Level of Service Analysis and Airport Terminal Development: Abstract: Air Transport Is Basically Growing

International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol: 12 No: 02
48
LEVEL OF SERVICE ANALYSIS AND AIRPORT TERMINAL DEVELOPMENT

(Case Study: Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, Indonesia)
Sakti Adji Adisasmita
Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Hasanuddin
Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan 90245, Indonesia
Email: adjiadisasmita@yahoo.com
Abstract: Air transport is basically growing

rapidly, given the advantages that can travel long
distances and is the most reasonable alternative when
the time is essential. Airport became one of the
important gateway in and out of a contry. The study
purpose is to analyse the level of service and airport
terminal facilities development. The methodology used
in this study was Terminal Area Techniques Analysis
refer to FAA and IATA Standards, to analyse the
development airport terminal facilities at SoekarnoHatta International Airport. The conclusion that can be
drawn from the results of Terminal Area Techniques
Analysis as follows: the total needs terminal 2D area
was 51,996.59 m, 24.16 m/peak hours passenger and
terminal 2E was 42,906.64 m and 24.60 m/peak hours
passenger. The recommendations are: (1) the decision to
develop the airport terminal facilities should be used as
a second alternative, it is better to managing the traffic
(passenger
and
aircraft
flows)
and
flight
schedules/frequency, such that the expected distribution
of the number of passengers and aircrafts become more
prevalent; (2) considered the suggestions and
expectations of the terminal users based on interviews
results and also the facilities should be placed as
effectively and efficiently according to their function;
(3) For further work can be considered to analyse the
needs of domestic passenger terminal at Soekarno-Hatta
Airport.
Keywords: level of service, airport terminal,
space standards
I. BACKGROUND
Transportation is the movement of people
and goods with vehicles, which is, fast, convenient,
easy, economical, and environmentally friendly.
The transport system greatly affect the pattern of
life and economic development. A good
transportation system in a region would have to
distribute their products to other regions where its
value will be higher, while the needs of the area
could also be met from the producing areas [1,2].
Air transport is basically growing rapidly,

given the advantages that can travel long distances
and is the most sensible alternative when the time
is demanding. Airport became one of the important
gates in and out of a country. Aircraft must answer
the demands for security, fast, convenient,
environmentally friendly, and so on, but not
necessarily the case with the airport, especially
regarding the comfort factor. That's why the
forecasting measurement is important to the airport
to handle the growth of passengers and goods
[9,25,28,29].
Airport terminal building should be
planned to serve the number of passengers at peak
hours with an estimated for long term period. It
should also be flexible to the needs of the
development. Passenger capacity has an important
influence in determining the facilities within and
adjacent to the terminal buildings. Airport terminal
building should facilitate the movement of
passengers and goods to/from airport, in the
terminal and leaves the airside area [19,26,30].
Airport terminal has six (6) level of service
respectively, from A to F. These level will affect
the need for space in airport terminal building
[19,26,30].
Increased in economic conditions followed
by increasing number of airlines in Indonesia give
effect to the price of air travel, which more
affordable to the public. Along with the vigorous
of Visit Indonesia Year, it is important to know the
condition of Soekarno-Hatta Airport, Indonesia,
the suitability of space availability, and the
possibility of airport terminal development to meet
the feeling of comfort and convinience [16,18,20].
The scope and limitation in this study research only
concentrate on the needs of passenger terminal
facilities
development
at
Soekarno-Hatta
International Airport not include the domestic
terminal.
126302-8383 IJET-IJENS @ April 2012 IJENS
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49
II. LITERATURE REVIEW

buildings can be small with low activity, or large
Air transport is one type of
and complex for the busy terminals. According to
transportation sub-sector that developed
the Standard Handbook for Civil Engineers Section
rapidly and because of the special
18, terminal building should be planned to serve
characteristics has become a favorite for long
the number of passengers at peak hours with an
trips. According to Annex 14 of ICAO
(International Civil Aviation Organization), airport
is a certain area on land or waters (including
buildings, installations and equipment) intended in
whole or in part for arrival, departure and aircrafts
movement. Airport infrastructure is divided into
two major parts, namely air airside and landside.
Airside consists of runway, taxiway, and apron.
Meanwhile, landside consists of airport passenger
terminal, vehicle parking and access road to/from
the airport.
Based on airport engineering book, the
airport terminal building is refer to design and
construction includes a variety of facilities for
activities take off, landing, maneuvers and aircraft
parking, aircraft maintenance and repair, refueling,
managing of passenger and their luggage.
Passenger transition from the land side into the
airside centered on the terminal. Terminal
estimate/forecast for the next 10 years. It should

