r i v e r had

near S e a f o r d , where

indicates a settlement.
the

o f t h e Ouse

difficult.

f o r ZBRDOTALIA would

c o n t a i n t h e name

h u t a f o r m *APLDOTALIA more e a s i l y e x p l a i n s the

and i s a good d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e s i t e

('The

Edge o f t h e

Ridge').
20

See K M a t t h e w s

'A N o t e

o n t h e Roman Name o f L a n c a s t e r '

Arch, J., forthcoming) f o r a f u l l

21

See

BSAI,

d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e name,

PNRB r e v e r t s t o t h e t r a d i t i o n a l

t h a t "a r e a s o n a b l y d i r e c t r o a d l i n k i n g
is

out o f the q u e s t i o n " ; however,

XX miles,

we may

r e t a i n BSAI's

22

The

23

I t i s interesting

(Lanes.

identification,

noting

(Low- ' B o r r o w B r i d g e w i t h

i f we

emend t h e d i s t a n c e f r o m x i i t o

identification.

r i v e r name E l l e n i s a s u r v i v a l o f B r i t i s h
t o note t h a t t h e sense

*Alauna.

of 'flowing'

or

'washing'

i m p l i e d by t h i s name i s p a r a l l e l e d a t D o l a u c o t h i , . w h e r e t h e r e
mines
24

i s corrupt, but concludes

t h a t i t has n o t h i n g

do w i t h t h e n a m e W o r c e s t e r , w h i c h r e q u i r e s a B r i t i s h * U i g o r a

name as i t s base.

Here

i t i s proposed

t h a t RC's

YERTIS

o r i g i n a l Y I G ( O ) R I S - ( T f o r R h a s p a r a l l e l s w i t h i n RC,
a r i s e s v i a C or T, and
BODOTRIAj o r perhaps
^^YIGORISj,
25

we h a v e

but

Badbury

which w i l l reinforce

the

R f o r G

perhaps

identification.
t o be l o c a t e d , a l t h o u g h

I n n (above,

p.15).

R i n g s has been s u g g e s t e d as a s i t e f o r BADONIS (above,

p.20),

i s a p u r e l y E n g l i s h name; t o t h i s i t m i g h t be - o b j e c t e d

t h a t ' B a t h i s , t o o , b u t h e r e an a l t e r n a t i v e name
suggests that

t h e f o r m w i t h B a t h a n - may

t h a t * B a d o n was

adopted

by t h e Saxons

f a c t t h a t by t h e - d a t e o f t h e b a t t l e ,
have

r e p r e s e n t s an

m e t a t h e s i s f r o m ^/'ETRIS-^gCRIg-c-^Z-^GS-LS-

locates i t a t Wneatsheaf

Badbury

river

l o s s o f i n t e r n a l - 0 - o c c u r s i n BDORA. f o r

I t i s j ^ h e r e t h a t Y I N D O M I o f i t e r XY u s e d

PNRB now
26

are

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e name LVENTINYM.

PNPuB n o t e s t h a t Y E R T I S

to

Ambleside)

been *Baabn, which t h e Saxons

took place, i t would have

(Acemannesceaster)

n o t be E n g l i s h .

as *Baddan f a l l s
an Old Welsh

The

argument

down on

the

pronunciation would

w o u l d h e a r as Bathan; i f a s s i m i l a t i o n

been t o Baethum

(as i s suggested

for Bath),

r a t h e r t h a n t o "^Baddan.
27

T h e name C a m l a n n ( A n n a l e s C a m h r i a e ,

5 3 7 ) may p o s s i h l y he d e r i v e d

f r o m CAl'BOGLAJMA, a l t h o u g h t h e l o s s o f t h e - g - h y t h e d a t e o f t h e
Annales
28

would he u n u s u a l .

P M B ' s c o n j e c t u r e t h a t PBXA = * P I C T I s u i t s n e i t h e r ' t h e i r

argument

t h a t t h e s o u r c e u s e d h e r e h y RC V7as a F l a v i a n m a p b r o u g h t u p t o d a t e
i n Severan

times, n o r t h e argument

included forts
Picts until
was

Severan,

here followed, that

source

o n t h e A n t o n i n e all, s i n c e t h e r e i s n o m e n t i o n o f

t h e very end o f t h e t h i r d
i ti s difficult

Caledonian campaigns),
of Wall forts,

century.

I fRC's map

t o see how t h e P i c t s

named o n i t ( s i n c e t h e y do n o t f i g u r e

a list

t h e map

i n any o f t h e accounts

and i t would perhaps

as i t appears

could have

source
heen
o f Severus'

he s u r p r i s i n g n o t t o f i n d

that Severus

intended t o

reoccupy

t h e A n t o n i n e W a l l a c c o r d i n g t o HW.
29

However, t h e argument

s p a c i n g was assumed ahove

i s somewhat c i r c u l a r ,

since a fairly regular

i n o r d e r t o make t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s .

32

4: T r i b a l C i v i t a s and

Regional

names

Compared with, the i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f s e t t l e m e n t names, the l o c a t i o n

of

trihal

and

c i v i t a s names i s r e l a t i v e l y

vast m a j o r i t y of them are

whose i d e n t i t y

contained

while

i n PG

i s g e n e r a l l y known.

are l i n k e d w i t h S t r a n r a e r and

easy, not l e a s t because

To

and

t a k e PG

Glenlochar

t h e i r name i m p l i e s a c o n n e x i o n

are r e l a t e d to
i n order,

(RERIGONOT

w i t h t h e N i t h , so

'towns'

the

and

the

noouantai

*LBVC0YIA)

that they

will
I

have i n h a b i t e d the southern

'Below'

Castledykes

central lowlands;
n o r t h ) o

Bar H i l l ,
and

and

Galloway.

the selgoouai w i t h Easter

Newstead,

so

they w i l l

t h e name a l s o occurs

these,

Irvine,

the damnonioi

i n RC
(RC

2 3 5 LAYN^ONl) a r e

and

Rochester,
the

their

isthmus.

'East'

attributed
Inchtuthil,

'More t o

the

t h e o t a d i n o i , a name whose c o r r e c t f o r m

have been V o t a d i n i , since

i n i t i a l H-,

have i n h a b i t e d the

Barochan H i l l , Ardoch, Drumquhassle and

( i . e .east) are

Happrew,

2 3 4 as SEGLOES.

they must have straddled the Porth-Clyde

south'

must

t h e W e l s h d e r i v a t i v e Gododdin demands

t o w n s a r e I n v e r e s k , Low

L e a r c h i l d and

so t h e y p r e s u m a b l y i n h a b i t e d t h e w h o l e E a s t

an

High

coast

between

Wallso
'North-east'

who

( i . e .N o r t h - w e s t )

o f t h e D u m n o n i i PG

i n h a b i t e d EPIDIYM, K i n t y r e ; f a r t h e r

Morvem
near

( ? ) , karnonakai- of Applecross,

Cape W r a t h

and

Beauly

P i r t h are

of

literary

sources,

a l t h o u g h t h e name was
Porth-Clyde

'east'

and

231 *(CA)LEDONES,

a p p l i e d on o c c a s i o n

isthmus;

moreover,

inhabited Glen

to a l l the peoples

north of

t h e name C a l i d o n i a i s g e n e r a l l y
'East'

(North) of them are

the

the Cornovii, the

lougoi

'above'

(west

o f ) whom w e r e t h e

smertai

Oykel,

'Below'

(East of) the C a l i d o n i i are

Cardean and

Bellie,

name occurs

a s RC

ouenikones

who

the ouakomagoi, w i t h Dalginross,

must have s t r a d d l e d t h e G r a m p i a n s , and

1 8 0 MAROJIAGO.

'South-west'

whose

(South-east) were

the

(RC 182 VEIWTIO) w i t h M o n i f i e t h , presumably i n h a b i t i n g

'East'

( N o r t h ) w e r e t h e t a i z a l o i w i t h K i n t o r e , who

will

have

Buchan.
of the Selgovae,

f r o m sea

t o sea,

also a t t e s t e d i n Seneca, Juvenal,

and A I i t e r

*ISY(RIY14)

BRIGANTYM,

Aldbqrough,

to them are the p a r i s i o i ,

the C(lYITAS)

PG

places

the brigantes,

Taci.tus, Stephanus of

as w e l l as v a r i o u s

to them are accredited \ ^ i t l e y

Burrow-in-Lonsdale,

attests

Between Loch Long

Mor,

Glen

'Next'

*CERINI)

who

RC

of

sources;

205

of

and

south-eastern Sutherland,

people

(north) the kreones

variety

of

South

epidioi,

a t t e s t e d i n a wide

d e k a n t a i o f E a s t e r Ross, between them and

occupied

the

the k a l e d o n i o i , a people

given t o the whole of t h i s area.

Angus.

lists

k a i r e n o i ( = RC

kornaouioi of Caithness,

the

the

of

( i . e .east of them) are

ard L a w ,

(i.e.

coast

Byzantium

epigraphic

Castle, Binchester, Catterick,

Castleshaw,

Elslack, York

and

Slack.

w i t h Brough~on-Humber, where RIB

*(P(ARISI0RY1'I)) .

707

33
South, o f t h e B r i g a n t e s and P a r i s i i ,
the

hut to the west, are

placed

o r d o o u i k e s w i t h Caer Gai and Tomen-y-Mur; T a c i t u s m e n t i o n s

in

connexion w i t h P a u l i n u s ' campaigns i n Anglesey,

while

these

there

are

m o d e m place names D i n o r w i g ( ' P o r t r e s s o f t h e O r d o v i c e s ' ) on t h e

Straits,

and Rhyd Orddwy ('Pord

o f t h e Ordovices') near Rhys,

Parther east PG places the kornaouioi,

and RC 79 V T R I C O N I O N CORNOVIOR^m,
CORlTOV(lORVI'l) ; t h e C o h o r s
X L . 3 4 was

presumably

r e c m i t e d from the

attributed

the Icehi of Tacitus,

with

to-^m C a i s t o r

(ICENOR)TI'U

intaglio

f r o m t h e r i v e r Tas
name.

Farthest

Tacitus,

Orosius and

them,

After

iv.103,

PVBL(ICA)

l o c a t e d a t Caerwent,

only

'town.', a n d

C I V I T ( A T I S )

dobounoi

while

a jasper
connected

a number

Jordanes;
48

the

as

b u t i s n o t l i s t e d b y P G who
i s attested

i n RIB

3 1 1 as

RES

SILVR^m.

C ( I V I T A T I S ) L(OBVI^TNORVl-I

which has

GALLBVA ATREBATVM and RC

RIB

the tribal

6 7 CALEBA A R B A T m .

a s DVROAVBRITO C A N T I A C 0 R V I 4 ,

properly Cantiaci

20.2

('People

atrebatioi

i n both A I iter V I I
Farthest

east are

the

Canterbury occurs-in

Cantia9i

adopted).
PG places the rhegnoi, w i t h Chichester.

t o w n o c c u r s a s PcSGNO i n A I i t e r V I I a n d
t h i s has

t h e name

i m p l y i n g t h a t t h e C i v i t a s name i s m o r e

( w h i c h Pl'TRB h a s

t h e A t r e b a t e s and

66,

records

2250

? ) : ^ i n L i o LX

kantioi with-London, Canterburyand Richborough;

be ^ R e g n e n s e s

Usk

a r e g i v e n C i r e n c e s t e r , t h e C I R O N I V M DOBWORv'M o f R C

P(VBLICA)

REGEl^TTrVM, a n d

tribal

gives

epithet

The

*VBNTA

with Silchester,

Below

source,

t h e r e g i o n name

Following these are the

72

of

and

occurs w i t h m e t a t h e s i s as h o d o u n n o i .

RC

with

these are the siloures,

T a c i t u s and

the-Civitas

AL

other classical

and are a t t e s t e d e p i g r a p h i c a l l y a t Kenchester where

R(ES)

ICINOS

HB.

o c c u r s i n A I i t e r X I V as V E N T A S I L V R V M and RC

as t h e i r

20.2

*(l)cenimagni,

the demetai, with Lolaucothi

century mentions

p e o p l e m e n t i o n e d b y P l i n y WE

the

as

east are placed the trinoantes

has g i v e n .the m o d e r n L y f e d .

S(I)LVRV1'I,

the

by D i o L X

i s presumably

( C a r m a r t h e n ) ; t h e name o c c u r s i n no

Gildas i n the sixth

The

are mentioned

w i t h t h e l e g e n d CBN

Next, PG l i s t s i n t h e f a r west

capital

ND

The k a t u e u c h l a n o i

1 0 3 as VENTA *(l)CENOMVM, and T P as

m e d i a e v a l s o u r c e s , i n c l u d i n g Bede H E and

Demetia

and

mentioned by Caesar

C o l c h e s t e r , m e n t i o n e d a l s o by Caesar,

but

i n

Civitas.

