Beams: Statically Indeterminate: by Dr. Ibrahim A. Assakkaf

LECTURE
Third Edition
BEAMS: STATICALLY
INDETERMINATE
A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
18
Chapter
9.5
by
Dr. Ibrahim A. Assakkaf
SPRING 2003
ENES 220 Mechanics of Materials
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park
LECTURE 18. BEAMS: STATICALLY INDETERMINATE (9.5)
Statically Indeterminate Beams
Slide No. 1
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Introduction
Our previous analysis was limited to
statically determinate beams.
A beam, subjected only to transverse
loads, with more than two reaction
components, is statically indeterminate
because the equations of equilibrium are
not sufficient to determine all the reactions.
Slide No. 2
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Introduction
In all of the problems discussed so far, it
was possible to determine the forces and
stresses in beams by utilizing the
equations of equilibrium, that is
=0
=0
=0
(29)
Slide No. 3
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Introduction
y
x
Coplanar Force System
=0
=0
=0
Slide No. 4
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Statically Determinate Beam

When the equations of equilibrium are
sufficient to determine the forces and
stresses in a structural beam, we say
that this beam is statically determinate
Slide No. 5
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Statically Indeterminate Beam

When the equilibrium equations alone
are not sufficient to determine the loads
or stresses in a beam, then such beam
is referred to as statically indeterminate
beam.
Slide No. 6
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Determinacy of Beams
For a coplanar (two-dimensional) beam,
there are at most three equilibrium
equations for each part, so that if there is a
total of n parts and r reactions, we have
r = 3n, statically determinate
r > 3n, statically indeterminate
(30)
Slide No. 7
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Example 11
Classify each of the beams shown as
statically determinate of statically
indeterminate. If statically indeterminate,
report the degrees of of determinacy. The
beams are subjected to external loadings
that are assumed to be known and can act
anywhere on the beams.
Slide No. 8
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 11 (contd)
I
III
II
Slide No. 9
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 11 (contd)
For part I:
r1
Applying Eq. 30,

r = 3, n = 1, therefore,
r2
r3
r = 3n, 3 = [3(1) = 3] statically determinate
Slide No. 10
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 11 (contd)
For part II:
r1
Applying Eq. 30,

r2 r
3
r4
r5
r > 3n, 5 > [3(1) > 3] statically indeterminate

to second degree
Slide No. 11
Example 11 (contd)
For part III:
r2
r1
Applying Eq. 30,

ENES 220 Assakkaf
Note: r3 = r6 and
r4 = r5
r3
r4
r5
r5
r6
r7
r = 3n, 6 = [3(2) = 6] statically determinate
Statically Indeterminate
Transversely Loaded Beams
Slide No. 12
ENES 220 Assakkaf
How to determine forces and stresses

of transversely loaded beam that is
statically indeterminate?
In order to solve for the forces, and
stresses in such beam, it becomes
necessary to supplement the equilibrium
equations with additional relationships
based on any conditions of restraint that
may exist.
Slide No. 13
ENES 220 Assakkaf
In
such cases the geometry of the

deformation of the loaded beam is used to
obtain the additional relations needed for
an evaluation of the reactions (or other
unknown forces).
For problems involving elastic action, each
additional constraint on a beam provides
additional information concerning slopes or
deflections.
Slide No. 14
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Such
information, when used with

appropriate slope or deflection equations,
yields expressions that supplement the
independent equations of equilibrium.
Finding the deflection curve for statically
indeterminate beams requires no new
theories or techniques.
The unknown external reactions may be
treated simply as ordinary external loads.
Slide No. 15
ENES 220 Assakkaf
The
deflection caused by these external

loads can be found by any of the methods
previously discussed: direct integration,
singularity functions, superposition, or by
use of beam deflection tables.
Since the presence of the external
reactions places geometrical restrictions
on the deflection curve, there will always
be a sufficient number of boundary
conditions to find the unknown reactions.
Slide No. 16
ENES 220 Assakkaf
General Rules
Each statically indeterminate beam
problem has its own peculiarities as to its
method of solution.
But there are some general rules and ideas
that are common to the solution of most
types of beam problems.
Slide No. 17
ENES 220 Assakkaf
General Rules (contd)

These general rules and guidelines are
summarized as follows:
1. Write the appropriate equations of equilibrium
and examine them carefully to make sure
whether or not the beam problem is statically
determinate or indeterminate. Eq. 30 can
help in the case of coplanar problems.
2. If the problem is statically indeterminate,
examine the kinematic restraints to determine
Slide No. 18
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General Rules (contd)

the necessary conditions that must be
satisfied by the deformation of the beam.
3. Express the required deformations in terms of
the loads or forces. When enough of these
additional relationships have been obtained,
they can be adjoined to the equilibrium
equations and the beam problem can then be
solved.
Slide No. 19
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The Integration Method

Consider the simply supported cantilever
beam that is subjected to a uniformly
distributed load w
w
B
A
L
Figure 35
10
Slide No. 20
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Drawing the free-body diagram of the
beam (see Fig. 36), we note that the
reactions involve four unknowns, while only
three equilibrium equations are available,
namely
=0
=0
=0
Slide No. 21
(31)
ENES 220 Assakkaf

w
A
L
MA
RAx
wL
L/2
A
RAy
Figure 36
w
B
RB
11
Slide No. 22
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Consider beam with fixed support at A and roller

support at B.
From free-body diagram, note that there are four
unknown reaction components.
Conditions for static equilibrium yield
Fx = 0 Fy = 0 M A = 0
The beam is statically indeterminate.

