tfhf s[lif pkh -l5} gi6 eP/ hfg ;Sg] vfB j:t'_ k|0ffnL] ljsf; cjwf/0ff

(Perishable Commodity System Assessment Methodology: La-Graw J., 1990)

qm
;+

s[lif pkh k|0ffnLsf tTjx?

tfhf s[lif pkhsf] pTkfbgf]k/fGt Joj:yfkgsf nfuL ;+:yfut Joj:yf tyf ;xof]u

s_ pTkfbg k"j{sf] Joj:yfkg (Pre-Production)

afnLsf] dxTj
(Importance of the Crop)

afnL ;DjlGw ;/sf/L gLlt

;xof]uL ;+:yfx?

pknJw ;]jfx?

pTkfbsjhf/Ls/0f ug]{ ;+:yf

pTkfbg :ynsf] jftfj/0fLo cj:yf

(Government Policies)
(Relevant Institutions)
(Facilitating Services)
(Producer/shipper Organizations)
(Environmental Conditions)

&

aLpaL?jfsf] pknJwtf

(Availability of Planting Materials)

v_ afnL pTkfbg k|s[of (Production)

v]tL ug]{ t/Lsf

(Farmers' General Cultural Practices)

sL/f tyf /f]ux?

(Pests and Diseases)

!) afnL lng' cl3sf] pkrf/x?

(Pre harvest Treatments)

!!

pTkfbg nfut
(Production Costs)

v]tL ug{ nfuLPsf] afnLsf] t'ngfTds nfe s] 5 -pTkfbs ;+Vof, pTkfbg kl/df0f, v]tL u/Lg] If]qkmn, pkhsf] d'No, k|fs[lts ks]6 If]q,
lh=cfO{= -ef}uflns ;"rgf k|0ffnL_ df btf{, b}lgs pkef]Uo pkh xf] < pkef]Qmfx?df ;xh kx'Fr ;Dej 5 < lgof{t k|fyldstf 5 cflb_ <
pTkfbsnfO{ hUuf pknJw u/fpg] Joj:yf 5 < pQm afnL pTkfbg jf jhf/Ls/0fsf nfuL ;/sf/L P]g, gLodfjnL, cg'bfg, lgof{t
k|ltjGw, cflb s] s] 5g\ -d'No lgoGq0fsf nfuL ;xof]u, k|ltjlGwt ljifflb, ljifflb cjz]ifsf] dfqf, x]eL d]6n -ln8_, afnL ljdf, cflb_<
afnL pTkfbg jf jhf/Ls/0fsf nfuL s'g} kl/of]hgf sfo{/t 5 < kl/of]hgfsf p4]Zox? s] s] x'g < stL pTkfbs s[ifsx? ;xefuL 5g
< d'No clea[l4 jf k|zf]wg ug{ s'g} kl/of]hgf sfo{/t 5 < ;'ne nfutdf hUUff ef8fdf lng s;n] ;xof]u u5{ <
pTkfbg jf jhf/Ls/0f ug]{x?sf nfuL s] s] ;]jfx? pknjw 5g\ -;'ne C0f, pGgt aLp, s[lif ;fdu|L, k|fljlws ;xof]u, 9'jfgL cg'bfg,
pTkfbg cg'bfg, k|zf]wg, e08f/0f jf lgof{t cg'bfgx?, cflb 5g\ < nfdf] ;dosf] nfuL hUUff nLhdf lbg] Joj:yf 5 <
pQm afnLsf] pTkfbg jf jhf/Ls/0fsf nfuL ;+ul7t ;+:yfx? 5g\, lt ;+:yfx?n] ;xefuL ;biox?nfO{ s] kmfO{bf jf ;]jfx? pknJw