Pre-Roman c o i n s show a name ECENI, and

*(VE10TA

Caerfyrddin

a t Newcastle

S t Edmund's, w h i c h occurs i n A I i t e r V as

a n d I X a s VEN"TA ICINORVIvI, R C

with the tribal

CIVITAS

1 9 6 2 CAT'^/VELLAVNORVM; n e x t c a m e t h e s i m e n o i ,

presumably
their

RIB 2 8 8 records the

t h e k o r i t a n o i w i t h L i n c o l n and L e i c e s t e r ,

? S p a l d i n g and S t Alban's,

k a t o u e l l a n o i and RIB

the

CORlTOV)lORVI^I

92 RATE CORION ( f o r * C O R I ( T A N O R ) V M ) .

name o c c u r r i n g i n RC
are

and where

Prima Comoviorum listed

P a r t h e r east s t i l l were

Clvjyd.

w i t h C h e s t e r and W r o x e t e r ,

epithet i n A I i t e r X I I *VIROCON(mi

last with the trihal

Menai

i n RC

led to suppositions that

o f the Kingdom'),

44 as

NAVIMAGO

the tribal

name

since i t i s known that

should
the

34
C l i e n t Kingdom of Cogidutmus included t h i s
w o u l d he u n i q u e ,

and

Jackson

i n BSAI 78-9

rejected, prefering a British

PG

area.

However, such

and PMEB h a v e v i g o r o u s l y

^ H e g i n i , 'Proud

Ones'.

Below the

locates the helgai, w i t h Charterhouse-on-Mendip,

which

last

occurs

as VENTA BELGARvli

VENTA VELGARV^I i n i t e r XV,

the

attribution

and

appears

Roman government"
South-west
is

and

Bath t o the Belgae

(PNRB 2 6 7 ) , t h i s

the

specific mention

of

Pinally,
Nanstallon,

1673

1672

C(lVITAS)

Hill;

the

T B i d e f o r d and

I)VR(O)TR(I)GVM

and XV

RG,

a s SCADVLvI N A M O R V I ^ a t 1 6 a n d

I S C A DVI-INONIORW, i n TP

1843

as CIVITAS

DVJ!CN"ONI(ORVI'I) , a n d
the

Dorchester,
t h a n PG's

o f Devon and

Launceston,

XII

also i n RIB

Civitas

been taken t o represent a s u b d i v i s i o n

be m o r e a c c u r a t e

P G - l i s t s the doumnonioi

as

the

C l ( V I T A S ) DVR0TPLAG(V14) L E N D I N I E S I ( S ) , b u t

o f I l c h e s t e r has

may

the

objection hardly applies.

c a p i t a l o f t h e C i v i t a s D u r o t r i g u m was

i m p l i e d by RIB

grounds

hut since

the C i v i t a s a t an unknown date, since i t i s t o l e r a b l y

the

rejects

creation of

o f t h e s e a r e t h e d o u r o t r i g e s , w i t h Hod

(L)Ein)IN(l)ESIS and 1673

as

PNRB

on the

pre-Roman coinage,

t o have been-an " a r t i f i c i a l

attested e p i g r a p h i c a l l yi n RIB

Winchester,

41 as VENTA VELGAROM.

that they are i n the area of Dohunnic

Civitas- BeIgarum

B a t h and

Dohunni

i n A I i t i n e r a V I I and X I I and

i n HC

of Charterhouse

a name

certain that .

The

form

Durotrages

imsupported

form.

Cornwall, with

Exeter,

t h e name o c c u r r i n g i n A I

itinera

a s I S C A D V i ' I N 0 N I 0 R V 1 4 and., t w i c e i n

SCADONIORVl^i a t 2 3 .

The

D ^ m ( N O ) N I (OR^/T'l) a n d R I B

name

1844

occurs

CIVITAS

t h e r e g i o n name Dumnonia f o u n d i n G i l d a s has

given

modem Devon (Welsh D y f n e i n t ) .

In addition to tribes

names mentioned

s p e c i f i c a l l y n a m e d i n PG,

there are

three

i n the coastal survey-not occurring i n the land

setantion limen (= SETAITTIORVM PORTVS, Fleetwood), ganganon

(GANGANORVM PR0M0NT0RIVI>I,
kolpos

their

L l e y n P e n i n s u l a ) and

(GABRAITTOVICVM SINTS

listing

accurately.

PORTVOSVS,

i n t h e c o a s t a l s u r v e y we
Among t h e

Bay);

tribal

' d i u e r s a l o c a ' o f RC

names; PNRB c o n n e c t s

unreasonably,

b u t i t was

(above,

p.25)

name o f t h e t r i b e

I'LANAVI w i t h t h e I s l e

suggested

above- t h a t

A l s o among t h e documentary
tribal

n a m e s ; RC

called Com-ovii,
name (Kernyw,

i t may

remembered as Ifenau Gododdin, and

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h Clackmannan ('Stone

by

eulimenos
virtue

can l o c a t e t h e s e m i n o r

names ( M A N A V I , SEGLOES and DAVNONi) o f w h i c h a t l e a s t

are

akron

gabrantouikon

Bridlington

survey;

tribes

are

three

the last
o f Man,

two
not

i n f a c t be
who

the

are to

be

o f t h e Man.aw').

sources

are a few names which p o i n t t o

6 PVROCORONAVIS i m p l i e s t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a t h i r d
i n the Cornish peninsula to which

Cornwall).

Castleford-on-Aire,

LAGSNTIVl'I

(RC

126,

is-derived from a tribal

as i s DELGOVICIA (RC 139,

AI iter

t h a t LONGOVICIVl.i (RC 133,

presupposes

*Longovices

that

they gave

A I i t i n e r a V and
name ^ L a g e n t e s

ND

XL.15

and RIB

CONCAI^TGIS ( R C 1 4 1 , ND

VIIl),

by

1074),
XL.9

trihe

their

BSAI,

l ) , Wetwang-, f r o m ^ D e l g o v i c e s ;

also argues

and

of

PNRB

Lanchester,
and

CIL

35

1234),

VII

' i t was
iter

argued

ahove

i s f r o m an e t h n i c name * C o n c a n g i i .
142

( p . 2 8 , n o t e I ) t h a t RC

I , CORSTOPITVM), Corchester, i s a hetter

PITRB's

*CORIOSOPITVlvl,

168

RC

Chester-le-Street,

and t h a t

a trihal

(p.25)

ahove

perhaps
area.

that

at Lalswinton,

f o r m o f t h e name

name * L o p o c a r e s

Sl'IETRI i s t a k e n h y PNRB t o r e f e r

argued

CORIELOPOCARroi (= A I

t o PC's

i s

Smertae,

indicated.

h u t i t was

t h e name i s t o he l o c a t e d i n t h e

s o t h a t we may

PNRB a l s o r e m a r k

have

than

Lowlands,

of *3merti i n

a trihe

SIMS

t h a t C P N S d e r i v e d LEI^IANONNONIVS

and

Lomond f r o m a t r i h a l

name s u c h as * L e m a n n o n i i , h u t t h e name may

he r e g i o n a l and n o t

ethnic.

Tacitus mentions

two names n o t f o u n d i n o t h e r l i t e r a r y

38 names t h e B o r e s t i as
Roman army,

which must

he

suits

only N o r t h Wales,

DECEANGL(ICV1^1

However,

i t i s customary t o connect

METALLVJl) o f C I L V I I 1204

of Tacitus'

1205

and

such

seriously

h e r e i s t o accept b o t h names, and

was

as

c o n f u s e d a s we

variants

of a single

Epigraphy has

surprising,

Eden v a l l e y ;

and

JRS

LV

their capital

shows t h a t

8 1 2 allows

question of
to

accept

neighhours,
solution

that Tacitus

f o u r new

tribes

adopted

(or his

what

source)

seemed t o

244

to the l i s t ,

Most

Carvetiorum of RIB

933

of

be

i s nowhere

a sufficiently

which

i m p o r t a n t , and

perhaps

IN C(IVITATE)

C ( I V I T A S ) CAR(VETIORVM)

i n

the

d i r e c t l y named, b u t a m i l e s t o n e
a p p a r e n t l y measured

i m p o r t a n t t o w n t o be

and

(1966)

223

from

Carlisle,

promoted

to

(CIV)lTATIS C0RIBLS0LILI0R"^7M

CORIE- i s f o r *CORIAE ( t h e g e n i t i v e

the tribal

name w i l l p r o b a b l y have

(pNRB 3 2 0 ) ; t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e C i v i t a s may
part of the Civitas

be

of

been

sought i n the

. Prom Beltingham RIB

was
1695

promoted

to the rank of Civitas-

* S o l i l i i
northern

capital.

names t h e CVRIA TEXTOVERLORVM ( w i t h

f o r L a t i n - C T - ) , w h i c h PI^TRB s u g g e s t s m a y

be

RIB

the T e c t o v e r d i w i l l have
1142

inhabited

British

t h e name o f t h e

important vicus a t Chesterholm, which i s very attractive.

accepted,

Catuvellaunorum, f o l l o w i n g the s u g g e s t i o n o f Wacher

that Water Newton

Pinally,

and

capital.

s e t t l e m e n t name),

and

The

to rationalize

d i s t a n c e s were

f r o m Caves I n n (Warwks.).-

-XT-

The

heen

doubted.

suggest

tried

(1965)

More p u z z l i n g i s J R S L V I

1974

1121.

V I I

i s difficult

self-governing Civitates.

which w i l l have-been
Civitas

EE

the

name.

i s the Civitas

CARVETIOR(VM)

2283)

a r e , and

added a t l e a s t

two a t l e a s t were

(RIB

them w i t h

Camhriae

s i m i l a r names can have

a l t h o u g h n e i t h e r name can he

be

and

form to *Lecanti.

L e c e a n g l i / L e c a n t i i s much d i s p u t e d , s i n c e i t
trihes with

the

Moray

t h e place- name L e g a n n w y demands a B r i t i s h * L e c a n t o u i o n ,

an easier emendation

two

Agr.

are mentioned i n a context which

mention of the Arx I)ecantorum i n the Annales

that

sources;

a t the f a r t h e s t point reached hy

the Decangi

and

Loch

simply

t h e r e g i o n o f PINNATA CASTRA, o n t h e

I n Annales X I I 32

Coast.

the

the trihe

this

t h e South Tyne

(from Corbridge ?) recorded the k i l l i n g

of a

large

I f this
valley.
group

o f CORIONOTOTARVI'I; p r e s u m a b l y t h e t r i b e
and

-was a s e p t

the

l i v e d n o r t h o f Hadrian's

o f o n e o f t h e l a r g e r t r i b e s l o c a t e d t h e r e b y PG

(probably

Selgovae).

Last

of all,

there a r e t h e t r i b e s recorded

i n t h e n o r t h ; t h e name m a i a t a i i n D i e ' s

i n l a t e r w r i t e r s as

epitomators

J o r d a n e s ) seems t o be a p p l i e d

t o a confederation

in

(with two place

theCalidonian

Hill,

near

applied

confederacy

Stirling,

preserving

t h e name).

living

( X i p h i l i n u sand

o f tribes n o t included

names, Dumyat and Amyot

L a t e r we f i n d t h e name

Picti

t o t h e peoples i n h a b i t i n g t h e whole o f Calidonia, w i t h two

divisions,

t h eDicalidones

Calidones,

among o t h e r s ) a n d t h e Y e r t u r i o n e s

Portrenn)
be

Wall,

(whose name s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e y i n c l u d e d t h e

i nAmmianus XX^/II 8 , 4 .

recorded

a n o r t h B r i t i s h tribe a r e separate

(whose name s u r v i v e s i n

T h e A t e c o t t i who appear t o

from t h eP i c t i ,

hut linked with

them, and presumably i n h a b i t t h e f a r t h e s t n o r t h ,

RIB

600 and 610 record

a name CONTRBBIS, w h i c h

name o f a d e i t y ; h o w e v e r , t h e a l t a r s

PNRB 2 5 9 g i v e s

i nquestion a r e dedicated

lALONO CONTRBBI ( ' t o t h e g o d " T h e L o w l a n d s o f t h e j o i n e d

which

sounds more l i k e

name.

a name d e r i v e d

The findspots o f t h e altars

make i t c l e a r t h a t C o n t r e b i s

from a place

(Lancaster

as t h e
t o DBO

dwellings"')

than a simple

and

divine

Burrow-in-Lonsdale)

i s t o be i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e Lower

Lune

valley.
Note
1

The editors o f RIB allow t h e p o s s i b i l i t y

they read

as D might

was a n u n r e c o r d e d

that thelast

letter,

p o s s i h l y b e B; W e b s t e r 1 9 7 5 s u g g e s t s t h a t

tribal

group i nnorthern Hereford

b a s e d on C r e d e n h i l l Camp, a n d i t i s n o t i m p o s s i b l e

and

that a Civitas

i s connected w i t h R I B 2022 C I V I T A T ( I S )

u n c e r t a i n ; R I B expands t h i s
unusual

t o *BRIG(ANT)IC(AB),

t o find an a d j e c t i v a l form

c a n n o t y e t be

T'lhether

BRICIC(..) i s

b u t i t w o u l d be

o f t h e t r i b a l name u s e d i n t h e

d e s i g n a t i o n o f t h e C i v i t a s , a n d we a r e p e r h a p s d e a l i n g h e r e
u n k n o w n name w h i c h

there

Worcester,

B... e x i s t e d i n t h i s .area, w i t h i t s c a p i t a l a t K e n c h e s t e r .
or n o t this

which

expanded.

with an

37

5:
e

River and Stream

have two major

RC,

together with

direct

sources

two major

one

i n which

since

f o r t h e n a m e s o f r i v e r s , PG a n d

i n d i r e c t sources,

on r i v e r names, a n d s u r v i v a l s .
dealt with here,

Names

Only

t h e l a s t i s a very complex area

was i n f a c t i n u s e d u r i n g t h e Roman

and

British.name

and a r e therefore^

i n s p e c t i o n o f RC's l i s t

direction.

can he

period.

many i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s a n d ommissions,
he a clockwise

hased

o f study,

that a surviving

i n t h e coastal survey,

easily i d e n t i f i e d ; a close

to

t h e f i r s t three sources

t h e r e can he no guarantee

PG's r i v e r s f i g u r e

s e t t l e m e n t names

i t follows

reasonably

shows t h a t ,

t h e coast

despite

i n what

However, i t must he remembered t h a t

o f RC's h a b i t a t i o n names a r e r e a l l y r i v e r names, a n d i t w i l l be

below that

(i.e.,

terminate i n -um),

begins

(236),

which

with TRAXVLA

PERB i s a l i t t l e i n c o n s i s t e n t

i n dealing with

equation i s accepted on po213,

"phonetically

impossible".

