S i 8

Session8
Design of Instruments
DesignofInstruments

Measurement
Measurement: The assignment of nos. or other symbols to
characteristics of objects according to certain prespecified
rules.
Scaling: The generation of continuum upon which measured
objects are located.
Two important aspects in measurement:
1 Levels of Measurement ???
1.
2. Types of Measures

BusinessResearchMethods

4TypesofMeasures
Survey research
includes the design and implementation of interviews and
questionnaires.
Scalingg
involves consideration of the major methods of developing
and implementing a scale.
Qualitative research
nonnumerical measurement approaches.
Unobtrusive measures
methods that don't intrude on or interfere with the context
of the research.
BusinessResearchMethods

Construct,Conceptual&OperationalDefn.
Concept
J b Ch ll
JobChallenge
ConceptualDefinition
This dimension reflects a workerssdesireforstimulationand
Thisdimensionreflectsaworker
desire for stimulation and
challengeinhis/herjobandabilitytoexerciseskillsinhis/herjob.
Rulesof
Measurement

OperationalDefinition
Pleasetellmehowtrueeachstatementisaboutyourjob?Isit
verytrue,somewhattrue,notverytrue ornottrueatall
1.Theworkisinteresting.
2.Ihaveanopportunitytodevelopmyownspecialskills.
3.IamgivenachancetodothethingsIdobest.

BusinessResearchMethods

Construct,Conceptual&OperationalDefn.
Concept
A i d
Attitude
ConceptualDefinition
EvaluativeJudgmentaboutsomething
Cognitive,AffectiveandBehavioural Component
Howwillyou
measurethis?

Operational Definition
OperationalDefinition

BusinessResearchMethods

DirectMeasure/MultiitemScale

BusinessResearchMethods

MultiitemScales
Hypothetical constructs Cannot be directly observed but are
measured through indirect indicators,
indicators such as verbal expression
or overt behaviour.
Multiitem scales
Adapted/adopted from the literature
Developed and validated and used for the study

BusinessResearchMethods

Developatheory
Generateaninitialpoolof
items

Theory,secondarydata&
qualitativeresearch

Selectareducedsetofitems
basedonqualitative
judgment
Collectdatafromalarge
pretestsample
PerformStatisticalAnalysis

DevelopmentofMultiitem
De
elopmentofM lti item
Scale

Developapurifiedscale
Collectmoredatafroma
differentsample
Evaluatescalereliability&
validity
Preparethefinalscale

BusinessResearchMethods

CriteriaforGoodMeasurement
Reliability & Validity
V
Validity:
lidit The
Th ability
bilit off a scale
l or measuring
i instrument
i t
t to
t
measure what it is intended to measure.
Reliability: The degree to which a measure is free from error
and therefore yields consistent results.
Reliability and Validity should be compared.
compared
E.g. Tailor Using a ruler
Thus
Thus, reliability,
reliability although necessary for validity,
validity is not sufficient
by itself.

BusinessResearchMethods

Target
Hitting the target consistently, but you are
missing the center of the target.
target
That is, you are consistently and systematically
measuring the wrong value for all respondents.
respondents

Get a valid group estimate, but you are

inconsistent.
inconsistent

BusinessResearchMethods

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Target
A case where your hits are spread across the
target and you are consistently missing the
center.

RobinHoodScenario

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DirectMeasure/MultiitemScale

BusinessResearchMethods

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DirectMeasure/MultiitemScale

BusinessResearchMethods

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DirectMeasure/MultiitemScale

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ScalingTechniquesforMeasurement
Comparative Scales
Paired Comparison
Rank Order
Constant Sum
QSort
Noncomparative Scales
Continuous/Graphic Rating Scale
Itemized Rating Scales
Likert
Lik t Scale
S l
Semantic Differential
Staple Scale
BusinessResearchMethods

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