also be flexible to the needs of development.
Passenger capacity has an important influence in
determining the facilities within and adjacent to the
terminal buildings. The airport terminal building
should facilitate the movement of passengers from
the parking area to the aircraft. Passengers must be
able to park, arrive by taxi, bus or other vehicle at
the point closest to the ticket counter. Checked
baggage at this point, then the passenger check-in
process. At the waiting room there are rest room,
public telephone, concession, restaurants, and so
on [31].
In addition to examining the space for
passengers in the terminal, also need to analyse the
interests service users (passengers) to meet their
comfort and convenience.
III. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF SOEKARNOHATTA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
Soekarno-Hatta Intl Airport
Soekarno-Hatta International Airport,

Indonesia has an area of 18 km, has two parallel
runway separated by two taxiways along the 2.400
m. There are two main terminal building that is
Terminal 1 and Terminal 2. Terminal 1 for all

domestic flights and Terminal 2 serves all
international and domestic flights domestic [20].
Terminals 2D and 2E are used to serve all
international flights airlines, while Terminal 2F
used to serve domestic flights served by Garuda
Indonesian Airways and Merpati Nusantara
Airlines. Each sub-terminal has 25 check-in
counters, 5 claiming baggage and 7 gates [20].
Terminal 3 operated since 15 April 2009
and used for low cost airlines. This study focusing
on Terminal 2D and 2E, Soekarno-Hatta
International Airport Terminal [20].
IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Sources of Data
The data will be used in this study
Authority. Directorate General of Air Transport,
Angkasa Pura II, the Central Statistics Agency
consisted of two types of data that is primary and
secondary data. The primary data collected through
(BPS). The data collected, i.e. passenger and types
of aircraft at peak hours, airport operating hours,
field survey, observation, and interview techniques
and the secondary data collected from Airport
the size of airport terminal facilities and so on.
B. Regulations/standards for Space Calculation
The calculation of passenger terminal area
at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport will be
referring to the FAA regulations/standards and

regulations, i.e [9]:
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Percentage of area, Airline = 38% of the total
terminal area; Public = 30% of the total public

area; Services = 15% of the total service area;
Other = 17% of the total other area of the
terminal. In the terminal there are areas that can
be leased, and the area that should not be leased.
The percentages for both are 55% areas that may
be leased and the administration and 45% areas
that should not be rented.
Airline ticket counter, a place to report entry
(check in), (see attachment), where the
relationship between linear ft (m) of frontage vs
equivalent aircraft.
Airline Ticket Office (ATO) and Supporting
Services, (see attachment).
Outbound Baggage Room, inspection of baggage
for departing passengers, (see attachment).
Inbound Baggage Claim, performed after the
passengers got off from the aircraft then claim the
luggage. To determine the space of this area,
should be known the percentage of passengers
who got off from the aircraft at peak hours, then
50
connected with the Figure (see the attachment).

From the graph in the attachment will be obtained
the length of claim area, used the figure in the
attachment.
Aircraft Departure Lounge (Departure Lounge or
Boarding Lounge), an area waiting for flight
departure, need data of aircraft type and seat
capacity in order to obtain the size of the
departure lounge which can be seen in the table
(see attachment).
Lobby and Ticketing, can be obtained from the
figure (see attachment).
Lobby waiting area, can be obtained from the
Figure (see attachment), then reduced to the ticket
counter area.
Food and beverage, can be obtained from the
figure (see attachment).
Concessions and other terminal services,
knowing the annual passengers, then use figure
(see attachment).
V. TECHNICAL ANALYSIS OF TERMINAL AREA DEVELOPMENT

Keeping the comfort of all terminal users,
particularly passengers, one of which need to be
considered is terminal area, such that the condition
is not too crowded or cramped. Conditions that
would be too crowded, long queue at each process

in the terminal, will led panssengers frustration and
bad image.
A. Passenger Movement at Peak Hours

