( 1+x )m=1+m x , x 1

:
1 :

x =

k
k
x x ( t )= Acos ( 0 t + ) , 0=
m
m

energy :

( )

m dx
k
k
d
dx d x
dx
dx
+ x 2=E= A 2 m
+kx =0 m
+ kx=0
2
2 dt
2
2
dt
dt d t
dt
dt

( )

( )

2
) ,
.(
:
T

1
1 m
1
K = K ( t ) dt = 20 A2 cos2 (0 t+ )dt = m 20 A 2
T 0
T 0 2
4
1
2

E = m 20 A2
3 :

m x +b x +kx=0 , 20=

k 1 b
, =
m m

1
x ( t )=x 0 e cos ( t+ ) , =
2
2
0

strong damping : 20 >

k =m
4

( )

[( ) ]

P = d E =

= 0 1

1 2
1
, light : 20 <
2
2
t

1 2 2 2 m 2 2
+ 0 x 0 e 0 x 0 e
2
4

dt

2 1
2

[ ( )] ( )

t
2

1
2 0

( )

,Q= 0 , 0
4+5 :

F (t )
1
x + x + 20 x=
= 0 sin ( t )

x ( t )=

( )]

( ) +
2
0

2 2

2 1
2

cos ( t+ ) , =tg

2
2
0

( )

1
2

whenQ 2

1 12
max=0 1
0 ,
2 Q2

, Q ..
.' , , 0/Q

0 0, A 0

)1

)2

, A 0

)3

,A 0
2
0

: 2

) x ( t )=(x e it
2 :
: 5

2k
) ( t )=Acos ( 0 t +
m

=m ( t )=2k ( t ) 20

: 5
x ) (:

) ( x +a
2

2 k
x
m

= x

Slinky approximation

) , l ( t (<<a ) .:

( 2mk ) x= x
2
0

.
.

0 x - :L -

)l 2=x 2+ a2 a2 (1+

1 1
1
3
1
= ( 1+ ) 2 = 1 + 2 1
l a
2
8
2

]) (
3

x
x
a 0 ) + 0
(
a
2 a

[) ( )

2k
2k
x 1 0
m
l
m

() (

x =

2T 0
x 2
1 x =
) x , T 0=k ( a 0
a
ma

) (

)(

2 : 6+7
m(b) k

)m(a

) F a=k a+ k ( b a ) m a =k (2 a b

) Fb =k b+ k ( a b ) m b =k (2 b a

} { ) ( } {
0
A
,
= 1
B
1
3 0

) a= A cos (t +
=,
) b=B cos(t +

, . 4
4 :

() (

)A cos ( 1 t + 1 ) + A2 cos (2 t+ 2
) a (t
= 1
) b (t
)A1 cos ( 1 t + 1 ) A 2 cos ( 2 t+ 2

()

)A 2 a (o) b (o

) 2 a (o) b (o

A1
1

: 7
A .:

) a (t )= A cos ( 1 t ) + A cos(2 t

 average=

1 + 2
2
, modulation= 1
2
2

a (t )=2 A cos ( mod t ) cos ( avg t )

(7 ) 8 : N

m n =k ( n n1 ) +k ( n+1 n )=k ( n+1 + n12 n),(n 1, N )

N ,N N ' , 2 , N
. -
. N
,

n ( t )= A n cos (t + )

:
An -

A n ( 2 km2 ) =k ( A n+1+ A n1 )
[ ( n+1 ) ]+ sin [ ( n1 ) ]
sin
( n ) ( 2 k m 2 )= kA
An= A sin ( n ) A sin

2
20

( )

2 k cos( )=( 2 km 2) =2 k 1

2 =4 20 sin2

( a2 )
:9 :
: . .

n ( t )= A n cos ( t+ )=[ A sin ( n ) + B cos ( n ) ] cos ( t+ ) , A N +1= A1

:(AN+1=A1 )

) ()

2
2
sin ( N a )
0
= =
m=
m, Llength of the chain, m:1 N
Na
L
1
cos ( Na )

m=

( ) ( )

( 2L ) m, ( t ) =A cos ( t + )=A sin ( n ) cos ( t + )

m
n

n ( t )= [ A sin ( n m ) + B cos ( n m ) ] cos ( t+ m )

n .m

ma

= 2 0 sin
m
2
N
m=2 0 sin

) (

) (
N
2 N
=, N
=
2
Na 2 a
2

= m ( max )=2 0 , m

: :11

. ^z , z ,

.T0 : :

^x

. 0

] [) (

m2
phase speed
sec 2

2 ( z , t ) T 0 2 ( z ,t ) 2 T 0
=
= ,v
0
0
t 2
z2

) (

: +11-13 6
. z=0, L

A : :

) ( z , t ) =A ( z ) cos(t +

d2 A
2 0
=
) A (z
2
T0
dt

) (

T0
v
v
2L
, m = = 0 , m= 0 = 0 m= 0 m
0
m m
m 2 L

) (

= =V 0

) ( nxL
nx
( a cos
+b sin
) L
n

f ( x)=a0 +
n=1

1
1
mx
1
mx
= a0
f ( x ) dx ,a m= f ( x ) cos
dx , bm= f ( x ) sin
dx

2 L L
L L
L
L L
L

) (

) (

2 v0
2 z
2 z

m cos
mt + m = A m sin
cos ( 2 m t + m ) , 2 m =m 0 , m= m =m 1
2L
2L

L
m=1
m

) (

( )

