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Thong Tin Quang - Optical PDF
Thong Tin Quang - Optical PDF
K THUT
THNG TIN QUANG 1
(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa)
Lu hnh ni b
H NI - 2009
K THUT
THNG TIN QUANG 1
Bin son:
CHNG 1
TNG QUAN V K THUT THNG TIN QUANG
GII THIU
K thut thng tin quang ngy cng s dng rng ri trong vin thng, truyn s liu,
truyn hnh cp, Trong chng ny chng ta s tm hiu s ra i v pht trin ca thng tin
quang, cu trc tng qut ca h thng thng tin quang, cc u im v nhc im ca cp si
quang, v cc lnh vc ng dng cng ngh thng tin si quang.
1.1
Vic thng tin lin lc bng nh sng sm xut hin trong s pht trin loi ngi khi
con ngi trc lin lc vi nhau bng cch ra du (Hand signal). Lin lc bng cch ra du
cng l mt dng ca thng tin quang: bi v khng th ra du trong bng ti. Ban ngy, mt tri
l ngun nh sng cho h thng ny (h thng Hand signal). Thng tin c mang t ngi gi
n ngi nhn da vo s bc x mt tri. Mt l thit b thu thng ip ny, v b no x l
thng ip ny. Thng tin truyn theo kiu ny rt chm, khong cch lan truyn c gii hn, v
li rt ln.
Mt h thng quang sau , c th c ng truyn di hn, l tn hiu khi (Smoke
signal). Thng ip c gi i bng cch thay i dng khi pht ra t la. Mu khi ny mt
ln na c mang n pha thu bng nh sng mt tri. H thng ny i hi mt phng php
m ha phi c t ra, m ngi gi v ngi thu thng ip phi c hc n. iu ny c th
c th so snh vi h thng m xung (pulse codes) s dng trong h thng s (digital system) hin
i.
Tri qua mt thi gian di t khi con ngi s dng nh sng mt tri v la lm thng
tin lin lc n nay lch s ca thng tin quang qua nhng bc pht trin v hon thin c th
tm tt bng nhng mc chnh sau y:
Nm 1775: Paul Revere s dng nh sng bo hiu qun i Anh t Boston sp ko ti.
Nm 1854: John Tyndall, nh vt l t nhin ngi Anh, thc hin thnh cng mt th
nghim ng ch nht l nh sng c th truyn qua mt mi trng in mi trong sut.
Nm 1880: Alexander Graham Bell, ngi M, pht minh ra mt h thng thng tin nh
sng, l h thng photophone. ng ta s dng nh sng mt tri t mt gng phng
mng iu ch ting ni mang ting ni i. my thu, nh sng mt tri c iu
ch p vo t bo quang dn, selen, n s bin i thng ip thnh dng in. B thu my
in thoi hon tt h thng ny. H thng photophone cha bao gi t c thnh cng trn
1
Vo nhng nm 1950: Brian OBrien, Harry Hopkins v Nariorger Kapany pht trin si
quang c hai lp, bao gm lp li (Core) bn trong (nh sng lan truyn trong lp ny) v lp
bc (Cladding) bao xung quanh bn ngoi lp li, nhm nht nh sng li. Si ny sau
c cc nh khoa hc trn pht trin thnh Fibrescope un cong (mt loi knh soi bng si
quang), mt thit b c kh nng truyn mt hnh nh t u si n cui si. Tnh un cong
ca fiberscope cho php ta quan st mt vng m ta khng th xem mt cch bnh thng
c. n nay, h thng fiberscope vn cn c s dng rng ri, c bit trong ngnh y
dng soi bn trong c th con ngi.
Vo nm 1958: Charles H.Townes pht minh ra con Laser cho php tng cng v tp
trung ngun sng ghp vo si.
Nm 1960: Theodor H.Maiman a laser vo hot ng thnh cng, lm tng dung lng h
thng thng tin quang rt cao.
Hin nay, si quang c suy hao 0,2 dB/Km bc sng 1550 nm, v c nhng loi si
c bit c suy hao thp hn gi tr ny rt nhiu.
1.2
1.2.1
in thoi
in thoi
Fax
Fax
E/O
O/E
E/O
O/E
S liu
S liu
Tivi
Tivi
Hnh 1.1
Hnh 1.1 biu th cu hnh c bn ca mt h thng thng tin quang. Ni chung, tn hiu
in t my in thoi, t cc thit b u cui, s liu hoc Fax c a n b E/O chuyn
thnh tn hiu quang, sau gi vo cp quang. Khi truyn qua si quang, cng sut tn hiu (nh
sng) b suy yu dn v dng sng b rng ra. Khi truyn ti u bn kia si quang, tn hiu ny
c a vo b O/E to li tn hiu in, khi phc li nguyn dng nh ban u m my in
thoi, s liu v Fax gi i.
Nh vy, cu trc c bn ca mt h thng thng tin quang c th c m t n gin
nh hnh 1.2, gm:
B pht quang.
B thu quang.
Mi trng truyn dn l cp si quang.
Tn hiu quang
Tn hiu in
ng vo
Tn hiu in
ng ra
E/O
B pht
quang
O/E
Cp si quang
B thu
quang
Hnh 1.3
Hnh 1.4
Khi E/O: b pht quang c nhim v nhn tn hiu in a n, bin tn hiu in thnh
tn hiu quang, v a tn hiu quang ny ln ng truyn (si quang). l chc nng
chnh ca khi E/O b pht quang. Thng ngi ta gi khi E/O l ngun quang. Hin nay
linh kin c s dng lm ngun quang l LED v LASER.
Khi O/E: khi tn hiu quang truyn n u thu, tn hiu quang ny s c thu nhn v bin
tr li thnh tn hiu in nh u pht. l chc nng ca khi O/E b thu quang. Cc
linh kin hin nay c s dng lm chc nng ny l PIN v APD, v chng thng c
gi l linh kin tch sng quang (photo-detector).
Trm lp: khi truyn trn si quang, cng sut tn hiu quang b suy yu dn (do si quang c
suy hao). Nu c ly thng tin qu di th tn hiu quang ny c th khng n c u thu
hoc n u thu vi cng sut cn rt thp u thu khng nhn bit c, lc ny ta phi s
dng trm lp (hay cn gi l trm tip vn). Chc nng chnh ca trm lp l thu nhn tn
hiu quang suy yu, ti to chng tr li thnh tn hiu in. Sau sa dng tn hiu in
ny, khuch i tn hiu sa dng, chuyn i tn hiu khuch i thnh tn hiu quang.
V cui cng a tn hiu quang ny ln ng truyn truyn tip n u thu. Nh vy,
tn hiu ng vo v ng ra ca trm lp u dng quang, v trong trm lp c c khi O/E
v E/O.
1.2.2
a) u im
Suy hao thp. Suy hao thp cho php khong cch lan truyn di hn. Nu so snh vi cp
ng trong mt mng, khong cch ln nht i vi cp ng c khuyn co l 100 m, th
i vi cp quang khong cch l 2000 m.
Mt nhc im c bn ca cp ng l suy hao tng theo tn s ca tn hiu. iu ny c
ngha l tc d liu cao dn n tng suy hao cng sut v gim khong cch lan truyn
thc t. i vi cp quang th suy hao khng thay i theo tn s ca tn hu.
Di thng rng. Si quang c bng thng rng cho php thit lp h thng truyn dn s tc
cao. Hin nay, bng tn ca si quang c th ln n hng THz.
Kch thc nh. Cpsi quang c kch thc nh s d dng cho vic thit k mng cht hp
v khng gian lp t cp.
Cp ng
Cp quang
Si a mode
Si n mode
100 MHz
1 GHz
100 m
2000 m
40.000 m
C ly truyn dn
Xuyn knh
Khng
Trng lng
Nng hn
Nh hn
Kch thc
Ln hn
Nh hn
Tnh linh hot. Cc h thng thng tin quang u kh dng cho hu ht cc dng thng tin s
liu, thoi v video.
b) Nhc im
Dn, d gy. Si quang s dng trong vin thng c ch to t thy tinh nn dn v d gy.
Hn na kch thc si nh nn vic hn ni gp nhiu kh khn. Mun hn ni cn c thit
b chuyn dng.
1.3
ng trung k.
Truyn s liu.
5
Hnh 1.5
Trung tm
truyn hnh
Trung tm
phn phi
Trung tm
phn phi
Cp quang
Hnh 1.6
Si quang l phng tin l tng cho truyn s liu tc cao. Tn hiu khng b mo
bi nhiu t mi trng xung quanh. Tnh cch in ca si quang to ra mt giao tip an ton
gia cc my tnh, cc thit b u cui, v cc trm lm vic. Rt nhiu trung tm my tnh ang
s dng cp si quang cung cp cc ng truyn s liu tc cao cc mng LAN.
TM TT
Vi c tnh suy hao thp, bng thng rng, kch thc nh, nh, khng b cang nhiu
sng in t v in cng nghip lm cho si quang c s dng trong nhiu lnh vc nh lnh
vc vin thng: vin thng ng di, vin thng quc t s dng cp quang vt i dng,
mng trung k, mng ni ht thu bao; lnh vc cng nghip: ng truyn tn hiu iu khin t
ng trong h thng t ng, cng nghip dt; lnh vc y hc; lnh vc qun s. Si quang ch c
th truyn tn hiu di dng nh sng nn cc ngun tn hiu in c chuyn thnh nh sng
bng cch s dng LED hoc LASER. Qu trnh ny c x l v din ra u pht, v c
gi l b pht quang. Tn hiu quang ny c ghp vo si v truyn n b thu quang. Sau khi
n u thu, cc tn hiu ny c chuyn tr li thnh tn hiu in thng qua linh kin PIN hoc
APD. Mc d si quang c suy hao thp nhng tn hiu vn b suy yu, do i lc trn h
thng cng cn b lp quang, cn gi trm tip vn.
Vi tim nng v bng thng nn h thng truyn dn si quang v ang pht trin
trong h thng truyn dn s ng di, tc cao t hng trm Mega bit/s n hng Tera bit/s
nh s dng cng ngh ghp knh theo bc sng quang WDM.
CU HI N TP V BI TP
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
Nu cc u im ca si quang.
1.4.
Nu cc nhc im ca si quang.
1.5.
CU HI TRC NGHIM
1.6.
1.7.
1.8.
a. Dng in
b. .in p.
c. nh sng
d. .C a, b, c u ng.
1.9.
1.10.
1.11.
1.12.
a. 1 si quang
b. 4 si quang
c. 2 si quang
d. 8 si quang
Si quang c u im g ?
a. D gy
c. Bng thng hp
d. D b nhiu
[2]
[3]
[4]
G. P. Agrawal. Fiber-Optic Communication Systems. Second edition, John Wiley & Sons,
1997.
[5]
Max Ming Kang Liu. Principles and Applications of Optical Communications, 2001.
[6]
[7]
[8]
Chng 2: Si Quang
CHNG 2
SI QUANG
GII THIU
Si quang l mt mi trng thng tin c bit c th so snh vi cc mi trng khc
nh cp ng hoc khng gian t do. Mt si quang cung cp mt mi trng truyn dn suy hao
thp trn mt di tn s rng ln t nht l 2.5 THz, hay cao hn vi cc loi si quang c bit,
di thng ca n rng hn di thng ca cp ng hay bt c mi trng truyn dn no. Di
thng ny c th truyn hng trm triu cuc gi ng thi, hoc hng chc triu trang web trong
mt giy. c tnh suy hao thp cho php truyn tn hiu khong cch di vi tc cao trc
khi chng c khuch i. Vi hai c tnh suy hao thp v di thng cao nn h thng thng tin
si quang c s dng rng ri ngy nay.
Khi h thng truyn dn pht trin khong cch xa hn v tc bit cao hn, tn sc
tr thnh mt h s gii hn quan trng. Tan sac la hien tng cac thanh phan
khac nhau cua tn hieu di chuyen vi van toc khac nhau trong si quang. c
bit, tn sc mu l hin tng cc thnh phn tn s (hoc bc sng) ca tn hiu di chuyn vi
vn tc khc nhau. Ni chung, tn sc dn n vic xung b tri rng ra v v vy p ng xung
ca cc bit gn nhau giao thoa vi nhau. Trong h thng thng tin, iu ny dn n s chng
xung ca cc bit gn nhau. Hin tng ny c gi l giao thoa gia cc k t gn nhau
(InterSymbol Interference - ISI). Khi mt h thng pht trin ln mt s lng ln bc sng,
khong cch v tc bit cao hn, cc hiu ng phi tuyn trong si quang bt u xy ra. Nh
chng ta s thy, c s tng tc phc tp ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn vi tn sc mu.
Chng ta bt u chng ny bng cch tho lun cc nguyn l c bn ca s lan truyn
nh sng trong si quang, bt u t m hnh quang hnh hc n gin ti m hnh l thuyt sng
chung da vo phng trnh Maxwell. Sau chng ta phn cn li ca chng ny tm hiu
cc c s tn sc mu v cc hin tng phi tuyn trong si quang.
2.1.
MT S VN C BN V NH SNG
2.1.1. Sng in t
nh sng nh l sng in t. Hnh 2.1 l hnh nh tnh ca mt sng in t.
10
Chng 2: Si Quang
Trong mi trng khng gian t do, nh sng l sng in t ngang (TEM ). Khi nim ngang
(transverse) c ngha l c hai vc t - in trng E v t trng H - vung gc vi phng
truyn, trc z trong hnh 2.1.
Tn s:
-
K hiu: f .
Bc sng:
-
K hiu:
n v: m (m, nm).
c
c
hay f =
f
(2.1)
f =
20
(2.2)
Ph sng in t:
Vng hng
ngoi
DC
VLF
LF
MF
VHF
Vng cc
tm
Tia X
...
f(Hz)
Tia
UHF+
SHF+
EHF
1300
nm
1,6
1,5
1,4
1,3
1,2
1,1
1,0
1550
nm
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
850
nm
Vng nh sng
nhn thy c
11
Chng 2: Si Quang
Bng 2.1 Cc bng sng v tuyn
nh sng dng trong thng tin quang: 800 nm ( 1600 nm (nh vy nm trong
vng hng ngoi gn v mt phn vng hng ngoi gia).
Ba bc sng nh sng thng dng dng trong cc h thng thng tin quang c
gi l 3 ca s quang:
Ca s 1:
1 = 850 nm.
Ca s 2:
2 = 1300 nm.
Ca s 3:
3 = 1550 nm.
Ca s 4:
4 = 1625 nm.
nh sng c th xem nh l mt chm tia sng. Cc tia sng lan truyn trong cc mi
trng khc nhau vi vn tc khc nhau. C th xem cc mi trng khc nhau cn tr s lan
truyn canh sng bng cc lc khc nhau. iu ny c c trng bng chit sut khc x ca
mi trng.
Chit sut ca mt mi trng trong sut (n ) c xc nh bi t s gia vn tc nh
sng lan truyn trong chn khng vi vn tc ca nh snh lan truyn trong mi trng y.
n=
12
c
v
(2.3)
Chng 2: Si Quang
Vi:
n: chit sut ca mi trng, khng c n v.
v: vn tc nhsng trong mi trng, (m/s).
c: vn tc nh sng trong chn khng, (m/s).
Chit sut ca mt vi mi trng thng dng:
-
V v c nn n 1.
2.1.2.2.
nh sng truyn thng trong mi trng ng nht, b phn x v khc x ti bin ngn
cch hai mi trng ng nht khc nhau.
Nh vy, ba c im c bn ca nh sng l:
Truyn thng.
Phn x.
Khc x.
Tng qut, khi mt tia sng ti mt ngn cch gia hai mi trng, tia sng ny b tch ra
lm hai phn: mt phn di li mi trng u (hin tng phn x), mt phn truyn tip qua
mi trng hai. Tia truyn tip b lch hng truyn so vi tia ban u (hin tng khc x).
iu ny c minh ha hnh 2.3.
Tia phn x
Tia ti
1
'
1
n1
Mi trng 1
Mi trng 2
n2
2
Tia khc x
n1sin1 = n2sin2
(2.4)
Chng 2: Si Quang
Xt hai trng hp sau:
a) n1 < n2:
Hnh 2.4 nh sng i t mi trng chit sut nh sang mi trng chit sut ln.
T phng trnh (2.5) kt hp n1 < n2 suy ra 1 > 2 (xem hnh 2.4).
Nh vy, khi nh sng i t mi trng c chit sut nh sang mi trng c chit sut ln hn,
tia khc x lch v pha gn php tuyn hay lch xa mt ngn cch gia hai mi trng 1 v 2.
b) n1> n2:
Tia ti
Tia ti hn
(3')
(3)
1
n1
n2
Mi trng 1
n1
Mi trng 2
n2
Mi trng 1
2=
900
Mi trng 2
Tia khc x
Tia khc x
(b)
(a)
sin c =
n2
n1
(2.5)
2.1.3. Lng t
14
Chng 2: Si Quang
E4
E3
Mi trng 1
E2
E1
E0
Trng thi c bn
kch thch nguyn t nhy ln mc nng lng cao hn, chng phi c cung cp
mt nng lng bn ngoi. Qu trnh ny gi l bm.
Khi nguyn t nhy ln mc nng lng cao hn, n hp th mt lng nng lng t
bn ngoi. Lng ny ng bng chnh lch v nng lng gia hai mc cao v
thp xy ra vic nhy ny.
Khi nguyn t ri t mc nng lng cao xung mt mc nng lng thp hn, n
bc x ra mt lng t nng lng in t gi l photon ( iu ny ch ng i vi
chuyn tip c bc x ).
E p = hf
hay
Ep =
1,24
(m)
(eV )
(2.6)
2.2.
Nng lng ca photon, EP, bng khe ( chnh lch) nng lng gia mc bc x
cao v mc nng nng lng thp, tn s photon (bc sng) c xc nh qua mc
nng lng ca vt cht c s dng.
2.2.1. Cu to c bn si quang
ng dng hin tng phn x ton phn, si quang c ch to c bn gm c hai lp:
Lp trong cng c dng hnh tr trn, c ng knh d = 2a, lm bng thy tinh c
chit sut n1, c gi l li (core) si.
15
Chng 2: Si Quang
NA = sinmax
(2.7)
(2.8)
i vi si SI ta tnh c:
Vi:
n1: chit sut li si quang;
n2: chit sut lp bc si quang;
n12 n 22
=
: chnh lch chit sut tng i.
2n12
C th tnh n gin hn nh sau [3]:
= (n1-n2)/n vi n= (n1+n2)/2.
16
Chng 2: Si Quang
Suy ra max 12 .
T y suy ra gc tip nhn nh sng 2max = 212 = 24 .
V d 2:
Mt si quang SI c:NA = 0,12 n2 = 1,450. Tnh chit sut lp bc ca si quang ny.
Gii :
p dng cng thc (2.8), ta c
NA = sinmax =
n12 n 22 = 0,12
Suy ra :
n12 n 22 = 0,144
Ta tnh c
n1 = 0,1455.
17
Chng 2: Si Quang
Khu s cho ta bit iu kin a nh sng vo si quang. y l thng s c bn nh
hng n hiu sut ghp nh sng t ngun quang vo si quang.
2.2.3.1.
n 1 r g
a
1
n(r ) =
n
2
ra
a r b
(2.9)
Vi:
a: bn knh li si quang.
b: bn knh lp bc si quang.
2.2.3.2.
r a
n
1
n=
n
2
(2.10)
a r b
n1
n2
18
Chng 2: Si Quang
2.2.3.3.
2
r
1
a
n( r ) =
n2
r a
(2.11)
a r b
n1
n2
2.2.3.4.
19
Chng 2: Si Quang
V=
.a.NA = k.a.NA
(2.12)
Vi:
a: bn knh li siquang.
: bc sng lm vic.
k=
(2.13)
V2
2
g
g+2
(2.14)
20
(g )
(2.15)
V2
V2
4
(g 2)
ng knh li:
d = 50 m.
ng knh lp bc:
D = 125 m.
Gi l si a mode 50/125 m.
Khu s:
NA = 0.2 0.29
(2.16)
Chng 2: Si Quang
(a) Si SI
(b) Si GI
ng knh li: d = 9 10 m.
2.3.
21
Chng 2: Si Quang
truyn ca xung nh sng lan truyn trong si quang. hiu c phng php ny, chng ta
cn gii phng trnh Maxwell cho ng dn sng hnh tr
L thuyt ca Maxwell da trn mt tp bn phng trnh, l cc phng trnh
Maxwell. Tp phng trnh ny, c vit di dng vi phn l [2]:
.D =
(2.17)
.B = 0
(2.18)
E =
B
t
H = J +
D
t
(2.19)
(2.20)
= ex
+ ey
+ ez
z
x
y
D: Vect cm ng in [c/m2].
B: Vect cm ng t [H/m].
Ta c B= H vi l t thm
D = 0E + P
(2.21)
Vi:
0 l hng s in [F/m].
