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Civil War and Union Question PDF
Civil War and Union Question PDF
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ppf+yD;wmr=umao;vd@k ajymif;awG/ ukd,fxnfoHawG aumif;ygao;w,f )
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1945 rS 1948 xd Armjynftajctae
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tpk;d &ukd vufeufuikd f wkduf=u wJh tiftm;pkawGrSm bkH&efol&Sdayr,fh bkHvkyfief;pOf (tedrfhq;kH vkyfief;pOf) r&Sdyg?
tajctaeu b,fvykd Jay;aeygap &efuek f tpk;d &ukd tywfcsypfzdk@ tcGifhromcJhyg?
bma=umifh tcGifhromovJ qkdwm[m ArmjynfawmfvSefa&;&J xl;jcm; csuaf =umifhyg?
bmawGxl;jcm;ovJ OyrmwcsKd@ jyygr,f?
(Auy) PVO. RBA wdk@ wyf aygif;pkzJG@rdygw,f? vuf0Jwyfaygif;pkvk@d ac:Ekdifygw,f? 'gayrJh vrf;pOfawGwlatmif !dr&yg?
(tvHeDukd wyfaygif;pktiftm;xJ rxnfhEkdifwmu ol@&J@ *k%
d f;*%a=umifhyg? tvHe[
D m *k%
d f;wcktjzpfuae vlxk tajccH&w
Sd Jh
Ekid fiHa&;tiftm;pktjzpf b,f wke;f urS rwufcJhyg? aemufqH;k Zmwfodrf; wJhtxd *d%
k f;uav;tjzpfu rwufcJhyg? ae0if;ppftkyfpku
awmxJrSm wrifarG;xm; w,fvdk@ xifp&mawG trsm;}uD; &Sdygw,f? ol@udpPukd a&;rSmr[kwfvdk@ csecf Jhygr,f?)
awmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkawG[m aus;vufudk tajccH&awmh ajr,meJ@ aus;vufay:vpD &Sd&ygw,f? (Auy) ay:vpDuwrsKd;/
PVO ay:vpDuwrsKd; jzpf=uygw,f?
(Auy) ay:vpDu qif;&Jv,f orm;eJ@ aus;vufypPnf;rJt
h v$mukd tvGeftu|HrDcS kd tvkyftau|;yxm;wJh
vrf;pOfjzpfaeygw,f? ajrawG tukefodrf; tukefa0 qkdawmh tvwfv,form;eJ@ csr;f omv,form;ykdif ajrawGyg todrf;cH &ygw,f?
49 rSm u&ifwyfawG awmckdrS (Auy) toufLS acsmifygw,f? u&ifwyf awG rEWav;wufvmygw,f? rEWav; a&mufcgeD;
jrpfi,fwHwm;a&mufawmh wef@oGm;ygw,f? tpk;d &wyf/ PVO eJ@ qdk&,
S fvpfwyfawGu jrpfi,fwzufurff;u cHaeygw,f?
OD;pD;vmwJh u&ifwyfrSL;awGqD ygwDu ppfa&;wyfaygif;pk ,m,DzJG@zkd@ urf;vSrf;ygw,f? wcsed fwnf;rSm tpk;d & bufu
wkdufaewJh PVO wyfukd (Auy/ PVO / u&if) ppfa&;yl;aygif;+yD; rEWav; t&,lz@dk urf;vSrf;ygw,f? PVO u qdk&,
S f vpfukd
rkef;wD;aevkd@ yxrawmh vufcHovkd jyefpmay;ygw,f?
w&m;0if okH;zJG@ vufrSwfx;kd a=unmcsufxkwfr,fvkyaf wmh PVO u vdyfjymroef@v@kd aemufqw
k foGm;ygw,f? (Auy) eJ@
u&ifwyfyJ vufrSwfx;kd xkwfjyef vkduf&ygw,f? wckaumif;oGm;wmu PVO u rEWav;ppfrsufESmuae ol@ oabmeJ@ol
qkwfoGm;ygw,f? uGefjrLepfeJ@ u&ifwyfukd cHrwdkuyf g? usefcJhwJh tpk;d &wyf (csif;wyf ) eJ@ qdk&,
S fvpfwyfu rEWav;u rcH0Hhygbl;?
'ga=umifh vG,fv,
G fyJ rEWav; odrf;rdygw,f?
KNU xlaxmifr,fh aumfol; avjynfxJrSm rEWav;rygyg? u&ifu rEWav;udk =um&Sno
f drf;xm;zkd@ vmwm vnf; r[kwfyg?
arr@rSm vufeufzwf tzrf;cHxm;&wJh u&ifawGukd u,fxkwfzd@k yJ vmwmyg? olwdk&J ppfa&;wm0ef+yD;awmh jyefygw,f?