RAXTOI^IESSA

i n the index

being

an o r i g i n a l

on the south

9 ARDYARAJ/ENATONE

i s c l e a r l y t h e E x e ; RC

(p,22)

Tamar,

w i t h t h e D a r t ; PG t a m a r o s
PG's k e n i o , w h i c h

with
M^restona

RC 2 3 7 A X F v l ' I

t h e required An^lo-Saxon Terstan.

a s e t t l e m e n t name, f o ra place

PG's i s k a

the

as

However, t h e f o r m may be c o n n e c t e d

a l t h o u g h PNRB emends * M o i n a , t o be i d e n t i f i e d w i t h

above

with the Test;

coast

2 3 8 M A I N A i s p e r h a p s t o b e c o n n e c t e d w i t h PG-'s a l a u n o s ,

Po43);
Axe,

hut rejected

of

t h i s name, s i n c e t h e

( f o r ^(T)RAXTONE(SSA) ? ) , allowing

w i l l have given

looks like

BSRC e q u a t e s

(below,
the

t h e Meon,

was i d e n t i f i e d

a n d RC 2 4 0 T A M A R I S s u r v i v e a s

i s concealed

i n RC

3 ELCONIO, i s i d e n t i f i e d

by PNRB a s t h e r i v e r Z e n w y n , a t r i b u t a r y o f t h e P a l , b u t i t i s
not a survival,
name

(helow,

RC 2 4 1 NAYRYl-I i s o b s c u r e ,

PG's o u e x a l l a i s n o t t h e S o m e r s e t A x e , w i t h w h i c h
and

i s probably

the river Parrett

duplicated i n the island l i s t

Avon,

PG's s a b r i n a o c c u r s

as

an island,

as

does Gildas

(RB4) ,

the
to

latter,

may r e p r e s e n t

t h e n i t i s t h e name

However, RC's

either Classical
of the fort

c h o o s e b e t w e e n P G ' s - b - a n d R C ' s -m-,

i n Welsh,

t h e r i v e r (Annales

( r a t e s ) t a b i o s must he t h e T a f f ,

o b v i o u s l y c o n n e c t e d w i t h RC 2 4 4 T A M I O N ,
-on which

and i s clearly t h e r i v e r

X I I 31 ) ,

b y Bede a n d H B ) ,

RC 2 4 3 I S C A i s t h e U s k ; P G ' s

Antique

i t was l o n g i d e n t i f i e d ,

i n RC 2 3 9 S A ( B ) R ( I ) N A a n d a l s o

287 SOBRICA; T a c i t u s m e n t i o n s
(followed

( f o r *PL, TAYA) ,

RC 2 4 2 ABONA a p p e a r s t o b e

as ELAYLANA,

misplaced

probably

and i s possibly n o t a r i v e r

a s RC 2 E L T A B O

p.'i^") ; t h e T a w o c c u r s

he

they

suspicious

a p p e a r t o be n e u t e r

RC's l i s t

which

seen

some r i v e r names may n o t be w h a t

I n p a r t i c u l a r , we a r e e n t i t l e d t o b e e x t r e m e l y

names which

268

some

some i s l a n d names a r e a l s o r i v e r names, so t h a t we m u s t

aware o f t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t
seem.

seems

and i s

form has a

late

- u s o r -um, a n d i f

at Cardiff;

i t i s impossible

since both would

RC 2 4 5 A Y B N T I O h a s g i v e n t h e m o d e m E w e n n i ,

give

Taff

a n d 2 4 6 LE^/CA

38
and

248 LEVGO(SBNA)

have given, modem

'is o h v i o u s l y r e l a t e d t o T y w i ,
period is-a prohlem;

Llwchwr

(Longhor),

PG's

h u t Greek - h - f o r B r i t i s h - u - a t this

even worse,

the form

touerohios f o rt h e T e i f i

contins an i n e x p l i c a h l e - r - , and t h e emendation *Tuegohis

in British.
Istv^th,

associated

with the Test

i t may he r e p e a t e d

a a 2 6 9 SEirVA

f o r the

associated

this

w i t h Cenio,

object t h a t an equation w i t h t h e Kent

*Coventi(n)a) i s philologically
p r o p o s e d t h a t we s h o u l d
Kent,

the

Der^^ent

the Rihhle;

PNRB

l a s t w i t h RC 2 7 2 E T S O D I S I N A M , l i s t e d a s a n

RC 2 4 9 C O A N T I A i s a s s o c i a t e d

the

where i ti s

( ? )and Itchen ( ? ) .

PG's s e t e i a seems t o h e t h e M e r s e y , a n d h e l i s a m a

who

meaningless

h u t w h a t t h e s e c o n d p a r t o f RC 2 4 8 ' s c o n f l a t i o n L E V G O S E N A
i sunclear;

river,

i s

s t o u k k i a a n d RC 2 4 7 I V C T I V S a r e u n d o u b t e d l y

represents

has

touhios

read

Irish

t h e Kenwyn, hy

PNUB,

(made b y BSRC, who e m e n d e d

impossible;

however, i t i s here

'^'CONATIA f o r ^ C u n e t i o ,

which

w^ould be

R C 250 DORYANTIVM i s o b v i o u s l y a n e r r o r f o r * D e r v e n t i o ,
(Cumbria) ; PG's i t o u n a s u r v i v e s a s t h e E d e n ,

RC 2 5 1 s u r v i v e s a s t h e A n n a n , a n d P G ' s n o o u i o s

(RC's NOYITIA 253 and

PANOYIYS 2 3 0 ) h a s become t h e N i t h ; PG's deoua i s now t h e Dee, a n d

iena/ikoua t h e Cree.

The form o f t h i s

l a s t name h a s caused a

d e a l o f t r o u b l e , a n d i t may be t h a t a n o r i g i n a l
transmitted.
which

*Icena

west coast;

CPNS d e r i v e s

since an original

*Adrona w i l l

wrongly

Gododdin,

RC i s f o l l o w i n g t h e

t h e r i v e r name A y r f r o m a n o r i g i n a l

( a n e m e n d a t i o n p r o p o s e d b y BSRC

likely

has been

P.C 2 5 2 w a s c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e n a m e A e r o n i n T

appears as a name i n t h e L o t h i a n s , b u t h e r e

good

f o rt h e i r ADRON) , b u t t h i s

*Agrona

i s

unnecessary,

have become A y r , t o o . I ti s h a r d l y

t o be c o n n e c t e d w i t h PG's a b r a o u a n n o s , w h i c h

s k a u l d be t h e

Water o f Luce,
PG's k l o t a

( A g r , 2 3 ) , a n d , a s PNRB h a s

i nTacitus

i n RC 2 7 3 C L E D a s a n I r i s h r i v e r

out,

I N S Y L A CLOTA,
and

occurs

PG's l o n g o s

i s associated

as a n i s l a n d

i s found

and A I M r i t i m e

pointed

Itinerary

as

a s a n i s l a n d n a m e i n RC 2 9 9 L O N G I S ,

b y PNRB w i t h L o c h L i n n h e ;

eitis

i s also

represented

RC 2 9 4 E T E , a n d i t s p o s i t i o n i n d i c a t e s t h e r i v e r

r a t h e r t h a n t h e L o c h E t i v e p r o p o s e d b y PNRB.
Naver, and i l a as Abhainn I l i d h
name o f t h e B e a u l y ,

nabaros

(the Helmsdale);

Carron

survives as t h e

o u a r a r ( i s ) i s t h eo l d

still applied t o i t s upper reaches

i n the form

Parrar.
- PNRB a s s o c i a t e s

t h e s e c o n d p a r t o f RC 2 5 5 ' s c o n f l a t i o n C E R T I S N A S S A

w i t h t h e r i v e r Ness, which

i s likely;

s e t t l e m e n t name i s s o u t h e r n S c o t l a n d ,
loxa,
the
as

the Lossie.

probably

as t h e Tay; t h i s

' d i u e r s a l o c a ' a s TABA, w h i c h

whether

165 LOXA o c c u r s

wrongly

and i s t o be a s s o c i a t e d

t o u e s s i s i s t h e Spey, and k a i l i o s

D e v e r o n , RC's f o r m h e i n g
t h e Dee, taoua

RC

better,

PG's deoua

l a t t e r name occurs

BSRC w r o n g l y

o r n o t T a c i t u s ' TAYM i s t o be t a k e n

(RC

255'S

as a

w i t h PG's
CERTIS..,)

survives

among RC's

t o o k t o be a place, b u t
seriously i s disputed.

PG's
in

tina

i s an

e r r o r f o r * I t u n a , the Eden ( P i f e ) ;

a numher o f forms,
23

BGDOTRIA (Agr.
last
in

form,

two
RC

and

the misplaced

25).

We

may

occurring i n a text

different

256

as

and

257

relatively

(INTRA"^/!"! a n d

i s misplaced

a place

h y RC

name (186

and

gives

with which

263

ouedra,
not

h e e n l i n k e d w i t h RC

this

RC

ohviously attempts

spell

a river

TINEA i s c l e a r l y

255

m u s t he

the river

t o he

Ekwall's
PG
of

PG's

t h e Wash,' p o s s i h l y t h e O u s e ,

and

DVROLAVI i s a town

Arun

CVNIA and

"^ZELOX w h i c h

first

connected

(LEVGO)SENA

quite
the

as

265

PG's

i n RC

on

Since

V E L O X may

misplaced,

be

in

2.

Table

The

w e l l be

i f i t i s , i t may

results

RC

267

variety

RC

262
will

NOVIA i s
seems

equated
more

w i t h Cenio

the second
by

The
with

PNRB, b u t

i t i s

case i t w i l l

an a s s i m i l a t i o nfrom

the

SENVA,

or duplications.

( p . 3 7 ) , and

be

at

i s for *Trisantona,

be
British

f o r the Parrett,

of the f i r s t part of this

otherwise

section

are

Table1,

many o f t h e i n d i r e c t l y

it would

supporting

DVBRIS i s the r i v e r Dour

trisanto

w i t h TRAXVLA above

*irxela to L a t i n uelox;

collated

Blackwater;

f o l l o w f o u r names, RAXTOMBSSA,

a p p e a r t o be

Pinally,

b y RC,

the

i n a wide

PNRB; t h e f o r m e r

( p . 3 8 ) ; CVNIA i s connected

ommitted

which

form.

occurs

easy t o emend *ICVNA ( f o r * I C E N A ) , i n w h i c h

Itchen,

the

a h a b i t a t i o n name.

a t Lympne,

t h e Adur by

o f p . 14- a b o v e .

(formerly Tarrant);

was

96

RC

LEI'IANA t h e E a s t R o t h e r

i n view

river

name g i v e n i n e r r o r f o r a r i v e r name, w h i c h

w i t h t h e Ouse b y BSRC a n d
likely

i s

town

s u r v i v e s as

i s the correct

i n RC

have been *Leva, f o r the Swale,

Dover, and

another

a c o r r u p t v e r s i o n o f t h i s name,

i s concealed

Bradley's

than a misread

gariennos

iamesa i n e r r o r f o r the Thames, which

sources,

1979,

(Lincoln),'^

i n t h e name o f t h e town W i t h a m on

w e l l he

ahos

hy D i l l e m a n n

m e t a r i s m u s t he

conjecture that *Vidumanis

has

PG's

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h LINDVl'I

-a;

V I V I D I N may

*LIRA

HB,

final

261

read

Tees,

X I I g i v e s a name TRISANTONA, w h i c h

name, s i n c e i t has

RC

i f we

Tyne,

omits

Ouse/Humher.

t h e name o f t h e V i t h a m

eidoumanios

PG

LIAR i s possihly the

t o he

and

f o r the

the identification,

the Trent, the Trahannon of

LEl'TDA i s p r o h a h l y

PG's

258

hut i s more l i k e l y

Tare,

p.^-^);

already heen given i n e r r o r

1 90 RVMABO ( = * P L ^ m . ABO)

to Tacitus Annales

flows into

(Below,

to

has

RC

strengthens

i s s u r e l y c o r r e c t , and

260

this
and

previously heen associated;

has

RC

i n

ALAVNA, t h e A l n , w h e r e i t i s f o l l o w e d

the Wear,

* T i s a or *Tesa,

prohahly

Tacitus'

t h a t T a c i t u s ' TANAVFI i s t h e same r i v e r ;

i t has

emendation

t o he

COCCWELA) ,

for

which

and

free from corruption,

AiTTR'^m) a r e

the Coquet, which

hut i t i s unlikely
this,

252

occurs

places.

hy COGVVE(VSTOVM),
as

B D O E A o f RC

perhaps put more t r u s t

a s i n g l e name, h u t i t i s u n l i k e l y
alaunos

hoderia

t e d i o u s t o go

a t t e s t e d names are

through

However, t h e r e are

them a l lhere,

of minor
and

rivers,

they are

some i m p o r t a n t names w h i c h

are

listed


known i n d i r e c t l y ,

v r h i c h ^Je c a n p i c k o u t h e r e .

g i v e s t h e name w h i c h s u r v i v e s a s K e n n e t ,
the Derbyshire Derwent,
Don,

ISVErVM,

NIDVl''!, N e a t h ,

CYIIETIO,

DERVENTIO,

Mildenhall',

Littlechester,

D E V A , C h e s t e r , t h e D e e , DE^/"ONA, K i n t o r e , t h e

Aldborough,

t h e U r e , -^LONACVM, L a n c a s t e r , t h e L u n e , a n d

t h eNeath.