P l vect phn cc in
i vi mi trng tuyn tnh, ng hng hoc cng trng in khng qu ln ta
c:
D = E
(2.22)
Vi:
22
Chng 2: Si Quang
Tng t i vi mi trng tuyn tnh, ng hng hoc cng trng t khng qu
ln ta c :
B = H
(2.23)
J = E
(2.24)
.D = 0
(2.25)
.B = 0
(2.26)
E =
H =
B
t
D
t
(2.27)
(2.28)
23
Chng 2: Si Quang
Thay th D v B t cc phng trnh (2.22) v (2.23) l ly curl cc phng trnh (2.27)
v (2.28) ta c:
2E
( E ) =
t 2
(2.29)
2H
( H ) =
t 2
(2.30)
( Y ) = ( .Y ) 2 ( Y )
ta thu c cc phng trnh sng khng tn sc:
2E
E =
t 2
(2.31)
2H
( H ) =
t 2
(2.32)
1 2
= 2
vp t 2
2
(2.33)
vp =
1
1
=
( ) 1 / 2
( r 0 r 0 )1 / 2
(2.34)
c =
24
1
( 0 0 )1 / 2
(2.35)
Chng 2: Si Quang
Trong trng hp ng dn sng phng, c biu din bng h ta vung gc
Cartersian (x,y,z) hay si quang hnh tr, c biu din bng h ta tr (r,,z) , bin i
Laplace c dng:
2
2
2
=
+
+
x2
y 2
z 2
(2.36)
1 2
1 2
+
+
=
+
r r
r 2
r 2 2
z 2
(2.37)
hay
2
tng ng.
Li gii c bn cho phng trnh sng ny l sng sin, dng quan trng nht ca n l
sng phng ng dng:
= 0 expj(t-k.r)
(2.38)
Vi l tn s gc, t l thi gian, k l vect lan truyn cho bit hng lan truyn v tc
thay i pha theo khang cch, cn r l ta ca im quan st. Nu l bc sng quang
trong chn khng, th bin ca vect lan truyn hay hng s lan truyn pha trong chn khng k
(vi k = k) s c cho bi :
k =
(2.39)
2.3.2. Phng trnh sng c trng cho s lan truyn ca sng in t (EM) trong mi
trng suy hao
Trong phn ny, chng ta s kho st s lan ca in t ngang (TEM) phng trong mi
trng c suy hao. Trc khi i vo kho st chi tit, ta nhc li khi nim v sng TEM phng
Sng TEM phng
Hnh 2.13 minh ha sng TEM
25
Chng 2: Si Quang
E = e x E x ( z, t )
H = e y H y ( z, t )
(2.40)
Theo [2] trong trng hp sng TEM lan truyn trong mi trng c suy hao, li gii
phng trnh Maxwell cho trng in trong c dng:
E x ( z, t ) = E x0 e z e
j ( t z )
(2.41)
Vi E l bin ca trng in, l hng s suy hao, =/v l hng s lan truyn pha,
v: vn tc lan truyn ca nh sang trong mi trng.
Ly phn thc ca (2.41), ta thu c:
E x ( z , t ) = E x 0 e z cos( t z )
(2.42)
H y ( z, t ) = H
26
y0
e z cos( t z )
(2.43)
Chng 2: Si Quang
Cc kt qu trn c th phn tch nh sau: trng EM lan truyn trong mi trng c
dng sng tt dn. Hnh 2.14 minh ha iu ny.
2.3.3. Phng trnh sng c trng cho s lan truyn ca sng in t trong ng dn sng
ch nht
Chng ta xem xt s lan truyn ca trng EM trong mi trng khng b gii hn.
Trn thc t si quang tp trung v dn nh sng i trong li. hiu c si quang hot ng
nh th no, chng ta cn tm hiu cch thc ng dn sng dn sng EM nh th no. Do trong
phn ny chng ta s xem xt ngn gn v d c in v l thuyt ng dn sng, ng dn sng
hnh ch nht.
ng dn sng hnh ch nht c cc thnh ng lm t cc vt dn l tng ( dn in
), bn trong c lm y bng cht in mi l tng ( dn in bng khng). Hnh 2.15
cho thy mt ng dn sng ch nht c chiu rng l a v chiu cao l b. dy ca thnh ng c
th b qua.
27
Chng 2: Si Quang
2E + h2E = 0
(2.44)
Trng in ngang hay sng in ngang TE (cn gi l sng t): c thnh phn dc Ez
= 0, Hz 0.
Trng t ngang hay sng t ngang TM (cn gi l sng in): c thnh phn dc Ez
0, Hz = 0.
l
m
=
+
a
b
(2.45)
( l / b ) H 0 sin( l x / b ) cos( m y / a )
h2
H y ( x , y ) = 2 ( m / a ) H 0 cos( l x / b ) sin( m y / a )
h
H z ( x, y ) = H 0 cos( l x / b ) cos( m y / a )
H x ( x, y ) =
(2.46)
E x ( x, y ) = ( j / h 2 )( m / a ) H 0 cos( l x / b ) sin( m y / a )
E y ( x , y ) = ( j / h 2 )( l / b ) H 0 sin( l x / b ) cos( m y / a )
E z ( x, y ) = 0
v tng t cho sng t ngang TM.
Phn tch cng thc (2.43), chng ta s thy ngha ca cc s nguyn l v m. Chng l
s lng na chu k m sng EM thc hin qua ng dn sng. V d, sng in ngang TE10 (l = 1
v m = 0) c mt na chu k dc theo trc y v khng c na chu k nodc theo trc x nh c
minh ha trn hnh (2.16) v (2.17).
28
Chng 2: Si Quang
ng in trng
ng t trng
x/b
1,0
0,5
(a)
y/a
1,0
0,5
0
0
(b)
x/b
1,0
0,5
0
0
(c)
Hnh
29
Chng 2: Si Quang
iu kin ngng
Chng ta iu bit rng ng dn sng hnh ch nht khng th truyn dng in xoay
chiu nhng li c th truynnh sng. Vy th s khc bit gia dng in xoay chiu v nh
sng l g ? C hai iu l bc x in t nhng chng khc nhau v tn s. R rng, mt ng dn
sng ch c th h tr bc x tn s cao. Nh vy c mt tn s m nh hn n th ng dn sng
s khng h tr c. Tn s ny gi l tn s ct.
T cng thc (2.45) cc nh ngha h2= (2+ k2) vi
= + j
k =
ta thu c:
2
l
m
2
+
a
b
(2.47)
1
f c ( Hz ) = c =
2
2
l
m
a
b
(2.48)
30
Chng 2: Si Quang
c =
v
=
fc
2
2
l
m
a
b
(2.49)
2
1
1 2
+
+ 2
+ n 12 k 2 2 ) = 0
2
2
r r
r
r
(2.50)
(2.51)
cos l
exp( t z )
sin l
= E (r )
(2.52)
2 2
1 E
2E
+
+
n1 k
r r
r 2
l2
2
r
E = 0
(2.53)
i vi si quang chit sut bc c chit sut li l c nh, phng trnh (2.53) l phng
trnh vi phn Bessel v cc li gii l cc hm hnh tr. Trng in do c biu din bng
[1]:
E ( r ) = GJ 1 (UR )
= GJ 1 (U )
K1
K 1 (W )
(2.54)
31
Chng 2: Si Quang
U = a (n 12 k 2
W = a (
2 1/ 2
(2.55)
(2.56)
n 22 k 2
1/ 2
V = (U
+W
2 1/ 2
= ka (n 12 n 22 )
1/ 2
(2.57)
HE11
TE01
TM01
HE21
32
Chng 2: Si Quang
mode LP. Kho st k cc hnh ny chng ta s hiu r ngha ca thut ng mode. Cc ch s
mode c ngha nh sau: l l mt na s im cng cc i ( hay cc tiu) xy ra khi ta g
thay i t 0 n 2 radian; m l s im cng cc i xy ra khi ta bnknh thay i t
khng n v cng. Xem li hnh 2.20. Lu rng i vi trng hp mt im cc i, th l = 0
bi v l phi l mt s nguyn v do khng th l 2.
Hnh 2.19 V d vic kt hp cc mode HE21 + TE01 v HE21 + TM01 thnh cc mode LP11 ( vt
en ch phn bcng ; mi tn ch cc trng TE v TM): (a) Cu to ca hai mode LP11 t
hai mode t nhin v phn b trng TE v cng ca chng; (b) Bn hng trng TE v
TM v cc phn b cng tng ng ca LP11.
33
Chng 2: Si Quang
34
Chng 2: Si Quang
35
Chng 2: Si Quang
phi bng 2k, vi k l mt s nguyn, ti cng mt khong cch trn hai ng zigzag. Cc sng
EM ta mn iu kin ny s c mt kiu n nh hay mode. Cc sng EM khng tha mn iu
kin ny s khng th xut hin. l l do ti sau si quang cc sng Em cc mode c cc
kiu n nh v khng h trc cc mode khc.
2.3.5.3.
Cc tia mode lan truyn trong si quang chia thnh hai loi: trc v xin. Cc tia trc
l nhng tia ct trc trung tm ca si quang ; cc tia xin lan truyn khng ct trc ny (xem
hnh 2.21).
Chng 2: Si Quang
nh, mt si quang s h tr mt loi bc x. Mt nhm mode s chu phi x tan phn bn
trong v cc mode ny s b gom vo trong li si quang. chnh l cc mode dn.
Mt nhm cc mode khc khng b phn x ton phn bn trong v s lan truyn bn
ngai li si quang. chnh l cc mode bc x. V mt l thuyt, cc li gii cho cc phng
trnh ng dn sng m t s lan truyn ca trng EM trong si quang bao gm c cc mode dn
v mode bc x. Cc mode bc x, ngc vi cc mode dnm khng c yu cu 2xk v do l
lin tc. V ngha vt l, cc mode bc x xut pht t ngun quang c a vo si quang ti
gc ti nh hn gc ti hn. Chng lan truyn mt phn trong li v mt phn truyn (khc x)
trong lp bc. Nhng mode lan truyn trong lp bc s gp giao tip lp bc-lp ph v s phn
x ngc li vo lp bc v c th truyn ngc li lp li, chng s ghp vi cc mode dn
bc cao hn. Kt qu l suy hao cng sut cng ln cho cc mode li.
Loi mode th ba gi l mode r. Nhng mode ny khng phi l mt phn ca cc li
gii ca h phng trnh Maxwll p dng cho ng dn sng. Nhng mode ny tha iu kin
2xk nhng khng phn x tan phn. Hu qu l, bin ca chng thay i khi chng lan
truyn dc theo si quang. Lai trng ny khng hnh thnh cc mode c kiu n nh. Chng ta
vn xem xt cc mode ny bi v mc d khng n nh theo khng gian nhng chng nh v
mt thi gian. Phn ln cc mode ny bin mt nhanh chng sau khi b kch thch, nhng mt vi
mode ny c th lan truyn trn mt khang cch xa.
2.3.5.5.
Vn tc pha v vn tc nhm
vp =
dz
=
dt
(2.58)
Tuy nhin, thc t khng th to ra mt sng nh sng hon ton n sc v nng lng
nh sng tng qut l tng cc thnh phn c cc tn s khc nhau. Do tnh trng tn ti l mt
nhm cc sng c tn s gn ging nhau lan truyn sao cho dng cui cng c dng b sng. B
sng ny khng lan truyn vn tc pha ca cc sng thnh phn m lan truyn vn tc nhm:
vg =
(2.59)
Mt iu quan trng cn c nhn mnh l tn hiu thng tin v cng sut lan truyn
Nh xem xt trong phn 2.3.3, iu kin ngng xc nh mode cao nht m si quang
c th h tr. Thut ng h tr ng rng cng sut ca mode ny c tp trung trong li si
quang. Hnh 2.22 minh ha iu ny.
37
Chng 2: Si Quang
LP01
1,0
LP11 LP02
LP04
0,8
0,6
LP21
LP22
LP23
LP32
0,4
0,2
0
0
10
12
Tha s V
V = 2,405
V=
.a .NA
.a .NA<
c1
> c1.
38
Chng 2: Si Quang
c1
Vng a mode
Vng n mode
0
Vc1
.a .NA=
.a .n1 2 2
2
a .n1 2 = 1,018m
2,405
c =
Vc
a .NA
(2.60)
39
Chng 2: Si Quang
P/Pmax
1
V1 > V2 > V3
0,5
V1
V2
V3
1/e
1 p1
2 p2
p3
r/a
2 p 2a
2,6
(2.61)
Hoc:
3
p
0,65 + 1,619.V 2 + 2,879.V 6
a
(2.62)
V d:
Si n mode c: d = 9 m; c = 1,22 m.
Nu hot ng bc sng 1,3 m th 2p = 10,37 m.
Nu hot ng bc sng 1,55 m th 2p = 12,36 m.
2.3.5.8.
neff =
(2.63)
vguide
neff =
c
/
Cn lu rng chit sut hiu dng l khc nhau i vi cc mode khc nhau [2].
2.4.
40
(2.64)
Chng 2: Si Quang
C 3 yu t c bn ca si quang nh hng n kh nng ca cc h thng thng tin
quang, bao gm:
Suy hao
Tn sc
Trong phn ny chng ta s tp trung kho st chi tit cc hin tng suy hao v tn sc.
Cc hin tng phi tuyn trong si quang s c tm hiu chi tit trong Bi ging H thng
thng tin quang 2; cn y ch trnh by mt cch tng quang.
2.4.1. Suy hao
2.4.1.1.
Tng quan
Suy hao trn si quang ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong vic thit k h thng, l
tham s xc nh khong cch gia pha pht v pha thu. nh hng ca n c th c tnh nh
sau: cng sut ng ra Pout cui si quang c chiu di L c lin h vi cng sut ng vo nh
sau :
Pout = Pine-L
vi l suy hao si quang.
Pin
Pin
[mW]
Pout
[mW]
Pout
L [km]
10 log10
Pout
= dB
Pin
hoc
(dB / km) =
P
10
log( in )
L
Pout
(2.65)
41
Chng 2: Si Quang
Cc nguyn nhn chnh gy ra suy hao l: do hp th, do tn x tuyn tnh v do un cong
2.4.1.2.
Suy hao do hp th
Hin tng t hp th
Cc nguyn t ca vt liu ch to si cng phn ng vi nh sng theo c tnh
chn lc bc sng. Tc l, vt liu c bn ch to si quang s cho nh sng qua
t do trong mt di bc sng xc nh vi suy hao rt nh hoc hu nh khng
suy hao. Cn mt s bc sng nht nh s c hin tng cng hng quang,
quang nng b hp th v chuyn ha thnh nhit nng.
Hnh v 2.26 biu th s suy hao do t hp th trong cc vng bc sng (cc
ng hp th cc tm v hp th hng ngoi).
2.4.1.3.
42
Chng 2: Si Quang
R =
8 3 8 2
n p c KTF
34
(2.66)
Trong :
R: h s tn x Rayleigh,
: bc sng quang c tnh bng mt (m),
K: hng s Boltzman.
H s tn x Rayleigh lin h vi h s suy hao truyn dn (transmission loss factor)
nh sau:
L =exp(-RL)
(2.67)
(2.68)
43
Chng 2: Si Quang
Suy hao ca si quang mt cch tng qut c phn lm hai loi: suy hao bn trong v
suy hao bn ngoi. Suy hao bn trong (gm suy hao hp th, suy hao do tn x m ta xt
trn) thuc v bn cht ca si quang do qu trnh ch to, cng ngh ch to m ra. Suy hao bn
ngoi khng thuc v bn cht ca si, l suy hao do un cong khi vn hnh, s dng si trn thc
t.
Suy hao un cong gm c hai loi:
Rc =
3n12
4 n12 n22
3/ 2
T cng thc trn ta thy c th gim suy hao do un cong bng cch:
44
(2.69a)
Chng 2: Si Quang
Rcs =
(n
2
1
20
n22
3/ 2
2.748 0.996
c
(2.69b)
Nguyn nhn gy ra un cong: ch to cp (xon rut cp), lp t cp. Khi qun cp cng
nh khi lp t cp, ch nn un cong si vi bn knh R < Rc. Gi tr khuyn co Rc = 30 mm
50 mm.
2.4.1.5.
(2.70)
Tng quan
45
Chng 2: Si Quang
Dt =
i2
(2.71)
C hai loi :
Tn sc mode: ch xy ra si a mode.
2.4.2.2.
Tn sc vt liu;
Tn sc ng dn sng.
Nguyn nhn:
Khi phng nh sng vo si a mode, nng lng nh sng phn thnh nhiu mode. Mi
mode lan truyn vi vn tc nhm khc nhau nn thi gian lan truyn ca chng trong si khc
nhau. Chnh s khc nhau v thi gian lan truyn ca cc mode gy ra tn sc mode.
Xc nh tn sc mode ca si a mode SI :
Trong si a mode SI, mi tia sng i vi cng mt vn tc:
v=
c
n1
Tia 1
max
900
Li n1
Tia 2
L [km]
46
Chng 2: Si Quang
Tia 1:
di lan truyn: d1 = L
Thi gian lan truyn: T1
d1
Ln
L
=
= 1 = Tmin
v (c / n1 )
c
Tia 2:
di lan truyn: d 2 =
L
cos
d 2 L / cos
Ln1
=
=
=T
(c / n1 ) c cos max
v
T2 = Tmax =
n2
= cos
n1
Ln12
cn2
cn2
c
c
n2
(2.72)
Dmod e ( SI ) = Tmod e ( SI )
vi
Ln1
(khi << 1)
c
(2.73)
n12 n22 n1 n2
(v << 1).
2n12
n2
(NA)2
2n1
Do :
Dmod e ( SI ) = Tmod e ( SI )
L( NA)2
2cn1
(2.74)
d mod e ( SI ) =
Dmod e( SI ) n1
L
c
(2.75)
Hoc
47
Chng 2: Si Quang
d mod e ( SI )
(
NA)2
(2.76)
2cn1
2
mod e ( SI )
1 Tmod e ( SI )
=
3
2
(2.77)
mod e ( SI )
Ln1 L( NA)2
2 3.c 4 3.n1c
(2.78)
Phng trnh (2.78) cho php xc nh p ng xung hiu dng ca si a mode chit sut
nhy bc.
S khc nhau gia Tmode (SI) v mode(SI) [1]:
Khi tnh Tmode (SI), gi tr Tmode (SI) l gi tr tri rng xung ln nht m tn
hiu ng ra khng chng lp ln nhau. Khi ny tc bit cc i c th t c
l:
BT (max) =
1
2Tmod e ( SI )
(bps )
(2.79)
BT (max) =
0.2
mod e ( SI )
(2.80)
V d 1
Mt tuyn quang 6Km dng si a mode SI, li c chit sut n1 bng 1,5, chnh lch
chit sut tng i = 1%. Hy xc nh:
(a) Thi gian chnh lch gia mode nhanh nht v mode chm nht .
(b) tri rng xung hiu dng do tn sc mode trn tuyn.
(c) Tc bit cc i c th t c, gi s ch c tn sc mode.
(d) Tch di thng vi chiu di cu (c).
Gii
48
Chng 2: Si Quang
(a) p dng phng trnh (2.72), chnh lch thi gian gia mode nhanh nht v mode
chm nht l:
Tmode (SI)
Ln1
6.10 3 [m] 1,5 0,01
= 300 [ns]
=
c
3.10 8 [m / s ]
mod e ( SI )
2Tmose( SI )
1
= 1,7.10 6 (bps ) = 1,7 Mbps
9
2 300.10
Cch 2:
Tnh tc bit cc i bng cch s dng tri rng xung hiu dng:
BT(max) =
0.2
mod e ( SI )
0,2
= 2,3.10 6 (bps ) = 2,3 Mps
86,7.10 9
Ln1 2
8c
(2.81)
mod e (GI )
Ln12
20 3.c
(2.82)
Lu : Cng thc trn thu c khi dng phn b chit sut ca li c dng ti u:
g opt . = 2
12
5
(2.83)
V d 2
Hy so snh tri rng xung hiu dng trn mi Km do tn sc mode ca si a
mode chit sut nhy bc trong v d 1 vi si a mode chit sut gim dn c phn b
chit sut ti u c cng chit sut li n1 v .
Gii
T v d 1, ta suy ra:
49
Chng 2: Si Quang
mod e ( SI )
86,7[ ns ]
6[ km]
= 14,4[ ns / Km]
S dng cng thc (2.82), tri rng xung hiu dng trn 1Km ca si c chit sut
gim dn l:
mode (GI)[L = 1Km]
Ln12
20 3c
10 3 1,5 (0,01)
20 3 3.108
2
= 14,4[ ps / Km]
Hnh 2.29
2.4.2.3.
Tn sc vt liu
Nguyn nhn
Nguyn nhn gy ra tn sc vt liu: do s chnh lch cc vn tc nhm ca cc thnh
phn ph khc nhau trong si. N xy ra khi vn tc pha ca mt sng phng lan truyn trong mi
trng in mi bin i khng tuyn tnh vi bc sng, v mt vt liu c gi l tn ti tn
sc cht liu khi o hm bc hai ca chit sut theo bc sng khc khng (d2n/d2 0). tri
rng xung do tn sc vt liu c th thu c bng cch kho st thi gian tr nhm trong si
quang.