(Auy) uvnf; tmCmw rxm;bJ vufwJGzkd@ OD;atmifurf;vSrf; ygw,f? &efukeftpkd;& b0 a&mufoGm; &wm rEWav;
usoGm;vkd@ygyJ?
aemufawmh tpk;d &u rEWav; jyefodrf;ygw,f? rEWav;r@odrf;&mrSm PVO awG ygvmygw,f? tJ'Dtcg 'kwd,t}udrf
rEWav;ukd awmfvSefa&;wyfu wcgxyf odrf;ygw,f? tpk;d &wyfxJu AkdvfvSazwdk@ tiftm;awG&,f (Akv
d fvSazqkdwm &Jabmf
cspaf umif;/ &Jabmftkef;armif/ ref;0if;armif wkd@&J@ tdEd,
N c&D;rSmygwJh AkdvfvSazyg?) PVO &,f/ (Auy) &,f okH;zJG@aygif;+yD; odrf;wmyg? 'gu
Ekid fiHa&;wyfaygif;pkyg? rEWav;rSm =um=umraeEkdkifyg? jyefqkwcf Jh&ygw,f?
ppfa&;oabmwlnDcsuf ,m,D ,l+yD; rEWav;odrf;ovkd &efukefodrf;vkd@ rjzpfyg? tedrfhq;kH Ekid fiHa&;vkyfief;pOf &SdrS jzpfygr,f?
&efukefu r@awmfyg? t*Fvdyf ppfrpf&Sifvnf; &Sdygw,f? oHkH;awGvnf; &Sdygw,f? &efukefodrf;rdcJhaomf qkdwmeJ@ pOfpm;=unfyh g?
(Auy) u toHv$ifhkHord f;+yD; Ek tufwvDpmcsKyf y,fzsufvkduw
f ,f? +Adwdo# ppfrpf&Sifxu
G foGm;yg? BOC Ekid fiH
ydik fodrf;vku
d f+yD? ajr&Sifpepf zsufodrf;vkduf+yD? v,fvkyfolawGv,fyikd f=u vdk@ a=unm w,f qkdygawmh KNU oabmwlyg@rvm;?
aemufwrsKd; KNU u toHv$ifh ko
H drf;+yD; aumfol;avjynf xlaxmif a=umif;a=unm/ +Adwdo# "eo[m,xJ
jyef0ifr,fvdk@ajym/ aumfol;avjynfxJ b,fa'oawGygw,fvdk@ a=unm&if (Auy) ua&m/ wjcm;tzJG@awG/ ygwDawG uyg vufcHEkdifrmS
r[kwfyg? aumfol;av jynf&J@ t0ef;t0kid f;ukd KNU awGu ajym xm;+yD;om;yg? v#Kd0Sufcsuf r[kwfyg?
'gu 1949 ukd Oyrmay;wmyg? 1969 OD;Ekwd@k awmcdkawmh wkwfjynfu qif;vmwJh teDv_dif; ta&S@awmiftm&S rjyef@atmif
xkdif;Arme,fpyfrSm wmd;k }uD; wnfaqmuf+yD; umuG,fzdk@ vkyf=uw,f? (Auy) u teDv_dif;pD;aew,f? OD;Ekwdk@u teDv_dif;wm;aew,f?
'gvnf; tedrfhq;kH vkyfief;pOf r&Sdwma=umifh jzpfwmyJ? ppfat;acwfrmS tJ'Dvkd tedrfhq;kH vkyfief;pOf &Sdzkd@uvnf; rvG,fygbl;?
aemuf OD;Ekwdk@/ Adv
k fvusfmwdk@ tcuftcJawG@w,fqkdwm =um;ygw,f? olw@kd rSef;csufeJ@ ESrf;xGufrudkuf jzpfae+yD? KNU eJ@
ydyuQawGjzpfae+yDqkdwm =um;yg w,f? 'gvnf; tedrfhqkH;vkyif ef;pOf olwdk@xJ r&Sd=uvkd@ygyJ?
vufeufuikd f wkdufaeolrsm;rSm bkHvkyfief;pOfr&Sd&if jynfwGif;ppfu wm&Snf ygvdrfhr,f? Oya'wGif;u t=urf;rzufa&; vrf;
vkdufaeolrsm;rSm bkHvkyfief;pOfr&Sd&if 'Drdkua&pD a&pkeaf rsmygr,f? 1988 u om"uukdyJ =unfhyg? (,m,D) (=um;jzwf) tpkd;& rzJG@Ekdifyg?
'Drdkua&pD zcif}uD;uwrsKd;/ &moufyef 0ef}uD;csKyfuwzkH jzpf+yD; ppf tkypf kuyJ pm;oGm;ygw,f?
Armjynf jynfwGif;ppftay: urBmhpepf. tusKd;oufa&mufr_
Armjynf jynfwGif;ppf[m jynf wGif;jzpfppfppf jzpfygw,f? jynfwGif; yuwdtajctaeeJ@ jynfwGif;yuwd tcsuf
tvufawGa=umifh jzpfcJhwJh jynfwGif;ppfyg? b,fol@ya,m*rS rygygbl;? 'gayrJh urBmh pepf&J@ tusKd;oufa&mufr_ &Sdwefoavmuf
&Sdygw,f?
Armjynf jynfwGif;ppf&J@ orkdif;ukd jyef=unfh&if urBmhpepfokH;rsKd;&J tusKd; oufa&mufr_ &SdwmawG@Eikd fygw,f?
yxrqkH;pepfu e,fcsJurBmh pepfyg? 'gayrJh ae0ifcsdefpepfjzpfvdk@ odyf =um=um rjzwfoef;&ygbl;? csmcsDw@dk a':refprpfwkd@u
tod&dpS mG jzpfap/ tod rJhpmG jzpfap vufeufawGawmh jzef@ay;cJh ygw,f? jynfwGif;ppfudk vufeuf&o
Sd lrS wkdufEkdifygw,f?