I ti s o f interest

t o n o t e how many o f t h e s e

m a j o r names have s u r v i v e d , a n d how many even more m i n o r names

continue t o be

40

also

used.

Note
1

I ti s a l s o

p o s s i b l e t o connect

t h e name

Lynn,

derived from *lindo-;

i nthis

Ouse,

a n d PG's m e t a r i s some

other river

with

case,

t h e modern

LINDA w i l l

flowing

into

King's

be f o r t h e
t h e Wash.

4-1
Roaano-British

Name

Dart

ARDVARAVBNA.TOJfE

R i v e r

Tamar

240

TAJIARIS

tamaros

R i v e r

Kenwyn

ELCONIO

kenio

ELTABO

242
286
239
287
243

ABONA
ELAVIANA
SARNA
SOBRICA
ISCA

Alauna

R i v e r

Axe

I s c a

R i v e r

Exe

R i v e r

R i v e r

*T'ava

River

Uxela

T e s t

alauna

Taw

o u e x a l l a

P a r r e t t

River

Sabrina

R i v e r

Severn

I s c a

R i v e r

Usk

A.von

River

T a i f

(244

245
246
248

( r h a t o s ) t a b i o s

TAIGON)
AVENTIO
LBVCA
LEVGO(SENA)

R i v e r

Leuca

River

Loughor

Tovius

R i v e r

Tywi

toubios

(?)

R i v e r

T e i f i

touerobios

(?)

Afon

R i v e r

S t u c t i a
Toesobis

Ewenni

247

Ystwytii

s t o u k k i a

r r c T i v s

t o i s o b i o s

Dwyryd

s e t e i a

S e t e i a

R i v e r

Mersey

Belisama

R i v e r

Ribble

272

R i v e r

Kent

249

COANTIA

Derventio

River

Derwent

250

DORVAJfTrra

Itiuia

R i v e r

Eden

Anava

R i v e r

Annan

Novius

R i v e r

Nith.

Deva

R i v e r

Dee

R i v e r

Cree

*A.baravannus

R i v e r

Luce

*AQrona

R i v e r

A-yr

254

ADRON

Clota

R i v e r

Clyde

273

CLED

c l o t a

Longus

Loch

Linnhe

299

LONGIS

longos

S i t i s

R i v e r

Carron

294

ETE

e i t i s

Nabarus

R i v e r

Naver

nabaros

I l a ^

R i v e r

Helmsdale

i l a

*Cunetio

lena

(?)

(?)

Y a r a r i s

R i v e r

(?)

R i v e r

Nassa

' R i v e r

Loxa

itouna
251
253
230

ANAVA
NOVITIA
PANOVr/'S

noouios
deoua
iena
abraouannos

(?)

Aeron

L o s s i e
Spey

C e r t i s

R i v e r

Deveron

Tava

R i v e r

Tay

*Ituna

R i v e r

Eden

255

(CERTIS)NASSA

165

LOXA

loxa

255

CERTIS(NASSA)

k a i l i o s

t o u e s i s

R i v e r

R i v e r

deoua

Dee
232

R i v e r

F o r t h

252

BDORA

boderia

R i v e r

Aln

263
186

ALAVNA
COCCIMEDA

alaimos

258

TINOA

R i v e r

Coquet

R i v e r

Tyne

Vedra

R i v e r

Wear
Tees

259

LIAR

R i v e r

Ouse

190

RVMABO

Trisantona

R i v e r

Trent

R i v e r

Witham

250

LENDA

Metaris

R i v e r

Ouse

Gariannus

R i v e r

Yare

Vidumanis

R i v e r

Tamesa

R i v e r

* L i n d a

Dubris

Dour

R i v e r

E a s t

Novia

R i v e r

Ouse

R i v e r

Arun

Trisantona

. R i v e r

abos

(?)

me

t a r i s

gariennos

Blackwater

R i v e r

*Icena

(?)

TRISANTONA
(?)

Thames

Lemana

TAJfAVM
ouedra

R i v e r

(?)

BODOTRIA

2 6 4 C06WE(VSiniVIl)

Abus

* T i s a

(?)

t i n a

Bodotria

Coccuveda

TAVH

taoua

TABA

Alauna

Tina

CLOTA

ouarar(is)

Ness

T u e s i s
(?)

belisama

ETSODISINAM

Beauly

Deva

SABRINA

s a b r i n a

Aventia

Tuerobis

L i t e r a t u r e

i s k a

Abona

*'Tabius

Other

Ptolemy

TRAXVLA
RAXTOME(SSA)
MAINA

R i v e r

Cenio

Cosmography

256
268
238

'^Trestona

*Derventio

Ravenna

I d e n t i f i c a t i o n

Rother

VIVIDIN

eidoiamanios

96

TAI4ESE

iamesa

265

DVRBIS

266

LBMAIU

267

NOVIA

270

CVNIA

t r i s a n t o

I t c h e n
Table

261

1:

D i r e c t l y - a t t e s t e d

R i v e r

Names

TAiffiSIS

42
River

Name

Alauna

Place

River Alne

ALAWA

Alcester

AT,AWA

Low

Maryport-on-Ellen

(War-wks.)

Bridge

Low

*Alauna

River

Ellen

ALAVNA

*Alauna

Allan

Water

ALAVEA

*Aranus

River Earn

*Bremia

Sills

*Bremia

Afon

*Canovia

Afon

*Cantia

R i v e r Cam

^Cunetio

River

*Danua

River Don

*Derventio

River Lerwent

(Xorks.)

"'^Derventio

River Derwent

( D e r b y s . ) DER^/ENTIO

^Deva

R i v e r Dee

DEVA-

Chester

*Devona

River Don

DEVONA

Kintore

*Leva

River

Swale

DVROLEWl'I

Sittinghourne

River

Cam

DVROLIPONTIS

Camhridge

*Galava

River

Brathay

GALATA

Ambleside

^G-elovia

*Go"bannia

Afon

*Isca

Beck

Borrow

*Alauna

*Lipontis

Borrow

name

Identification

Identification

(Som.)

Ardoch
Hamhridge

^APuANTS

BRB]yiEl>IIWI

High

Brefi

BREMIA

Llanio

Con^Ty

CANOVIVM

Caerhun

CANTIA

South Cadhury

CVN'ETIO

Mildenhall

DANTM

Doncaster

DERWTIO

Malton

Burn

(Som.)

Kennett

^GELOVroi

Rochester

Littlechester

GOBAmimi

Abergefenni

R i v e r Axe (Som.)

ISCALIS

Charterhouse-onMendip

*Isura

River Ure

isvRroi

Aldborough

*Ituna

River

Ehen

ITVNOCELVM

Beckermet

*Lavatra

River

Greta

LAVATRIS

Bowes

*Lona

River

Lune

*Luentina

Afon Twrch/Afon

*Masona ?

Gefenni

^LONACV!-!

Lancaster

LVENTimi

Dolaucothi

R i v e r Somer ?

I'lASONA

Radstock

*Nava

R i v e r Noe

NAVIO

Brough-on-Noe

*Nida

Afon

NIDVI'I

Castell-Nedd

*Ravatona

RAVATONra

^Rutuiia

River

RVTVNIVM

Harcourt

*Segontia

Afon

S E G O N T

Caernarfon

^Tameia

River Isla

TAiyEEIA

Cardean

*Truccula

Cothi

Nedd

Roden
Seiont
?

R i v e r Sandwood ?

*Yoreda

VXELA

Bideford

River

VOREDA

Old

T a b l e 2: I n d i r e c t l y a t t e s t e d r i v e r

Mill

Sandwood Loch

River Torridge ?
Petteril

(Neath)

TRVGCVLENSIS

PORTVS
*Uxela

names

Penrith

43
6:
i

Islands,

C o a s t a l F e a t u r e s a n d Mo-untains

Islands
I s l a n d names f i g u r e

quite

and PG p r e s e r v e l i s t s
a list

p r o m i n e n t l y i n o u rl i t e r a r y

s o u r c e s ; E.C

o f islands, A IMaritime Itinerary

c o n t a i n s such

- n o t a l lB r i t i s h a n d n o t a l li s l a n d s - a n d P l i n y i s o u r o t h e r

major source,

PG h e g i n s w i t h t h e f i v e

rhikina is^found i n Pliny,

aihoudai,

l i s t e d under

and i s usually identified with

m a l a i o s i s t h e MALAGA o f RC 3 O 4 , a n d i s t o h e i d e n t i f i e d
Malea

o f Adomnan), w h i l e

o f K i n t y r e h y PNRB.
perhaps
that

westerly,

(Jura h e i n g the Hinha o f Adomnan).

Pliny

states

counting a l lthe

monaoeda i s

o f Man, whose m o d e m Manx f o r m (Manaw) shows t h a t

o r i g i n a l must

Mull

o f the InnervHehrides.

N e x t i n PG come f o u r i s l a n d s i n t h e I r i s h S e a ;
the Isle

a sM u l l ( t h e

hoth called aihouda, a r e

t h e r e a r et h i r t y EEF/LAE, a n d h e i so h v i o u s l y

smaller islands

Rathlin,

e p i d i o n i s p l a u s i h l y eq_uated w i t h t h e

T h e t w omost

Jura andIslay

Ireland;

have

h e e n *MANAYIA, a n d t h i s

presumably

the

British

i s i n d e e d V7hat w e f i n d ,

with

m e t a t h e s i s i n O r o s i u s ' I'lEVANIA, w h i l e P l i n y ' s MONAPIA, l o n g t r e a t e d a s

the

c o r r e c t f o r m , h a s a s t r a n g e - P - f o r - V - . PNRB h a s a t t e m p t e d t o

l i n k RC 2 3 3 MANAVI w i t h
that

this

i s unnecessary,

seek i t s name i n RC,

mona i s Anglesey,

(p.25)

o fMan, h u t i t was argued ahove

a n d t h a t i t i sa t r i h a l name; i f we a r e t o

i t i ssurely that

o f MAIONA i n t h e l i s t

o f islands,

o c c u r r i n g i n a numher o f s o u r c e s , i n c l u d i n g RC 2 7 6

MONA; a d r o u i s t h e I s l e
The

the Isle

o f Howth,

P l i n y ' s ANLROS, a n d l i m n o u , Lamhay,

islands associated with Great B r i t a i n hegin with

skitis, t h e

SCETIS o f R C 2 8 8 a n d S c i a o f Adomnan, w h i c h i s c e r t a i n l y Skye,

doumna

also

whole

occurs i n Pliny,

o f Long' I s l a n d ,
writers,
is

andi s prohahly t oheidentified

a s PNRB s u g g e s t s .

T h e Orcades

a r e m e n t i o n e d h y many

and are usually quoted a sheing ahout t h i r t y

f a i r l y accurate f o r the Orkneys.

by A g r i c o l a ' s f l e e t ,

with, the

i n number,

which

Thule was i d e n t i f i e d w i t h Shetland

b u t PNUB a r g u e s t h a t

this was a mistaken

attribution,

and i t i s n o t i m p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e name i s s e m i - m y t h i c a l , l i k e t h e
Greek Hyperborae-;
far

t othe north,

a n d p a r t l y based
toliatis

o nrumours

island,

Iceland,

i sc l e a r l y a n e r r o r f o r t h e TANATYS o f

S o l i n u s a n d I s i d o r e , , a n d RC 3 O 6 T A N I A T I L E ,
kounnos

o fa large

i sobscure, a n d Jackson's

which survives a s Thanet.

emendation *Caunus i s a t t r a c t i v e ,

s-ugge-s-tienof M e r s e y .
RC

begins

'

( 2 7 5 ) w i t h a n a m e C O R S Y L A w h i c h , a s VWRB p o i n t

out,i s

s u r e l y a n e r r o r f o r -UNSYLA; 2 7 8 M I N E R Y E i s eq^uated w i t h AQYAE

and 2 7 9 CYNIS w i t h Cenio P i , b y PmiB.