Vn tc pha v vn tc nhm
Trong tt c sng in t, c nhng im c pha khng i. i vi sng phng, nhng
im pha khng i ny to nn mt b mt c gi l mt sng. i vi sng nh sng n sc
lan truyn dc theo ng dn sng theo phng z (trc ng dn sng), nhng pha khng i ny di
chuyn vi vn tc pha:
vp =
50
dz
=
dt
(2.84)
Chng 2: Si Quang
Tuy nhin, thc t khng th to ra mt sng nh sng hon ton n sc v nng lng
nh sng tng qut l tng cc thnh phn c cc tn s khc nhau. Do tnh trng tn ti l mt
nhm cc sng c tn s gn ging nhau lan truyn sao cho dng cui cng c dng b sng. B
sng ny khng lan truyn vn tc pha ca cc sng thnh phn m lan truyn vn tc nhm:
vg =
(2.85)
= n1
n1
c
(2.86)
c
=
n1
(2.87)
d d
=
d d
(2.88)
vp =
Tng t, t (2.85) suy ra vn tc nhm:
vg =
Th t (2.86) vo (2.88) v lu :
2c
=
d
Ta c:
1
d 2
vg =
n1
d
vg =
c
n1
dn1
d
1 dn1 n1
=
2 d 2
c
N g1
(2.89)
Vi :
N g1 = n1
dn1
d
(2.90)
g =
vg
N g1
=
=
n1
dn1
d
(2.91)
51
Chng 2: Si Quang
d g
d 2 g
g =
+2
+ ...
2
d
d
(2.92)
g =
d g
d
(2.93)
Vi
dn
n 1
2
2
d g
d 1
d = dn1 d n1 dn1 = d n1
=
2
d d
c
d
c d2
c d d
(2.94)
g =
d 2 n1
2
c
d
(2.95)
Nu si quang di L[Km] th tri rng xung hiu dng hay tn sc cht liu trong si
quang l:
m = L g =
L d 2 n1
2
c
d
(2.96)
t:
M=
d g
d 2 n1
=
d
c d2
(2.97)
(2.98)
V d 3
Mt si thy tinh c tn sc cht liu c cho bi: 2
d 2 n1
=0,025. Hy xc nh h
d 2
so tn sc vt liu M bc sng = 0,85 m, v tnh tri rng xung hiu dng trn mi Km
khi ngun quang LED pht ra bc sng 850 nm c rng ph hiu dng = 20nm.
Gii
H s tn sc vt liu:
d 2 n1
1 2 d 2 n1
0,025
=
=
= 98,1 [ ps / nm.Km]
2
2
8
6
C
d
3
.
10
0
,
85
.
10
M=
tri rng xung hiu dng:
m = LM = 20198,1 = 1,96 [ns/Km]
52
Chng 2: Si Quang
H s tn sc vt liu l mt i lng ph thuc vo vt liu ch to v bc sng nh
sng lan truyn trong si quang. Di y l th biu din gi tr ca M theo bc sng ca si
silica.
2.4.2.4.
0
(a)
0
(b)
0
(c)
53
Chng 2: Si Quang
(2.99)
(2.100)
C th thy r ngha vt l ca tn sc mu khi so snh s lan truyn anh sng qua mt lng
knh nh minh ha trn hnh 2.32 vi s lan truyn ca nh sng trong si quang nh trn hnh
2.33.
Hnh 2.32 Khi nh sng trng truyn qua lng knh cc bc sng khc nhau s b ung cong vi
cc gc khc nhau to thnh hin tng cu vng. chnh l hin tng tn sc.
54
Chng 2: Si Quang
D LIU VO
D LIU RA
B pht
Laser
B thu
quang
rng
ph
=
Tn sc mu trong si
quang lm cho cc bc
sng lan truyn vi vn
tc khc nhau, v gy ra
tr lan truyn
= tri
rng xung
Laser ng vo
khng phi l n
sc m n gm
nhiu bc sng
hay nhiu mu
Hnh 2.33 nh sng lan truyn trong si quang s b tn sc nh trn hnh 2.32
2.4.2.5.
Tn sc phn cc mode
Mc d ta gi si quang l n mt nhng trn thc t n lun truyn 2 mt sng c
gi chung cng mt tn. Cc mt ny l cc sng in t c phn cc tuyn tnh truyn trong
si quang trong nhng mt phng vung gc vi nhau. Nu chit sut ca si quang l khng nh
nhau trn phng truyn ca hai mt trn, hin tng tn sc phn cc mt xy ra. Minh ha trn
hnh 2.34. S khc nhau gia cc ch s chit sut gi l khc x kp hay lng chit si
(Birefringence).
t PMD = D PMD L
2.4.2.6.
(2.101)
55
Chng 2: Si Quang
Mi quan h gia di thng vi tc bit
Hai m thng dng trong h thng thng tin l m tr v khng (RZ) v m khng tr v
khng. Gi B v BT ln lt l di thng v tc ca tn hiu. Ta c [2] :
i vi m NRZ:
B=
1
BT
2
(2.102)
i vi m RZ
B = BT
(2.103)
B = BL.L-
(2.104)
56
Chng 2: Si Quang
(Pump) gy ra s khuch i sng Stokes. Khi sng bm truyn trong si quang, n b mt nng
lng v sng Stokes nhn thm nng lng. Trong trng hp SBS, sng bm l sng tn hiu
v sng Stokes l sng khng mong mun c to ra do qu trnh tn x. Trong trng hp SRS,
sng bm l sng c nng lng cao v sng Stokes l sng tn hiu c khuch i t sng
bm.
Ni chung, cc hiu ng tn x c c trng bi h s li g, c o bng m/w
(meters per watt) v rng ph f (i vi li tng ng) v cng sut ngng Pth ca nh
sng ti - mc cng sut m ti suy hao do tn x l 3 dB, tc l mt na cng sut trn ton
b di si quang. H s li l mt i lng ch cng ca hiu ng phi tuyn.
Trong trng hp t iu pha SPM, cc xung truyn b hin tng chirp (tn s xung
truyn i thay i theo thi gian). iu ny lm cho h s chirp (chirped factor) tr nn ng k
cc mc nng lng cao. S c mt ca hin tng chirp lm cho hiu ng gin xung do tn sc
mu tng ln. Do vy, chirp xy ra do SPM (SPM induced chirp) c th gy tng gin xung do
tn sc mu trong h thng. i vi cc h thng tc bit cao, chirp do SPM c th lm tng
mt cch ng k gin xung do tn sc mu thm ch cc mc cng sut va phi. nh
hng ca SPM khng ch ph thuc vo du tham s GVD (Group Velocity Dispersion) m cn
ph thuc vo chiu di ca h thng.
Trong h thng WDM a knh, chirp xy ra trong mt knh ph thuc vo s thay i
chit sut theo cng ca cc knh khc. Hiu ng ny c gi l hiu ng iu ch xuyn
pha (CPM - Cross-Phase Modulation). Khi xem xt hin tng chirp trong mt knh do s thay
i chit sut theo cng ca chnh knh , ta gi l hiu ng ny SPM.
Trong cc h thng WDM, mt hiu ng quan trng khc l hiu ng trn bn bc
sng. Nu h thng WDM bao gm cc tn s f1, f2, , fn, hiu ng trn bn bc sng sinh ra
cc tn hiu ti cc tn s nh l 2fi - fj, v fi + fj - fk. Cc tn hiu mi ny gy ra xuyn knh
(crosstalk) vi cc tn hiu c sn h thng. Xuyn knh ny nh hng c bit nghim trng khi
khong cch gia cc knh hp. Vic gim tn sc mu lm tng xuyn knh gy ra bi hiu ng
trn bn bc sng. V vy, h thng s dng si quang dch chuyn tn sc chu nh hng ca
hiu ng trn bn bc sng nhiu hn l h thng s dng si n mt. Tuy nhin hin tng
ny c th loi b nu duy tr mt t tn sc mu trong si quang [3].
Nhn chung cc nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn gim i khi s dng si quang c
din tch li hiu dng ln [3].
2.5.
MT S LOI SI QUANG MI
57
Chng 2: Si Quang
Si quang ang c s dng rng ri hin nay trong cc h thng hin nay l si n
mode SMF-28, G.652. Cc c tnh truyn dn ca si quang ny c m t trong phn 2.4.
Cc ng cong m t tn sc v suy hao ca si n mode cho thy rng suy hao ca si t gi
tr nh nht vng bc sng 1500 nm nhng tn sc c gi tr thp nht (bng khng) li bc
sng 1300 nm. Nu c hai yu t suy hao v tn sc u t gi tr ti u th s c c tuyn
thng tin n knh c ly truyn dn rt xa v tc bit rt ln. t c iu ny, ngi ta
iu chnh cc tham s c bn ca si nhm dch chuyn tn sc ti thiu ti ca s c suy hao
nh nht (ca s 1550 nm). Tn sc trong si n mode ch yu l tn sc vt liu v tn sc ng
dn sng. Tn sc vt liu ca si tiu chun lm t SiO2 thng c gi tr bng 0 ps/km.nm ti
bc sng 1270 nm, nhng nu pha thm mt s tp cht nh GeO2 v P2O5 vo li si th gi tr
tn sc vt liu s dch chuyn v cc bc sng ln hn 1270 nm, nhng li lm tng suy hao
si. Nh vy, s rt kh thay i c tn sc vt liu c bn. Tuy nhin, li hon ton c th thay
i tn sc dn sng bng cch s i mt ct ch s chit sut phn bc n gin li si thnh
mt ct ch s chit sut phc tp hn cho ra c gi tr tn sc mong mun. Si quang dch
chuyn tn sc (DSF, G.653) c tn bng tng bng khng ti bc sng gn 1550 nm c ch
to theo nguyn l ni trn. Hnh 2.35 minh ho mt ct ch s chit sut ca si quang DSFG.653
Khong cch
t tm li
(a)
Khong cch
t tm li
(b)
58
Chng 2: Si Quang
ca si DSF. Loi si mi ny ang c xy dng trong cc cng trnh cc tuyn di Bc
M.
Chng hn, si quang LS ca Corning c bc sng tn sc khng bc sng 1560 nm
v tn sc mu nh khong 0.092 ( - 1560) ps/nm.km ca s bc sng 1550 nm v si
TrueWave ca cng ngh Lucent Technologies.
Bi v tt c cc si NZ - DSF c ch to c gi tr tn sc khc khng rt nh di C
nhng vn c gi tr khng ngoi di C, nm trong di L hoc di S. Trong nhng trng hp ny,
mt phn ln ca di bng xung quanh bc sng tn sc s khng dng do hiu ng trn bn
bc sng. Si TeraLight ca Alcatel l mt loi si NZ - DSF c tn sc khng di bn di
bc sng 1440 nm v v vy c s dng c 3 di.
Tn sc mu ngoi vic phi c gi tr nh, cn phi c dc nh (i vi bc sng).
dc nh lm gim tri rng xung do tn sc mu tch ly gia cc knh khc nhau trong
mt h thng WDM. Nu tri rng nh, tc l tn sc mu tch ly trn cc knh khc nhau
gn nh l ng nht, c th b tn sc mu tch ly trn tt c cc knh bng mt b b tn sc
mu duy nht. Phng php ny s r hn khi s dng b b tn sc mu trn mi knh. dc
tn sc mu ca cc loi si TrueWave, TrueWave RS ( dc gim) v LEAF (s cp di
y) c minh ha hnh 2.36. Si TrueWave RS ca Lucent c ch to c gi tr dc tn
sc mu nh hn khong 0.05 ps/nm.km2 so vi cc loi si NZ - DSF khc c dc trong
khong 0.07 0.4 ps/nm.km2.
LEAF
Tn sc (ps/nm.km)
TrueWave
10
TrueWave RS
8
6
4
2
Di C
0
1530
1550
Di L
1570
1590
1610
Bc sng (nm)
59
Chng 2: Si Quang
2
ln hn, khong 0.11 ps/nm.km so vi 0.07 ps/nm.km i vi loi si NZ - DSF khc v khong
0.05 ps/nm.km2 i vi loi si gim dc. Din tch li hiu dng ln cng lm gim hiu qu
ca vic khuch i phn b Raman (xem phn khuch i quang trong bi ging H thng
thng tin quang 2).
Mt ct chit sut khc x tiu biu ca si LEAF c trnh by hnh 2.37. Vng li
gm ba phn. Phn st bn trong nht, chit sut thay i theo dng tam gic. Phn vnh khuyn
( gia) c chit sut bng vi chit sut lp v. Phn ngoi cng ca lp li tip theo c hnh
vnh khuyn c chit sut cao hn. Phn gia ca li l phn c chit sut thp hn, khng gy
tiu hao cng sut v v vy, cng sut c phn b trn din tch ln hn. iu ny lm gim
tn hao nng lng trong li v lm tng din tch hiu dng ca si. Hnh 2.38 m t phn b
nng lng trong li ca si DSF v LEAF.
Khong cch
t tm li
(a)
Khong cch
t tm li
(b)
Cng trng
Hnh 2.38 S phn b cng sut trong li ca si DSF v LEAF. Cng sut trong si LEAF c
phn b vi din tch rng hn
Cc si quang tn sc m v dng
Mt s si quang c thit k c c tn sc mu dng v m trong di 1550 nm. Tn
sc mu ca si c tn sc mu dng v m trong di 1550 nm c trnh by trong hnh 2.39.
Si c tn sc mu dng c s dng cho cc h thng trn t lin, cn si tn sc mu m
c s dng cho cc h thng di bin. (i vi vic b tn sc mu th ngc li: si quang
60
Chng 2: Si Quang
c tn sc mu m c s dng trn t lin, si c tn sc mu dng dng cho cc h thng
ngm di bin). C tn sc mu m v dng u gy ra gin xung v gin xung ny ph
thuc vo ln tn sc mu m khng ph thuc vo du ca n (khi khng c mt ca s chirp
v cc s phi tuyn). V vy, ti sao li cn cc loi si quang c tn sc mu khc du nhau, tn
sc mu dng cho h thng t lin v tn sc mu m cho cc h thng di bin. hiu s
tn ng ny, chng ta cn hiu cc hin tng phi tuyn khc: tnh bt n iu ch (Modulation
Instability).
iu ny c th gii thch nh sau [3]: Khi b chirp dng sn sau ca xung b dch n
tn s f < f0 v sn trc ca xung b dch n tn s f > f0. iu ny c ngha l ph ca tn
hiu b gin ra trong qu trnh truyn dn. Khi tn sc mu l dng thnh phn tn s cao (f > f0)
s lan truyn chm hn thnh phn tn s thp (f < f0) nn xung b co li (nguyn l ca truyn
dn soliton). SPM lm cho cc xung chirp dng (xem bi ging H thng thng tin quang 2).
cc mc cng sut cao, s tc ng qua li gia hai hin tng ny - tn sc mu v chirp do
SPM- dn n gy (breakup) xung rng tng i (trong khong thi gian 100 ps, tng ng xp
x vi tc truyn dn 10 Gbps) thnh cc lung xung ngn (khong vi pico giy). Hin tng
ny gi l hin tng khng n nh iu ch v dn n tng ng k t l bit li. S khng n
nh iu ch ch xy ra trong si quang tn sc mu dng v v vy, c th trnh bng cch s
dng si c tn sc mu m. Cc nh hng ca n i vi si quang tn sc mu dng c th
c ti thiu khi dng cc mc cng sut thp hn.
Cc h thng WDM khng th hot ng quanh bc sng tn sc khng ca si quang
do nh hng nghim trng ca hiu ng trn bn bc sng. i vi si quang dch chuyn tn
sc dng, bc sng tn sc khng nm di di bc sng 1550 nm v khng nm trong di L.
Do , cc h thng s dng si quang tn sc mu dng c th nng cp c th s dng di
L (xem hnh 2.26). Tnh nng cp l mt c tnh quan trng ca h thng t lin. Do , si
quang tn sc mu dng th thch hp cho h thng t lin, v mc cng sut c iu khin
s bt n iu ch l khng ng k. Tuy nhin, i vi cc tuyn di bin, vic s dng cc
mc cng sut ln hn th rt quan trng do khong cch tuyn di. Nhng tuyn ny khng c
kh nng nng cp bng bt c phng php no, do n c th di y i dng, v vy s
dng di L i vi nhng si ny th khng c kh nng. Do vy, si quang tn sc mu m c
dng cho cc tuyn di bin.
V si tn sc mu m dng cho cc tuyn di bin, tn sc mu c th c b bng
cch dng si quang n mt chun (SMF) c tn sc mu dng, ngha l vic thay i tun t
cc on si quang SMF c tn sc mu dng v tn sc mu m c th gi cho tn sc mu
tng cng thp. iu ny thch hp s dng si quang b tn sc do chng c nhy hn i
vi cc hiu ng phi tuyn bi v din tch hiu dng li ca n thp.
Ch rng tt c cc si quang xem xt c dc tn sc mu dng, tc l tn sc
mu tng khi bc sng tng. iu ny ch yu l dc tn sc vt liu ca si quang silica l
dng v thng hn hn dc tn sc m ca tn sc ng dn sng (xem hnh 2.31). Si quang
c dc tn sc mu m th hu dng trong vic b dc tn sc mu.
Trong khi c kh nng ch to si quang tn sc mu m (trong di 1550 nm) vi dc
m, th khng c kh nng ch to si c tn sc mu dng vi dc m.
Hnh 2.39 tm tt tn sc mu trong di C v dc tn sc mu ca tt c cc loi tho lun.
61
Tn sc (ps/nm.km)
Chng 2: Si Quang
i t
S
c
ns
ng
d
n
i t
sc
2.6.
CP SI QUANG
Yu cu i vi si quang
Ch to si quang
Theo vt liu ch to, si quang c th phn loi thnh:
62
Chng 2: Si Quang
1. CH TO MU TIN CH
C hai phng php c s dng to mu tin ch [4]:
Phng php nu chy thy tinh. Trong phng php ny c chia lm hai phng
php:
-
Phng php ni nu i.
Hnh 2.39
Suy hao ca si quang ch to theo phng php ny cao: 500 1000 dB/Km.
Phng php ni nu i
63
Chng 2: Si Quang
Thy tinh li si
Nu ring
Thy tinh v si
Nu chung
Ko si
Cht ph
bo v
Ph lp bo v
Cun si
64
Chng 2: Si Quang
Phng php ng hi ho cht bn trong MVCD
Hnh 2.41
Vt liu ban u:
(gas) (rn)
(gas)
(gas) (rn)
(gas)
(gas) (rn)
(gas)
65
Chng 2: Si Quang
(a) Phi sau qu trnh ng hi
Hnh 2.42
Mun thay i chit sut, ngi ta s dng thm nhng cht ph gia nh: GeO2,
P2O5, B, F, trong GeO2 v P2O5 lm tng chit sut, B v F lm gim chit sut.
K thut ny c s dng rng ri v cho php to si c suy hao thp nht; gim
c nng OH-; thay i vt liu v gas d dng. V d:
66
Chng 2: Si Quang
Phng php ng hi ho cht bn ngoi (OVD)
BCl3
SiCl4
POCl3
GeCl4
Hnh 2.44
O2
Phng php ny c hng Corning Glass (M) pht trin. Vt liu ban u:
67
Chng 2: Si Quang
L nung nhit
cao (2.0000C)
Mch
iu khin
Kim tra ng
knh si quang
Bc lp ph
Nhum mu
L sy
My cun
o lc cng
Hnh 2.45
S nguyn l ko si t ng
My cun si.
My o sc cng.
2.6.1.3.
68
Chng 2: Si Quang
bo v si quang, trnh nhiu tc ng do iu kin ngoi, si quang cn c bc
thm vi lp na:
Hnh 2.46
Lp bc
125 m
Li
10/50 m
Lp ph (Primary Coating)
c bc ngay trong qu trnh ko si nhm bo v si quang:
69
Chng 2: Si Quang
Hnh 2.47
Dng ng m lng:
-
Lp trong: c h s ma st nh.
Ngn m.
Kh chy.
Si quang
Lp cht nhi
Lp v
(a)
70
(b)
Chng 2: Si Quang
Hnh 2.48
Dng m kht:
-
n gin, lp v m st lp ph.
Hnh 2.49
Hnh 2.50
71
Chng 2: Si Quang
t b lo ho.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Hnh 2.51 V d v cc cu trc cp quang
(a) Cp c cu trc c in.
(b) Cp li trc c rnh.
72
Chng 2: Si Quang
Trong thc t, khi cn cp nhiu si quang, c th ch to cp gm nhiu nhm,
mi nhm l mt cp nh ca cc loi cp trn.
S lng si trong cp c th t 2 si n hng nghn si, ty theo lnh vc s
dng. V d: trn mng ni ht th cp thu bao v cp trung k gia cc im chuyn
mch th cn rt nhiu si quang; cp truyn dn ng di khng cn c nhiu si v
khng phi r nhnh nhiu.
Tuy nhiu si nhng cp khng qu to. V d: cp c 800 si: ng knh ngoi
35 mm; cp ni ht c 4000 si: ng knh ngoi 85 mm.
Cp ng di.
Cp t trong ng.
Cp th di nc, th bin.
Cu trc cp quang.
Tuy rng phn chia ra nhiu loi, song s dng ph bin hin nay l cp quang c cu trc
c in. Sau y chng ta xem xt cu to c bn ca mt cp quang c cu trc c in.
Cu trc c in tng qut gm c: thnh phn chu lc trung tm, si quang, bng qun,
cht nhi, lp gia cng ngoi, v cp.
Hnh 2.52
Si quang
Cc si quang c m (dng m lng, m kht, m tng hp, bng dp) sp xp
theo mt th t nht nh.