'kwd,pepfu ppfat;acwf urBmhpepfyg? tp tv,f tqkH; jzwfoef; cJh&ygw,f? ppfat;acwfukd jzwfoef;=u wmrSm
wkdif;jynfwckeJ@wck rwlygbl;? xkdif; u wrsKd;yg? tar&duefbuf jywfjywf&yf+yD; jzwfoef;cJhw,f? aemufusrS wjznf;jznf; cGmw,f?
'gayrJh b,fwkef;urS =um;ae*kd%f; xJrygcJhyg? tck ykpH HopftmqD,H (ASEAN) acwfrSmawmif tar&duefeJ@yJ eD;pyfygw,f?
Armjynfuawmh wrsKd;? tdEd,
N eJ@ wkwf=um; ae&wJhwkdif;jynfqdkawmh xkdif; vkyo
f vkdvkyfvkd@ r&ygbl;? 1948 uae 1950
ckESpfawG&J@ tpykdif;txd tar&duefeJ@ &if;ESD;vkyd gw,f? 'gayrJh jywfjywfvnf; r&yf&Jyg? tdEd,
N (ael;) eJ@ wkwf (csKdtifvikd f;) wkd@
ESpfbuf!y f+yD; qJGaqmifv@dk bufrvkdu=f um;ae jzpfvmygw,f? +idr;f csrf; pGm ,SOfwJGaea&; rl}uD; (5) csuu
f dk urux yolxJ
ygvmygw,f?
'Dvdkjzpfwm wkdif;jynfeJ@ jynfol twGufawmh tusKd;&Sdygw,f? tar&duef a&m qkdAD,ufyg =um;aewmukd ESpfouf=u wm
r[kwfygbl;? txl;ojzifh tar&duefu rESpo
f ufygbl;? =um;aew,fqw
kd m oduQm rJhwmyJv@kd oluxifygw,f? urBm}uD;rSm
tar&duef*d%
k ;f / qdkAD,uf*d%
k ;f eJ@ =um;ae *dk%f;}uD; &Sdaewm aumif;ygw,f? urBmh +idr;f csrf;a&;ukd wpkw
H &m xdef;odrf;Edkifwm jzpfv@dk ygyJ?
Armjynftpkd;&awGrSm jynfwGif; ppfwdkufzd@k vufeufa&aomufjrpf rcufcJ ygbl;? &efukeftpkd;&acwfuyJ ,m,DcufcJ cJhygw,f?
'gvnf; tdEd,
N u 0ifajz&Sif;ay; cJhygw,f? aemufawmh vkH;0rcufawmhygbl;? aiG&zSd @kd yJvkdygw,f?
(Auy) twGufuawmh ppfvuf usef *syefvufeufawG a[mif;jrif;ysufpD; awmh/ usnfqHr&Sdawmh =umavcufav ygyJ?
vufeufwvuf/ usnfwawmifh/ aiG wusyf jynfy b,fqDurS r&cJhzl;ygbl;? Z'g;aemhAf ajrmufay;wmqkd&if olwdk@udk qkdAD,ufu
ul&rSmayg@? rulygbl;? (Auy) ukd ulwm toufqufay;wm[m zqyv tpk;d &ygyJ? jynfol@&Jabmfw@dk / RBA wdk@ ay:vmvkd@/ KNU
ay:vmvkd@ *syefaoewf awG tem;ay;+yD; t*Fvdyv
f ufeufeJ@ toufqufcJhwmygyJ? vufeufwvuf/ usnfwawmifh/ aiGwusyfukd
ukd,ftm; ukd,fu;dk &SmcJhwmjzpfygw,f? b,fol@qDurS r&ygbl;?
uGefjrLepfcsif; usdwf+yD;ay;r,f rxifygeJ@? wD;wkd;uqk&d if wyfr[m wckpmvufeuf zqyvtpkd;&ukdyJ ay;yg
w,f? ,l*kdqvAfped fajymif;ukd tawmf =um=um olw@dk ppfwyf okH;cJhwmygyJ?
ul;&SufAfuvnf; tawG;tac: t&/ EkdifiHa&;t& zqyvtpkd;&ukdyJ axmufcHygw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; ul;&SufAf ukd
OD;ausmf+idr;f u tr$r;f wif+yD; OD;ode;f az (jrifh) u ukd;uG,fygw,f?
wD;wdk;jzpfjzpf/ ul;&SufAfjzpfjzpf zqyvtpk;d &ukd ulwmu olwdk&J Ekid fiHa&; tusKd;=unfh+yD; ulwmyg? qdk&,
S fvpf*kd%f;
twGif;u ydyuQrmS Armjynfukd tokH;cs wmygyJ?
bmyJjzpfjzpf rl}uD; (5) csuf csrw
S f wmukd uufygw,f? wkdif;jynfeJ@jynfoludk tusKd;ywmjzpfv@dk vkdvm;ESpfoufygw,f?
rl}uD; (5) csuf aus;Zl;a=umifh tdEdN,eJ@wkwf c%x+yD; ppfwu
kd f=u awmhawmif Armjynfukd b,folurS ,rf;;acs;ryef;cJhygbl;?