RC 2 8 0

lUMA

i s

SYLIS

identified

w i t h A n g l e s e y b y P N R B , r e j e c t i n g B S R C ' s e m e n d a t i o n ^I'lANANNA a n d l o c a t i o n
of Arran.

However,

t h e name o c c u r s n e x t t o BOTIS,

B u t e , a n d MONA h a s

a l r e a d y b e e n named, s o . i t i s n o t i m p o s s i b l e t h a t BSRC w a s c o r r e c t .
The

n e x t f o u r names ( Y I N I O N , S A P O N I S ,

SYS^/HA

and B I R I L A ) a r e obscure,

and a r e f o l l o w e d by two r i v e r names/^(SLAVIMA. and SOBRICA, Abona

Sabrina);^

RC

288 SCETIS i s Skye,

and

the section concludes

LIMONSA, equated w i t h Lambay, t h e l i m n o u o f

There t h e n f o l l o w s a second
o b s c u r e ; 292
is

perhaps

('ad

Carron (p.33),

a l l be S c o t t i s h .

which precedes

with

PG.

alisun p a r t e m ' ) , which i s v e r y

i d e n t i f i e d w i t h Canna, 294

CANA i s p o s s i b l y t o be

the river

n a m e s may

list

and

ELETE

and LONGIS i s L o c h L i n n h e , so
o f names (303

There i s a s m a l l group

the main B r i t i s h l i s t i n g ,

the f i r s t

of which,

the
-

306)

YECTIS^

occurs i n a number o f sources, i n c l u d i n g L i o d o r o s whose c o r r u p t f o r m

iktis

has-been

t a k e n as a s e p a r a t e name^

iNSENOS, l e f t

b y BSRC, i s i d e n t i f i e d a s t h e l i e de S e i n b y
The M a r i t i m e I t i n e r a r y
the

ORCALES, O r k n e y s ,

either

Pliny lists

o f A I concludes w i t h a l i s t

Isles

or Breton

i t sv a r i a n t SILLINA,

identifies

were

one

and

these with the Shetlands.

large i s l a n d w i t h a few

occur i n the l i s t s

this

which,

Solinus'
SILINA,

i n t h e Roman p e r i o d ,

outliers.

( o r p o s s i b l y t h r e e ) n a m e s i n RC

o f i s l a n d s w h i c h may

w e l l be

w h i c h do

not

i s l a n d names,

but

which have n o t p r e v i o u s l y been i d e n t i f i e d as such.

river list

to

to Sulpicius Severus'

i t as t h e S c i l l y I s l e s ,

There are also two

identified

Islands.

More p r o b l e m a t i c i s P l i n y ' s SILVI4FVS;. P l ^ B . r e l a t e s

and

islands;

o f i s l a n d s , 'the ACMOLAE, w h i c h a r e r e p e a t e d i n

M e l a a s BA-MIOLAE, a n d P N R B h a s i d e n t i f i e d

SILVRA and

of

I r e l a n d , VECTA, W i g h t , and a l l t h e o t h e r

t o the Channel

a group

PNRBo

'INSVLA CLOTA I N H I V E R I O N E ' i s t o be

w i t h t h e r i v e r Clyde and
names r e f e r

unexplained

RC

NAVRTM i n t h e

does n o t seem t o be a r i v e r name ( a b o v e , p . 3 7 ) ,

h e l o c a t e d i n t h e est, i n w h i c h c a s e ,

be

an extremely a t t r a c t i v e

is

p r o b a b l y a s i n g l e n a m e , w h i c h P N R B c o m p a r e s w i t h ANTR'^/M, t h e

of

Howth,

coast of England,

identification.

s i n c e RC

large island of Holy Island^ corresponds

237

would

256/7 INTRAVJ^I/ANTRTM
Isle

i s here working along the north-east

i t c a n h a r d l y be H o w t h .

p o s s i b l e i s l a n d n a m e i s RC

RC

o f Lundy

i s

to

noting that

the isle

and

I f i t i s an island,
i n position.

The

AXIYM, which corresponds

w i t h Portland, but i t i s perhaps

more l i k e l y

the

third

i n position

t h a t t h e name i s

really

t h a t o f a s e t t l e m e n t ( b e l o w , p. ^"2)
i i

Coastal Features.
Promontories,

PG;

g u l f s and

one

o r two o t h e r f e a t u r e s are l i s t e d

starting w i t h noouantaron chersonesos

(NOTMITARVI'I

PENINSYLA,

M u l l o f G a l l o w a y ) , he names t h e f e a t u r e s a l o n g t h e - o k e a n o s
w i t h r h e r i g o n i o s k o l p o s corresponding t o Loch Ryan,
the
is

name,

ouindogara k o l p o s must

i d e n t i f i e d w i t h Loch Long,

I r v i n e Bay;

which bounds Lennox

t r i b a l name * L e m a n o n i i by CPNS).
and

be

by

douekaledoni

which preserves

lemannonios

kolpos

(derived from

epidion akron i s the Mull of

o u o l a s k o l p o s i s i d e n t i f i e d by PNRB as L o c h E r i b o l l ,

Cape

a
Kintyre,

Wrath

^5
being

ommitted.

CINDOCELLVM
with

I t i s very
204

o f EC

the west

coast

tempting

which

occurs

of Scotland

aji'i^H.usaa.aij^-oum t e r m i n a t i o n ,
of

Marcian,

which

PG

links

name i n c u r r e n t u s e ) ,
PG's
as

ouirouedroum

tarouedoum,

Head;

ochthe

and

and

hupsele

is

presumably

or

some o t h e r n e a r b y

a bay,

identified

settlement
name

('suitable

Bay.

being

exoche
been

lost

cantion

but

name,

and

Ptolemy

not

to
a

that

but

and

known

as

by

and

takes i t s
as

there,
Bridlington

f o r

Head.

eulimenos

'promontory'

Exactly

what

coast

i n the region of

the

i=

Bede.

*DVMNACVM) o f

i s t o be

identified

limen i s not

a coastal

Ptolemy

different

as

for the

sake

as

two

names
1^

RC

with

and

the a r c h a i c C l a s s i c a l name,

is

usually

David's

Head,

Braich-y-Pwll.
with

RC

i n c l u d e names

f o r Land's

18

MESTEVIA b o t h

herakleous

akron

and_ganganon akron

but

whether

familiar

f o r a

t o the L i z a r d

seem t o
.

Here

(HEECVLIS

the most

not

Here,

coastal
itself.

BELERI'^/14
PR0M0NT0RIV14)

notable

i s t o be

represent

promontory

identified

(GANGANORVM PEOMONTORIVM)

or

way:

from use.

s-t-en-^i-on l i m e n ( S E T A N T I O R V M P O R T V S ) h a s
Fleetwood,

of

End, a n t i o u e s t a i o n

p.22)

oktapitaron akron

taken i t

f o r i n t h e same

dropped

(above,

p.lA-)

duplication

C l a s s i c a l name

Hartland Point,

of caast;

have

megas

TAEVED.VNVM/ORCAS

PG

same name

is

stretch

f o r

to

t h e y had

i s the

g i v e n by

the

with

above

Dover.

(above,

similar

accounted

where

with

Water

w h i l e *DVMNONIVM r e f e r s

VERTEVIA

identified

noted

feature

Romano-British

many w r i t e r s

shows a

t o be

OCRINVM

are

corruptions of

this

was

t h a name

of completeness,

even

that

of

of Southampton

s e t t l e m e n t name,

the Manacles,

bolerion;

connected

Domnoc

PNRB i d e n t i f i e s

i s presumably

PNRB argues

Similarly,

St.

the

kainos

the whole

Classical literature

along

Spurn

i t i s presumably

translation

C l a s s i c a l names

wished,

however,

word

nearby

i s uncertain, since the

i n Diodoros,

(p.1^)

*N0VIA,

to refer

PROMONTOEIVM,

reef

to

damnonion to k a i okrinon akron

'local'

and

above

i s probably

from

here;

a mistaken

seems

be.

British

Head
f o r

exist
with

and

Foreland,

settlement

to

from

kolpos

identified

a name t o d e s i g n a t e

i s also named

argued

such,

and

as

named

a port did not

b i s h o p r i c o f Dunwich,

akron

South

limen

used

i s a^SrU:aa^ar&u-ai^name

i t i s described

the uncompounded

s e v e r e l y eroded

I t was
as

shows

Noss

Kinnairds

the fact

i s t o be

and

RIPA ALTA) ,

eulimenos

and

termination

gabrantouikon

shows t h a t

tarouedounon

(hardly

Head

i s probably

that

shows

the

akron

Duncansby

kolpos

connected

Head.

i s presumably

('projection')referred

Mediaeval

the

and

dSB's PORTVS F E L I X ,

(*ocelon)

has

Tees

and

with

Bgink'^ ( L a t i n

akron

dounon

tribe,

akron

'High

feature.
Bay,

with

the

tarouedoum

t h e same u n u s u a l

identified
as

with

possibly

identified

i s f o r Dunnet
show

last

PG's

Classical orkas

taizalon

f o r a harbour')

okelou

PG's

t o be

Ness.

as

local

the

this

o f names

p,27).

i s t o be

which

b e a r i n g t h e name;

from

despite

and

translates

Tarbat

i n a l i s t

oueroubioum

are

identify

(above,

with

and

to

long

i t i s t h e name

with

with

been
of

coastal

feature

or settlement

identified

i s unclear;

w i t h Morecambe Bay

an

antiquarian revival

be

c a l l e d aji estuary.

i i i

which

have

Wall

only

eischusis

i s t o be

Bay; t h e m o d e r n name i s

century), but this

t o some

can

hardly

occupation,

size.

range

t h e enormous

t h e mountain

name

i n the corrupt

should

with Bennachie,
The question

J o s e p h ' s s Ithe

likely

form

i n Scotland

GRAMPIVM passed
today

influence of this
1977 has argued

a mountain

one o f

into

work;

o f permanent

overlooking' a temporary

attractive/(^to

o f Tacitus

known as t h e
spurious

Hadrian's

dSB a s

Agr.
a

Grsunpians,
the location

Agricolan

t h a t we a r e t o i d e n t i f y t h e

i s u n l i k e l y t o be proven
most

t o r e f e r t o

T h e MONTEM GRAVPIVM

be n o r t h o f t h e area

and S t Joseph

i n Britain,

i s t h e VALLVM BRITANNIAE o f J u l i u s

i s more

natural feature!

f o rt h e mountain

demonstrating

This

1 7 ) 1 which

(Cosmographia

than

t o names o f m o u n t a i n s

suspicious.

i s a name w h i c h ,

name

St

(formerly Poulton

o f the eighteenth

two references

i s more t h a n

Honorius

of

morikambe

Mountains

We

29

finally

date.

camp

of

unusual

one way o r t h e o t h e r , b u t

^7

7'.
In

'the previous

many

place,

are

three

tribal

also

and

chapters

and river

o f these

Problems

an attempt

names

down

with certainty,

we r e a d

w i t h Caesar's

that five

and

Cassi)

had

invented

source;
Magni

from

gives

an attempt

as

a r e some

which

special mention.

l i t e r a r y

which

surrendered

exist

sources,

but there are

names which

w i l l

be made

The

cannot

here

be

t o p i n

outside

Caesar

into

Roman

any

precisely.

more

The

tribes,

we

l o c a t i o n o f Pausanias'

REGIO

GENWIA,

context

u n i t s which

o f t h e passage

which

Brigantes

has

been pointed

described

The

other

were

PORTVM

than

others have

name.

they

i n Tacitus

many have

very

them

Latinized as
history

t h e Brigantes

had entered
been

this

assumed

that

b u ti t

called the B r i g a n t i

I t i s suggested

by

and t h a t t h e action

some

PNRB accepts

tampering

this

with the text

original.
proved

i tas a c o r r u p t i o n o f

t r e a t e d i t as a genuine

I ti s certainly

located

t o place

(Agr.38) has long

seen

us

possible

deprived

t o Britain;

w i t h a poor

tells

o f Romano-British

i n Rhaetia

that there has been

t h e unrest

a r e t o be

i n northern Britain,

attributed

since
were

Caesar

be able

Pius

been muddled,

are t o

tribes

i s t h e only

called t h e Genauni.

faced

they

one C i v i t a s under

i th a s always

i s a tribe

have

f o r commentators;

place

rule;

indeed

during

( v i i i , ^ 3 ) ,

because

o f t h a t name

been wrongly

TRVCCVLENSEM

2 0 8 VGRVLENTVM

greater

t o Roman

a tribe

suggests

name, w h i l e

British

moiran

lands

out that there

point by a copyist

d i f f i c u l t y

only

never

i s that Antoninus

t h e tribe

has thus

name

probably

are o f

that therei s .

expeditions;

o f h i s tribes

genounian

that t h e tribes

furthermore
this

w i l l

t r i b a l

subject

were

neighbours
(1977)

Hind

o f their

was

the

whose

some

d i d

these

emerged

became

names

(Caernarfon),

Presumably

i s one o f t h e p e r e n n i a l problems

a large part

region,

and SEGONTIVM

y e t this

he

i n any other'

Where

unlikely

can say t h a t t h e south-east

f o rthese

named

imagination.

o f Caesar's

that

i s an e r r o r f o r * ( l ) c e n i

that t h e tribes

i n the south-east.

a t t h e time

we

t o suspect

do n o t s e e m t o o c c u r

the Segontiaci

Britain,

Ancalites, Bibroci

tempted

i ti s extremely

r u l e d i n Kent,

Although

be

that Cenimagni

t h e larger p o l i t i c a l

location

and

they

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , and perhaps

here.