u/fpF5g\ < ;]jf z'Ns stL nfU5 < cfoft jf lgof{t ug]{ ;+:yfx? pTkfbs JolQm, ;d"x jf ;xsf/L;+u cfj4 5g\ <
:yfgLo xfjfkfgL, df6f], v]tL k/Dk/f jf cGo tTjx?n] pkhsf] u'0f:t/df s] k|efj kf5{g < v]tL u/LPsf] pkhsf] hft txfFsf] nfuL
pko'Qm 5 < pTkfbg :yn k|fs[lts ks]6 If]q xf] < d';n wf/] jif{f, cl;gf, lxpF jf enjf8Ljf6 afnLnfO{ hf]ufpg s'g} k|ljlw ckgfO{Psf]
5 < obL nfdf] ;do nLhdf kfO{g] hUUff eP ;f] hUUff pTkfbsn] rfx]sf] v]tL ljsf;sf] nfuL pko'Qm If]q xf] <
aLp jf lj?jf kof{Kt u'0f:t/sf 5g\ < v]tL ug]{ l;hgdf tLgsf] pknJwtf 5 < aLp lj?jf pTkfbsx? cfTdlge{/tf sfo{qmd;+u
;DjlGwt 5g\ < pTkfbsx? btf{ ePsf x'g\ < aLp jf lj?jf /fHosf] k|0ffnLdf btf{ 5 < hd{KnfHd, a|L8/ g;{/Lx? :yfkLt 5g\ <
;f] afnL v]tL ug]{ k|ljlw j}1flgs cfwf/df ljsl;t ePsf] xf] < d'n aLp jf pGGt aLp s[ifsn] sxfFjf6 kfpF5g \ < v]tL ug]{ k|ljlwsf]
sf/0f pkhsf] u'0f:t/df s] k|efj k5{ -afnLsf] hft, en l;+rfO{, yf]kf l;+rfO{, emf/ lgoGq0f, sfF65fF6, uf]8d]n, ps]/f, dnvfb, cflb_ <
v'nf jf/L, Knfli6s 6g]n jf u|Lg xfp;df v]tL ubf{ pkhsf] u'0f:t/, d'No clea[l4 jf ;]Nkm nfO{km cjlwdf s] leGgtf cfpF5 <
pQm afnLdf xfglsf/s sL/f, 9';L /f]u, zfsf0f' /f]u, emf/kft, ;'Vvfkg, clws lr:ofg jf cGo ;d:ofx? 5g\, h;n] ubf{ u'0f:t/df
gsf/fTds c;/ ub{5 < Sjf/]G6fO{g k]i6 klg nfU5 jf lgoGq0f u/LG5 < zq' hLj d'Qm If]qdf pTkfbg u/Lg] xf] <
afnL nufPsf] df6f]df x]le d]6n, cfif{lgs cflb x6fpg ;Dej lyof] < afnL lng' k'j{sf] s:tf s[ofsnfkx?n] afnL lnP pk|fGtsf]
u'0f:t/df k|efj kf5{g -ljiffbLsf] k|of]u, sfF65fF6, ktNofpg], ps]/f, l;+rfO{, cflb_ < ljiffbL cjz]ifsf] kl/df0f dfGo x'g] dfqfdf 5 <
pTkfbg nfut lx;fj ug'{ xf]; -aLp ljhg, dnvfb, af/ jGb]h, l;+rfO{, hUuf ef8f, afnL ljdf, s'?jf_ . pTkfbgsf j}slNks t/Lsfdf
nfut slt knf{ < xfO{8f]kf]lgs jf P/f]kf]lgs k4tljf6 pTkfbg ubf{ nfutdf stL leGgtf k5{ < of] k4tLjf6 pTkfbg ubf{ jhf/
k|ltZkwf{Tds Ifdtf j9fpg dbb\t k'U5 <