=um;nyfrcH&vkd@ rl}uD; (5) csufukd aus;Zl;wifp&mygyJ?
'gayrJh ordkif;&JvSnfhuGuf ajym& rvm;/ &,f&w,f ajym&rvm; (Auy) vufeufawG 'va[m&atmif vkyfay; wmu
Adv
k fae0if; jzpfygw,f? ppfwu
kd fae olwkdif; vufeuf&csifwm "rRwmyg? &&if b,folr,lbJaervJ? ,llwmayg@? Adkvf ae0if;
wGufudef;rSm;vdk@ (Auy) vufeuf awG ruHz;l atmif &ygw,f?
Akv
d fae0if;[m wGufudef;orm; yg? Adv
k fatmif}uD;ajymovdk 1967 ckEpS fu uGefjrLepfwkwfjynf qefusifa&;/ wkwf vlrsKd;
qefusifa&; vkyw
f m[m ae0if;&J cyfvG,fvG,f cyfayg@ayg@ rSwfcsufay; vkdufwJhpum;udk atmufajcu ay:vpD vkyfvu
kd fv@dk qkdwm
vkH;0r[kwfygbl;? tr_ ayg@atmif ajymwmyg? "m;pmcH&Sm+yD; ae0if; vGwfatmif vkyfay;wmyg?
Apdef xGef;tkyf *k%
d f;om;uae qdk&S,fvpfjzpfwm/ OD;baz/ OD;odef;az (jrifh) wdk@ tm%modrf;zkd@ tcgay;wmukd jiif;y,f wm/
1958 rSm c%yJ tm%modr;f +yD; a&G;aumufyJGvkyfay; ppfwef;vsm;jyefwm/ 1962 rSmusrS t+yD;tykdif rv$wfwrf; tm%modrf;wm/
'gawGvkyw
f m[m wGuf udef;orm;rS vkyw
f wfygw,f? tcsdefaumif; a&G;wwfwmjywJo
h m"uawGygyJ?
1967 ckEpS fu udpP[m qefudpPeJ@ tiwfab;a=umifh xGufayguf&mS wmyJv@kd ajym=uwm[m ae0if;udk umuG,f=u wmyg? tJ'D
qefudpPu t"dur[kwfygbl;? qefudpPu vlxkygatmif v_H@aqmfzd@k okH;wJh y&d,m,fyg? ae0if;u wGufcsuf+yD; xvkyf vkdufwmyg?
aoe*FAsL[m bufajymif;r_}uD; vkyfvdu
k fwmygyJ?
ae0if;&JwGufudef; (aoe*F AsL[mt& wGufcsufru
_ )
(1) rl}uD; (5) csuf zsuf+yD; tar &duefbuf jywfjywfom;om; uyfzk@d tcsdef a&muf+yD? 1960 ckEpS fup+yD; AD,uferf
jy\emrSm tar&duefu ygaew,f? ppft&Sdefvnf; jrifh+yD;&if;jrifhaew,f? tar&duef Ekid frSmyJ? olu b,fwkef;urS ppf_;H zl;wm
r[kwfbl;? Ekid fwJhbuf0ifaygif;rS tjrwfxGufr,f?
(2) tif'dek ;D &Sm;eJ@ rav;rSm wkwfqefusifa&;/ uGejf rLepfqefusifa&; vkyfcJh=uvd@k tar&duefu qkcscH&w,f? tar&duefu
olaX;qkdawmh bDvsHvu
kd f &=uw,f? tm&Susm;awG jzpfvmawmh r,f? olwdk@vkd tckvkyfxm;rS ae&musr,f? tar&duef
aps;uGux
f J0ifa&mif;&&if pm;aya&mh woufv;kH ?
(3) jynfwGif; uGejf rLepfjy\em/ jynfwGif;ppf jy\emukd =um;aea&;awG/ rl}uD; (5) csuaf wGeJ@ vkyfae&if tjrpfjywfrmS
r[kwfbl;? tar&duefbuf jywfjywf&yfwJh EkdifiHawGrSm tjrpfjzwfypfEdkifae+yD?
ae0if;u tJ'DokH;csuf wGuf+yD; vkyfcJhwmyg?
rl}uD; (5) csufwmdk;ukd csKd;ay; vdkufawmh teD'v
D _dif;}uD; 'va[mpD;qif; vmw,f? Akdvaf tmif}uD;&J e,fpyfuae
yJcl;dk;rtxd [kdcsDrif;vrf; zGifhcGifh (Auy) udk ray;vdkuyf geJ@/ wkwfeJ@tjrefcsOf;uyfyg? OD;EkeJ@ol@udk wkwjf ynfv$wfyg? [dkwkef;u olwdk@
armfpDwkef;ukd wufajymcJhv@kd wkwf jynfa&muf (Auy) awGudk Armjynf jyefcGifh ray;bJxm;cJhz;l w,f? tckvnf; (Auy) udk rulnb
D J
jyefac:atmifvkyfzd@k olwdk@ (Ek/ atmif}uD;) ukd v$wfygvkd@ pma&;cJhw,f?
Akv
d fatmif}uD;pmukd r&cif uwnf;u
2?jynfaxmifpkjy\em
(rsKd;qufa[mif;r&Sif;EkdifcJhwJh rsK;d qufopf&Si;f &r,fh 'kwd,jy\emu jynfaxmifpjk y\emyJ? &Sif;&wm
ykad wmifcufygvdrrfh ,f)
(1) jy\emrdwfquf?