The

matter;

only

four kings

might

self-glorifying

between

was b e g i n n i n g

Segontiaci,

a n d i t c a n b e shov/n t h a t a l l t h e o t h e r

i s another

operated

absorbed

that

One

i t i s =f>0;^&i%^e

Caesar's

connection

which

t o him.

names, since

p.33),

o f h i s abortive r a i d s on

( t h eCenimagni,

d e r i v a t i o n , s o i ti s l i k e l y

located

any

these

(ahove,

own account

trihes

however,

Celtic

of

deserve

but there

t o locate

a few.

Beginning

be

sources

although

h a s b e e n made

as p o s s i b l e ,

names a r e d e r i v e d

one o r two epigraphic

located

RC

Puzzles

so imprecisely located t h t they

majority

at

Some

tempting

a
some

L a t i n o r Romano-

t o connect

i twith

(Dillemann

1979),

and t h e c o r r u p t i o n i n v o l v e d i s no

w i t h many names

i n RC;

i fwe

may

make

the equation,

then


v/e

should

look

(above,

p.27).

certain

of

the

forms,
is

identification

number

name

(and

that the
out

identify
of

name

to the

with

trouble;
at

Abergefenni.

/^variants
have
the

the

town

Sea;

since

t o be

have

help

derives

that

the

from

whole

separate

an

w i t h the

has

connected

town

self-governing unit

region of Carlisle,

this

the

British

river
above

i t

was

I f we

has

the

since

may
advantage

Wareham

an

l i e s

identification

no

iiiwhich

perhaps

was
we

also

the

of

and

town

Decurion
the

form,

most

(with

i t must

- was

near

which

i s

distinguishing epithet
of Bernicia,

attractive

i n the later

the

attested

c a l l e d Uentris

know t h a t t h e
been

Saint

GOBANNIVM,

under

by

the

which

possibility

Roman period

the

domination

case P a t r i c k ' s home

on

a name

Patrick's earliest

made more

longer

the

sommentators

i t with

post-Roman kingdom

the Tweed

1977^1

i n

although

caused many

emendation

This

of

Axe

name.

name,

I f i t

suggested

Trent/, wheras

*BANNAVENTA BERNIAE,

south

(Hope-Taylor

or

Hov/ever,

*Bernaccia.

area

other

i t was

V/areham,

that Muirchu,

accepted

connected

w i t h the

settlement

P a t r i c k ' s f a t h e r had

PNRB has

corrupt, to

LHEB

the

and

and

unexpected

names.

c o r r u p t i o n o f BANNAVENTA,

Nemthor),

Tre

at

1),

Uen

obviously

in

others

I t does not

of river

apart

P a t r i c k ' s b i r t h p l a c e , named by

(Confessio,

while

be

unexplained.

of St

i t as

Scotland

cannot

some

of Portland,

Piddle

error

we

of

problematic;

i n t h a t no

for a river

states that the

Irish

Votadini

river

c'oast

also

l i s t

form,

t o be

settlement

are

identified

Isle

biographer,

been

possibly

l i k e l y

mistaken

seen

Whilton Lodge,

i n a

unique

for the

identification

some h a v e

reliable

be

of the

BANNAVEM T A B E R N I A E

be

extremely

there

a L a t i n neuter

i t was

mouth

the

are

o f t e n been

with the

Portland leaves

Next,
as

as

n a m e may

e x p l a i n i n g hov/

close

i n RC

i t would

north-west

kS

name.

occurring

i t has

t h a t i t i s as

the

the

Sandwood Loch, but

this

occur

AXIVM

a name e x p r e s s e d

pointed

237

RC

quite wrongly),

(p.^^)

of

on

of u n i d e n t i f i e dnames,

as

a river

had

suggested

of names which

such

past,

identification

PNRB has

any

number

from

f o r an

n o r t h e r n shore

of

w i l l
of

became
the

have

the

been

Solway

Pirth.
An

inscription

(CIL

x i i i . 3 l 6 2 )

i n Britain

from

which

place
letter
of

to

this

have

sent

cannot

PNRB as
(1960)

stay

as

i s l i k e l y

from

be

108

anywhere

located.

111)

seems

inscription

counted

The

Another
the

to

the

mentioning

but

the province,

of
the

and

at

epigraphically derived
text

of

indicate not

Marble

residence

been at York,

the

letter

that the

PNRB i n t e r p r e t s

D V R O B R I V A E w i t h C.
as

Torigny

names

of B r i t a n n i a Inferior

official

within

CABABVM as

intends'to stay at
be

governor

to have

CABABVM; h o w e v e r ,

name must

The

the

TAMPIVM^

a t LVROBRIVAE and

writer
the

friend

province

been

place
by

k n o w n as

sent

it, but

Ababius.

the

governor

l e t t e r

could

present

the

name

listed

i s

i n question
writer

(JRS

intends
that

I f this

to

the
i s

so,

'ghost'.
the

CENSITO(RI)

BRITTONVM

ANAVI0N(EN(SIVM))

^9

(CIL xi,5213)
thought

has long been

t o refer

t o t h earea

B I B 2 2 ^ 3 seemed

milestone

showed t h e name
Brough').

not
a

t o have

derived

making

official

around

been named
Last

(from

F i r s t l y

located

CAMBODVNVM;

*Latenses,
form

Next,

there

derive

derived
either
Next

from

represent

contains

dicitur

( i . e .t h earea

around

Bassas

forest

upper

o f Welsh r a t h e r than

Clyde
from

another

a n d Tweed v a l l e y s .

an original

t r i b a l

clearly

identified

w i t h Chester

i nsouthwestern

rather than

t h enext

name

occurs

t o two alternatives,

the

latter

i s derived

and

t h eformer

from

i s obscure

Eomano-British

i nwhich

a tribal

Bede
name

o r * D u r o c i c - . "TUe V\<3A^ "lioc-ooM-bo

with>HB 3 6 , t h e l i s t
o f names which
begins

with

may

Glein,

i s t o be i d e n t i f i e d

Glen,

more

probably

Linnuis',

called *Lindensis

o r

c a l l e d LINDVM) , e v i d e n t l y a
Lindsey

i s derived
silua

C a i r -Iri-on,

from

t h e same

Celidonis i s

located

i n t h e

i s derived

people'),

by

Jackson

providing us
located;

which

Caerleon.

Traeth

o f a river

which

v/ith

Urhs

Legionis

i sprobably
Trihruit

Welsh

a n d seems t o be d e r i v e d

BREMENIVM, H i g h

seems t o

t r a d i t i o n
from

B r i t i s h

o r Breguoin,

Eochester

o f v/^ich

(Jackson

19^9),

('Agned t h e B a t t l e o f t h eH i g h l a n d s ' ) .

name,

Badon, was d e a l t

l i s t

o f X X V I I I Ciuitates which

t o be

w i t h many v a r i a n t s , v/hich c a n be

Agned C a t Bregomion

last

with

t h e former.

e t e s t i nregione

one has n o tbeen

Lfe*jvcv.

o f O l d Welsh

Scotland,

o f

a s DOEOCINA,

Castello Guinnion

this

and there are

XVIII

i na region

('White

mediaeval

b y dSB I t e r

Classical tradition,

o f a beach a t t h emouth

*Tribrutio-;
reduced

although

a translation

t h e name

located

name,

t o have

i s t h e

as a name, w h i l e

*Uindiones

lived

there

and which

a place

i sincomprehensible

from

a number

Dubglas

a *Duboglassa

that

and secondly

The list

i nt h emodern L i n c o l n s h i r e , where

root,

19^5

quod

implies

o f Domnoc

(p.12),

above

i n HB; s t a r t i n g

19^3),

plus

who happen

The case

b y LHEB

given

forms.

(Jackson

name

figure i n early

.e.idriliwerr f r o m / ^ * D e r c i c o -

Romamo-British

*Glania

would

river

derived

o f names

this

o f t h eB r i t o n s who

form.

t h eL i n c o l n s h i r e o r Northumberland

*Lindensia

the

from

which

acceptance,

t o Arthur

comes t h e 'flumen

which

be

i sa wealth

which

L o i d i s , modern Leeds,

h a s been

i s t o be d e r i v e d

(the river

a r eplausibly descendants

f o r Dorchester-on-Thames,

battles attributed

well

is

this

('from

identifiable.

considered

i s t h eEegio

A NAVIONE

t h eL a t i n adjective i s

*Anauiono-

no Eomano-British

and has won general

Dorcic
which

there

form;

c a l l e d t h eAnauiones,

been

B S E C k2

(Annan) underlies

Censitor

a r e names

i nBede which

however,

name s u f f i x ) ,

and a r e thus

here

have

t r i b a l

i t was

where t h e

reading

name Anaua

was n o t simply

*DVMNACVM) h a s a l r e a d y

forms.

of

*-ono-

t h er i v e r ,

names

t h emilestone

b u t from

b u t o f a tribe

b u t which

other

and

plus

t o be considered

authors,

two

from

as ANAVIO;

o f t h eB r i t i s h

Anaua,

i nquestion

t h eAnnan,

NAVIO,

F o r many y e a r s

a t Brough-on-Hoe,

t h e name

t h a t t h er i v e r

from

derivationalsuffix

the

t o give

enough

directly

o f confusion.

o f t h efort

been

PNEB accepts

name, w i t h o u t

a source

w i t h above

(p.20).

a t one time

Finally,

was taken

there

t o provide

The

i s t h e
a

complete
now

known

Welsh
Cair

o f t h e C i n i t a s c a p i t a l s o f Homan B r i t a i n ,

t o he useless

forms

i n this

o f names known

Segeint

although
forms

list

they

respect.

t o have

heen used

f o r SEGONTIVM, C a e r n a r f o n )
are mostly

o f t h e names.

I t does

t o o corrupt

h u t which

however

provide

i s
Old

i n t h e Roman p e r i o d ( e . g .

a n d may conceal

t o be able

some

t o retrieve

others,
t h e British

S-

Conclusions;

Having briefly
sources

and

surveyed

commenting

possible

to relax

begin

to

look

dealt

with,

with
is

Wliat

from

at

vast

amount

from

time

to

the

w h a t we

mostly

a l l this?".

have

to

In

us

material,

upon the

study

of

collected.

and

the

today,

this

of

time

detailed

briefly,

places known

Does i t a l l Mean?

section

we

Over

may

results,

individual

greater

and

collating

k^O
of

now

names and

to

them

legitimately
to

i t is

names have

part

i t i s hoped

the

begin

been

identified

ask

to

"What

use

answer

the

question.
i

Linguistic
British,

observations.

the

branch of

occupation,

was

information

about

descendants,
deduce

a written
i t comes

surviving

was

using

either

closely

place

names

or

and

and

British,

of

Firstly,
sounds

of

used

to

wary

Latin

where

of

symbol

assuming

that

that

our

only

from

were

and

comparison

of

i t s

written

languages,

we

can

by

comparisons

which
with

best

was

on

with

occasion

modifications.
i n Classical

body

of

Gaulish
v/ritten,

However,

literaturea

evidence

the

Roman a l p h a b e t

the

problems

which

another

language

may

used

as

our

consequently

for

the

and

sounds

limited.

are

(such

Roman

detected

the

language;

digraphs

be

the

names recorded

doubt

of

which

characters,

albeit

words

and

during

sourees;

British,

Latin

v/ithout

v/rite

i s no

to

must r e a l i s e

the

English,
there

v/e

three

may

personal

are

forms

from

extinct,

related

Greek

spoken i n B r i t a i n

language,

others

inscriptions

is

or

some f e a t u r e s ,

which

the

not

Celtic

th,

to
sh

etc.).

classical

arise

be

represent

i s hest

demonstrated

must

spellings

to

when this

a single

V/e

suited

sound

represent

alphabet

i n

modern

for

therefore

be

the

which
very

truly

phonetic

spelling.
LHEB,

for

instance,

VECTA r e p r e s e n t s
sometimes

spelt

inscriptions
PG

writes

have
are

rare,

various

represent

as

thai:

in

two

XT

(with

(e.g.

rather

a Latin

that
Latin

this,

we

detailed

study

or.two

to

of

(above,

p.5

note

ouechtis;

orthographic

hope

for

the

and

ND)

these
at

for

changes

our

certain
) and

name

his

the

Latin

is reasonably
such

changes

Borrow

than

can

we

may

Romano-British
that

pronounciation

w i l l

such

phonetic
the

instances

(allowing

use

of

with

-O-

LHEB has

attempted

p e r h a p s be

able

chronology
question

for

such
-AV-

made a

here;
to

but

more

with

the

question

Jackson

that

for

to

spoken language,

occurs

without

is

notaljle

i n the

the

Romano-British

sound

i n

i t i s

as

Bridge.
be

especially

acceptance

X)

i t emerges t h a t

ALAVNA, w h i c h

disposal

points,

However,

practices,

Low

B r i t i s h

than Latin

But

detect

examples,

particular

rather

spelling

can

(AI

less

chi

among other

this

spelling.