The highest number of passengers at peak
2D and 1,742 people in Terminal 2E at 2.10 pm
hours amounted to 2,152 people, occurred on
2.55 pm.
March 19, 2011 at 2.00 pm 3.00 pm in Terminal
the aircraft equivalent factor was 29.5 for Terminal
B. Aircraft Equivalent Factor
2D and 22.2 for Terminal 2E. The aircraft
The aircraft equivalent factor obtained by
equivalent factors for Terminal 2D and 2E can be
multiplying the number of aircraft types with the
seen in the table below.
aircraft equivalent factor. The results obtained for
.
Table 1 Aircraft Equivalent Factor (AEF), Terminal 2D
Type of
Aircraft
No. of
Aircraft
(1)
(2)
Seat Range
AEF
(2) x (4)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Airbus 320-200
220-280
2.4
9.6
Airbus 320
220-280
2.4
2.4
Airbus 330-300
220-280
2.4
9.6
Airbus 340-200
220-280
2.4
2.4
Boeing 737-300
90-110
1.0
1.0
Boeing 737-400
90-110
1.0
1.0
300-420
3060 (Av)
3.5
15.1
3.5
29.5
Boeing 747-400
1
Total
13
Source: Analysis Result
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51
Table 2 Aircraft Equivalent Factor (AEF), Terminal 2E

Type of
Aircraft
(1)
No. of
Aircraft
(2)
Seat Range
AEF
(2) x (4)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Airbus 320-200
220-280
2.4
4.8
Airbus 320
220-280
2.4
2.4
Airbus 330-300
220-280
2.4
9.6
Airbus 340-200
220-280
2.4
2.4
Boeing 737-300
90-110
1.0
2.0
Boeing 737-400
90-110
1.0
1.0
2300
11.6
22.2
Total
11
C. Overall Calculation of Terminal 2D

The requirement area (gross) at
Terminal 2D, Soekarno-Hatta International
Airport: 2,152 passengers/peak

24m/peak hours = 51,648 m.
hours
D. Calculation of the Functional Area of

Terminal 2D
In the following table shows the sub-area
contained on all four of these areas, and at the
bottom of the table there is a recommendation to
the extent that it takes four of the area to be served

by passengers at peak hours.
Table 3 Percentage of Airport Terminal Area

Airline
ATO
Administration
Operational
Baggage
Other
Concessins
Restaurant
Food & beverage
Airport Administration
Miscellaneous
38% x 51,648 = 17% x 51,648 =
19,626.24
8,780.16
Areas that may be leased and airport

administration = 55% x 51,684 = 28,406 m, and
Public
Circulation
Waiting room
Restroom
Exits
Services
Tunnels
Stairs
Store
Electrical
Communication
30% x 51,648 = 15% x 51,648 =
15,494.40
7,747.20
areas that should not be leased = 45% x 51,684 =