19881990 rwkdifrDu jy\em ESifh xkdESprf sm;aemufydik f;jy\em rwlyg?
1988 vlxktkHur_}uD; rjzpfrDu jynfaxmifppk epf vkdvm;olbufESifh wjynfaxmifpepf vkdvm;olbuf[I
l
jyufjyufxifxif &SdcJhygonf? ydyuQrsm; vnf; w+cdrf;+cdrf;jzpfcJhygonf?
1990 a&G;aumufyJG +yD;onfh aemufwGifum; txufygydyuQa[mif; rsm; r&Sdawmhyg? ydyuQtopfrsm; jzpfvm ygonf?
topfrmS ta&cHjynfaxmifpb
k uf ESifh jynfaxmifppk pfppfbuf. ydyuQ jzpfygonf? ta&cHjynfaxmifpb
k ufwGif ppftkyfpku&yfcH+yD;
ppfreS fonfhjynfaxmifpk bufwGif ppftkyfpkqefusifa&; t"du tiftm;pkrsm; tm;vkH;u &yfcHygonf?
ta&cH jynfaxmifpak vm - jynfaxmifppk pfppfavm jy\emonf ,ae@tzkd@ uGif;quftusqkH; jy\em jzpfvmygonf?
Tjy\emrajyvnfor# jynfaxmifpk jy\em ajyvnfrnf r[kwfyg?
u&iftrsKd;om; tpnf;tkH; (KNU) u oD;jcm;wdkif;jynf xlaxmifa&; twGuf v_yf&Sm;cJhonfrSm 1947 uwnf;u jzpfonf?
1949 usrS vufeufuikd fwdkufyJG wkducf Jhonf? ,cktxd wkdufaeqJ jzpfonf?
cJGxGufa&; udk &Sr;f jynf vGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf ( SSIA), ucsif vGwfvyfa&;tzJG@ (KIO) wdk@u 1960 ckEpS f
w0kduu
f vkyfcJhonf? 'Drdkua&pDacwf r[kwfI vufeufuikd fwkduyf JGukd wef;+yD; vkyfcJh&onf? olwdk@,ck +idrf;tzJG@ rsm; jzpfae+yD?
oD;jcm;wkdif;jynf au;a=umfoHrSm vGwfvyfa&;r&rDumv jynfaxmifpk rzJG@rDu au;a=umfoHjzpfI/ cJGxGufa&;
au;a=umfoHrSm jynfaxmifpzk JG@+yD;umv au;a=umfoH jzpfonf? umvcsif;rwlI au;a=umfoHrwljcif; jzpfonf? tESpfom& rSm
twlwljzpfonf?
oD;jcm;wdkif;jynf ESifh cJGxGuf a&; ukd au;a=umfv#if rkcsvlrsKd;a&;tvH xl&onf? 1949 wGif KNU u u&if
vlrsKd;a&;tvH xlonf? 1960 ckEpS frsm;wGif
SSIA u &Srf;vlrsKd;a&;tvH/ KIO u ucsifvlrsKd;a&;tvH xlcJh=uonf? u&ifh awmfvSefa&;/ &Srf;awmfvSefa&;/ ucsif
awmfvSefa&; [kajym=uonf?
ae0if; atmif}uD; ppftkyfpku ArmvlrsKd;a&;tvHxl+yD; jynfaxmifpk ryuJGa&; au;a=umfonf? xkdokd@jzifh zqyv u
wzuf/ Auy/ jynfol@&Jabmf/ awmfvSefonfhArmhwyfrawmf wdk@u wzuf jzpfaeonfh vlwef;pm;a&;jynfwGif;ppfwGif
vlrsKd;a&;jynfwGif;ppfyg a&mpGufvmcJhonf? TwGif zqyvOD;Ektpkd;&u a&mifpHk aomif;usef;ol[k ajymonf? uGefjrLepf ysuf
OD;ode;f az(jrifh) u tm;vkH;u tm;vkH; ukd wkduaf eonfh _yfy_ faxG;axG;jynfwGif;ppf [k ,lqonf?
(2) vlrsKd;a&;tvHxlv#if
vlrsKd;}uD;vnf;jzpf/ Ekid fiHa&; tm%mvnf; &Sdou
l wyef;omrnf? u|efawmfw@dk wkdif;jynfwGif vlOD;a&pkpak ygif;. 68 u
ArmvlrsKd;jzpfonf[k qkdonf? &Srf;u 9 / u&ifu 7 / &ckdif 4 / wkwf 3/ rGef 2 / ukvm; 2 ESifh tjcm;vlrsKd;rsm; 5 [k
qdkonf? (tar&duefxkwf ESpfcsKyf Time Almanac 2000 rS)
wyftrSwf
vlrsdK;tvdkufyg0ifr_
1
2
3
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5
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7
8
9
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11
12
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15
Arm (ppfyv
k dyfwyf)
u&iftrsm;pkESifh tjcm;vlrsdK;pkrsm;
Arm (rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmfrS vmonf)
Arm (
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)
Arm (
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)
Arm (
?
)
u&if (t*FvdyfwyfrSvmonf)
u&if (
?
)
u&if (
?
)
ucsif (
?
