SUMMARY OF GRAPHS

Ellipses
+=1

+=1

b
k

b
a

b
Hyperbolas
=1

=1
b

b
The asymptotes are y = x
=1

=1

The asymptotes are found by solving =

Graphing Techniques
y=
If degree of numerator is 1 more the degree of the
The vertical asymptote is x = c
denominator, the graph has an oblique asymptote.
The horizontal asymptote is y = a
E.g. y = = x 4 + by long division.
The oblique asymptote is y = x 4.

Transformation of Graphs
Translation parallel to yaxis: y = f(x) + a
y = x2 + 1

y = x2
y = x2 1

Translation parallel to xaxis: y = f(x + a)

y = (x + 1)

y = (x 1)2

y = x2
Scaling parallel to yaxis: y = a f(x)

Scaling parallel to xaxis: y = f(ax)

y = 2 sin x

y = sin x

y = sin x
y = sin 2x

Reflection along xaxis: y = f(x)

Reflection along yaxis: y = f(x)

y = ex
y = ex

y = ex

y = ex
Sequence of Transformations:
y = f(x) shift leftf(x + c) scale // x-axisf(bx + c) scale // y-axisa f(bx + c) shift upa f(bx + c) + d
Curve Sketching
y = | f(x) |
y = sin x

y = | sin x |

y = sin | x |
To sketch y = f ( | x | ):
Remove the part of the curve y = f(x) on the left
of the yaxis.
Reflect the right hand side of the curve along the
y-axis.
To draw y = :
(1)
is undefined when f(x) = 0 vertical

y = f(x)

(0, 4)

asymptote.
(2)
Horizontal asymptote y = a becomes horizontal
asymptote y = .
(3)
Vertical asymptotes become x-intercepts.
(4)
Maximum point (a, f(a)) becomes minimum
point (a, ), and vice versa.
(5)
The common points of y = f(x) & y = are the
points where y = 1.
(6)
As f(x) 0, .
As f(x) , 0.

(3, 4)

y=2

1
y=x

x=2
y=

y = 1/2

(3, 1/4)
(0, 1/4) 2

x=1
To draw y = :
(1)
is undefined when f(x) < 0.
(2)
Horizontal asymptote y = a becomes horizontal
asymptote y = .
(3)
Vertical asymptotes remain the same.
(4)
Stationary point (a, f(a)) becomes stationary
point (a, ).
(5)
The common points of y = f(x) & y = are the
points where y = 0 and y = 1.
(6)
If y > 1, then < f(x).
If 0 < y < 1, then > f(x).

y=:
(0, 2)
y=

1
x=2
y2 = f(x) y =

y=

(0, 2)

(3, 2)

To draw y2 = f(x), draw y = .

y=

(0, 2)
x=2

To draw y = f (x)
(1)
Vertical asymptotes remain the same.
(2)
Horizontal asymptote y = a becomes horizontal
asymptote y = 0.
(3)
Oblique asymptote y = ax + b becomes
horizontal asymptote y = a.
(4)
Stationary point (a, f(a)) becomes x-intercept
(a, 0).
(5)
If y = f(x) is increasing, then f '(x) > 0
(6)
If y = f(x) is decreasing, then f '(x) < 0

(3, 2)

(3, 2)

y=1
0

x=2