23,241.6 m
Table 4 Calculation of the Airport Terminal 2D Facilities

No
Airport Terminal Facilities
1
Airline counters frontage/check-in (see attachment), AEF 29.5, length of linear
counter = 75, width area = 2,15 m, required area = 75 x 2,15
2
Airline Ticket Office (ATO) and Support Space (see attachment)
Lobby and Ticketing (see attachment), area of graph = 1700 ticket counter =
3
161,25
4
Lobby Waiting Area (see attachment), seating for up to25% at peak hours = seating
for 538 passenger/hour
5
Departure Lounge, (see attachment), area needed = (B 737-300 = 1 x 100 = 100) +
(B 737-400 = 1 x 100 = 100) + (B 747-400 = 1 x 360 = 360) + (Airbus 320 = 1 x
250 = 250) + (Airbus 320-200 = 4 x 250 = 1,000) + (Airbus 330-300 = 4 x 250 =
1,000) + (Airbus 340-200) = 1 x 250 = 250), Total = 3,060 m
6
Outbound Baggage Room, (see attachment)
7
Inbound Baggage Claim, (see attachment), 27% arrival = 29,5 AEF x 0,27 = 8 AEF,
estimated that 70% passenger came at first 20 minutes = 8 x 70 % = 5,6 AEF,
Area (m)
161.25
580
1,538.75
1,050
3,060
1,200
650
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required 73,7 m long for baggage claim area, baggage claim type D
Food and Beverage, 58% x 7,813,415 (annual passenger), (see attachment) with
usage factor of 40%
Airline Operations and Support Areas, 2 x ATO area
Other Airline Space, 20% x poin no. 9
Lobby Bag Claim, estimates of 2 pick-up passenger/passenger + 1 passenger (3
people), estimated waiting time average was 30 minutes, area needed 1.8
m/passenger and 27% of arrival peak flow = 3 x 1,8 m x 0,5 jam x 0,27 x 2,152
Other Concessions and Terminal Services, 58% x 7,813,415(annual passenger), (see
attachment)
Other rental areas, 50% of poin 12
Other Circulation Areas, 0,7 x (total item 1,2,5,6,7,9,10) x 2
Subtotal 1
Area Mekanikal = 15% x subtotal 1
Subtotal 2
Struktur = 10% x subtotal 2
Total
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
52
7,000
1,160
232
1,568.81
10,000
5,000
9,860.55
43,061.36
6,459.20
49,520.56
4,952.056
51,996.59
It can be said that the total area needs for

the development of Terminal 2D, Soekarno-Hatta
International Airport was 51,996.59m, where peak

hours passenger was 24,16 m.
E. Overall Calculation of Terminal 2E

The requirement area (gross) at
Terminal 2E, Soekarno-Hata International
Airport: 1,742 passengers/peak

24m/peak hours = 41,808 m.
hours
F.
Calculation of the Functional Area of

Terminal 2E
In the following table shows the sub-area
contained on all four of these areas, and at the
bottom of the table there is a recommendation to
the extent that it takes four of the area to be served

by passengers at peak hours.
Table 5 Percentage of Airport Terminal Area

Airline
ATO
Administration
Operational
Baggage
Other
Concessins
Restaurant
Food & beverage
Airport Administration
Miscellaneous
38% x 41,808 = 17% x 41,808 =
15,887.04
7,107.36
Areas that may be leased and airport

administration = 55% x 41,808 = 22,994.40 m,
Public
Circulation
Waiting room
Restroom
Exits
Services
Tunnels
Stairs
Store
Electrical
Communication
30% x 41,808 = 15% x 41,808 =
12,542.40
6,271.20
and areas that should not be leased = 45% x 41,808

= 18,813.60 m
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Table 6 Calculation of the Airport Terminal 2E Facilities

No
Airport Terminal Facilities
1
Airline counters frontage/check-in (see attachment), AEF 22.2, length of linear
counter = 65, width area = 2.15 m, required area = 65 x 2.15
2
Airline Ticket Office (ATO) and Support Space (see attachment)
3
Lobby and Ticketing (see attachment), area of graph = 1,047.1 ticket counter =
139.75
4
Lobby Waiting Area (see attachment), seating for up to25% at peak hours = seating
for 435.50 passenger/hour
5
Departure Lounge, (see attachment), area needed = (B 737-300 = 2 x 100 = 200) +
(B 737-400 = 1 x 100 = 100) + (Airbus 320 = 1 x 250 = 250) + (Airbus 320-200 = 2
x 250 = 500) + (Airbus 330-300 = 4 x 250 = 1,000) + (Airbus 340-200) = 1 x 250 =
250), Total = 2,300 m
6
Outbound Baggage Room, (see attachment)
7
Inbound Baggage Claim, (see attachment), 27% arrival = 22,2 AEF x 0,20 = 4.44
AEF, estimated that 70% passenger came at first 20 minutes = 4.44 x 70 % = 5,0
AEF, required 50 m long for baggage claim area, baggage claim type D
8
Food and Beverage, 42% x 7,813,415 (annual passenger), (see attachment) with
usage factor of 40%
9
Airline Operations and Support Areas, 2 x ATO area
10 Other Airline Space, 20% x poin no. 9
11 Lobby Bag Claim, estimates of 2 pick-up passenger/passenger + 1 passenger (3
people), estimated waiting time average was 30 minutes, area needed 1.8
m/passenger and 20% of arrival peak flow = 3 x 1,8 m x 0,5 jam x 0,20 x 1,742
12 Other Concessions and Terminal Services, 42% x 7,813,415(annual passenger), (see
attachment)
13 Other rental areas, 50% of poin 12
14 Other Circulation Areas, 0,5 x (total item 1,2,5,6,7,9,10) x 2
Subtotal 1
15 Area Mekanikal = 10% x subtotal 1
Subtotal 2
16 Struktur = 3% x subtotal 2
Total
53
Area (m)
139.75
509.60
907.35
875
2,300
1,000
450
6,400
1,019.20
203.84
940.68
7,600
3,800
11,003.19
37,148.61
3,714.86
40,863.47
2,043.17
42,906.64
It can be said that the total area needs for