)
ucsif (
?
)
csif; (
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)
csif; (
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)
a*:&cg; (OD;wifxGf&vdu
k fonfh
t*Fvdyt
f arG)
csif; (t*Fvdyfvufusef)
ppfwyfukd OD;pD;aeolrsm;rSm
ppfOD;pD;csKyf
prpf'Ge;f
'k ?
apm=um'k;d
avwyfOD;pD;csKyf
&SD;_d;
a&wyfOD;pD;csKyf
cifarmifbdk
ajrmufydik f;wkdif;
ae0if;
awmifydik f;wkdif;
atmifoif;
trSwf(1) wyfr[m apmcspcf if
a&;csKyf
ausmf0if;
axmufcsKyf
apma'gefeD
txufygpm&if;ukd=unfhv#if trsm;pk}uD;u ocif}uD;wyf (t*Fvdyw
f yfudk e,fcsJ@qefusifa&;orm;rsm;uac:wJh
emrnfajymif ) rSvmolrsm; jzpfonfukd awG@&rnf?
umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;uawmh Akv
d fvufsmjzpfonf?
1948 rwfvwGif zq - qkd&,
S ftpkd;&u uGefjrLepfacsr_ef;a&; qkH;jzwfcsufcsonf? vufawG@ppfqifa&;vkyfolu txufyg
ppfOD;pD;tzJG@ESifhwyfrsm; jzpfonf?
wyf&if;tm;vkH;ukd rokH;Ekdifyg? rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmfrv
S maomwyfrsm;wGif uGefjrLepfbufyg+yD; awmckdocl kdonf? qdk&,
S fvpf
wyfrLS ;rsm;u uGefjrLepfacsre_ f;a&;vkyf&ef wufuaomfvnf; wyfom;wyf=uyftrsm;pkukd trdef@ay;Ir&? epfEiS fhvpf ydyuQwGif
=um;aeolu trsm;pk}uD; jzpfonf? (owif;pmrsm;u uGefjrLepfudk epf qdk&S,fvpfukd vpf [k a&;=uonf?)
ajraus;&Sif;wGifvl}uD;vkyf&if; um;arSmufuG,fvGefoGm;aom yJcl;jynfol@&Jabmftrwfa[mif; wyf&if;rSL; Adv
k fwifatmifu
epf 0g'ukd ruufbl;? vpfukdawmh rke;f w,f/ awmrckdbl; - jynfwGif;ppfvnf; rufufbl; [k ajymonf? xkdoabmxm; &Sdol
rsm;onf?
ppfOD;pD;tzJG@u ykid fykdifEdik fEdkif cdkif;Ekdif okH;Ekdifaom wyfrsm;rSm ocif}uD;wyf rS vmolrsm; jzpfonf? olwkd@u t&if uwnf;u
txufatmufqufqaH &; tqifajy+yD;om; jzpfonf? trdef@emcHonfh a=u;pm; pdwf&Sd+yD; jzpfonf? xkdpdwfxuf yk+d yD;jyif;xefwmu
vufpm;acsa&; pdwf"mwf jzpfonf?
vufpm;acsa&; pdwfrSm t*Fvdyfxm;cJhonfh ordkif;tarG jzpfonf? tjynfhtpkaH jymrS &Sif;rnf?
1942 ckEpS fu *syefxkd;ppfa=umifh t*Fvdyzf JG@ay;xm;onfhwyfrsm; wyfysuf onf? tenf;pk Akv
d f t=uyfwyfom;rsm;
tdEd,
N ygoGm;onf? trsm;pk}uD;u vufeuf ,l+yD; wyfajy;rsm; jzpfoGm;onf? rdrdw@dk . Zmwd&yf&Gm jyef=uonf? wyfajy;rsm;rSm u&if/
ucsif/ csif;rsm;jzpfonf? (t*Fvdyfu &ckdif/ rGef/ Armrsm;udkr,kHI aoewfay;rukdif 0H/h ppfom;vkyfcGifhray;? 6 vufr toGm; &Sdonfh
"m;ajrmifuydk if udkifcGifhray;? ykeu
f ef vGe;f Ijzpfonf? u&if/ ucsif/ csif;rsm;rSm omoemtppftrSef c&pf,mefbmom wGif;
oGwfoGif;+yD;vnf; jzpfHkru a&S;acwf a[mif;wrf;w+yD; rif;avmif; olykef vkyfp&mvnf; ta=umif;r&Sd? xkd@a=umifh ,kHonf?
aoewfay;udkif0Hhonf?)
t*Fvdyt
f kypf ;dk r_ wnf+idraf ev#if jy\emrjzpfEkdifyg? okd@aomf *syefx;dk ppf a=umifh t*Fvdyt
f kypf ;kd r_ r_rvS usqkH;onf?
*syefuvnf; Ak'<bmomukd ckwkH;vkyfonf?