A m sin

=) ( z , t
m=1

0 ,t=0 - m=0 -
: :6
2

m
=Ekin
= A2 2 sin2
) x sin2 (t
2 t
2
L

) (

) (

E = 1 dt dx [ A 2 sin2 m x sin2 ( t ) ]= A L
T 0
2
L
4
0

: .
: 13+14

) ( z=0,t )=D ( t )= A cos(t

v0

. : :

)) ( (

( z , t )= ( z=0, t ' ) ( z ,t )= A cos t

z
v0
v0

t ' =t

v phase = = 0
v0
k
0

= ( z , t ) =A cos ( t kz ) , k

2
=,
=v 0
2
k

2 a2 T

A :

2 A cos ( t ) cos kz

. , ] []+ [.

15
:

T0
0

= v phase

, :

~z= T
0 0

:
2

) E(z,t

(
~
1

=~z
=) , P
) =F x (=
=z
= ~ T0
z
t
t
t
t
z
z

( ) (

F x =T 0

, E pot ( per length)= T 0

2 t
2
z

) (

) (

=)Ekin ( per length

! .
:

v phase

v group

v phase = =v 0
k
d
dk
:

v group=v phase

17-16
:
:

(1

(2

,t
z=0

+ ,t
z=0
1

z=0

+
z=0

2
1
t

= v group

(3

1
2
+T 2
=0
z
z

( (:

) -

F =T 1

( 0

T-transieve , R-return

1 =2= , 1+ R=T
~
~z
z
~2
~ z1
~ ~= R= ~1 ~2 , T
) ,( z = j T j
z1 + z2
z1 + z2 j

T1
T
v 2= 2
1
2

=v 1

:8
:
2

T 2
~
=E
+
2 x
2 t

) ( ) (

energy

, J =T
time
x x
~
~=z1
z2

=] [ J

. R=0,T =1

":
:Maxwell

E =

B

=E
t

H = j+
t

B =0
:

D= 0
E + =~
) E = 0 ( 1+ e
E

( B =0
H +
)M
xx

()

() (

Dx
Ex
xy xz yy
=
Dy
Ey
yz zz
Dz
Ez

r =1+ e
:

~
m=0, j=0, =0

" .r-

" .||E --

2
= =k
c

:
2

E
2
2

E =
(

E )+

= E
( E= 0 2 ,

)E =0
t
:
(1
(2

? !
? , ,
. .19

19
:

k
E
B,
E
B =const . k
:21
, .

+=k
. ,
k

10

= =k
=, v phase
c

k
2

k = 0

: :

Ex
Hy

:Often equals to

: + 20 10

) ( k =k ^z
.1

(E x , H y ) :x (E y , H x ) :y
:

= x = y

.2

E= ( A x^ + B ^y ) exp ( i ( tkz ) ) , =real

B
:

|E0 x|Eoy

: .
) i ( tkz

)e

E= ^x A+ ^y A e

x y

x y =

|E0 x|Eoy

.3

.4

: :
:

|E0 x|= Eoy

. I out =I cos

: :22
:

= ) =( if =0
) ,= 1+ ( )=n0 i (n0
0 0
0
n
) (
) (

, -
:

) ( ) = ' ()+i '' (

11

. n 1

2
vaquum

=n

=k =k 0 n

 ' ' ( ) ,

) ' (

] ) E=[ E0 exp ( itikz ) ]=[E 0 exp ( it i k 0 nz ) ]=[ E 0 exp ( it i k 0 n0 z ) exp (k 0 z

) E0 exp ( iti k 0 n0 z
( it i k 0 nz )
E0 exp

2
2
2
N e ( 0 ) i
= ) (
M ( 20 2 ) + ( )2

-N -e , -M , ,

k
m

= 20

m
'

) .( m x =kx x eE .

' ' -

0 , 0

: 23-24
" " V " :S

(
E
=H ) n^ da

:
: )(

(
E j ) dv
V

"

0 0
E E + H H dv
t 2
2

+
V

"

+
E
dv
t
V

12

 "

M
+
H
dv
t
V

: " t .z

] [

watt
= S
E
= ] H , [ S
m2

"" , ,k- .

[
E
H ] , : = x =often= 0
2
Hy

= S

, , .
:

E2x
E2x
2

= ) I = S n^ =( if n^ =^z )= cos (t kz

2
^x
e^ 1
k
1
: 24-26
h^ 1

S , .

^z

e^ 2
.
^h

, .z:
2 k 2

( =) S ( t
E
=) H
E1
H 1 +
E2
H 2 +
E1
H 2 +
E2
)H 1=DC + AC (2
2

) (

A
])cos [2+2 cos (2 k sin ( ) x
2

=) I ( r

.x-

0
C0

=
=
2 sin 2 n sin 2 n sin

, ( ) +

.
" :
" .
13


=E
E 1+
) E2=^x 2 A cos ( t ) cos ( kz
2A

H =H 1 + H 2= ^y
)sin ( t ) sin( kz

, . -

) sin ( 2 t ) sin ( 2 kz
= S
E
H
, S =0
4

14