Also have the beam deflection equation,
x
EI y = dx M ( x ) dx + C1x + C2
which introduces two unknowns but provides

three additional equations from the boundary
conditions:
At x = 0, = 0 y = 0
At x = L, y = 0
Slide No. 23
ENES 220 Assakkaf

The problem is obviously indeterminate to
the first degree because we have three
unknown reactions and only three
equations of equilibrium.
We know that in statically indeterminate
problem, the reactions may be obtained by
considering the deformation of the
structure involved.
12
Slide No. 24
ENES 220 Assakkaf

We should, therefore, proceed with the
computation of the slope and deformation
along the beam.
First, the bending moment M (x) at any
given point of beam AB is expressed in
terms of the distance x from A, the given
load, and the unknown reactions.
Slide No. 25
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Integrating in x, expressions for the slope
and the deflection y, which contain two
additional unknowns, namely, the
constants of integration C1 and C2.
But altogether six equations are available
to determine the reactions and the
constants C1 and C2.
13
Slide No. 26
ENES 220 Assakkaf

These six equations are:
The three equilibrium equations (Eq. 31)
The three equations expressing that the
boundary conditions are satisfied, i.,e., that
slope and deflection at A are zero, and that the
deflection at B is zero (Fig. 37).
Thus the reactions at the supports may be

determined, and the equations for the
elastic curve may be obtained.
Slide No. 27
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y
w
B
L
[x = 0, = 0]
[x = 0, y = 0]
[x = L, y = 0]
Figure 37. Deflected Shape of the Beam and the Boundary Conditions
14
Slide No. 28
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Illustrative Example using the

Integration Method
Determine the reactions at the supports for
the simply supported cantilever beam of
Figure 35 in terms of w and L.
w
B
A
L
Slide No. 29
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Integration Method
Equilibrium Equations:
From the free body diagram of Fig. 38, we write
+ Fx = 0; RAx = 0
+ Fy = 0;
+
= 0;
(32a)
RAy + RB wL = 0
(32b)
1
M A RB L + wL2 = 0
2
(32c)
15
Slide No. 30
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Integration Method (contd)
wL
L/2
MA
RAx
B
L
RAy
RB
Figure 38. Free-body Diagram for the Beam
Slide No. 31
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Equation of Elastic Curve:
Drawing the free-body diagram of a portion of
the beam (AC) as shown in Fig. 39, we write
+
1
= 0; M ( x) wx 2 M A + RAy x = 0
2
or
1
M ( x) = wx 2 + RAy x M A
2
(33)
16
Slide No. 32
ENES 220 Assakkaf

w
A
L
wx
MA
RAx
x/2
M(x)
A
C
RAy
Figure 38.
Free-body
Diagram for the
portion AC of the
Beam
Slide No. 33
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Equating the expression for M(x) of Eq.33, to
the curvature times EI , and integrating twice,
gives
1
(34a)
EIy = wx 2 + RAy x M A
2
1
1
(34b)
EI = EIy = wx 3 + RAy x 2 M A x + C1
6
2
1
1
1
EIy = wx 4 + RAy x 3 M A x 2 + C1 x + C2 (34c)
24
6
2
17
Slide No. 34
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Referring to boundary conditions shown in Fig.
37, we make x = 0, = 0 in Eq. 34b, x = 0, y =
0 in Eq. 34c, and conclude that C1 = C2 = 0.
Thus, Eq. 34c can be rewritten as follows to the
elastic curve expression:
3
wx 4 RAy x M A x 2
EIy =
+
24
6
2
(35)
Slide No. 35
ENES 220 Assakkaf

But the third boundary condition requires that y
= 0 for x = L. Therefore, substituting these
values into Eq. 35, gives
3
wL4 RAy L M A L2
+
EIy (0) = 0 =
24
6
2
or
wL2
3M A RAy +
=0
4
(36)
18
Slide No. 36
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Solving this equation simultaneously with the
three equilibrium equations (Eq. 32), the
reactions at the supports are determined as
follows:
RAx = 0
1
M A = wL2
8
5
RAy = wL
8
3
RB = wL
8
19

Beams: Statically Indeterminate: by Dr. Ibrahim A. Assakkaf

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LECTURE 18. BEAMS: STATICALLY INDETERMINATE (9.5)

Statically Indeterminate Beams

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LECTURE 18. BEAMS: STATICALLY INDETERMINATE (9.5)

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Applying Eq. 30,

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LECTURE 18. BEAMS: STATICALLY INDETERMINATE (9.5)

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Applying Eq. 30,

ENES 220 Assakkaf

r = 3n, 6 = [3(2) = 6] statically determinate

LECTURE 18. BEAMS: STATICALLY INDETERMINATE (9.5)

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LECTURE 18. BEAMS: STATICALLY INDETERMINATE (9.5)

such cases the geometry of the

LECTURE 18. BEAMS: STATICALLY INDETERMINATE (9.5)

information, when used with

LECTURE 18. BEAMS: STATICALLY INDETERMINATE (9.5)

deflection caused by these external

LECTURE 18. BEAMS: STATICALLY INDETERMINATE (9.5)

LECTURE 18. BEAMS: STATICALLY INDETERMINATE (9.5)

General Rules (contd)

LECTURE 18. BEAMS: STATICALLY INDETERMINATE (9.5)

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General Rules (contd)

LECTURE 18. BEAMS: STATICALLY INDETERMINATE (9.5)

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