TwGif t*Fvdyf ocif}uD; . c&pf,mefbmomESifh *syef rmpwm . Ak'<bmom ydyuQuxonf? Ak'<bmom
udk;uG,fol Arm/ rGef/ &ckdifw@dk . bDtdkifat (BIA) ESifh vufeufuidk fppfajy; xdyfwu
dk f awG@=uonf? *syefuvnf; ajrmufay; onf?
xkd@a=umifh u&if Arm t"duk%f; jrpf0u|ef;ay:wGif jzpfonf? taemufzsm; &ckdifbufwiG f &cdkif ukvm; t"duk%f; jzpfonf?
ajrmufzsm;wGif &Srf;eD ucsif ydyuQjzpfonf? &Srf;jynfwGif yavmif ucsif ydyuQjzpfonf? u&if Arm t"d uk%;f avmufawmh
r}uD;=uyg?
u&ifArmt"duk%f;u vlae pdyaf om u&ifArma&maESmaexkdif=uaom jrpf0u|ef;ay:wGifjzpfonf? ppfajy; rsm;ovkd
bDtkdifat rsm;onf? bDtdkifatwGif vufpm;acsa&;pdwf"mwf jyif;jyonf? odk@jzifh tvGeftu|HawG vkyfonf? *syefuvnf;
t*Fvdyw
f yfajy; acsre_ f;a&;ukd twif; tusyf vkycf kdif;onf? a'G;a&mOy'fa&m 0ifar$ojzifh t"duk%f;}uD; jzpfcJh&onf? u&ifArm
Ekid fiHa&;acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;. tajrmftjrif}uD;rm;r_a=umifhom c%ESifh +yD;oGm;onf? bD'Dat (BDA), (PBF) rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmfwGif
apm=um'kd;ukd &mxl;}uD; ay;onf? (Armppftkypf ku apm=um'dk;ukd aemifwGifvnf;ae&may; onfukd owdyyg?)
u&ifArm vlrsKd;a&; t"d uk%f;rSm *syef rmpwm acwfuwnf; u +yD;+yD;aysmufaysmuf jzpfcJh+yD; jzpfonf?
vufpm;acsa&;pdwf"mwf jyefvnfEd;k uvmonfrSm t*Fvdyf ocif }uD; acwf jyefa&mufvmIjzpfonf?
ppfajy;b0 tdEd,
N wGif aepOf uyif vufpm;acsa&;pdwf"mwfudk ppfajy;bk&ifcHtpkd;&u arG;jrLay;aeonf?
bDtdkifata=umifh acG;ajy;0ufajy; touf vk ajy;cJh&onfudk tcJraus?
bkHabbm;rm; opfukr`%/D bDtdkpDa&eHukr`%/D pwD;b&m;om;ukr`%/D {&m0wDa&a=umif;ukr`%pD onfh e,fcsJ@ ukr`%rD sm;rS
Armpum;wwf t*Fvdyf ocif}uD;rsm; tdEd,
N a&mufrS ppfAkv
d frsm; jzpfae=uonf? Armhta&;u|rf;usifolrsm; vkyfae=uonf?
t*Fvdyu
f zJG@aom ucsif vJAD;wyf/ tar&duefuzJG@aom ucsif &drf;*sm;wyfwdk@.Adkvfrsm; vkyfae=uonf? ppfawmh rwdkuw
f wf=uyg?
odk@aomf axmufvSrf;a&;/ pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;/ odr;f ydu
k fe,fajrtkycf sKyfa&; vkyfief;rsm;wGif wm0efcHrsm; jzpfae=uonf? Armjynf
jyefa&mufv#if wdk@ArmocifawGeJ@ e,fcsJ@ qefusifa&;orm;awGukd vSvS}uD; vufpm;acs=updk@[k aoG;xd;k ay;onf?
jrpf}uD;em;odrf;aomtcg ocif ocif owf owf [k au;a=umf+yD; 0if vmonf? wu,fvnf; vufpm;acsonf?
a'ocHocifrsm; tzrf;cH&onf?
rEWav;/ a&$bdk/ rkH&mG a&mufonf txd xdktwkdif; vkyo
f nf? zufqpf awmfvSefa&;wGif bmrSrvkyfcJha om aemif tcg
zqyvjynfxJa&;0ef}uD;/ zqyv wJGbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; vkyfaom ocifomcifonf vufpm;acsrcH&&ef a&$bdk uajy;+yD;
rEWav;/ ppfuikd f; uGefjrLepfygwD wGif cdkv_aH e&onf?
vlxkOD;vS. twKy`wWdwiG f vnf;aumif;/ vif;,kefarmifarmif. aqmif;yg;rsm;wGifvnf;aumif; ppfajrjyif tcsKyfpcef;rsm;wGif
csKyfaESmifcH&aom ta=umif; a&;xm;onfudk awG@Eikd fonf? vufeufudkif+yD; zufqpfawmfvSefa&; vkyfaeolrsm;uvJGv#if
bDtdkifattm;vkH; ppfuacwf e,fcsJ@qefusifa&;orm; trsm; tjym; ppftcsKyfwGif tzrf;cH&onf? ppfaq;olrsm;rSm Akv
d fjzpfaeaom
ukr`%D 0efxrf;rsm; jzpfonf?
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;om r&Sd v#if vufpm;acsy}JG uD; wjynfv;kH wGif ay:rnfrmS aocsmonf?