Cch sp xp si quang
Si quang thng c sp xp theo tng lp hoc n v.
-
73
Chng 2: Si Quang
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
Hnh 2.53
Cu trc lp.
Hnh 2.54
Cu trc n v.
74
Chng 2: Si Quang
(a)
(b)
Hnh 2.55
(c)
Cc kiu xon cp
Cc thnh phn chu lc: c hai dng, l thnh phn chu lc trung tm v thnh
phn gia cng ngoi.
-
75
Chng 2: Si Quang
Thnh phn gia cng ngoi bao quanh rut cp: b xung thm kh nng chu lc
cho cc phn t gia cng khc trong rut. Vt liu gia cng thng l si t
aramit, bng kim loi c dng si (mt lp hoc hai lp) hoc dng l mng c
dp gn sng hnh sin.
Hnh 2.57
V cp
V cp c tc dng bo v rut cp trnh nh hng ca iu kin bn ngoi nh: lc c
hc, tc dng ca cc cht ho hc, nhit , hi m, ...Khi chn vt liu lm v cp cn lu n
c tnh sau: c tnh kh hu, kh nng chng m, tnh tr i vi cc cht ha hc, bo m cho
cp c kch thc nh, trng lng nh, kh chy. Cng tng t nh cp ng, v cp quang
c ch to t nhiu vt liu khc nhau. Cc vt liu thng c s dng lm v cp: PVC, PE,
PUR.
Cht nhi (Cht lm y)
ngn nc vo rut cp, th dng cht nhn vo tt c cc khe h trong rut cp
di p sut ln. Cht ny c yu cu l khng gy tc hi ha hc ln cc thnh phn khc, c h
s n hit b, khng ng cng, khng lm cp b dn n v b cng qu.
TM TT
Hiu c s lan truyn ca nh sng trong si quang khng nhng gip chng ta thy r
nhng u im ni bc ca vic s dng cp quang lm mi trng truyn dn m cn gip chng
ta nm bt c cc vn cn phi gii quyt khi thit k h thng thng tin quang tc cao.
Chng ta bt u chng ny bng vic tm hiu nh sng lan truyn nh th no trong
cc si quang, v cc khi nim ban u v mode, si a mode v n mode. Bng cc s dng
76
Chng 2: Si Quang
l thuyt quang hnh hc n gin (phn 2.2) chng ta tm ra c iu kin nh sng c th
lan truyn c trong si quang thng qua khi nim v khu s (NA).
nh sng l sng in t do c ci nhn todin v s lan truyn ca nh sng trong
si quang, chng ta cn phi ng dng v gii h phng trnh Maxwell cho ng dn sng hnh
tr vi iu kin dn yu ( tc l cho si quang). Cc li gii ca h phng trnh Maxwell chnh
l cc mode sng lan truyn trong si quang. Vic gii phng trnh Maxwell (phn 2.3) cho
chng ta thy r thm bn cht vt l ca mode l g; v sao nh sng lan truyn trong si quang
di dng mt tp ri rt; v quan trng hn na l cc iu kin hnh thnh cc mode ny
thng qua cc khi nim v tn s c chun ha v bc sng ct. Chng ta ng dng cc iu
kin ny ch to cc si quang n mode c s dng rng ri trn mng vin thng hin
nay.
nh sng lan truyn trong si quang s b suy, tn sc v chu nh hng ca cc hiu ng
phi tuyn. Trong phn 2.4 chng ta kho st chi tit bn cht vt l ca hin tng suy hao v
tn st. Chng ta hiu r tn sc lm hn ch di thng truyn dn nh th no v nguyn nhn
thc y vic s dng si quang n mode. Chng ta cng thy mc d tn sc l yu t quan
trng nht gii hn cht lng ca h thng tc 2.5 Gbps v thp hn na, cc hiu ng phi
tuyn tr nn quan trng tc bit cao hn v cc h thng a knh WDM. Chng ta s kho
st chi tit tr li ngun gc v nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn ny trong Bi ging H
thng thng tin quang 2.
Si n mode tiu chun (SMF-G.652) gip chng ta loi b c tn sc mode nhng
trong vng suy hao nh nht (ca s 1550 nm), tn sc mu vn khng phi l ti thiu. iu ny
dn ti vic ch to si quang dch chuyn tn sc (DFS-G.653) bo m bc sng gn
1550nm khng nhng c suy hao nh nht m cn c tn sc mu bng khng. Phn 2.5 cho thy
nguyn l thc hin vic ny thay i mt ct chit sut li si. Chng ta cng ta cng thy r
cng bng nguyn l ny ngi ta cng ch to ra c cc loi si quang mi khng nhng lm
gim c nh hng ca tn sc mu m cn lm gim nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn
ng dng cho cc h thng WDM.
Chng ta dnh phn cui cng (2.6) tm hiu cng ngh ch to si quang v cp
quang.
CU HI N TP
2.1 Cho mt tia sng t mi trng 1 vi chit sut n1 ti mt ngn cch mi trng 2 c chit
sut n2. Gi s n1 < n2. Khi :
a. Lun lun c tia khc x.
b. Lun lun c hin tng phn x ton phn.
c. Hin tng phn x ton phn xy ra khi gc ti ln hn gc ti hn.
d. Tt c cc cu trn u ng.
2.2 Cho mt tia sng t mi trng 1 vi chit sut n1 ti mt ngn cch mi trng 2 c chit
sut n2. Gi s n1 > n2.Khi :
a. Lun lun c tia khc x.
b. Lun lun c hin tng phn x ton phn.
c. Hin tng phn x ton phn xy ra khi gc ti ln hn gc ti hn.
d. Khng c hin tng phn x ton phn.
77
Chng 2: Si Quang
2.3 Cho si quang chit sut bc SI. iu kin a tia sng vo si quang l :
a. Tia sng nm trong vng khu s.
b. Tia sng nm ngoi vng khu s.
c. C a v b u ng.
d. C a v b u sai.
n 1 r g
r a
a
1
vi
2.4 Cho chit sut si quang c phn b nh sau: n(r ) =
n
a r b
2
n1: chit sut ln nht li, tc ti r = 0. Hay n(0) = n1, n2: chit sut lp bc, r: khong cch
tnh t trc si n im tnh chit sut, a: bn knh li si quang, b: bn knh lp bc si.
quang. Si quang l si chit sut bc (SI) khi :
a. g = 1.
b. g = 2.
c. g = 3.
d. g =
2.5 S mode sng truyn c trong si quang khng ph thuc vo:
a. Bc sng cng tc.
b. ng knh li si.
c. ng knh lp bc.
d. Chit sut li si v lp bc.
2.6 Nu nh sng truyn trong si quang c bc sng ln hn bc sng ct th:
a. Si quang l si n mode.
b. Si quang l si a mode.
c. Si quang l n mode hay a mode ph thuc vo ng knh li si quang.
d. Si quang l n mode hay a mode ph thuc vo gc pht sng ca ngun quang.
2.7 Cu no trong nhng cu sau y l ng cho cp si quang:
a. D b nh hng ca in t trng.
b. Mc hn cp ng.
c. Lm cho cc xung quang yu dn v dn ra.
d. Ch c th truyn cc sng nh sng cc tm.
2.8 Cu no trong nhng cu sau y l ng cho hin tng suy hao trong si quang:
a. Hin tng cng sut ca tn hiu quang b suy gim khi lan truyn trong si quang.
b. Hin tng gin xung nh sng khi lan truyn trong si quang.
c. Cc tham s ca tn hiu quang ph thuc vo cng (cng sut) nh sng.
d. Tt c cc cu trn u ng.
2.9 Cu no trong nhng cu sau y l ng cho hin tng tn sc trong si quang:
a. Hin tng cng sut ca tn hiu quang b suy gim khi lan truyn trong si quang.
b. Hin tng gin xung nh sng khi lan truyn trong si quang.
78
Chng 2: Si Quang
c. Cc tham s ca tn hiu quang ph thuc vo cng (cng sut) nh sng.
d. Tt c cc cu trn u ng.
2.10
Cu no trong nhng cu sau y l ng cho hin tng phi tuyn trong si quang:
a. Hin tng cng sut ca tn hiu quang b suy gim khi lan truyn trong si quang.
b. Hin tng gin xung nh sng khi lan truyn trong si quang.
c. Cc tham s ca tn hiu quang ph thuc vo cng (cng sut) nh sng.
d. Tt c cc cu trn u ng.
2.11
a. 750nm.
b. 950nm.
c. 1400nm.
d. Tt c cc cu trn u ng.
2.15
79
Chng 2: Si Quang
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.23
80
Chng 2: Si Quang
c. Tn sc ng dn sng.
d. Tn sc phn cc mode.
2.24
2.25 Trong cc loi si quang mi, dch chuyn tn sc ti thiu ti vng bc sng 1550
nm, ngi ta :
a. Pha thm mt s tp cht nh Ge2O5 v P2O5 lm gim tn sc vt liu.
b. Thay i mt ct ch s chit sut li thay i tn sc ng dn sng.
c. Kt hp c hai phng php a v b.
d. Khng c phng php no.
BI TP
Cc bi tp sau y c trch t ti liu tham kho [1]
2.1 Cho si quang c chit sut li l n1=1,5 v chit sut lp bc l n2= 1.47. Xc nh:
a) Gc ti hn c ti giao tip lp li v lp bc.
b) Khu s NA ca si quang.
c) Gc tip nhn t khng kh vo si quang a.
2.2 chnh lch chit sut ca si quang l =1%. Chit sut lp li l n1= 1.46. Xc nh:
a) Khu s NA ca si quang.
b) Gc ti hn ti giao tip lp li v lp bc c.
2.3 Cho si quang a mode chit sut bc c ng knh li l 2a = 80 m v chnh lch chit
sut tng i l =1.5% hot ng bc sng = 0.85 m. Xc nh:
a) Tn s c chun ha V ca si quang.
b) S mode sng truyn c trong si quang N
2.4 Cho si quang chit sut bin i theo dng parabol c ng knh li 2a = 50 m. Si quang
c khu s NA = 0.2. Xc nh s mode sng N c th truyn c trong si khi n hot
ng bc sng = 1 m
2.5 Xc nh bc sng ct c si quang chit sut bc hat ng ch n mode nu si
c chit sut li n1 = 1.46, bn knh li a = 4.5 m, v chnh lch chit sut tng i l
= 0.25%.
2.6 Tnh bn knh li a ca si quang n mode SI c ng knh trng mode (MFD) bng 11.6
m khi tn s c chun ha V = 2.2.
2.7 Cho si quang a mode c lch chit chut tng i = 1%, chit sut li n1 = 1.5. s
mode sng truyn c trong si quang ti bc sng = 1.3 m l N = 1100. Tnh ng
knh li si 2a.
81
Chng 2: Si Quang
2.8 Cho t s bng s gia cng sut ng vo v ng ra trn 1 km l 2.5. Tnh cng sut quang
trung bnh thu c trn tuyn quang di 5 km nu cng sut quang trung bnh pht vo si
quang l 1mW (gi s tuyn khng c b kt ni hoc connector).
2.9 Cho si quang di L= 8 km. Cng sut a vo si quang l Pin=120 W, cng sut quang
ng ra l Pout=3 W. Tnh:
a) Suy hao ton trnh A (dB) ca si quang. Gi s khng c connector hoc mi ni no.
b) H s suy hao ca si quang (dB/km).
c) Cng dng si quang tng t nh trn nhng chiu di l L=10km v c mi ni trn
mi km vi suy hao mi ni l 1 dB. Tnh suy hao ton trnh trong trng hp ny.
d) T s Pin/Pout bng s ca cu (c ).
2.10 Cho cng sut quang trung bnh pht vo tuyn cp si quang l 1.5 mW v si quang c
suy hao 0.5 dB/km. Tnh chiu di ti a ca tuyn m khng cn phi s dng trm lp (gii
s cc connector khng c suy hao) khi mc cng sut trung bnh ti thiu cn c ti b tch
quang l 2 W.
2.11 Cho mt tuyn cp si quang di 15 km c suy hao 1.5 dB/km. Si quang c kt ni
trn tng kilometre bng cc connector c suy hao 0.8 dB/connector. Tnh cng sut trung
bnh ti thiu cn phi pht vo si quang duy tr mc cng sut quang trung bnh ti b
tch quang l 0.3 W.
2.12 Cho si quang silica, c h s nn ng nhit ti nhit TF=1400K l c=7x10-11m2/N.
Chit sut n=1.46, h s quang n hi p=0.286. Xc nh h s suy hao (dB/km) ti cc
bc sng =0.65 m, 1 m, 1.3 m. Hng s Boltzman K=1.381x10-23 J/K.
2.13 Cho si quang li thy tinh K2o-SiO2 c suy hao do tn x Rayleigh = 0.46 dB/km ti
bc sng = 1m. Thy tinh c h s nn ng nhit c=8.4x10-11m2/N ti nhit TF = 758
K, v h s quang n hi p = 0.245. Tnh chit sut ca li si n1.
2.14 Cho si quang n mode SI c chit sut li l n1 = 1.49 c bn knh un cong ti hn
bng 2 mm khi c pht quang bng nh sng c bc sng = 1.30 m. Tnh lch chit
sut tng i nu bc sng ct ca si quang l c = 1.15 m.
2.15
82
Chng 2: Si Quang
2.17
d 2 n1
=0,025. Hy xc nh h
d 2
so tn sc vt liu M bc sng = 0,85 m, v tnh tri rng xung hiu dng trn mi
Km m khi ngun quang LED pht ra bc sng 850 nm c rng ph hiu dng =
20nm.
2.18 Tnh tri rng xung hiu dng trn mi km m trong bi tp 2.10 khi ngun quang
c s dng l ngun lsaer c rng ph tng i / = 0.0012 ti bc sng 0.85 m.
2.19 Mt tuyn quang 6Km dng si a mode SI, li c chit sut n1 bng 1,5, chnh lch
chit sut tng i = 1%. Hy xc nh:
a) Thi gian chnh lch gia mode nhanh nht v mode chm nht Tmode (SI).
b) tri rng xung hiu dng do tn sc mode trn tuyn mode(SI).
c) Tc bit cc i c th t c, gi s ch c tn sc mode BT(max).
d) Tch di thng vi chiu di cu (c) BoptxL.
2.20 Hy so snh tri rng xung hiu dng trn mi Km do tn sc mode ca si a mode
chit sut nhy bc trong trong bi tp 2.12 vi si a mode chit sut gim dn c phn b
chit sut ti u c cng chit sut li n1 v .
2.21 Cho si quang a mode chit sut bc c khu s NA = 0.3, chit sut li n1 = 1.45. H
s tn sc vt liu M = 250 ps.nm/km. B qua tn sc ng dn sng. Tnh :
a) tri rng xung hiu dng tng cng t nu s dng ngun LED c rng ph hiu dng
= 50 nm.
b) Tch di thng tng ng vi di BoptxL
2.22 Cho si quang a mode chit sut bc c tri rng xung tng cng l 95 ns trn chiu
di 5 km. Tnh tch di thng chiu di nu m NRZ c s dng.
2.23 Cho si n mode c tch di thng chiu di bng 10 GHz.km. Tnh tri rng xung
hiu dng trn tuyn quang di 40 km khng c cc trm lp, v s dng m RZ.
2.24 Cho si n mode chit sut bc vi chit sut li n1 = 1.49 c bn knh un cong cho
php Rc = 2mm khi c pht sng bc sng = 1.30 m. Tnh chnh lch chit sut
tng i nu bc sng ct c = 1.15m.
2.25 Mt tuyn cp si quang di 8 km khng c trm lp s dng si quang a mode chit
sut bc c tch di thng chiu di bng 400 MHz.km. Tnh :
a) tri rng xung tng cng trn ton tuyn ;
b) tri rng xung tng cng hiu dng trn tan tuyn .
83
Chng 2: Si Quang
84
CHNG 3:
B PHT QUANG
(3.1)
(3.2)
89
Ni = N0 e [ Ei / kBT ]
(3.3)
E0
Ni
N0
Mt in t
90
E2
hf
E2
hf
hf
E1
a. Hp th
(Absorption)
hf (cng
h )
E1
E1
b. Pht x t pht
(Spontaneous emission)
Hnh 3.4. Cc hin tng bin i quang in (a). Hp th (b). Pht x t pht
(c). Pht x kch thch
Hin tng hp th (absorption), hnh 3.4.a, xy ra khi mt photon c nng lng hf b
hp th bi mt in t trng thi nng lng thp E1. Qu trnh ny ch xy ra khi nng lng
hf ca photon bng vi chnh lch nng lng gia mc nng lng cao v mc nng lng
thp ca in t (Eg = E2 E1). Khi xy ra hin tng hp th, in t s nhn nng lng t
photon v chuyn ln trng thi nng lng cao.
Hin tng pht x t pht (spontaneous emission), hnh 3.4.b, xy ra khi mt in t
chuyn trng thi nng lng t mc nng lng cao E2 xung mc nng lng thp E1 v pht ra
mt nng lng Eg= E2 E1 di dng mt photon nh sng. Qu trnh ny xy ra mt cch t
nhin v trng thi nng lng cao E2 khng phi l trng thi nng lng bn vng ca in t.
Hin tng pht x kch thch (stimulated emision), hnh 3.4.c, xy ra khi mt in t
ang trng thi nng lng cao E2 b kch thch bi mt photon c nng lng hf bng vi
chnh lch nng lng gia trng thi nng lng cao v trng thi nng lng thp ca in t
(Eg= E2 E1). Khi , in t s chuyn t trng thi nng lng cao xung trng thi nng lng
thp hn v to ra mt photon c nng lng bng vi nng lng ca photon kch thch ban u.
Nh vy, t mt photon ban u sau khi khi xy ra hin tng pht x kch thch s to ra hai
photon (photon ban u v photon mi c to ra). Photon mi c to ra c c im: cng
tn s, cng pha, cng phn cc v cng hng truyn vi photon kch thch ban u. y l cc
c im ca tnh kt hp (coherent) ca nh sng. Do vy, nh sng do hin tng pht x kch
thch to ra c tnh kt hp.
Hin tng pht x t pht xy ra t nhin do cc in t lun c khuynh hng chuyn
t trng thi nng lng cao xung trng thi n nh c nng lng thp hn. Cc photon nh
91
Hnh 3.5 Minh ho cc trng thi chuyn i nng lng gia in t v photon [2]
Cc linh kin bin i quang in dng trong thng tin quang s da vo mt trong cc
hin tng ny thc hin qu trnh bin i quang in theo chc nng ca tng loi linh kin.
V d nh:
- Hp th l nguyn l bin i tn hiu nh sng thnh tn hiu in trong cc linh kin
tch sng quang (photodetector)
- Pht x t pht l nguyn l bin i tn hiu in thnh tn hiu nh sng xy ra trong
LED (Light Emitting Diode). V vy, nh sng do LED pht ra khng c tnh kt hp.
- Pht x kch thch l nguyn l bin i tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang xy ra trong
Laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation). Hin tng ny cng
l nguyn l khuch i tn hiu nh sng xy ra trong cc b khuch i quang (Optical
Amplifier). nh sng uc to ra sau Laser cng nh cc b khuch i quang c tnh
kt hp.
Lu rng, trong t nhin, c ba hin tng ny xy ra ng thi vi nhau. Qu trnh hp
th nng lng photon (hin tng hp th) v pht x photon (hin tng pht x t pht v pht
x kch thch) cn bng vi nhau trong iu kin cn bng v nhit (Khi , phn b in t cc
mc nng lng khc nhau l n nh theo phn b Boltzmann). Ty theo mc ch ng dng ca
tng loi kin quang in, mt trong cc hin tng ny s c tp trung, lm tng kh nng xy
ra di cc iu kin nh hng bn ngoi nhm t c hiu sut cao nht. Chi tit v cc iu
kin ny s c phn tch c th trong phn trnh by cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca cc
linh kin bin i quang in.
92
Di cm nng lng
(Energy band gap)
Vu
ng hoatr
(Valence band)
93
(3.4)
(3.5)
Do mi loi vt liu khc nhau s c phn b cc vng nng lng khc nhau nn c th
ni rng bc sng ca nh sng do ngun quang pht ra ch ph thuc vo vt liu ch to ngun
quang.
Trong thng tin quang, nh sng ch c s dng ti 3 ca s bc sng 850nm, 1300nm
v 1550nm nn vt liu bn dn c s dng ch to ngun quang phi c di cm nng
lng gia vng dn v vng ha tr ph hp vi cc ca s bc sng hot ng ny.
94
Hnh 3.7. (a). Di cm nng lng trc tip (b). Di cm nng lng gin tip [3]
Hnh 3.7. biu din mi quan h gia nng lng v ng lng (hay vector sng) ca
in t ti vng dn v vng ha tr ca hai loi bn dn c di cm trc tip (hnh 3.7.a) v di
cm gin tip (hnh 3.7.b). Qua cho thy,
- i vi di cm trc tip, phn y (c nng lng thp) ca vng dn nm i din
vi phn nh (c nng lng cao) ca vng ha tr. Do , cc in t hai vng ny
c ng lng bng nhau.