H).

increased material
one

the

British

evidenced
sources

*Uexta;

than

and

for

that,

CVRIA TEXTOVERDORVM) .

by

V,

out

Greek

affected

Late

Given

a British

ouektis

been

points

the

proposed
sources

52

spell

t h e names

On t h i s
sound

point

changes

paralleled
suggest

i n accordance

with British

i ti s p e r h a p s

worth

changes;

there

o f ALAVNA

forms

i n which

RIB

1962 dated

its

familiar

they

were

such

t o

fossilized i n

as t h e s p e l l i n g o f

the C i v i t a s Catuuellaunorum

form, r a t h e r t h a n

British

evidence

names hecame

f i r s t recorded,

t o ^369AL w h e r e

phonology.

t o *ALONA a r e e x a c t l y

i s i n f a c t some

that the spellings o f Romano-British

the

Latin

n o t i n g t h a t t h e apparent

involved i n t h e development

i n L a t i n sound

rather than

the *Catuuellonorum

LHEB

i s spelt i n

might

lead

us t o

expect.
One

question

gender

which

and nominative

LONDINIVM, which
with

i n many

the

has so f a rreceived

occur

form;

o f the place

cases,

similarly,

is

only,

found

i n one source
the nominative

even had a

Generally

majority

speaking,

masculine

forms

i n - I S , second

second declension

decide

forms

appear

a masculine

feminine

-A

nominative)

a masculine

by

names

There

which

neuter

which

be c e r t a i n
the

although

may n o t be

forms

i n -AE;

i n oblique
i n the

are consequently

difficult

Ior

few cases

of

t o

declension

i n -

i n very

few

a reflection

with nominative

with nominative

are given

deal

nominative

i n -A,
f i r s t

i s i t possible

i n collating

i n apparently

alternatives.

differing

while
This

as tamarou

i n other

occurs

sources

f o r t h e Tamar,

detailed linguistic
and t h e more

reject

i n the

PG's

masculine

t o a

sources,

as
both

form

o f t h e name

i ti s wisest

as
or

where

not t o

feminine.

considerations
general

masculine

2^Q

f o r - A ) : "on

i s the only record

by other

t o 'correct' h i s form

g i v e n b y PG

a n d b y RC

s c r i b a l e r r o r i n RC

river

-os t e r m i n a t i o n

( g e n i t i v e s i n g u l a r , f o r *tamaros

PG's

i s supported

of t h e

t h e names have

f o r a s e t t l e m e n t name,

Where, howev er,

genders

I n p a r t i c u l a r there are

i n PG w i t h a n ( a p p a r e n t l y ) G r e e k
name,

t h e names i s

scribal arrors or inaccuracies

- I S as a common

form

-VM,

are either third

forms

genuine

b u t as tamara

a Celticist,

a s COCCIO

Can we

-IS are extremely

a n d e x t e r n a l g r o u n d s we m a y

irrelevant.

These

which

declension

termination.

(with

such

with a nominative

i s lacking.

n o t h i n g more t h a n

of river

incorporate

t h a t names r e c o r d e d

PNRB h a s n o t c o n s i d e r e d

implying

internal

*dunon i s

them.

rather than

names which

attempt

occur

o r n o t names which

TAMARIS

as

met

t o work out

o r *COCCIVM o r w h e t h e r

accepted

with nominative

between

really

l i s t

such

case?

as

are naturally

o f a name

*COCCIVS

w i t h final

masculine

One p o i n t w h i c h

author

was

nominatives

Names

i n t h a t examples

declension

form

But what

i tseems

with,

are

an element

i n an oblique

final.proof

practice.

whether

where

-0 a r e n e u t e r s

o f cases

names w i t h -VS

to

names, such

nominative?

cases w i t h f i n a l

British

Some

f r e q u e n t l y , w e c a n s u p p o s e t h a t g.11 n a m e s w h i c h
gender.

name

names.

i s that o f the

and i ti s t h e r e f o r e possible

i t w i l l be o f t h e same

whether

attention

frequently i n the literature

different

nominative

attested

forms

little

can only

problems which

be p r o p e r l y

studied

they raise or resolve

53

for

the

archaeologist

i i Semantic
Thanks

comprehensive

BSAI i t i s possible

meaning
is

without being

l i t t l e more t h a n

find

patterns.

which
and

twenty-six

of

Britain,

Empire

the

natural

resources

and

only

this

stage

at

point

maps and
and

class

look

of

those

the

at

the

elements

or

i n

of view

of

examination

attempting

(table 3);

to

contexts
name

British

they

v/here

anyway) , and

i n

types

7^

than

i s known

of

Their

are

found
few

four

times

a l l the

times,

words

naming
few

examples

of

the

name

i s open t o

TRIMONTIVM

seems

t o have

majority of B r i t i s h
question:

names.

the

G e l l i n g 1978

u s e d by

i t s s u r v i v a l v/as

new

the

five

times,
which

two

and

look

CAESAROMAGVS
ANSAM,

like

etc),

CONCAVATA,

CATARACTONIVM) ,

use

of

of

the

survival of

dependent

the

spas

hardly

(AD

possibly

of

e x p l o i t a t i o n of

VICTORIA,

i s irrelevant,

no

island with

technology

The

example

entirely

of the

of

known.

statements

and

from

distribution

list,

twice,

know

province

names are

topographic

n a m e s we

Latin

other

s e v e r a l names

(HORREA CLASSIS

i n any

for fort

are

only,

a l t e r n a t i v e names

i n a l l parts

i n the

are

f o u r names v/ith

than

very

four

there

h a v e knov/n B r i t i s h

(Gelling 1978).

figure

form

that

Celticist;

percentage

*EBVROCASTELLVM, SPINIS,

Lincoln

the

four

In addition, there

spontaneous

from

L a t i n names seem t o r e f e r t o the

bridges

v i l l a .

w e l l as

examine names

to rather less

of Wales,

Romans;

one

analyzed,

b"y P N R B a s

o f the L a t i n names

( o f which

far smaller

esception

provided

tak- a w h o l e

s i g n i f i c a n c e , and

Mostly

be

a s i n g l e element

can

possibly

amounting

the

to

take

we

these

element,

the western

index

expert

dispose

more are

special

yet

same.

v/e m a y

two

an

can
or

much t h e

Firstly

and

cannot

playing with distribution

We

i t occurs,
do

historian

observations

to the

BSRC and

or

COLONIA

since

as

which

true

the

place

element

i t i s a r g u e d by

i n

PNRB

upon later e c c l e s i a s t i c a l

influence,
A
in

controversy
place

and

over

significance of

names b e g a n w i t h an

i s c a r r i e d on

that

the

a l l the

unlocated

i n PNRB,

examples

of

editorial

i n the

''duro-

other

It

i s suggested by

to

d i s t i n g u i s h n e w l y - b u i l t Roman

be

so

in

the

limited

can

later

f i r s t

elsewhere
examples

the

order.

I t has

long been

and

noted

l i e south

Britain
Rivet

forts,

What

order

by

but

the

known;

as

of

the

used

and

Rivet

1971)-

19,

table

k)

of

the

the Foss
time

of

instead

term

i s that

w i t h *dunon,

o n l y LACTODVRVM

majority of

*dunon

Way,
Nero.

of

distribution

that the

puzzling

and

exception

to

v/as

why

(Map

east

up

assuming

comes l a s t ,

that the

and

*duro-

i s most

are

sole

occupied

that

explained

normally

'British'

'correct'

of

century.

element

of the

area

o n l y be

*duro-

i n Britannia (Frere

names w i t h t h e

in

Frere

elements

I t i s i n t e r e s t i n gto note

DVROCORNOVIVM i n C o r n w a l l
words

the

British

names

*dunon
should

became

i n Gaul

and

although
shows

are

the

some

Latin

Name

Identification

AD

ANSAM

Higham

AD

PONTEM

East

AQVAE

ARNE14ETIAE

AQVAE S V L I S
(BANN)ATIA

MINERVAE
?

Stoke

Buxton

Spa

Bath

Spa:

Dalginross

Possible

CAESAR(OMAGVS)

Chelmsford

CALCARIA

Tadcaster

CASTRA

EXPLORATORVM

Observations

British

Latin

BADONIS

suffix

Netherby

British

name

Catterick

Perhaps

f o r *Caturatonion

CATARACTONIVM
(COLONIA

See a b o v e , p.

CONCAVATA

naae

AXELODVNVM

53)

Drumburgh

* ( E B V R O ) CASTET,T,VM

Cappuck

Emended

from

EBVROCASLVM

*PANVM

Bewcastle

Emended

from

FANOCODI

British
emended
Emended

name
from
from

ARBEIA:
OLEACLAVIS
NEMETOTAGIO

British

name

EBVRACVM

COCIDI

HORREA

CLASSIS

Monifieth

*HORREA

CLASSIS

South

Shields

*(NEMETO)STATIO

North

Tawton

PINNATA
PONS

CASTRA

Culbin

AELIVS

Sands

Newcastle

PONTES

Staines

PRAESIDIVM

Cumnock

PRAESIDIVM

PRAETORIVM

B r o u g h - o n-Humb e r

SALINAE

Droitwich

. SALINAE

Middlewich

-<

SALINAE

Spalding

SEXTAE

Xork

SPINIS

V/oodspeen

(Legionary

Base)

(TRAIECTVS

Se-e a b o v e , p . 2 0 )

TRIMONTIVM

Newstead

TRIPONTIVM

VICTORIA

Inchtuthil

VITLA PAVSTINI

Scole

3* L a t i n

Table

topographic
are

found

names.
examples
much
of

noted

rate

IncorporatingLatin

r a t h e r than habitative,
18

i n place

(and table 5)

o f t h e *neraeton

i s obscure.

i n Gaul,

Britain

but the fact

be more a r e s u l t

and as a r e s u l t

names;

similarly,

shows t h e i r

('sacred

more r a r e i n t h e s o u t h

this

may

Names and Names

as elements

Map

Possibly
British
L e g i o XX V a l e r i a
Victrix
was s t a t i o n e d here

Cave's I n n

grove')

and east

Elements

few personal

element;

together

d i v i n e names

one o r t w o a r e known shows t h a t

of selectivity

than o f name-forming h a b i t s .

names

v/ith
are

and t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e

l a c k s t h e J.arge numbers o f e s t a t e
that

18)

t h e r e are few d i v i n e

distribution

o f Britain,

(Map

i n t h e sources

and poor

names
this

survival

55

Romano-British.

Name

Identification

AXELODVNVM

Netherby

BRANODVNVM

Brancast er

CAMBODVNVlvI

Leeds

CAMVL0DVNV14

Colchester

CAMVLODVNVM

Slack

DOBIADVNVM

Observations

Cadder

DVNIVM

Hod

Emended

Found

DVROBRIVAE'

Rochester

DVROBRIVAE

Water

Emended

In

DOLOCINDO

Cornwall

Dunstable
Between Sittingbpurne
and F a v e r s h a m

DVROLEWM
DVROLIPONTIS

Cambridge

DVROLITVM

Chigwell

DVR0VER1^IVM

Canterbury

DVROVIGVTVM

Godmanchester

ITVNODWTVM

LACTODVRVM

Towcester

LVGVDVNVM'

In

Castle

MORIDVNVM

Caerfyrddin

MORIDVNVM

Sidford

RIGODVNVM

Castleshaw

SEGEDWVM

Wallsend

SORVIODVNVM

Old

VXET.ODVNVM

Stanwix

Fife

Emended

Piercebridge

MARGIDVNVM

from

LVGVNDVNO

Hill

Sarum

a n d *dun.on ( M a p 1 9 )

Names i n *duro-

Survival

Most o ft h eanalysis

which h a s been

names h a s concentrated

upon

Roman times

controversial

since

this

for

t h earchaeology

the

appearance o fa pioneer

of

from

V/anbo r o u g h

DVROCOBRIVAB

i i i

coins

Newton

DVROCORNOVIVM

Table

o nKentish

Bourton-on-the-Water

DVROCORNOVIVM

SVBDOBIADON

H i l l

DVNIVM

DVROCINTVM

from

place

facile
and

conclusions

detect

1964
which

greaty

challenges
t odraw

t h equestion

and history
196^),

names<,(Hogg

from

i nt h epast

o fsurvival

subject

o ft h eearly

view

conclusions.

i nt h eWest

a n dp r o v i d e s

o fnames beyond

mediaeval

paper o nt h es c i e n t i f i c
most h i s t o r i a n s

o n Romano-British

h a sp r o f o u n d

than

implications

period.