the development of Terminal 2E was 42,906.64 m,
where peak hours passenger was 24,60 m.
Overall, the airport terminal (2D and 2E)

development in general were influenced by the
number of passengers at peak hours and the total
area per passenger.
VI. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The conclusion that can be drawn from the
expected distribution of the number of passengers
and aircrafts become more prevalent; (2)
results of airport terminal developmnet at
Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, as follows:
considered the suggestions and expectations of the
(a) total area needs for Terminal 2D is 51,996.59
terminal users based on interviews results and also
the facilities should be placed as effectively and
m, and (b) total area needs for Terminal 2E is
42,906.64 m. The recommendations are: (1) the
efficiently according to their function, and (3) and
decision to develop the airport terminal facilities
for further work can be considered to analyse the
should be used as a second alternative, it is better
needs of domestic passenger terminal development
to managing the traffic (passenger and aircraft
at Soekarno-Hatta Airport .
flows) and flight schedules/frequency, such that the
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54
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Sakti Adji Adisasmita, obtained Bachelor in Civil
Engineering and MSc in Regional
Planning and Development from the
University of Hasanuddin, Indonesia;
MEngSc
in
Transportation
Engineering from the University of
New South Wales, Australia and PhD
in Aviation Transport from the
University of Newcastle, Australia.
Working as a Lecturer in Faculty of Engineering,
University of Hasanuddin, Indonesia and has been
involved in all aspects of the transportation sector
consultancy, having experienced as transport specialist in
several transportation projects. Currently, is a Chartered
Member of the Indonesian Transport Society, Indonesian
Airport Expert Association and Air Transport Research
Society (ATRS).
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ATTACHMENT
(1)
Airline Ticket Counter

Source: Airport Engineering
(2)
Airline Ticket Office (ATO) and Supporting Facilities

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56
(3)
Outbound Baggage Room

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57
(4)
Percentage of Passenger Leaving the Aircraft

(5)
Inbound Baggage Rooms

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58
(6)
Aircraft Departure Lounge
Aircraft Type Model
CV-580: DC-9 -10; BAC-111; YS11-B; M-404; F-227B
B-737; B-727 -100; DC-9 -30;
CV-880
DC-8 -50; DC-8 -62; B-727 200; B-727 -300; B-707 (all); B720
DC-8 -61, B-757
DC-10, L-1011, A300, B-767,
MD11
B-747
High capacity
Wide body
Seat Capacity Range
Average Departure Lounge Size
40 80
Av. 60
90 110
Av. 100
120 160
Av. 140
640 sq ft
60 sq m
1080 sq ft
100 sq m
1500 sq ft
140 sq m
170 210
Av. 190
220 280
Av. 250
300 420
Av. 360
420 500
Av. 460
2050 sq ft
190 sq m
2690 sq ft
250 sq m
3870 sq ft
360 sq m
4950 sq ft
460 sq m
(7)
Lobby and Ticketing

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59
(8)
Waiting Area Lobby

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60
(9)
Food and Beverage

(10)
Concessions
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61
(11)
Level of Service Standards
Level of Service Standards

(m per occupant)
B
C
D
E
A
Check-in queue area
Wait/circulate
Hold room
Bag claim area, excluding claim device
Government inspection
1.8
2.7
1.4
2.0
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IJENS

Level of Service Analysis and Airport Terminal Development: Abstract: Air Transport Is Basically Growing

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Level of Service Analysis and Airport Terminal Development: Abstract: Air Transport Is Basically Growing

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International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol: 12 No: 02