- i vi di cm gin tip, phn y (c nng lng thp) ca vng dn nm cch xa so
vi phn nh (c nng lng cao) ca vng ha tr. Do , cc in t hai vng ny
c ng lng khng bng nhau bng nhau.
iu kin qu trnh pht x photon xy ra hiu qu trong bn dn l khi xy ra pht x
photon, ng lng (hay vector sng) ca in t (nm vng dn) phi bng ng lng ca l
trng (nm vng ha tr) [1], [3]. Khi , ng lng ca in t c bo tan.
Nh vy c th thy rng, iu kin v bo tan ng lng khi xy ra qu trnh bin i
quang in ch t c vi cc cht bn dn c di cm trc tip. Khi , nng lng c pht
ra khi cc in t chuyn t trng thi nng lng cao (vng dn) sang trng thi nng lng thp
(vng ha tr) s to ra cc photon. Vi hiu sut pht x nh sng (pht x t pht v pht x kch
thch) ln, cc cht bn dn c di cm trc tip c th to ra cc ngun quang c cng sut pht
quang ln, hiu qu.
Ngc li, i vi cc cht bn dn c di cm nng lng gin tip, cc nng lng c
to ra do qu trnh chuyn trng thi nng lng ca in t s pht ra di dng phonon, khng
pht x (nonradiation). Nng lng ny c th l nng lng nhit hay dao ng ca cc phn t.
Nh vy, cht bn dn c s dng ch to ngun quang cn phi c: di cm trc
tip v nng lng chnh lch gia vng dn v vng ha tr phi ph hp c th to ra bc
sng nm trong cc ca s bc sng hot ng trong thng tin quang.
95
0,85
1,0
1,3
(m)
1,55
Hnh 3.8. Bc sng nh sng pht x ca mt s loi bn dn nhm III kt hp vi nhm V [6]
Hnh 3.8 cho thy: to ra ngun quang c bc sng 850nm ngi ta s dng bn dn
AlGaAs, GaAs hay InP. Bn dn InGaAsP c s dng ch to ngun quang pht ra nh sng
ti ca s bc sng 1300nm v 1550nm. Gi tr ca bc sng c thay i bng cch thay i
t l gia cc cht kt hp trong bn dn ny In1-xGaxAs1-yPy.
V -
Vu
ng hie
m
(Depletion region)
- -
Pha
t xatpha
t
+ photon
Ec
Eph = h
Eg = Ec - Ev
Ev
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
V>V D
n
-
VD +
+
Lotro
ng
- ie
n t
96
(3.6)
Cng sut pht quang (nng lng nh sng trn mt n v thi gian) ca LED c th
c xc nh theo s photon pht x nh sau:
P = E/t = Nph.Eph /t= (Ne.int.Eph)/t
(3.7)
(3.8)
(3.9)
Trong cng thc trn, Eph c n v l (J). Nu Eph c tnh bng n v (eV), th cng
sut pht quang:
97
(3.9)
I(mA)
0
100
200
98
Vu
ng hoatr
(Valence band)
Hnh 3.11. Ngun quang bn dn pht ra nh sng trong mt khong bc sng [1]
Cng sut
chun ha
0.5
(nm)
99
nh sng pht x
bn dn p
in cc
tip xc
bn dn n
Hnh 3.13. Cu trc LED planar
nh sng pht x
n
p
in cc tip xc
Hnh 3.14. Cu trc LED dome
LED pht x mt SLED (Surface LED) l loi LED c nh sng c pht ra pha mt
ca LED. Hnh 3.15 minh ho mt loi SLED, c gi l LED Burrus do cu trc ca LED c
ch to u tin bi Burrus v Dawson [3]. Trong cu trc ny, vng pht x nh sng (vng pht
quang) ca LED c gii hn trong mt vng hp bng cch s dng mt lp cch in hn
ch vng dn in ca tip xc P. Do , ti vng tch cc ca LED c mt dng in cao dn
n hiu sut pht quang ln. nh sng ca SLED c a vo trong si quang ti pha mt tip
xc N. Ti y, tip xc N v lp nn N c ct b i mt phn c kch thc tng ng vi si
quang. Bng cch ny s hn ch c s hp th photon trong lp N v tng hiu sut ghp nh
sng vo trong si quang. Tuy nhin, vn c mt phn ln nng lng nh sng c pht ra
ngoi vng t si quang. Do , hiu sut ghp nh sng vo si quang ca SLED khng cao,
thp hn so vi ELED.
100
101
a) Ho
c co
ng hng
Fabry-Perot
b) Kho
ng cong hng
102
c) Co
ng h
ng
(3.10)
(3.11)
(3.12)
L
p pha
n x
n xaR2
cohesopha
R2R1P(2L)
R1 (1-R1)P(2L)
L
p tch cc (active layer)
R1P(2L)
(1-R1)P(L)
R1P(L)
P(0)
P(L)
z
L
Hnh 3.19. Cng sut ca nh sng khi lan truyn v phn x qua li trong hc cng
hng Fabry-Perot
Trong qu trnh lan truyn trong hc cng hng, nng lng ca sng nh sng chu
nhng nh hng nh sau:
- Suy hao xy ra trong hc cng hng do hin tng hp th photon, hin tng tn x
nh sng, c biu din bi h s suy hao
- li trong hc cng hng do hin tng pht x kch thch, c biu din bi h
s khuch i g
- Suy hao xy ra ti hai mt phn x c h s phn x R1 v R2 (R1, R2 <1)
Nu gi P(0) l cng sut ca nh sng ti mt phn x R1 th cng sut thu c sau khi
lan truyn c mt chu k trong hc cng hng (lan truyn dc theo hc cng hng, phn x
ti mt phn x R2, truyn ngc v v phn x ti mt phn x R1) l:
103
(3.13)
(3.14)
R1.R2.e(g-).2L 1
(3.15)
g + (1/2L).ln(1/R1.R2)
(3.16)
Nh vy, iu kin nh sng c khuch i trong qu trnh lan truyn v phn x qua
li gia hai hc cng hng l li do pht x kch thch phi ln hn so vi suy hao do hp
th. iu ny c ngha l, s photon c to ra do pht x kch thch (v pht x t pht) phi
nhiu hn s photon b hp th:
Nspontaneous + Nstimulated > Nabsorption
(3.17)
104
ac tuyen khuech ai
dn J
n
=
Dns
dt ed sp
(3.18)
ds
n s
= Dns +
dt
sp ph
(3.19)
Phng trnh (3.18) cho thy nhng yu t nh hng n mt in t trong vng tch
cc ca laser nh sau:
- Mt in t tng khi c nhiu in t (do dng in cung cp) c bm vo vng
tch cc. Qu trnh ny c biu din bng biu thc (J/ed) vi J(A/m2) l mt
dng in, e = 1,6 x 10-19 (C) l in tch ca in t, d l dy ca vng tch cc.
- Mt in t gim khi c nhiu in t ti hp vi l trng (chuyn trng thi nng
lng t vng dn xung vng ha tr). Qu trnh ny xy ra do hin tng pht x t
105
(3.20)
(3.21)
nth = 1/(Dsp)
(3.22)
nth = (vgth)/D
(3.23)
106
(3.24)
(3.25)
(3.26)
Vi l h s giam (confinement factor) ca laser biu din cho vic cc photon c giam gi
trong vng tch cc (lm tng hiu sut pht x kch thch). ph thuc vo cu trc ca laser.
l h s suy hao ca vt liu bn dn.
Ta thy, trong phng trnh (3.26) trn, Jth ph thuc vo chiu di ca vng tch cc d,
vn tc truyn nh sng trong hc cng hng v=c/nri, h s giam , h s pht x kch thch D,
thi gian sng ca in t sp l cc h s ph thuc vo vt liu bn dn, cu to v cu trc ca
laser. Do , mt dng in ngng c th c xc nh bng cng thc n gin sau:
Jth = (1/).
(3.27)
(3.28)
(3.29)
s = s0 + s(t)
(3.30)
(3.31)
107
(3.32)
108
(3.33)
(3.34)
Do s0/n l hiu sut lng t ni, phng trnh (3.34) cho thy rng r ph thuc vo thi
gian sng ca photon v ph thuc vo li (cng nh cng sut) ca laser. Do , phng trnh
(3.34) c th vit li nh sau:
r = (MP)/ph
(3.35)
109
Cung tng i
1.31
1.31
Bc sng (m)
Hnh 3.22 Nhy mode trong laser n mode v pha bc sng di khi cng sut ng ra tng
Tn s dch chuyn rt b so vi tn s trung tm ca sng nh sng (1GHz so vi
1x10 Hz, t l 0,001% [1]) nn nh hng ca chirp khng nhiu i vi cc h thng thng tin
quang truyn mt bc sng. Tuy nhin, nh hng ca chirp tng ln ng k khi ngun quang
c s dng trong cc h thng thng tin quang i hi s chnh xc ca ph sng nh sng nh
trong h thng coherent hay h thng ghp knh theo bc sng WDM c khong cch gia cc
knh hp. khc phc hin tng ny, ngi ta khng iu ch trc tip laser bng dng tn
hiu in m s dng k thut iu ch ngoi (external modulation).
14
110
Nhiu thnh phn (partition noise) trong cc ngun quang a mode xy ra khi cc mode
c pht ra khng n nh. S thay i ca nhit lm thay i phn b cng sut gia cc
mode dc (longitudinal mode) (xem hnh 3.23). iu ny lm tng tn sc trn ng truyn.
Cung tng i
0.82
0.82
Bc sng (m)
LASER
10
SLED
ELED
I(mA)
0
I th
100
200
Hnh 3.24. c tuyn P-I ca 3 loi ngun quang: SLED, ELED v Laser.
c tuyn P-I ca 3 loi ngun quang SLED, ELED v Laser trn hnh 3.24 cho thy:
- Laser ch hot ng ch pht x kch thch khi dng in kch thch ln hn dng
in ngng Ith.
- So vi LED, Laser c cng sut pht quang ln hn vi cng mt dng in kch thch
(vi iu kin I>Ith).
111
SLED
LASER
ELED
112
Popt
Ps
(3.36)
113
0.1
tr
114
Nhit tng
Hnh 3.28. Dng in ngng Ith ca laser thay i khi nhit thay i [3]
S ph thuc vo nhit ca mt dng in ngng c th c biu din gn ng
nh sau [3]:
Jth exp (T/T0)
(3.37)
Trong , T l nhit tuyt i ca linh kin, T0 l h s nhit ngung cho bit nh hng
ca nhit i vi dng ngng. T0 s ph thuc vo cht lng ca laser, cu trc ca laser v
loi vt liu ch to.
i vi laser c ch to bi AlGaAs, T0 nm trong khong t 120 -190oK,
i vi laser c ch to bi InGaAsP, T0 nm trong khong t 40 - 75oK,
V d: So snh t s mt dng in ngng ti 20oC v 80oC i vi laser AlGaAs c
To = 160oK v laser InGaAsP c To = 55oK
p dng cng thc (3.37) ta c:
i vi laser AlGaAs:
Jth (200C) exp (293/160) = 6,24
Jth (800C) exp (353/160) = 9,08
Vy t s mt dng in ngng 20oC v 80oC l:
115
(3.38)
116
Hnh 3.29. (a) Cu trc ca laser DFB; (b). Phn x ti cch t Bragg
(c) rng ph ca laser DFB
3.5.2. Laser phn x Bragg phn b DBR (Distributed Bragg Reflector Laser)
Cu to ca laser DBR cng ng dng cu trc cch t Bragg nh laser DFB. Tuy nhin,
trong laser DBR, cch t Bragg khng c t bn cnh, dc theo lp tch cc nh laser DFB.
Thay vo , cch t Bragg c t hai u vng tch cc, ng vai tr nh gng phn x ca
hc cng hng nh trong laser FP. u im ca cu trc ny l ch c mt bc sng tha iu
Bragg mi c th phn x li v cng hng trong vng tch cc thay v nhiu bc sng nh
laser FP. Kt qu l, ph ca laser DBR ch c mt mode sng vi rng ph hp.
117
Hnh 3.31. (a) Laser hc cng hng ngoi (external cavity laser), (b) h
s phn x ph thuc bc sng, (c) ph ca laser
Hnh 3.32. v 3.33. trnh by cu trc ca 2 loi hc cng hng ghp bao gm: laser hc
cng hng ngoi (external cavity laser) v laser hc cng hng ct (cleaved cavity laser).
118
119
120
Mt mch pht quang iu bin cng c biu din trn hnh 3.37. Mch pht
quang ny l s kt hp ca mch iu khin (hnh 3.38) v mch iu ch tn hiu
(hnh 3.39). Hot ng ca mch pht quang iu bin cng c th c phn
tch da trn hot ng ca mch iu khin v mch iu ch tn hiu.
121
Khng p dng c trong cc h thng thng tin quang i hi cng sut pht quang
ln (>30mW) nh cc mng truyn dn c ly xa hay mng truyn hnh cp v vic
ch to cc mch pht quang iu ch trc tip hot ng n nh khi iu ch tc
cao vi dng in kch thch ln (>100mA) tr nn phc tp v kh khn hn nhiu.
122
123
124
CU HI N TP
3.1. Trnh by khi nim v mc nng lng v vng nng lng?
3.2.
Trong thng tin quang, qu trnh bin i nh sng thnh dng in uc thc hin da
trn hin tng g?
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
Ti sao nh sng do ngun quang pht ra trong thng tin quang khng phi ti mt bc
sng m trong mt khang bc sng?
3.7.
3.8.
3.9.
3.10.
3.11.
3.12.
3.13.
3.14.
3.15.
3.16.
3.17.
3.18.
3.19.
3.20.
a. SLED
b. laser Fabry-Perot
c. laser DFB
d. ELED
b. s suy hao
c. chn lc tn s
d. s khuch i
b. Khu s ca si quang
c. Gc pht quang
d. a,b v c u ng
d. a,b v c u ng
b. Laser DFB
125
126
CHNG 4
B THU QUANG
GII THIU
B thu c chc nng nhn tn hiu quang, chuyn tn hiu quang thnh in, x l v khi
phc dng tn hiu. Trong chng ny s trnh ny cu trc tng qut ca b thu quang s, cc
mch tin khuch i, kho st nhiu trong b thu quang, v nh gi cht lng ca h thng
quang.
4.1
KHI NIM C BN
4.1.1
Nguyn l chung
Cc linh kin thu quang c nhim v n nhn bc x quang (hay nng lng photon) v
chuyn i thnh tn hiu in. Chng c chia thnh hai nhm:
Nhm 1: Nng lng photon u tin c bin i thnh nhit, sau mi bin i nhit
thnh in. Nguyn l ny hu nh khng c ng dng trong vin thng.
Nhm 2: Bin i trc tip t nng photon sang in, c gi l linh kin tch quang
lng t gi tc l linh kin tch sng quang.
Linh kin tch sng quang c chia lm hai loi (theo c ch): hiu ng quang ngoi
(external photoelectric effect) v hiu ng quang ni (internal photoelectric effect).
Cc linh kin tch sng quang hot ng theo nguyn tc: mi ni P-N phn cc ngc.
Khi c nng lng photon E = hf chiu vo. Nng lng ny b hp th v mt electron
s vt qua vng cm i t vng ha tr ln vng dn. Electron ny by gi l dng t do. V
li vng ha tr mt l trng cng dng t do. Electron ny s di chuyn xung vng him v
l trng s di chuyn ln vng him. S di chuyn ny gy nn dng chy mch ngoi.
127
N
Khng c
nh sng
Vng him
hf
Iph
T suy ra:
soientctaora n e
=
sophotonti
np
(4.1)
re
rp
(4.2)
Ip =
P0 e(1 r )
1 e d
hf
0
(4.3)
e: in tch electron
r: h s phn x Fresnel mt bn dn khng kh
d: rng vng hp th
Tng qut, < 1, v khng phi ton b photon ti c hp th to ra cp electron
l trng. thng c biu din dng phn trm. Tc l nu = 75%, iu ny tng ng vi
75 electron c to ra trn 100 photon ti. Cui cng, hiu sut lng t l mt hm bc sng
ca photon v do khi ni phi km theo bc sng.
4.1.2.2.p ng (Responsivity)
Biu thc hiu sut lng t khng lin quan n nng lng photon. Do p ng R
thng c s dng hn khi biu th c trng ch tiu mt photodetector. p ng c nh
ngha nh sau:
R=
Ip
P0
( A/ W)
(4.4)
Eg = hf
Do tc photon ti rp c xc nh:
P0
hf
rp =
(4.5)
(4.6)
P0
hf
(4.7)
P0 e
hf
(4.8)
re =
Do dng photon ra l:
Ip =
Ip
R=
P0
e
hf
C0
(4.10)
e
hC 0
(4.11)
Ta c quan h:
f =
Suy ra:
R=
Hay
R=
1,24
nu : m th R: A/W
h = 6,62.10-34 Js: hng s Planck
Nhn xt:
T phng trnh (4.9) ta thy R t l vi mt bc sng c th.
130
(4.9)
(4.12)
0,88
Photodiode
l tng
Photodiode
in hnh
0,44
(mm)
0,5
ne 1,2.1011
=
= 0,4
np
3.1011
R=
1,24
0,4.0,85
= 0,274( A / W )
1,24
Ta c
E = hf =
hC 0
Suy ra
131
Ta c
=
Mt khc: R =
Ip
P0
R=
Suy ra:
e 0,65.1,602.10 19
=
= 0,694 A / W
hf
1,5.10 19
hC 0
Eg
(4.13)
Suy ra:
hC 0
Eg
(4.14)
c =
hC 0
Eg
(4.15)
c =
hC 0 1,24
=
= 0,867 m
Eg
1,43
132
Iph
Popt
Vng bo ha
Di ng
Hnh 4.4 Linh kin thu quang hot ng trong vng tuyn tnh ca di ng.
Trong nhng tuyn truyn dn quang c ly gn c th dng thm b suy hao quang
(optical attenuator) gii hn mc cng sut thu quang trong phm vi di ng ca linh kin thu
quang.
< I t2 >=
4 KT
.B
(4.16)
133
b. Nhiu lng t
Nhiu lng t sinh ra do s bin ng ngu nhin nng lng ca cc photon p vo diode thu
quang. Dng nhiu lng t c xc nh theo biu thc sau:
< I q2 >= 2 e . R . P 0 . B = 2 e . I p . B
(4.17)
c. Nhiu dng ti
Khi cha c cng sut quang a ti photodetector nhng vn c mt lng dng in
nh chy trong mch. Dng ny c gi l dng ti. N phn phi n nhiu ton h thng v
cho s dao ng ngu nhin. Nhiu do dng ti c xc nh:
< I d2 >= 2 e . I d . B
(4.18)
Id: dng ti
e: in tch ca electron.
134
B tch
sng quang
B tin
khuch i
B
lc
B
khuch i
Equalizer
Mch quyt
nh bit
D liu c
khi phc
90%
50%
10%
tr
tf
t =
w
vd
(4.18)
Cd =
A
w
(4.19)
A
(4.20)
w
Trong cng thc trn, gim w gim thi gian tri th s lm tng thi gian ln do in
t r = 2,19 RLC d = 2,19 RL
dung. Chng ta c th cn bng hai i lng ny bng cch gim in tr ti RL. Bng thng ca
photodiode c xc nh bi RL v Cd nh sau:
B=
(4.21)
2RL C d
R rng c c thi gian ln nh, photodiode phi c din tch A nh, rng vng him
w ln v in tr ti RL nh.
V d: Xt mt PIN Si c ng knh 500m v w = 20m. S dng = 10,510-13F/cm. Ta
c
Cd =
A
4 pF
w
4.2 CC LINH
(PHOTODIODE)
KIN
BIN
QUANG-IN
BN
DN
Linh kin bin i quang in thng c gi l photodiode hay photodetector thc hin
chc nng bin i cng sut quang vo thnh dng in ng ra.
137
Trng in E
P
VS
RL
Cu to bn trong ca PIN:
138
Bc sng ca p
ng (m)
p ng (A/W)
Silicon
0,3 1,1
0,8
0,5
Germanium
0,5 1,8
1,55
0,7
InGaAs
1,0 1,7
1,7
1,1
R tng i
1,0
1,0
0,8
0,8
Si
0,6
0,6
0,4
0,4
0,2
0,2
InGaAs
0
0,2
0,4 0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
(m)
0,9
1,1 1,3
1,5
1,7
1,9
(m)
ID: dng ti
Do :
Hnh 4.13 (a) Mch phn cc n gin cho PIN. (b) th phn tch mch
p ng ra c xc nh:
V = R.P.RL
(4.22)
Chng ta c th cho diode hot ng cng sut cao hn v tng di ng ca b thu bng cch
tng gi tr tr ti.
V d 4.1:
Cho RL = 10K. Gi s Vs = 20V. Bin dng cc i l VS/VL = 20/104 = 2mA. Cng
sut ng ra cc i tng ng vi dng cc i ny l:
Pmax =
140
VS
RL PL
(v i = RP)
(4.23)
Rf
id
VS
Vd = -idRf
VS
N+
V0
141
M=
1
1 (vd / VBR ) n
(4.24)
VBR = 20 500V
Ip =
MeP0 MeP0
=
hf
hC 0
T y suy ra:
142
(4.25)
R=
Ip
P0
Me Me
=
hC 0
hf
(4.26)
Gi tr in hnh ca R = 20 80 A/W
4.3
4.3.1 Nhy
nhy c nh ngha mc trn. Theo nguyn l hot ng ca PIN v APD th
ADP nhy hn PIN. nhy ca ADP ln hn PIN t 5 n 15 dB.