study

were content

t h em a p o fr i v e r - n a m e

continuity

this

done

o fC e l t i c
t h eE a s t

Until,

o f survivals
t odraw

origin

rather

i n LHEB

o fBritain;

a sounder starting-point

Hogg

from

56

Romano-British
^ Personal

Name

Identification

Observations

Emended

names

ALBINIANVM
ANICETIS

BLESTIVM

Monmouth

BRANODVNVM

Brancaster

Possibly

BRANOGENIVM

Leintwardine

BRANOGENIVM

Tomen-y-Mur

BRAVONIACVM

Kirkhy

BVRRIVM

Usk

CAESAROMAGVS

Chelmsford

DVROVIGVTVM

Godmanchester

EPIACVM

Whitley

Castle

SVLLONIACIS

Brockley

Hill

VILLA

Scole

FAVSTINI

from

ALBINV14N0

r e f e r s t o crows

Thore
-

Hsirdly

a n e s t a t e nameI

2 D i v i n e names + *nemeton names

Name o f goddess i n c l u d e s
nemeton- element

AQVAE ARNEMETIAE

Buxton

AQVAE S V L I S MINERVAE

Bath

CAMVLODVNVM

Colchester

CAMVLODVNVM

Slack

CAMVLOSESSA

Crawford

FANV}>I C O C I D I

Bewcastle

LOCVS MAPONI-

Lochmahen

LVGVDVNVM

Piercehridge

Emended

from

LVGVNDVNO

Park

Bmended

from

METAMBALA-

Tawton

Emended

from

NEMETOTACIO

LVGVVALIVM

Carlisle

MEDIONEMETVM

Auchendavy

*NEMETOBALA

Lydney

^NEMETOSTATIO

North

VERBEIA

llkley

VERNEI4ETVM

Willoughby

Table

5 * Personal

This
of

and d i v i n e names and *nemeton

i s hardly t h e place

Romano-British

place

Gelling

I978

treated

w i t h extreme

evidence

which
on

names,

caution i n view

f o ra g r e a t e r

a discussion

this

proven

emerge

from

further i n

o f PNRB a n d t h e'present
t o note

names,

t oh e
study;

i s that there i s

degree o f c o n t i n u i t y i n t h e west

t o have had Romano-British

tendency

o f t h e survival

from Hogg 1 9 6 4 , needs

i s interesting

o f LHEB's mapo f ^ r i v e r

o rt w o p a t t e r n s

(Map 2 0 )

may now b e pursued

i s i n direct contradiction t o t h e conclusions

the basis

One

since

into

h e r map, d e r i v e d

Map2 1 and t a b l e 6 ) ; what

see
no

(however,

t o enter

elements

which

than

t h e east,

have been

t h e m a j o r i t y o f which

made

a r en o t

e-%u4jimXn4-S'.-^c^v^W^&^^^
t h e map;

f i r s t l y

f o rs u r v i v i n g n a m e s t o ' c l u s t e r ' i n s m a l l

there i s a noticable
groups;

f o r instance.

57

Romano-Br i t ish.
1

Survives

Name

little

Identification

changed:
Greatchesters
Bath
High
Rochester
Leeds
Castlesteads
Catterick
Dover
York
Lympne
Lincoln
Lochmaben
London
Neath
Penkridge
Recnlver
Woodspeen

AESICA
BADONIS
BREMENIVM
CAMBODVNVM
CAMBOGLANNA
CATARACTONIVM
DVBRIS
EBVRACVM
LEMANIS
LINDVM COLONIA
LOCVS MAPONI
LONDINIVM
NIDVM
PENNOCRVCIVM
REGVLBIVM
SPINIS
2

Survives

Survived

as

S u r v i v e d as
Bede gives L
Survived as
Via by-form

Via
From

Ahse
Brewyn
a t i n form
Camlann
CATARACTA

only

*LINDOCOLONIA
British

*Londonion

Survives

i n Speen

Survived

as Caer

Survived

as

Survives
Survived

i n Camel
as Cuncaceastre

i n part:

ALAVNA
ARBEIA
BRANODVNVM
BROCAVVM
CALCARIA
CAMVLODVNVM COLONIA
CANTIA
GONCANGII
CORIA
CORINIVM
DANVM
'Dorcic'
DVMNACVM
DVRNOVARIA
DVROBRIVAE
DVROVERNVM
GLEVVM
ISCA
LETOCETVM
LONGOVICIVM
LVGVVALIV]^!
MAMVCIVM
MANDVESSEDVM
MELETIVM
MORIDVNVM
NEMETOSTATIO
OTHONA
RERIGONIVM
RVTVPIAE
SORVIODVNVM
VENTA
VENTA
VERVLAMIVM
VIGORAE
VINOVIA
VIRICONIVM
5

Observations

Alcester
South
Shields
Brancaster
Brougham
Tadcaster
Colchest er
Cadbury
Chester-le-Street
Corbridge
Cirencester
Doncaster
DorChester-on-Thames
Dunwich
Dorchester
Rochester
Canterbury
Gloucester
Exeter
Wall
Lanchest er
Carlisle
Manchester
Mancetter
Melbury
Caerfyrddin
North Tawton
Bradwell
Stranraer
Richborough
Old Sarum
Caerwent
Winchester
St Alban's
Worcester
Binchest er
Wroxeter

Urfe

Kaelcacaestir

V i a D'ro'feriu
Survived as Dorwic

Survives

as

Survives
Survived

as Nymet
as
Ythancaester

Survives

i n Salisbury

Survived

as

Via

Lichfield

Werlaaceaster

*Uriconon

Survival uncertain:

. BANNOVALLVM
BOVIVM
CALLEVA
GOBANNIVM
LEVCARVM
*LONACVM
Table

6:

Survivals

Horncastle
Cowbridge
Silchester
Abergefenni
Loughor
Lancast er
(Map 2 1 )

A 'translation'
A 'translation'
Cilchester i s an early

form

58

running

east

LSTOCETVM,
Thames.
to

from

Clearly, t h e reasons

examples

seventh

a n d one may

given above.

continuity

provided

c e n t u r y was

t h e third

Latin

t h e main

iv

that

i s t h e series

c l u s t e r around

f o r the survival
suggest

group

PENNOGRVCIVM,

the mouth

o f each group

two separarte

For the f i r s t

century

names under

there

by a Welsh-speaking

n o t o n l y t h e faxjt

from

(Wroxeter)

MANDVESSEDVM, and a n o t h e r

be d i f f e r e n t ,

is

VIRlCONIVM

of the
are likely

e x p l a n a t i o n s f o rt h e

i tmay be s u g g e s t e d

kingdom

that t h e

surviving into

the late

f a c t o r involved, while i n t h e second

this

area

must have

there

been known t o Saxon r a i d e r s

onwards b u t also s t r o n g evidence

o f t h e re-use

t h e influence o f the Augustinian mission

o f

o f 597.

Conclusions
This

place
has

short study
names

has attempted

f o rRoman

hitherto

Britain

o u t one o r t w o areas

without

doubt

to rush
dearth
has

to

where

t h e r e a r e many more
A t some

through

made.

areas

points t h e wealth

But i n a l l areas

collect

and preserve

serviceable
censure,

i n this

such

that

i n v/riting books,

inconsistent

with

labours."

their

office

done,

and

touched

i t necessary

leisurely

examination

i s needed.

as might

even

than

while at others t h e

research

i n holy

and such

sacred

a more

analysis

n o t even

h a s made

speed,

of

section has

t o be

i no m i t t i n g
have

are not deserving

f o rscarcely any but those

themselves

remains

o f our amcestors

documents

particular,

This last

of detail

further

and i n a t t e n t i o n

coherent

of research

t h e m a t e r i a l a t breakneck

negligence

profane

f o r a more

much work

o f s o u r c e - m a t e r i a l has meant

been
"The

i n order

been p o s s i b l e t o be u n d e r t a k e n .

pointed

upon here.

t o bring together a l l t h e sources

been

o f heavy

orders

employed

esteemed i t

t o engage

(dSB I . 7 , t r a n s l a t e d i n G i l e s

i n

such

I906)

59

Bibliography

R 1979

Bagshawe,
BSAI

Roman Roads.
Rivet,

A and Jackson,

Antonine
BSRC

L 1979

K:

Itinerary.

Section

o f t h e Ravenna
1

Observations

R 1973

Frere

2,

M 1978

Gelling,

J 1906

Giles,

Haverfield,

Editorial.
Signposts

1915

"^he R o m a n o - B r i t i s h

Britain.

HW

Breeze,

xvii.

Dent.
Bohn.

Names o f R a v e n g l a s s

Journal 72: 77

Antiquity

and

Borrans.

- 84.

o f Romano-British

B 1977 Excavations

Hope-Taylor,

1974.

2: x v i-

t o t h e Past.

The Survival

74

Duckworth.

Britannia

Archaeological
Hogg, A 1 9 6 4

British

i nt h e

IO6: 6 I -

Archaeologia

S i x Old English Chronicles.

82

Archaeologia

V . 3 1 , Britannia

2nd edition,

Britannia.

Frere, S and Rivet,

A 1971

Cosmography.

on Chapter

The Tf-inovantes.

34 -

50

Ravenna Cosmography.
Dunnet,

1_ ( 1 9 7 O )

o f t h e

0 a n d W i l l i a m s , I :T h e

I ,Crawford,

(1949):

The British'Section

Britannia

Richmond,
93

Dillemann,

Shire.

place-names

i n southern

38: 296 - 299-

a t Yeavering.

D and Dobson,

H.M.S.O.

B: H a d r i a n ' s

Wall.

Allen

Lane,

1976.

K 1945

Jackson,-

Once Again

Arthur's Battles.

Philology 95:

Modern

4 4 - 5 7 .

Jackson,

K 1949

Johnson,

Leather,

1976

G 1975

LHEB

Arthur's Battle

The Roman F o r t s o f t h e Saxon

Roman Lancaster.
Jackson,

I 1973

Roman Roads

Peacock,

D 1973

Antiquity

A and Smith,

RIB

Collingwood,

Survey

1978

Wacher,
Ward,

J 1974

J 1973
G I975

Names o f Roman

Map

Volume

4 t h edition..

o f Roman B r i t a i n ,
1.

The Roman

Oxford,

o f Ptolemy's

'The Towns

Inscriptions

I965.

Geography

o f Britain.

greco_-romaine

and Raveglass:

I n

et

t h e Names and t h e G a r r i s o n s .

T P o t t e r ( e d ) .Romans i n North-West
o f Roman B r i t a i n .

The B r i t i s h
Britannia

Webster,

Jhn

historique.

Watercrcok
In

C: T h e P l a c e

Chevallier ( e d ) .Litterature

geographie
Shotter,

Baker.

R a n d W r i g h t , R:

Britain.

Some Aspects
R

3 r d edition,

Batsford, 1979.

Ordnance

A 1974

Britain.

I 3 8f f .

k7_:

RB4

Rivet,

Elek.

and H i s t o r y i n E a r l y

i n Britain.

Britain.

of

Shore.

2 3 : 48 - 49

1953.

Margary,

Rivet,

Antiquity

Garstang.

K: L a n g u a g e

Edinburgh,

PNRB

o f Breguoin.

Sections

The C o r n o v i i .

Batsford.

o f the Notitia

4: 253 - 263.
Duckworth.

England.

Dignitatum.

Mapl: a limitG, id e s t a uallo, praetorio

61

ALICONA

RIGODVNVM
MAMVCIVM

VERBEIA

CALCARIA
CAMBODVNVM
CAMVLODVNVM

Map 3:.... a d p o r t u m r i t u p i s

D E V ^ - - ^

BOVIVM'A.
MEDIOLANVMV
RVTVNIVM
VIRICONIVM

LVTVDARVM
yERATINVM
ERVENTIO

50

ETVM
M^OVESSEDVM
yENONAE

TRIPONTIVM ^
B/^NAVENTA
LACTODVRVMV/'^ ^

S^^--"^^ M AG 10 VINI VM
PVROCOBRIVAE
VERVLAMIVM
VLLONIACAE

ONOiNIVM,^<^^

_^<;>^^'^

DVROVERNVM

REG\/LBIVM
^VTVPIAE
DVBRAE

62

63

ir

64

65

M a p 10: ab isca c a l l e u a

M a p 11:

a calleua....

67

68

Mop 14: The S c o t t i s h L o w l a n d s

M a p 15: c i u i t a t e s ... r e c t o t r a m i t e u n a a l t e r i

connexae

km

50

69

Map 16:

X =

marching-camps

calidonia'

Map

17: Tribes, Civitates, Islands, and Geographic Features.

AEMODABa

Legend
Iceni

\MOMA
Sinus

Tribe, Sept or Civitas

Islands
'^^9''^P^''^ Features
Civitas capitals (directly attested)
Civitas capitals (presumed)
Tribal hosting places (Coriae)
Place names incorporating tribal
names not otherwise attested
Taexalorum
Taexali \.

%..'83''Ga.b r an t oui c u m
'o.<\s

yTANATVS
Cantium
Prom.

SILINA^g)

-(Dumnonium

Prom.

71

Latin

names

Latin

elements

o Uncertain

lAap 1 8 : L a t i n n a m e s a n d

names

i^ap 19: d u n o n a n d

elements
0

''dunon
d] * d u n i o n
*duro^ / F o s s Wa"y

km

500

Personal names
Divine names
"nemeton names

Map 20: P e r s o n a l , divine and

nemeton

names

duro-

S u r v i v e s l i t t l e changed^
S u r v i v e s in p a r t
o Survival uncertain
Lost

Map 21: Survivals