u_ afnL pTkfbgf]k/fGt Xof08nL (Postharvest)

!@

slxn] / s;/L afnL lnO{G5 < s;n] u5{ < lbgsf] s'g ;dodf lnO{G5 < lsg < s:tf pks/0fx?sf] k|of]u u/LG5 < cg'dfgLt jhf/sf]
dfu jdf]lhd s} kl/kSj cj:yfdf afnL lnO{G5 ls <
!# u|]l8hfFr k8tfn;/sf/L lgl/If0fk|of]uzfnf kl/If0f pkhnfO{ s;/L juL{s/0f u/LG5 < s;n] u5{ < u'0f:t/ jf ;fO{hsf cfwf/df u|]l8 ubf{ ljlqm d'Nodf s] km/s k5{ < pkh lgl/If0f ug]{
:yfgLo, If]qLo jf /fli6o dfkb08x? 5g\ -clgjfo{ jf :j]lR5s_ < u'0f:t/ leq gk/]sf afFsL pkhx?nfO{ s] u/LG5 < ;kmfO{, w'nfO{, k'5fO{
(Grading and Inspection)
s;/L u/LG5 < v/Lb stf{ sDklgsf cfg} dfkb08x? klg 5g\ ls <
!$ afnL lnP kZrftsf pkrf/x?
afnL lnP kl5 s] pkrf/ u/LG5 -;'sfpg], ;kmf ug]{, cg'kof]uL efux? x6fpg], JnfGrL ug]{, tftf] kfgLdf 8'jfpg] < tL pkrf/x? ;f]
afnLsf nfuL pkof]uL x'g < Sjf/]G6fO{g krf/ ul/G5 < zq' hLj d'Qm If]qdf pTkfbg u/LPsf] xf] <
(Postharvest Treatments)
!% KoflsKofs]lh
e08f/0f / cf];f/k;f/ -9'jfgL_ sf nfuL pkhnfO{ s;/L KofsL u/LG5 < s:tf] k|sf/sf] sf6'{g jf efF8f]df Kofs u/LG5 < pkhsf] nfuL
;f] Kofs]h pko'Qm 5 < of] Kofs]h -sf6'{g, qm]6, kfpr, af]/f, jf]tn, kf]nLJofu_k'g k|of]u ug{ ldNg] vfnsf] xf] < ;]Nkm nfO{km /Iff ug{ of]
(Packaging)
k|ljlw pko'Qm xf] <
!^ lr:ofpg] Joj:yf
afnL lnP nuQ} pkhnfO{ ;f]emf] k|sf; jf tfkjf6 jrfpg s] u/LG5 -h'6 jf]/f lehfP/ 5f]Kg], 5fkf] d'gL /fVg] < pkhnfO{ s;/L
lr:ofO{G5 < stL tfkqmddf /fvLG5 < s] ljlwjf6 lr:ofO{G5 < of] k|ljlw pQm afnLsf] nfuL pko'Qm xf] < ;f] afnLnfO{ lr:ofpFbf ;]Nkm
(Cooling)
nfO{km /Iffdf ;xof]u k'U5 <
!& e08f/0f
sxfF / slt ;dosf] nfuL pkhnfO{ e08f/0f u/lG5 -vnf]df, af/Ldf, v'nf e'O{df_ < s:tf] e08f/0f ;fdu|Ldf < s:tf] e08f/0f cj:yfdf
-tfkqmd, cfb|tf, Kofs]lh, txx?, :j:ytf, lgl/If0f ug]{ ;xhtf, cflb_< e08f/0fdf r/f, d';f, sL/f, 9';L nfUgjf6 arfpg s] ul/G5 <
(Storage)
!* 9'jfgL
stL b'/L ;Dd / s;/L pkhnfO{ 9'jfgL u/LG5 < s:tf] ;jf/L ;fwgsf] k|of]u u/LG5 < pkef]Qmf;Dd k'Ubf stL k6s 9'jfgL u/LG5 <
pkhnfO{ nf]8 cgnf]8 s;/L u/LG5 -e'O{df x'fpg], y]rfg]{ < PS;]l;e Xf08nLsf sf/0f pkhsf] u'0f:t/df stL gsf/fTds IftL k'Ug]
(Transport)
u/]sf] 5 <
!( sf/f]jf/pkof]udf l9nfO{
cf];f/ k;f/ ug{ stL 9LnfO{ x'G5 < stL nfdf] ;do;Dd / s:tf] jftfj/0fdf -y'k|f] nufpg] / /fVg] t/Lsf, tfkqmd, cfb|tf s'g s'g
txdf / s] s] ubf{ l9nfO{ x'G5 -tfhf pkhdf j9L IftL x'G5_ < l9nfO{sf] sf/0f pkhsf] u'0f:t/ -cf]O{nfpg], kFx]lng], rfp/Lg], rds 36\g],
(Delays/waiting)
tf}n 36\g], cflb_ df s] k|efj k5{ <
@) pkhnfO{ cGo Xf08nL
d'No >[+vnfsf cGo s] s] sfo{df pkhnfO{ af]Sg], cf];fg]{, rnfpg] u/LG5 < o;sf nfuL kof{Kt >ldsx? pknJw 5g\ < tL sfdbf/x?n]
l6k]kl5 ug]{ sfo{sf] nfuL pko'Qm tfnLd nLPsf 5g\ < cGo ljlw ckgfP/ Xf08nL ubf{ IftL sd x'g] ;+edjgf 5 < o;sf nfuL gofF
(Other Handling)
k|lzlIft sfdbf/x? Nofpg jf ePsfx?nfO{ lj:yfkg ug{ cfjios 5 <
@! k|zf]wg
pkhnfO{ s;/L k|zf]wg u/LG5 -ljlw, k|s[of, k'jf{wf/_ < / s:tf pTkfbgx? tof/ u/LG5 -rfdn, t]n, lj:s'6, ;nfb, slkm, lrof eg]
h:t}_ < To;/L k|zf]wg ubf{ stL d'No j95 < kof{Kt ;'ljwf, dlzg/L, O{Gwg, Kofs]lh ;fdu|L, >ldsx? pknJw 5g\ < k|zf]lwt pkhsf]
(Processing)
nfuL pkef]Qmfx?sf] dfu s:tf] 5 <

afnL lng]
(Harvest)

3_ jhf/ kx'Fr Joj:yf (Marketing)

@@

jhf/ dWo:y stf{x?