Tuy nhin nu dng PIN-FET th nhy ca PIN-FET v ADP l xp x nhau. Bng
di y trnh by nhy ca mt s linh kin cc bc sng hot ng:
Loi photodiode
Vt liu
(nm)
S (dBm)
ADP
Si
800 900
-55
Ge
1300 1550
-54
InGaAs
1300 1550
-57
Si
800 900
-50
InGaAs
1300 1550
-54
PIN - FET
143
ADP
4.3.3 p ng
V c c ch thc l trong APD nn p ng R ca APD rt cao, v cao hn p ng ca
PIN hng trm ln.
PIN
Ip
R=
Gi tr in hnh:
R = 0,5 0,7 A/W
P0
e e
=
hC 0 hf
ADP
I p Me Me
=
=
P0
hC 0
hf
R=
Gi tr in hnh:
R = 20 80 A/W
4.3.4 Di ng
Di ng ca ADP rng hn PIN. C th: on tuyn tnh ca ADP c mc cng sut
quang thay i t vi phn nW n vi W (tc di ng thay i vi h s >1000), cn PIN c
di ng vi h s 100.
Id c i t vi phn nA
nvi trm nA
Si c dng ti nh nht,
InGaAs ln nhn v Ge c
Id max
ADP
Id ln hn
4.3.6 n nh.
V h s nhn thc l ca APD ph thuc vo nhit v in p phn cc ngc nn n nh
ca APD kn hn PIN rt nhiu.
PIN
144
t nhy vi nhit
ADP
H s nhn M thay i
theo nhit v p phn
cc ngc.
ADP
p phn cc cao, ln n
vi trm volt
4.3.8 Tm Tt
tr (ns)
(nm)
R (A/W)
Id (nA)
Si
PIN
0,5
300 1100
0,5
Ge
PIN
0,1
500 1800
0,7
200
InGaAs
PIN
0,3
1000 1700
0,6
10
Si
ADP
0,5
400 1000
77
15
150
Ge
ADP
1000 1600
33
700
15
Vt liu
4.4
CC B TIN KHUCH I
145
Photodiode
AMP
Tn hiu ra
Photodiode
AMP
Tn hiu ra
146
Tin khuch i
Ip
RL
CT
Photodiode
R
Tn hiu ra
AMP
147
Tin khuch i
Ip
CT
4.5
Trong c tnh k thut v cht lng nhiu ca b thu quang, ngi ta thng s dng t
s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR (signal-to-noise). Tn hiu y l cng sut tn hiu, nhiu y l
cng sut nhiu, c hai i lng ny gi s dng ca chng cng chy trn gi tr in tr chun.
SNR c th c biu din nh sau:
(4.27)
4.5.1 Nhiu n
Nhiu n c xem l tng hp ca nhiu lng t (quantum noise) v nhiu dng ti
(dark current noise)
Nhiu lng t sinh ra do s va p gia cc ht photon trong qu trnh to ra dng
photon (dng in ng ng ra ca photodiode ng vi cng sut quang ti).
i vi photodiode, nu gi Iq l dng nhiu lng t th gi tr trung bnh bnh phng
dng nhiu lng t c xc nh nh sau:
(4.28)
Dng ti l dng sinh ra khi khng c nh sng ti, v dng nysinh ra nhiu. Nu gi ID
l gi tr dng ti th nhiu dng ti c xc nh nh sau:
< I d2 >= 2eI d BM 2 F ( M )
Trong :
IP l dng photon trung bnh, tc l dng in ng ra ca photodiode;
e l in tch ca in t;
B l bng thng ca b thu;
148
(4.29)
F(M) = Mx
(4.30)
< I t2 >=
4 KTB
(4.31)
RL
(4.32)
Nh vy nhiu nhit sinh ra trn in tr ti. Thc t, b thu cn cha nhiu linh kin in
t khc, v n cng sinh ra nhiu. V d nhiu sinh ra trn b khuch i. Lng nhiu ny
thng xut hin tng tin khuch i. Nu gi Fn l h s nhiu ca b khuch i th nhiu
nhit cng thc c sa i nh sau:
< I t2 >=
4 KTFnB
RL
(4.33)
(4.34)
( I p ) 2 = ( RP0 ) 2 M 2
(4.35)
SNR =
(I p ) 2
< I N2 >
( RP0 ) 2 M 2
2e( I p + I d ) BM 2 F ( M ) + 4 KTFnB / RL
(4.36)
Nu b thu s dng PIN, t s tn hiu trn nhiu s c xc nh theo biu thc sau:
SNR =
4.5.4
( RP0 ) 2
2e( I p + I D ) B + 4 KTFnB / RL
(4.37)
149
RL ( RP0 ) 2
SNR =
4 KTFnB
(4.38)
Nh vy, SNR thay i theo (P0)2. Chng ta c th ci thin SNR bng cch tng in tr
ti, y l l do ti sao hu ht cc b thu s dng b tin khuch i c tr khng ng vo cao.
nh hng ca nhiu nhit thng c c trng bi i lng c gi l cng sut nhiu
tng ng NEP (Noise Equivalent Power). Cng sut nhiu tng ng c nh ngha l
mc cng sut ti thiu trn mt n v bng thng cn thit to ra SNR =1 v c cho bi
biu thc sau:
NEP =
4 KTFn
P0
=
RL R 2
B
(4.39)
4.5.4. Mt s v d:
a. V d 4.2:
Mt photo diode PIN c s dng trong b thu quang c hiu sut lng t 60% khi
hot ng bc sng 0,9m. Dng ti ca linh kin hot ng iu kin ny l 3nA v in
tr ti l 4k. Cng sut quang ti bc sng hot ng l 200nW v bng thng ca b thu
5MHz. So snh nhiu n sinh ra trong photodiode vi nhiu nhit sinh ra trong in tr 200C.
Gii:
T cng thc (4.8), dng photon c xc nh nh sau:
Ip =
P0 e P0 e
=
hf
hC
Th s vo:
Ip =
(4.40)
Th s vo (4.37), ta c:
2
< I TS
>= 2 1,6.10 19 5.10 6 (3 + 87,1).10 9 = 1,44.10 19
A2 = 3,79.10 10
A2
< I t2 >=
4 KTB
RL
A2
A2 = 4,49.10 9
Nh vy trong v d ny, dng nhiu nhit rms ln hn dng nhiu n rms v ln hn 12 ln.
b. V d 4.3:
Nu b thu v d 4.2c b khuch i vi h s nhiu 3dB. Xc nh SNR ng ra ca
b thu di cng iu kin nh v d 4.2.
Gii:
T v d 4.2 ta c:
I p = 87,1.10 9 A
2
< I TS
>= 1,44.10 19 A2
I p2
I p2
SNR =
=
2
2e( I p + I D ) B + 4 KTFnB / RL < I TS
> +(< I t2 > Fn )
Th s vo, ta c:
SNR =
(87,1.10 9 ) 2
= 1,87.10 2
19
17
1,44.10 + 2,02.10 2
Hay:
c. V d 4.4:
Mt APD silicon (x = 0,3) c in dung 5 pF, b qua dng ti v hot ng bng thng
50MHz. Dng photon trc khi khuch i l 10-7 A nhit 180C. Xc nh SNR cc i khi
M=1 v M=Mop (gi tr ti u), gi s cc iu kin hot ng khng thay i.
Gii:
Xc nh gi tr cc i ca in tr ti theo phng trnh (4.21):
RL =
1
2C d B
1
= 635,5
2 5.10 12 50.10 6
Khi M = 1:
151
SNR =
(I p ) 2
< I N2 >
I p2
2eBI p + 4 KTB/ RL
V Id =0 v Fn = 1
Nhiu n c gi tr l:
2eBI p = 2 1,6.10 19 50.10 6 10 7 = 1,602.10 18 A2
V nhiu nhit c gi tr l:
4 KTB
RL
Do :
SNR =
V
10 14
= 7,91
1,602.10 18 + 1,253.10 15
SNR(dB) = 8,98 dB
M op2+ x =
4 KTFn
xeRL ( I p + I d )
(4.41)
SNR =
(I p ) 2
< I N2 >
M 2 I p2
2eBI p M 2 F ( M ) + 4 KTFnB / RL
SNR =1,78.103
Hay:
4.6
4.6.1
T s li bit
152
(4.42)
Gi s h thng c p(1) = p(0), tc xc sut nhn bit 1 v 0 bng nhau, BER c th vit li nh
sau:
(4.43)
I1
P (1/0)
ID
Tn hiu
P (0/1)
I0
tD
Thi gian
Xc sut
(a)
(b)
Hnh 4.23 (a) tn hiu ti to c b thu; (b) Mt phn b xc sut Gaussian ca bit 1 v 0.
Phn gch cho cho bit xc sut nhn dng sai bit.
Hnh 4.23 (b) cho thy gi tr P(0/1) v P(1/0) ph thuc vo hm mt xc sut p(I) ca
gi tr mu I. Dng hm p(I) ph thuc vo thng k ngun nhiu tc ng ln dng tn hiu.
Nhiu nhit It thng c thng k dng Gaussian c tr trung bnh bng 0 v phng sai 2t.
Thng k ca nhiu n Is cng xp x dng Gaussian i vi photodiode PIN vi phng sai 2s.
V tng hai bin ngu nhin Gaussian cng l bin ngu nhin Gaussian nn gi tr mu I c hm
mt phn b xc sut Gaussian vi phng sai 2 = 2t + 2s. Tuy nhin gi tr trung bnh v
phng sai ca bit 1 v bit 0 l khc nhau v Ip ph thuc vo bit nhn c. Nu gi 20 v 21
ln lc l phng sai dng tn hiu nhn c ng vi bit 0 v bit 1, ta c:
153
P (0 / 1) =
P (1 / 0) =
1
0
ID
( I I1 ) 2
exp
2 12
2
(I I 0 ) 2
exp
2 02
2 I D
I ID
1
dI = erfc 1
2
2
(4.44)
I I0
1
dI = erfc D
2
2
(4.45)
erfc( x) =
x exp( z
)dz
(4.46)
Th vo ta c:
BER =
I ID
1
erfc 1
4
1 2
I I0
+ erfc D
(4.47)
Nh vy BER ph thuc vo ngng quyt nh ID. Trong thc t ta phi chn ID sao cho
BER l nh nht. BER nh nht khi ID tha mn phng trnh:
( I D I 0 ) 2 ( I1 I D ) 2
=
+ ln 1
2
2
2 0
2 1
0
(4.48)
1
2
I1
2 2
BER = erfc
4.6.2
(4.49)
SNR =
I 12
2
(4.50)
So snh (4.49) vi (4.50), ta c th biu din t s li bit BER theo t s tn hiu trn nhiu
SNR nh sau:
SNR
1
BER = erfc
2
2
2
(4.51)
Hm xc sut li
Hm xc sut li c nh ngha nh sau:
154
Q( x) =
exp(
x
u2
2
(4.52)
)du
1
2
Q( x) = erfc(
(4.53)
erfc( x) = 2Q( x 2 )
(4.54)
hay
SNR
BER = Q
(4.55)
BER
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
SNR
(dB)
155
Multifactor
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.5000
0.4602
0.4207
0.3821
0.3446
0.3085
0.2743
0.2420
0.2119
0.1841
0.4960
0.4562
0.4168
0.3783
0.3409
0.3050
0.2709
0.2389
0.2090
0.1814
0.4920
0.4522
0.4129
0.3745
0.3372
0.3015
0.2676
0.2358
0.2061
0.1788
0.4880
0.4483
0.4090
0.3707
0.3336
0.2981
0.2643
0.2327
0.2033
0.1762
0.4840
0.4443
0.4052
0.3669
0.3300
0.2946
0.2611
0.2296
0.2005
0.1736
0.4801
0.4404
0.4013
0.3632
0.3264
0.2912
0.2578
0.2266
0.1977
0.1711
0.4761
0.4364
0.3974
0.3594
0.3228
0.2877
0.2546
0.2236
0.1949
0.1685
0.4721
0.4325
0.3936
0.3557
0.3192
0.2843
0.2514
0.2206
0.1922
0.1660
0.4681
0.4286
0.3897
0.3520
0.3156
0.2810
0.2483
0.2177
0.1894
0.1635
0.4641
0.4247
0.3859
0.3483
0.3121
0.2776
0.2451
0.2148
0.1867
0.1611
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
0.1587
0.1357
0.1151
0.0968
0.0808
0.0668
0.0548
0.0446
0.0359
0.0287
0.1562
0.1335
0.1131
0.0951
0.0793
0.0655
0.0537
0.0436
0.0351
0.0281
0.1539
0.1314
0.1112
0.0934
0.0778
0.0643
0.0526
0.0427
0.0344
0.0274
0.1515
0.1292
0.1093
0.0918
0.0764
0.0630
0.0516
0.0418
0.0336
0.0268
0.1492
0.1271
0.1075
0.0901
0.0749
0.0618
0.0505
0.0409
0.0329
0.0262
0.1469
0.1251
0.1056
0.0885
0.0735
0.0606
0.0495
0.0401
0.0322
0.0256
0.1446
0.1230
0.1038
0.0869
0.0721
0.0594
0.0485
0.0392
0.0314
0.0250
0.1423
0.1210
0.1020
0.0853
0.0708
0.0582
0.0475
0.0384
0.0307
0.0244
0.1401
0.1190
0.1003
0.0838
0.0694
0.0571
0.0465
0.0375
0.0301
0.0239
0.1379
0.1170
0.0985
0.0823
0.0681
0.0559
0.0455
0.0367
0.0294
0.0233
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
0.0228
0.0179
0.0139
0.0107
0.0082
0.0062
0.0047
0.0035
0.0026
0.0019
0.0222
0.0174
0.0136
0.0104
0.0080
0.0060
0.0045
0.0034
0.0025
0.0018
0.0217
0.0170
0.0132
0.0102
0.0078
0.0059
0.0044
0.0033
0.0024
0.0018
0.0212
0.0166
0.0129
0.0099
0.0075
0.0057
0.0043
0.0032
0.0023
0.0017
0.0207
0.0162
0.0125
0.0096
0.0073
0.0055
0.0041
0.0031
0.0023
0.0016
0.0202
0.0158
0.0122
0.0094
0.0071
0.0054
0.0040
0.0030
0.0022
0.0016
0.0197
0.0154
0.0119
0.0091
0.0069
0.0052
0.0039
0.0029
0.0021
0.0015
0.0192
0.0150
0.0116
0.0089
0.0068
0.0051
0.0038
0.0028
0.0021
0.0015
0.0188
0.0146
0.0113
0.0087
0.0066
0.0049
0.0037
0.0027
0.0020
0.0014
0.0183
0.0143
0.0110
0.0084
0.0064
0.0048
0.0036
0.0026
0.0019
0.0014
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
0.0013
0.9676
0.6871
0.4834
0.3369
0.2326
0.1591
0.1078
0.7235
0.4810
0.0013
0.9354
0.6637
0.4665
0.3248
0.2241
0.1531
0.1036
0.6948
0.4615
0.0013
0.9043
0.6410
0.4501
0.3131
0.2158
0.1473
0.0996
0.6673
0.4427
0.0012
0.8740
0.6190
0.4342
0.3018
0.2078
0.1417
0.0957
0.6407
0.4247
0.0012
0.8447
0.5976
0.4189
0.2909
0.2001
0.1363
0.0920
0.6152
0.4074
0.0011
0.8164
0.5770
0.4041
0.2803
0.1926
0.1311
0.0884
0.5906
0.3908
0.0011
0.7888
0.5571
0.3897
0.2701
0.1854
0.1261
0.0850
0.5669
0.3747
0.0011
0.7622
0.5377
0.3758
0.2602
0.1785
0.1213
0.0816
0.5442
0.3594
0.0010
0.7364
0.5190
0.3624
0.2507
0.1718
0.1166
0.0784
0.5223
0.3446
0.0010
0.7114
0.5009
0.3495
0.2415
0.1653
0.1121
0.0753
0.5012
0.3304
*1.0e-03
*1.0e-03
*1.0e-03
*1.0e-03
*1.0e-03
*1.0e-03
*1.0e-03
*1.0e-04
*1.0e-04
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
0.3167
0.2066
0.1335
0.8540
0.5413
0.3036
0.1978
0.1277
0.8163
0.5169
0.2910
0.1894
0.1222
0.7801
0.4935
0.2789
0.1814
0.1168
0.7455
0.4712
0.2673
0.1737
0.1118
0.7124
0.4498
0.2561
0.1662
0.1069
0.6807
0.4294
0.2454
0.1591
0.1022
0.6503
0.4098
0.2351
0.1523
0.0977
0.6212
0.3911
0.2252
0.1458
0.0934
0.5934
0.3732
0.2157
0.1395
0.0893
0.5668
0.3561
*1.0e-04
*1.0e-04
*1.0e-04
*1.0e-05
*1.0e-05
156
0.3398
0.2112
0.1301
0.7933
0.4792
0.3241
0.2013
0.1239
0.7547
0.4554
0.3092
0.1919
0.1179
0.7178
0.4327
0.2949
0.1828
0.1123
0.6827
0.4111
0.2813
0.1742
0.1069
0.6492
0.3906
0.2682
0.1660
0.1017
0.6173
0.3711
0.2558
0.1581
0.0968
0.5869
0.3525
0.2439
0.1506
0.0921
0.5580
0.3348
0.2325
0.1434
0.0876
0.5304
0.3179
0.2216
0.1366
0.0834
0.5042
0.3019
*1.0e-05
*1.0e-05
*1.0e-05
*1.0e-06
*1.0e-06
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
0.2867
0.1698
0.9964
0.5790
0.3332
0.1899
0.1072
0.5990
0.3316
0.1818
0.2722
0.1611
0.9442
0.5481
0.3151
0.1794
0.1012
0.5649
0.3124
0.1711
0.2584
0.1528
0.8946
0.5188
0.2980
0.1695
0.0955
0.5326
0.2942
0.1610
0.2452
0.1449
0.8476
0.4911
0.2818
0.1601
0.0901
0.5022
0.2771
0.1515
0.2328
0.1374
0.8029
0.4647
0.2664
0.1512
0.0850
0.4734
0.2610
0.1425
0.2209
0.1302
0.7605
0.4398
0.2518
0.1428
0.0802
0.4462
0.2458
0.1341
0.2096
0.1235
0.7203
0.4161
0.2381
0.1349
0.0757
0.4206
0.2314
0.1261
0.1989
0.1170
0.6821
0.3937
0.2250
0.1274
0.0714
0.3964
0.2179
0.1186
0.1887
0.1109
0.6459
0.3724
0.2127
0.1203
0.0673
0.3735
0.2051
0.1116
0.1790
0.1051
0.6116
0.3523
0.2010
0.1135
0.0635
0.3519
0.1931
0.1049
*1.0e-06
*1.0e-06
*1.0e-07
*1.0e-07
*1.0e-07
*1.0e-07
*1.0e-07
*1.0e-08
*1.0e-08
*1.0e-08
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
0.9866
0.5303
0.2823
0.1488
0.7769
0.4016
0.2056
0.1042
0.5231
0.2600
0.9276
0.4982
0.2649
0.1395
0.7276
0.3758
0.1922
0.0973
0.4880
0.2423
0.8721
0.4679
0.2486
0.1308
0.6814
0.3515
0.1796
0.0909
0.4552
0.2258
0.8198
0.4394
0.2332
0.1226
0.6380
0.3288
0.1678
0.0848
0.4246
0.2104
0.7706
0.4126
0.2188
0.1149
0.5974
0.3076
0.1568
0.0792
0.3960
0.1960
0.7242
0.3874
0.2052
0.1077
0.5593
0.2877
0.1465
0.0739
0.3692
0.1826
0.6806
0.3637
0.1925
0.1009
0.5235
0.2690
0.1369
0.0690
0.3443
0.1701
0.6396
0.3414
0.1805
0.0945
0.4900
0.2516
0.1279
0.0644
0.3210
0.1585
0.6009
0.3205
0.1693
0.0885
0.4586
0.2352
0.1195
0.0601
0.2993
0.1476
0.5646
0.3008
0.1587
0.0829
0.4292
0.2199
0.1116
0.0561
0.2790
0.1374
*1.0e-09
*1.0e-09
*1.0e-09
*1.0e-09
*1.0e-10
*1.0e-10
*1.0e-10
*1.0e-10
*1.0e-11
*1.0e-11
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
0.1280
0.6238
0.3011
0.1439
0.6809
0.3191
0.1192
0.5802
0.2798
0.1336
0.6315
0.2956
0.1109
0.5396
0.2599
0.1240
0.5856
0.2739
0.1033
0.5018
0.2415
0.1151
0.5430
0.2537
0.0961
0.4667
0.2243
0.1068
0.5034
0.2350
0.0895
0.4339
0.2084
0.0991
0.4667
0.2176
0.0833
0.4034
0.1935
0.0920
0.4326
0.2015
0.0775
0.3750
0.1797
0.0853
0.4010
0.1866
0.0721
0.3486
0.1669
0.0791
0.3716
0.1728
0.0671
0.3240
0.1550
0.0734
0.3444
0.1600
*1.0e-11
*1.0e-12
*1.0e-12
*1.0e-12
*1.0e-13
*1.0e-13
V d 4.5:
Hy xc nh x BER = 10-9.
Gii:
Theo v d ny, y l bi ton bit Q(x) tm gi tr x.
Theo bi, BER = 10-9 tc l Q(x) = 10-9. Ta tm trong bng 4.1 xem no c gi tr
bng hoc gn bng 10-9. Mun vy ta thc hin nh sau: tm ct bn phi (Multi-factor) hng
no c h s bng 1.0e-9. D trn hng tm gi tr bng 1 hoc gn bng 1. Nu d trn cc
dng c h s 1.0e-9 m khng tm ra c gi tr 1 hoc gn bng 1 th chng ta chuyn sang d
trn cc hng c h s 1.0e-8 v tm gi tr 0,1 hoc gn bng 0,1. Chng ta thc hin u ny v
Q(x) = 10-9 = 110-9 = 0,110-8.
Tra bng ta tm c c gi tr 0,9866*1.0e-9.
Vi ny l tng ng vi x = 6.0 + 0.00.
Vy x = 6.
157
Ta xt mt v d khc.
V d 4.6:
Hy xc nh x BER = 10-12.
Gii:
BER = 10-12 tc l Q(x) = 10-12. Ta tm trong bng 4.1 xem no c gi tr gn bng 1
ng vi dng c h s (Multi-factor) bng 1.0e-12 hoc no c gi tr gn bng 0,1 ng vi
dng c h s bng 1.0e-11 v Q(x) = 10-12 = 110-12 = 0,110-11.
Tra bng ta thy c gi tr l: 0,1033*1.0e-11.V suy ra: x = 7.0 + 0.03.
Hay x = 7,03.
V d 4.7:
Hy xc nh Q(x) nu x =5.
Gii:
y l bi ton ngc vi v d 4.1 v 4.2, tc l tm Q(x) khi bit x. Vic xc nh
Q(x) d dng hn l tm x.
Theo bi:
x = 5 tc l x = 5.0 + 0.00
T bng 4.1, ta xc nh giao gia hng x = 5.0 v ct x = 0.00 v kt qu c c l
Q(5) = 0,286710-6 (v dng ny c h s (Multi-factor) l 1.0e-6)
4.6.4
nhy ca b thu
SNR =
I p2
Ip
=
2eBI p 2eB
(4.56)
Ip =
zm e
(4.57)
Th (4.57) vo (4.56) ta c:
SNR =
zm
2 B
(4.58)
Suy ra s photon trung bnh cn thit ti b thu s dng PIN t c SNR cho trc
l:
zm =
2 B
SNR
(4.59)
SNR =
( MI p ) 2
2
2eBI p M F ( M )
Ip
2eBF ( M )
(4.60)
vi F(M) c xc nh nh sau:
F ( M ) = kM + (2
)(1 k )
(4.61)
SNR =
zm
2 BF ( M )
(4.62)
zm =
2 BF ( M )
SNR
(4.63)
Khi tnh ton, tch B thng ly gn bng 0,6 i vi tn hiu c ph dng cosin (hnh 4.25).
Hnh 4.25: (a) Ph dng cosine. (b) Ng ra ca h thng c ph ng ra dng cosine ca 1 xung
ng vo
159
Mi quan h gia cng sut vi s photon trung bnh c din gii nh sau:
Nng lng quang E0 c th nhn trc tip t s photon trung bnh cn thit duy tr
BER nh sau:
E 0 = zm hf
(4.64)
bit 1 c nhn dng b thu th nng lng ny phi n trong khong thi gian
rng bit . Chng ta gi s h thng c mt bit 1 v bit 0 l bng nhau nn cng sut quang ti
b thu c tnh trn chu k bng rng 2 bit:
P0 =
E0
2
(4.65)
Th (4.64) vo(4.65), ta c:
P0 =
zm hf
2
(4.66)
P0 =
zm hfBT
2
(4.67)
4.6.5
Mt s v d
a. V d 4.8:
S dng xp x Gaussian hy xc nh t s tn hiu trn nhiu (quang v in) cn thit
duy tr BER = 10-9 trn tuyn si quang s nh phn di nn. Gi s rng ngng quyt nh c
chn gia mc 1 v 0.
Gii:
Theo bi, xc sut li bit l BER = 10-9. T phng trnh (4.55), ta c:
SNR
=10-9
BER = Q
SNR
2
= 6. Suy ra : SNR = 12
SNR quang c nh ngha l t s gia dng tn hiu nh vi dng nhiu hiu dng
rms, tc l:
160
SNROptical =
I1
= SNR = 12 hay 10,8 dB
SNRElectrical =
I 12
= SNR = 144 hay 21,6 dB
2
b. V d 4.9:
Mt APD c s dng tch sng quang trong b thu PCM c thit k truyn tn
hiu di nn c ngng quyt nh nm gia mc 1 v 0. APD c hiu sut lng t 80%, t s
tc ion ho 0,02 v h s nhn thc l 1000. Gi s ph tn hiu c dng cosine. Xc nh s
photon trung bnh phi ti APD c th nhn dng c bit 1 vi t s li bit l 10-9.
Gii
S photon trung bnh phi ti APD c tnh theo cng thc (4.63). Theo biu thc ny chng ta
cn xc nh SNR v F(M).
Trc ht chng ta tnh SNR. SNR c tnh nh v d 4.8. p dng kt qu v d 4.8, t s tn
hiu trn nhiu in cn thit duy tr BER = 10-9 b thu l:
SNR =144 hay 21,6 dB.
K tip chng ta xc nh h s nhiu thc l F(M).
F(M) c tnh theo biu thc (4.61):
F ( M ) = kM + (2
1
)(1 0,02) = 3,95
100
zm =
2 BF ( M )
SNR =
2 0,6 3,95
144 = 864
0,8
photon
(gi s B = 0,6)
Vy s photon trung bnh phi ti APD b thu duy tr BER = 10-9 l 864.
c. V d 4.10:
B thu ca v d 4.9 hot ng bc sng 1 m. Xc nh cng sut quang ti thiu n
b thu ( nhy) h thng c th nhn dng bit 1 vi t s BER = 10-9 tc 10Mbit/s v
140Mbit/s. Gi s h thng s dng m nh phn c t l bit 1 v 0 l bng nhau.
Gii
Theo iu kin trn, cng sut quang cn thit c tnh theo biu thc (4.67):
P0 =
zm hfBT
2
zm hCBT
2
tc 10Mbit/s:
161
P0 =
P0 =
4.7
4.6.1
B lc
(4.68)
Trong TS l thi gian chuyn ca ngun quang, TD l thi gian chuyn ca linh kin
tch sng quang, TC l thi gian chuyn tnh theo tn sc sc th, Tn l thi gian chuyn tnh theo
tn sc mode. Tt c u tnh theo n v ns.
Tc bit cc i ca h thng BT thng c nh ngha theo Tsys bng cch kho st
thi gian chuyn trng thi ca b lc RC (hnh 4.25). Vi p ng vo c dng bc thang vi bin
V, p ng ra c dng vout(t) nh sau:
(4.69)
(4.70)
in p
ng vo
vout (t)
R
V
C
t
H ( ) =
(4.71)
(1 + 2 C 2 R 2 )
B=
(4.72)
2RC
H( )
-B
Tn s ( )
tr =
2,2 0,35
=
2B
B
(4.73)
Tsys = t r = 0,35
(4.74)
BT = B =
(4.75)
BT (max) =
0,35
Tsys
(4.76)
163
BT = B / 2 =
1
2
(4.77)
V tc bit cc i s l :
BT (max) =
0,7
(4.78)
Tsys
V d 4.11 :
Mt h thng quang si c thit k hot ng c ly 8Km khng c trm lp. Thi
gian chuyn trng thi ca cc thnh phn ca h thng nh sau :
Ngun quang (LED) :
8 ns
Si quang:
5 ns/Km
tn sc mode:
tn sc sc th : 1 ns/Km
B thu quang (PIN) :
6 ns
Gii :
Tng thi gian chuyn trng thi ca h thng l:
BT (max) =
4.6.2
0,7
Tsys
0,7
= 15,2 Mbit / s
46,2.10 9
Mch quyt nh
Phn khi phc d liu ca b thu quang bao gm mch quyt nh v mch khi phc
xung ng h. Mc tiu sau cng l cch ly thnh phn ph f = B ca tn hiu thu c. Thnh
phn ny cung cp thng tin trong khe thi gian bit (TB = 1/B) mch quyt nh v ng b vi
qu trnh quyt nh. i vi m RZ, thnh phn ph f = B hin din trong tn hiu thu; b lc
thng di hp c th cch ly thnh phn ny mt cch d dng. Khi phc xung ng h kh thc
hin hn i vi m NRZ v tn hiu thu c khng hin din thnh phn ph f = B. K thut
thng s dng to thnh phn ny l cu phng v chnh lu thnh phn ph f = B/2, sau
cho qua b lc thng thp.
Mch quyt nh thc hin so snh ng ra ca knh tuyn tnh (d liu) vi mc ngng
nhng thi im ly mu do mch khi phc xung ng h xc nh, v quyt nh xem tn hiu
khi phc l bit 1 hay bit 0. thi im ly mu tt nht l ti v tr mc tn hiu gia bit 1 v 0 l
chnh lch nhau ln nht. N c xc nh thng qua biu mt (eye diagram). Hnh 4.28 biu
164
Khe bit
TM TT
Hai linh kin thng s dng b thu quang l PIN v APD. Mi linh kin u c u
nhc im ca mnh. u im ca PIN l n nh cao, dng ti nh (gy nhiu thp). u
im ca APD l di ng rng, nhy cao, p ng ln. Ty theo mc ch s dng ca h
thng m chng ta s la chn linh kin s dng ph hp. Cc thng s ca b thu cn xem xt l
nhy, dng ti, di ng, in p phn cc, p ng v n nh. i lng nhy l mt
torng cc thng s c nh hng n c ly truyn dn. B thu c nhy cng cao th c ly
truyn dn cng di.
Mt thng s nh gi cht lng h thng truyn dn s l t s li bit BER. H thng
c cht lng tt nu BER thp. i vi h thng truyn dn quang, t s BER thng l 10-9 v
c th t c gi tr BER thp hn, c th t n mc 10-12. T s SNR ca tn hiu n b thu
s quyt nh BER theo quan h:
BER =
SNR
1
= Q SNR
erfc
2
2 2
P0 =
zm hfBT
2
CU HI N TP V BI TP
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
Khi 800 photon/s ti photodiode PIN ang hot ng bc 1,3m, chng to ra trung
bnh 550 electron/s. Tnh p ng ca linh kin.
4.4.
Mt APD c h s nhn thc l l 20 hot ng bc sng 1,5m. Tnh hiu sut lng
t v dng photon ng ra ca APD nu p ng ca linh kin bc sng ny l 0,6A/W
v 1010 photon/s bc sng ny ti linh kin.
4.5.
4.6.
Mt APD c hiu sut lng t 45% 0,85W. Khi th nghim pht x bc sng ny,
n to ra dng photon 10A (sau li thc l) vi h s nhn 250. Tnh cng sut quang
thu c ca linh kin. C bao nhiu photon n trong mt giy?
4.7.
4.8.
Mt photodiode PIN silicon c hiu sut lng t 65% bc sng 800nm. Xc nh:
(a) dng photon trung bnh khi cng sut quang 5W c bc sng 800nm ti b tch
sng;
(b) dng nhiu lng t hiu dng rms vi bng thng sau b tch sng l 20MHz;
(c) SNR theo dB khi dng photon trung bnh l dng tn hiu.
4.9.
166
4.11.
4.12.
Mt APD silicon c hiu sut lng t 95% bc sng 0,9m, c h s nhiu thc l
M0,3 v in dung 2pF. Gi s bng thng sau tch sng (cha cn bng) l 25MHz, dng
ti khng ng k nhit 2900K. Xc nh cng sut quang ti thiu ti APD t
SNR = 23dB.
4.13.
4.14.
4.15.
4.16.
Mt b tch sng quang APD silicon c s dng trong b thu PCM nh phn di nn c
ngng quyt nh nm gia mc 1 v 0. Linh kin c hiu sut lng t 70% v t s tc
ion ho 0,05 v h s nhn thc l khi hot ng l 65. Gi s ph tn hiu c dng
cosine v t l bit 1 v 0 l bng nhau.
(a) Xc nh s photon cn thit b thu nhn dng bit 1 vi BER = 10-10;
(b) Tnh cng sut quang cn thit ti APD khi h thng hot ng bc sng c tc
truyn dn 34Mbit/s;
(c) Gi tr cu (b) s l bao nhiu nu m ng truyn ca h thng l 3B4B.
4.17.
Mt photodiode PIN cn 2.104 photon ti b thu nhn dng bit 1 vi BER = 10-9. Linh
kin c hiu sut lng t 65%. Hy xc nh (theo dB) mc vt tri ca tn hiu so vi
nhiu gii hn lng t ca photodiode duy tr BER = 10-9.
4.18.
Mt h thng quang s dng LED b pht c cng sut quang trung bnh 300W
bc sng 800nm c ghp vo si quang. Si quang c suy hao trung bnh 4dB/Km
(bao gm c mi ni). B thu APD yu cu 1200 photon ti nhn dng bit 1 vi BER =
10-10. Hy xc nh khong cch truyn dn ln nht (khng s dng trm lp) ca h
thng trong cc trng hp tc hot ng sau:
167
CU HI TRC NGHIM
4.19.
4.20.
4.21.
4.22.
4.23.
4.24.
4.25.
4.26.
APD so vi PIN c u im g?
a. Tc hot ng chm hn
b. nhy cao hn
c. Gi thnh thp hn
d. Dng ti nh hn
a. Khuch i nh sng
b. C ly truyn dn ngn
d. C a v b u ng
a. Tc hot ng chm hn
b. Dng ti ln hn
c. Gi thnh thp hn
d. nhy thp hn
c. Di ng cng hp cng tt
d. p ng phi nhanh
PIN c cc thng s sau: cng sut quang thu cc i cho php 20 dBm v di ng 25
dB. Vy PIN ny c nhy bng bao nhiu
a. -25 dBm
b. -20 dBm
c. -5 dBm
d. -45 dBm
Hin tng nhn thc l ht mang in xut hin trong cu trc ca linh kin no
a. LED
b. LD
c. PIN
d. APD
c. Hp th photon
d. Bc x nhit
168
[2]
[3]
[4]
G. P. Agrawal. Fiber-Optic Communication Systems. Second edition, John Wiley & Sons,
1997.
[5]
Max Ming Kang Liu. Principles and Applications of Optical Communications, 2001.
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
169
CHNG 5
H THNG THNG TIN QUANG
Trong cc chng trc, chng ta cp n ba thnh phn chnh ca h thng thng tin
quang si quang, cc b pht quang v cc b thu quang. Trong chng ny, chng ta xem xt
cc yu t lin quan n thit k v cht lng h thng khi ba thnh phn ni trn c gn vi
nhau hnh thnh mt h thng thng tin quang thc t. Phn 5.1 trnh by tng quan v cc
kin trc h thng thng tin quang. Phn hng dn thit k h thng thng tin quang, bao gm
vic xem xt nh hng ca suy hao v tn sc c cp trong phn 5.2. Qu cng sut v qu
thi gian ln cng c gii thiu trong phn 5.2. Phn 5.3 xem xt cc vn lin quan n cht
lng h thng, c bit l s suy gim cht lng khi tn hiu lan truyn qua si quang. Phn
cui ca chng ny s trnh by tng quan v cc loi h thng thng tin quang chng ta c
ci nhn tng qut v h thng.
5.1
T quan im kin trc, cc h thng truyn thng cp si quang c th c phn loi thnh
3 loi cc tuyn kt im- im, cc mng phn b v mng cc b. Trong phn ny chng ta s
tp trung xem xt nhng c im chnh ca 3 kin trc ny.
5.1.1
Tuyn im ni im
Tuyn im ni im l loi kin trc n gin nht ca h thng thng tin quang. Vai tr
ca chng l chuyn ti thng tin trong dng lung s bit t mt ni ny n mt ni khc mt
cch chnh xc nht c th c. Chiu di tuyn c th thay i t nh hn 1 km (c ly ngn)
n hng ngn km (c ly di), ph thuc vo ng dng.
Khi chiu di tuyn vt qu mt gi tr no , nm trong khong t 20-100 km ph
thuc vo bc sng cng tc, cn thit phi b p cc suy hao trong si quang, ngc li tn
hiu s tr nn qu yu c th tch ra pha thu.
Hnh 5.1 Cc tuyn im ni im c b suy hao nh k bng cch, (a) s dng cc trm ti to
v (b) s dng khuch i quang. Cc trm lp gm b thu theo sau l b pht.
170
5.1.2
Nhiu ng dng ca h thng thng tin quang i hi thng tin khng ch c truyn i
m cn phi c phn b n mt nhm thu bao. V d nh phn b mch vng thu bao ca
dch v in thoi v qung b a knh video trn truyn hnh cp. Cc mng phn b c khong
cch truyn l ngn ( < 50km) nhng tc bit c th cao (n 10Gb/s v hn na) [1].
171
Hnh 5.2: (a) Tp hub v (b) tp bus dnh cho mng phn b.
Hnh 5.2 ch ra hai tp ca mng phn b. Trong trng hp tp hub, phn b knh t v tr
trung tm (hay cc hub), ni m thit b kt ni cho t ng chuyn mch cc knh trong min
in. Nhng mng nh vy c gi l mng th (MAN) bi v cc hub thng c t cc
thnh ph ln [13]. Vai tr ca si quang tng t nh trong trng hp i vi tuyn im ni
im. Bi v bng thng ca si thng thng ln hn yu cu bi mt trm hub ring bit, mt
vi trm c th chia s mt cng mt si quang c xut pht cho hub chnh. Cc mng in
thoi dng m hnh hub phn b cc knh m thanh bn trong thnh ph. Vn cn quan
tm i vi m hnh hub l s gin on cp quang c th nh hng n dch v i vi phn
ln mng. C th s dng cc tuyn ni im ni im b xung ni cc hub quan trng trc tip
vi nhau bo v chng li s c ny.
Trong trng hp tp bus, mt si quang mang tn hiu quang a knh sut c vng dch
v. S phn b c c thc hin bng cch s dng cc ni phn nhnh quang (optical tap),
c tc dng lm trch hng mt phn nh cng sut quang n mi thu bao. Mt ng dng
CATV n gin ca tp bus l vic phn b a knh video trong thnh ph. Vic s dng cc
si quang hc cho php phn b mt s lng ln cc knh (100 hoc hn ) bi v bng thng ln
ca n ln hn rt nhiu so vi cp ng trc.
Mt vn vi tp bus l suy hao tn hiu tng theo hm m vi s lng ni phn
nhnh v gii hn s lng thu bao c phc v bi mt bus quang. Thm ch khi suy hao si
quang c th b qua, cng sut c ni phn nhnh th N c cho bi [1]
PN = PT C[(1 )(1 C )] N 1
172
(5.1)
5.1.3
Mng cc b LAN
173
Hnh 5.3 Cu trc mng vng v mng hnh sao trong mng LAN
Hnh 5.3 ch ra tp vng v sao cho cc ng dng mng LAN. Trong tp vng [18] cc
node lin k c kt ni bng cc tuyn im ni im hnh thnh mt vng khp kn. Mi node
c truyn hoc nhn d liu bng cch s dng mt cp my pht-thu, c th hot ng nh mt
trm lp. Mt th (token: mt chui cc bit c nh ngha trc) c truyn quanh vng. Mi
node s gim st lung bit lng nghe a ch ring v nhn d liu. N cng c th truyn bng
cch ni vo mt th rng. Vic s dng cu hnh vng cho mng LAN quang c thng
mi ho vi giao tip c chun ho FDDI [18] dnh cho giao tip d liu c phn phi trn
si quang.
Trong cu hnh sao, tt c cc node c kt ni n node trung tm gi l hub, hay n
gin l hnh sao bng cc lin kt im ni im. Cc mng LAN nh vy tip tc phn loi nh
hn thnh cc mng hnh sao tch cc hay th ng, ph thuc vo node trung tm l thit b tch
cc hay th ng. Trong cu hnh hnh sao tch cc, tt c cc tn hiu quang n u c
chuyn i thnh tn hiu in bng cc b thu quang. Cc tn hiu in sau c phn b
iu khin cc node my pht ring bit. Cc hot ng chuyn mch cng c th c thc hin
node trung tm bi v s phn b xy ra trong min in. Trong cu hnh hnh sao th ng, s
phn b c thc hin trong min quang bng cc thit b nh cc b coupler nh hng. Bi v
ng vo t mt node c phn b n nhiu node ng ra, cng sut c truyn n mi node
ph thuc vo s ngi dng. Ging nh trong trng hp tp bus, s lng ngi dng c
h tr bi mng LAN hnh sao b gii hn bi suy hao phn b. i vi b coupler hnh sao NxN
l tng, cng sut n mi node n gin l PT/N( nu ta b qua suy hao truyn dn) bi v cng
sut pht PT chia u cho N ngi dng. i vi cu hnh hnh sao c hnh thnh t cc b
coupler nh hng, cng sut cn gim hn na do suy hao xen v c th c xc nh nh sau:
PN = ( PT / N )(1 ) log 2 N
(5.2)
=1mW, v
=1W
174
Hnh 5.4: Suy hao (cc ng lin nt) v tn sc (cc ng khng lin tc) gii hn c ly
truyn dn L l hm ca tc bit v bc sng. [1]
5.2.1
Ngoi tr cc tuyn c ly ngn, s suy hao si quang c vai tr quan trng trong thit k
h thng. Xt mt my pht quang l c kh nng pht mt cng sut trung bnh Pt. Nu my thu
c kh nng pht hin tn hiu vi cng sut trung bnh nh nht ti tc bit BT l Pr, khong
cch truyn dn ln nht c gii hn bi:
L=
P
log10 t
af
Pr
10
(5.3)
Trong a f l suy hao trung bnh ca si quang (dB/Km) bao gm c suy hao cc mi hn v cc
cc connector. S ph thuc ca L vo tc bit l do s ph thuc tuyn tnh ca Pr theo tc
bit BT. Ch rng Pr= NphfB trong hf l nng lng photon Np l s lng photon trung bnh
/bit i hi bi my thu, khong cch L gim i theo lgarit khi BT tng ti mt bc sng hot
ng cho trc.