(Market Intermediaries)

@#

jhf/ ;"rgf
(Market Information)

@$ pkef]Qmfsf]

dfu

(Consumer Demand & Preferences)

@%

lgof{t
(Export)

@^

ljlqm ug{ nfUg] nfut

(Marketing Costs)

pTkfbs / pkef]Qmfx? dfem pkhsf] ;+sng, cf];f/k;f/ jf sf/f]jf/ s:n] u5{ < pTkfbg kZrft slt ;do ;Dd pgLx?n] pkhnfO{
lgoGq0f u5{g < of] pgLx?n] s;/L u5{g < pkhdf IftL ug{ sf] lhDd]jf/ 5 -cfly{s 3f6f s:nfO{ x'G5_ < s/f/ jf cGo s'g}
;Demf}tfsf cfwf/df ;+sng jf cf];f/ k;f/ x'G5 < ;f]em} pkef]QmfnfO{ j]Rg] Joj:yf 5 < jf xf]n;]n/ dfkm{t ljlqm u/LG5 <
/0fgLlts jhf/Ls/0f ug{ pBdL jf ljqm]tfx?sf nfuL tTsfnLg d'No / kl/df0fsf jf/]df ;"rgfsf] kx'Fr 5 < o;sf] /]s8{ s;n] /fV5 <
k|fKt ;"rgf ;lx, e/kbf]{, plrt ;dodf / pkof]uL 5 < lg0f{o stf{x?sf nfuL of] ;"rgf sQLsf] pkof]uL 5 < s/f/ pTkfbg, s/f/
;+sng, s/f/ 9'jfgL, s/f/ e08f/0f, s/f/ k|zf]wg, s/f/ lgof{t Joj:yf ug{ ;6j]o/sf] k|of]u u/LG5 <
pkhsf] :jR5tf, z'4tf, tf}n, gfk, cfsf/, jf;gf, :jfb, /, kl/kSjtf, u|]8, u'0f:t/, KofsL ;fdu|L, Kofs]hsf] ;fO{h, cflb jf/]df
pke]Qmfx?sf k|fyldstfx? s] s] 5g\ < cfk"lt{ sd jf j9L s] 5 < afnL lnP pk|fGtsf pkrf/x?df pkef]Qmfsf] k|ltlqmof s] 5 ljiffbLsf] k|of]u, O{/f8LPzg, sf]6L, /+ufpg], cflb_ < jf ljz]if Kofs h:t} kf]nL Jofu, :6fO{/f]kmf]d, k'g k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] sf6'{g, af]tn
cflb_ s] rfxG5g\ pkef]Qmfx? <
of] pkh lgof{tsf] nfuL pTkfbg u/LPsf] xf] < cfoft ug]{ b]zsf ljz]if cfjiostfx? s] s] x'g -u|]8, Kofs]lh, /f]u ls/f lgoGq0f,
u'0f:t/ dfkb08, kf]ifs tTj rf6{, cflb . h:t} cn}lr SofK;'n / bfgfsf] cGt//fli6o dfkb08 ISO 10622: 1997_ xf] . < pTkfbs,
;+sns, xf]n;]n/ / lgof{tsnfO{ o; jf/]df yfxf 5 < Sjf/]G6fO{g k]i6 lgoGq0f u/LPsf] 5 < s;/L pkrf/ u/LG5 < czn s[lif cEof; Uofk_, czn lgdf{0f cEof; -u'8 Dofg]ofSr/L k|fS6L;_, czn jhf/ cEof; -u'8 dfs]{l6 k|fS6L;_, sf]8]S; dfkb08 tyf k|f+ufl/s
k|df0fLs/0fsf] Joj:yf sfof{Gjogdf 5 <
afnL lng, Kofs ug{, u|]l8 ug{, 9'jfgL, e08f/0f, k|zf]wg, u'0f:t/ k|df0fLs/0f, czn cEof; -Uofk_ k|df0fLs/0f, a|f08L, n]jnL u/L
ljlqm ug{ stL vr{ nfU5 < jhf/ls/0f ug]{ ljsNkx?sf] nfut slt knf{ < pBdL Joj;foLx?n] jhf/ls/0fsf nfuL ;'ne C0f kfpF5g\ <
C0fsf] ;fjf Jofh lt/]/ d'gfkmf sdfpg ;Sg] cj:yf 5 < kof{Kt jhf/ k"jf{wf/x? 5g\ -pko'Qm ;8s, jhf/ :yn ;]8, ;+nUg
sd{rf/Lx?df Joj:yfkgsf] lzk, ;+rf/ ;fwgx? h:t} 6]nLkmf]g, ofS;, O{d]n ;]jf cflb .

xl/x/ clwsf/L, ;x;lrj -k|f_, g]kfn ;/sf/ -s[lif ljsf; dGqfno_