Cc ng lin trn hnh 5.4 ch ra s ph thuc ca L theo BT cho cc sng hot ng
ph bin l 0,85m; 1,3m v 1.55 m vi a f =2,5dB/km ; 0,4dB/km v 0,25 dB/km tng ng.
175
BT . Khong
5.2.2
nh hng ca tn sc
Trong mc 2.4.2 chng ta tho lun do s tri rng xung tn sc gii hn tch BTL nh
th no. Khi khong cch truyn dn b gii hn bi tn sc ngn hn khong cch b gii hn
theo cng thc (5.3), th h thng c xem l b gii hn bi tn sc. Cc ng gch ngang trn
hnh 5.4 ch ra khong cch truyn dn b gii hn bi tn sc nh l mt hm theo tc bit. Bi
v cc nguyn nhn gy ra tn sc l khc nhau i vi cc bc sng hot ng khc nhau, chng
ta s xem xt mi trng hp mt cch ring bit.
Xt trng hp u tin i vi h thng bc sng 0,85 m, thng s dng cp a
mode c gi thnh ti thiu. Nh tho lun trong mc 2.4.2, tn sc ch yu trong si a mode
l tn sc mode. Trong trng hp si a mode chit sut bc, t cng thc (2.73) v (2.79) ta c
BTL = C/(2n1). iu kin ny c biu th trong hnh 5.4 s dng cc gi tr tiu biu l
n1=1.46 v =0.01. Ngay c khi tc bit thp 1Mb/s, h thng a mode b gii hn bi tn
sc, v khong cch truyn dn ca chng b gii hn di 10km. V l do ny, cc si quang a
mode chit sut bc t khi c s dng trong thit k h thng thng tin quang. S dng. S
dng si quang chit sut gim dn c gii tn sc mode theo cng thc (2.81) s cho s ci thin
ng k. iu kin BTL=2C/(n12) c biu th trn hnh 5.4 v ch ra rng h thng thng tin
quang 0.85 m b gii hn bi suy hao, hn l b gii hn bi tn sc, tc bit ln n100
Mb/s khi s dng si quang chit sut gim dn.
176
BT L (4 M )
(5.4)
Vi l rng ph hiu dng ca ngun quang (RMS). Gi tr tiu biu ca |M| vng gn tn
sc bng khng l ~ 1ps/(nm.km). Hnh 5.4 cho thy, khi |M| = 2ps/km, tn sc gii hn BL
125 (Gb/s).km. Ni chung, cc h thng nh vy l b gii hn bi suy hao khi tc bit ln n
1Gb/s, nhng b gii hn bi tn sc i vi tc bit cao hn.
Cc h thng thng tin quang tip theo hot ng ca s 1,55 m, vng c suy hao nh
nht. Tuy nhin tn sc ln trong vng ny (16 ps/nm.km) tr nn vn ln cho h thng s
dng si quang tiu chun. khc phc vn ny cn s dng cc laser bn dn n mode [2].
Hnh 5.4 cho thy h thng 1.55 m b gii hn bi tn sc khi B > 5Gb/s. S dng cng thc
(5.4) vi M = 16 ps/(nm.km) v = 0.1 nm, ta c BL 150(Gb/s)-km.
Mt gii php cho vn tn sc l s dng si quang tn sc dch chuyn, si c c suy
hao v tn sc nh nht ca s1.55 m. Cc h thng ny c th hot ng tc 20 Gb/s vi
khong khuch i khong 80km [2]. Truyn dn vi khong cch di hn i hi phi s dng
cc k thut qun l tn sc.
5.2.3
Qu cng sut
Pt = Pr + AL + M s
(5.5)
AL = f L + con + splice
(5.6)
Vi con v splice l suy hao cc connector v suy hao cc mi hn dc theo tuyn si quang.
S dng cc cng thc (5.5) v (5.6) d dng c lng khong cch truyn ln nht tng ng
vi cc linh kin cho trc.
5.2.4
Qu thi gian ln
Hnh 5.5 Thi gian ln Tr trong vi h thng tuyn tnh b gii hn di thng
(5.7)
Tr = (ln 9) Rc 2.2 RC
(5.8)
H ( f ) = (1 + fRC) 1
(5.9)
Tr =
2.2 0.35
=
2B
B
(5.10)
Tr
178
(5.11)
(5.12)
Trong Ttr, Tfiber v Trec l cc thi gian ln tng ng vi my pht, si quang v my thu. Thi
gian ln ca my pht v my thu thng c c bit khi thit k h thng. Thi gian ln ca
my pht Ttr c xc nh ch yu bi cc thnh phn in t ca mch iu khin v cc phn
t k sinh in lin quan n ngun quang. Thng Ttr khong vi nano giy i vi my pht s
dng LED, nhng c th nh hn 0.1 ns i vi my pht s dng laser. Thi gian ln ca my
thu Trec c xc nh ch yu bi di thng in 3 dB sau tch quang. Cng thc (5.10) c th
dng dng tnh Trec nu di thng sau tch quang c xc nh.
Thi gian ln ca si quang Tfiber c tnh theo cng thc [1]:
2
2
2
Tfiber
= Tmod
e + Tchr
(5.13)
5.3
nhy ca my thu quang hc trong h thng thng tin quang thc t b nh hng bi mt
s hin tng vt l m khi kt hp cng vi tn sc trong si quang, s lm suy gim SNR ti
mch quyt nh. Nhng hin tng lm gim nhy ca my thu l: nhiu mode, dn xung
do tn sc v giao thoa gia cc k t, nhiu phn chia mode, chirp tn s, hi tip phn x. Trong
phn ny, chng ta s tho lun xem cht lng h thng b nh hng nh th no bi tn sc
trong si quang khi c thm cc ngun gim tr cng sut do cc hin tng trn.
5.3.1
Nhiu mode
Hnh 5-6: S gim tr cng sut do nhiu mode theo suy hao chn la mode. Tham s M l tng
s mode dc khi m cng sut ca n vt qu 10% cng sut nh [2].
180
5.3.2
Dn xung do tn sc
Vic s dng si n mode trong h thng thng tin quang gip chng ta trnh gn ht cc
vn ca tn sc mode v nhiu mode tng ng. Tuy nhin, tn sc mu vn lm dn xung v
do lm gim nhy ca my thu. Trong phn ny, chng ta s tho lun s gim tr cng
sut lin quan ti s suy gim trong nhy ca my thu.
Dn xung do tn sc nh hng ti cht lng my thu theo hai cch. Th nht, mt phn
nng lng xung phn tn khi cc khe bit v gy ra giao thoa gia cc k t (ISI). Trong thc t,
h thng c thit k cc tiu ha cc nh hng ca ISI [2]. Th hai, nng lng xung trong
cc khe bit b gim khi cc xung quang b dn ra. S suy gim nng lng nh th lm gim SNR
ti mch quyt nh. Bi v SNR cn c duy tr n nh duy tr cht lng ca h thng, my
thu yu cu cng sut trung bnh phi ln hn. y chnh l ngun gc ca s gim tr cng sut
do gin xung d. Gi s xung quang pht i c dng Gausse, d (tnh theo dB) c tnh bng
cng thc [2]:
d =10log10fb
(5.14)
(5.15)
vi 0 l rng ph hiu dng (rms) ca my pht quang v l rng ph hiu dng (rms)
ca ngun quang c gi nh l phn b Gausse.
Cc phng trnh (5.14) v (5.15) c th c s dng c lng s gim tr cng sut do tn
sc mu trong h thng thng tin quang s dng si n mode cng vi laser a mode hoc LED.
5.3.3
Trong chng 3 cp, cc laser a mode to ra nhiu phn chia mode (MPN). Hin tng
ny xy ra do s tng tc gia cc cp mode phn cc dc. C th, cc mode dc khc nhau dao
ng theo cch cc mode ring bit to ra dao ng v cng ln mc d tng cng l
khng thay i. MPN l v hi khi khng tn sc trong si quang, bi v tt c cc mode vn c
duy tr ng b trong sut qu trnh truyn dn v tch sng. Trong thc t, cc ch khc nhau
s khng ng b khi chng di chuyn nh cc tc khc nhau bn trong si cp do tn sc
vn tc nhm. Do kt qu ca s ti ng b ha ny, cng b cha to thm s dao
ng,v SNR mch quyt nh tr nn ti t hn khi khng c nhiu ch tng phn . Mt
cng sut pht cn phi cung cp ci thin SNR t c cng gi tr m cn thit t c
BER nh yu cu. nh hng ca MPN n qu trnh hot ng ca h thng c nghin cu
rng ri cho c lade bn dn a ch ln lase bn dn n mode.
5.3.4
Nhiu phn x
5.4
5.4.1
Trong h thng thng tin quang, tn hiu c truyn c th l dng analog hoc dng s.
Tng ng chng ta s c h thng quang analog hoc h thng quang s. Trong trng hp
analog, tn hiu bin i lin tc theo thi gian (hnh 5.7-a). V d tn hiu analog nh tn hiu
ting ni c chuyn i t micro hoc tn hiu hnh nh c chuyn i t camera. Ngc li,
tn hiu s l tn hiu c gi tr ri rc. Vi tn hiu s nh phn ch c biu din 2 gi tr.
Trng hp n gin nht ca tn hiu s nh phn c minh ha hnh 5.7-b, hai gi tr
thng c gi l bit 0 v bit 1 (cc bit ny c gi l s nh phn). Mi bit tn ti trong
khong thi gian TB c gi l chu k bit. Trong h thng s, tc bit BT c nh ngha l s
bit trong mt giy :
BT =1/TB
182
(5.16)
Cc linh kin nguyn l ca h thng thng tin quang tng qut cho truyn dn s hay analog
c minh ha di dng s khi nh hnh 5.8. Pha u pht bao gm b m ho (encoder)
hoc b nh dng tnh hiu (signal shaping) trc khi a qua tng iu ch hay khuch i
kch hot ng cho ngun quang (optical source). nh sng pht ra t ngun quang c ghp
vo si quang, ng vai tr mi trng truyn dn ca h thng. nh sng n u bn kia ca
si quang c chuyn i tr li thnh tn hiu in bng b tch sng quang (optical detector)
c t ng vo ca thit b thu. Tn hiu in ny sau c khuch i trc khi a quan
b gii m (decoder) hay b gii iu ch (demodulator) khi phc li tn hiu gc ban u.
183
Hnh 5.8 Cc linh kin nguyn l ca h thng thng tin quang tng qut cho truyn dn s hoc
analog.
5.4.2
184
s =
BT
f
(5.18)
Tc bit
BT (Gbit/s)
20
20
20
40
40
40
Dung lng
NBT (Tbit/s)
2,40
2,64
3,20
3,28
10,24
10,92
Khong cch
L (km)
6200
120
1500
300
100
17
Tch NBTL
[(Pb/s).km]
14,88
0,317
4,80
0,984
1,024
1,278
188
Hnh 5.12: S minh ha ghp knh sng mang ph. Nhiu sng mang ph viba (SC) c
iu ch, v tn hiu ghp trong min in c s dng iu ch quang b pht (Tx)
Hnh 5.12 biu din s h thng quang SCM c thit k cho mt bc sng. u
im chnh ca SCM l linh hot v c th nng cp thnh mng bng rng. C th s dng iu
ch s hoc analog, hoc kt hp c hai truyn cc tn hiu nh ting ni, d liu, hnh nh cho
mt s lng ln ngi s dng (user). Mi ngi s dng c cp mt snh mang ph, hoc tn
hiu a knh c phn phi cho tt c cc khch hng nh trong CATV. K thut SCM c
nghin cu pht trin v c th ng dng thc t mt cch rng ri.
Ghp knh SCM c th p dng v trin khai cho h thng analog, h thng s, v h
thng WDM. [1]
(i)
189
Hnh 5.13: Minh ha m ho d liu trong h thng CDM s dng chui nhn dng 7 chip.
Hnh 5.13 Minh ha v d phng php m ho chui trc tip trong h thng OCDM
(optical CDM). Mi bit d liu c m ho s dng chui nhn dng gm c M bit (cn c
gi l chip). Trong v d ny l M = 7. Sau khi m ho, tc bit (hay tc chip) tng theo h
s M. Ph ca tn hiu s tri trong vng rng hn so vi bng thng ca cc chip, rng theo h s
M. V d, ph ca tn hiu tr nn rng hn 64 ln nu M = 64. Hin nhin l bng thng ph nh
nhau c s dng cho cc user c cc chui nhn dng khc nhau.
B m ho cho phng php m ho chui trc tip s dng s delay-line ging nh
hnh 5.10 ca h thng OTDM. S khc bit c bn y l mt b iu ch, c t sau laser,
tc ng d liu ln chui xung. Chui xung kt qu c phn ra thnh nhiu nhnh (bng vi s
chip M), v cc ng delay quang c s dng m ho mt knh. b thu, b gii m gm
cc ng delay theo th t ngc li to nh ng ra tng quan mi khi m ca user ph hp
vi chui chip m n thu c. Cc mu chip ca cc user khc cng c to ra nh tng quan
cho nhng bin ca nh ny thp hn nh c to ra do s t tng quan khi mu chip ph
hp chnh xc. Mt dy cc cch t Bragg si, c thit k ging nhau v stop band nhng khc
nhau v tnh phn x, cng c th thc hin nh b m ho v gii m.
(ii)
M ho ph:
Tri ph cn c th thc hin bng phng php nhy tn. Tn s sng mang c dch i
mt cch c chu k tng ng vi m c gn trc. im khc bit vi WDM l tn s c
c nh khng gn cho mt knh no c. Thay vo , tt c cc knh chia s ton b bng thng
bng cch s dng cc tn s sng mang khc nhau cc thi im khc nhau tng ng vi mt
m. Tn hiu c m ph c th c trnh by di dng ma trn nh hnh 5.14.
190
Hnh 5.14: Nhy tn trong h thng OCDM. vung c t cho bit cc tn s cc khe thi
gian khc nhau. Chui nhy tn ny l (3, 2, 0, 5, 1, 4).
5.4.3
a) H thng IM/DD:
S khi ca h thng IM/DD (iu ch cng v tch sng trc tip) c m t
hnh 5.15. Vi k thut ny khng cn phi iu ch hay gii iu ch tn hiu in trc khi
chuyn i thnh tn hiu nh sng, do thc hin d dng.
191
Hnh 5.15: (a) H thng quang analog s dng iu ch cng trc tip. (b) Biu din tn hiu
iu ch trong min thi gian vi sng mang l nh sng v tn hiu di nn l tn hiu analog.
Dng sng cng sut quang l hm theo thi gian Popt(t) c biu din nh hnh 5.15-b c dng:
Popt(t) = Pi(1+m(t))
(5.19)
vi Pi l cng sut quang trung bnh pht ra ca ngun quang (tc cng sut sng mang cha iu
ch) v m(t) l tn hiu iu ch cng , n t l vi thng tin ngun a(t). i vi tn hiu iu
ch cosin:
m(t) = ma.cos(mt)
(5.20)
Popt(t) = Pi(1+macos(mt))
(5.21)
Gi s mi trng truyn c tn sc bng khng, cng sut quang n u thu s c dng ging
phng trnh (5.21) nhng c cng sut quang trung bnh thu c l P0. Do dng in photon
I(t) th cp c to ra b thu s dng APD s l :
I(t) =IPM(1+macos(mt))
(5.22)
Ip =
eP0
hf
(5.23)
Dng tn hiu bnh phng trung bnh t phng trnh (5.22) c xc nh nh sau:
2
< isig
>=
1
(ma MI p ) 2
2
(5.24)
b) H thng Coherent:
i vi h thng IM/DD, tn hiu iu ch cng trc tip c dng ging iu bin
AM i vi h thng analog hoc iu ch OOK i h thng s. Tuy nhin i vi h thng
Coherent, tn hiu pht chng ta c th s dng cc kiu iu ch sau: ASK, FSK, PSK, hoc
192
TM TT
Nh vy trong chng ny chng ta c ci nhn tng qut v cc loi h thng thng
tin quang. Trong thng quang 1, cc cng thc v kin thc chng ta c c cc chng trc
l dnh cho h thng mt bc sng, s dng kiu iu ch v tch sng l IM/DD. Khi thit k
mt tuyn cp quang, chng ta n qu cng sut, quyt nh c ly thng tin; v qu thi
gian, quyt nh c ly v tc c truyn dn.
CU HI N TP V BI TP
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
Khi thit k tuyn theo qu cng sut, chng ta cn thu thp nhng thng tin hoc i
lng g?
5.4.
Khi thit k tuyn theo qu thi gian, chng ta cn thu thp nhng thng tin hoc i
lng no?
5.5.
5.6.
5.7.
Tch i lng BTL ca h thng gho knh theo bc sng, bit rng h thng ghp 20
bc sng, mi bc sng mang tn hiu STM-16, v h thng di 80Km.
5.8.
5.9.
Trong h thng WDM, tng hiu sut ph chng ta c nhng cch no?
5.10.
5.11.
[2]
[3]
[4]
G. P. Agrawal. Fiber-Optic Communication Systems. Second edition, John Wiley & Sons,
1997.
[5]
Max Ming Kang Liu. Principles and Applications of Optical Communications, 2001.
[6]
[8]
[9]
194
p n cc cu hi
P N V GI TR LI MT S CU HI N TP V BI TP
CHNG 1
1.6.
1.7.
1.12.
1.13.
1.8.
1.9.
1.10.
1.11.
CHNG 2
Cu hi n tp
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
2.6.
2.7.
2.8.
2.9.
2.10.
2.11.
2.12.
2.13.
2.14.
2.15.
2.16.
2.17.
2.18.
2.19.
2.20.
2.21.
2.22.
2.23.
2.24.
2.25.
Bi tp
2.1.
2.2.
NA=0.21, c = 81.9o
2.3.
V=75.8, N=2873
2.4.
N = 247
2.5.
c = 1.2124 m.
2.6.
a = 4.95 m.
2.7.
2a = 92m.
2.8.
100 W.
2.9.
2.10.
57.5 km
2.11.
703 W
2.12.
2.13.
n1 = 1.49
2.14.
= 0.47%
2.15.
9 m v 34 mm
2.16.
2.17.
2.18.
m = 0.10 ns/km.
2.19.
2.20.
p n cc cu hi
2.21.
2.22.
13.2 MHz.km
2.23.
800 ps
2.24.
= 0.47%
2.25.
(a) 10 ns ; (b) 4 ns
CHNG 3
3.25.
3.26.
3.27.
3.28.
3.29.
3.30.
3.31.
CHNG 4
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
0,72 A/W
4.4.
4.5.
24,1
4.6.
4.7.
-70,4 dBm
4.8.
4.9.
4.10.
4.11.
40,1 dB
4.12.
50,3dBm.
4.13.
4.14.
23,9dB
4.15.
21,9dB
4.16.
4.17.
27,9 dB
4.18.
4.19.
4.20.
4.21.
4.25.
4.26.
4.27.
4.28.
4.29.
4.33.
4.34.
4.35.
4.31.
196
4.32.
4.22.
4.23.
4.24.
4.30.
MC LC
CHNG 1 TNG QUAN V K THUT THNG TIN QUANG ........................................1
Gii thiu ................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1.
1.2.
Tm tt ........................................................................................................................................... 7
Bi tp chng 1 ............................................................................................................................. 8
CHNG 2 SI QUANG ......................................................................................................... 10
2.1.
MT S V C BN V NH SNG ................................................................... 10
2.2.1. Cu to c bn ca si quang............................................................................................. 16
2.2.2. Khu s ......................................................................................................................... 17
2.2.3. Phn loi si quang ............................................................................................................ 19
2.3.
2.6.
CP SI QUANG ............................................................................................................ 65
ii
LED .................................................................................................................................... 96
iii
4.1.2. Nhng thng s c bn ca linh kin tch sng quang .................................................... 129
4.1.3. S khi b thu quang .................................................................................................. 134
4.1.4. p ng phn t chuyn i quang - in .................................................................. 135
4.1.5. Thi gian p ng phn t chuyn i quang-in.......................................................... 136
4.2.
iv