Akv
d fatmifqef;ukd ta&;,lz@kd vkyfcJhao;onf? awmifilwGif e,fcsJ@ awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif u&ifev
D lrsKd; apmoef;wif
tzrf;cH&onf? vlxktkHu vmrS jyefv$wfay;onf?
ykpH Ha[mif;twdkif; tkypf ;kd &ef jyef0ifvmaom t*FvdyfrmS 19 &mpk t*Fvdyf r[kwfawmhyg? r[kwfEkdifawmhyg? xdk@a=umifh
vGwfvyfa&;ay;&onf? zqyv ukd tm%mtyf&onf? vufpm;acscGifhr&cJh? vufpm;acsa&;pdwf"mwf oGif;ay;xm; cH&aomolrsm;
qwfwiHhiHhjzpf usef&pfonf?
jynfwGif;ppf jzpfvmaomtcg vufpm;acscGifh &oGm;ygonf? Armwyf&if; rsm;u rwufrujzpfaeaomtcg u&if ucsif
wyf&if;rsm;u zqyvtpkd;&cdkif;wdkif; vkyf=uonf?
olwkd@wdkuo
f nfrSm jynfaxmifpk ryuJGa&;twGuf r[kwfyg? rqifEJv
$ kduf &aom vufpm;acsyJGukd vkyf=ujcif; jzpf onf?
vufpm;acsyu
JG kd uGefjrLepfrsm; tay:om oJ}uD;rJ}uD; vkyf=uygonf? zqyv (bDtkdifat/ yDbDtufzf ) wckvkH;udk
rvkyEf ikd fv#if uGefjrLepfrsm;tay: vkyf& enf;ovm;qdk+yD; vkyf=uygonf?
ppfqifa&; trde@f ay;ykHuvnf; jzpfuwwfqef;ay;jcif; jzpfonf? zqyv tpk;d &u qdk&,
S fvpfrsm;ay;onfhowif;ukd
tajccHum uGejf rLepf&Gmrsm; [k owfrSwfxm;aom awmifolv,form; or*~&Sd&m &Gmrsm;pm&if;ukd ppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf odk@ ay;onf?
ppfOD;pD;XmecsKyfu xdk&Gmrsm;udk cJeDwHjzifh0dkif;jyxm;aom ajrykHtyfum u&if/ ucsif/ csif;/ a*:&cg; wyfrsm;udk ppfqifa&; vkycf dkif;jcif;
jzpfonf?
vkyfcsif&mvkycf Gifhay;vkdufaom ppfqifa&;trde@f jzpfonf? vufpm;acsa&; pdwf"mwf jyif;jyaomwyfrsm;u rD;ukef ,rf;ukef
=urf;onf? csif;wyfrsm;u (bDtkdif atacwf &efif;r&SdI) 0wfauswrf;aus vkyfonf? a*:&cg;wyfrsm;uawmh ppf
pnf;urf;twdkif;vkyo
f nf? a*:&cg;wyf/ csif;wyfEiS fh &ifqkdif&aom&Gmrsm; oufom onf? u&ifucsifwyfrsm;ESifhawG@aom &Gmrsm;
jymusonf? vlawGtowfcH&onf? tv,fArmjynfrS&Gmrsm;/ txufArmjynfrS &Gmrsm; roufom=uyg?
tukefd@_ tukefowf ppfqifa&; a=umifh {&m0wDwa=umwGif [dkwajymuf 'Dwajymuf rD;cdk;zkH;um aoG;!De@H v$rf;cJhonf?
rdef;rrsm; ysKdysKdtdktdk rk'ed f;usifhcH&onf?
tedXmkHrsm;udk tus,frcsJ@ csifawmhyg? &Jabmfaemfqidk f;. rdrdu,
dk fudk qef;ppfcsufjzifh ed*kH;csKyfygrnf? (uGefjrLepf ygwD
0ifvo
dk lwidk f; rdrdwGif&dcS Jhaom rSm;,Gif; onfh tawG;tac:rsm;ukd ygwDodk@ ykt
H yf &ygonf? qef;ppfcsuf wif&ygonf? Adv
k faemfqikd f;rS
r[kwfyg?)
&Jabmfaemfqidk f;u ArmawG tay: vufpm;acscsifaewmeJ@tawmfyJ/ Armtpd;k &u ArmawGowfcdkif;/ Arm&GmawG rD;d_@cdkif;awmh
xifwkdif;}uJ vufpm; acscJhygw,fwJh?
xdkpOfu +Adwdo#ppfrpf&Sif&do
S nf? EktufwvDpmcsKyft& &Sdaejcif; jzpfonf? vufpm;acsyJG wGif ol@ajc&mvuf&m
rnfr#ygrnfukd u|efawmfrodyg? ae0if; - atmif}uD;odygvdrfhrnf? olwdk@u bmr# rajym=u/ ra&;=uyg?
ajymolwOD;awmh &Sdygonf? ppf rpf&Sifta=umif; r[kwfyg? tm;vkH;owf tm;vkH;_d@ ay:vpD &SdcJhonfqkdonfudk 0efcHjcif;
jzpfygonf?
=opa=w;vswGif tajccsaeaom armifatmifrsKd;qkdolu pmwrf;wck ypkonf? xdktxJwGif tar&dueftajccs
Adv
k fcspfrif.ajymqkdcsufrsm; ygonf?
Adv
k fcspfrifu Adv
k fvufsmudk wyf rawmfwckv;kH ukd u&ifawG tkypf D;ae+yD/ u&ifwyfawGu Arm&GmawGukd rD;avmif
wkdufoGif;ae+yD/ tm;vkH;owf/ tm;vkH;d_@ vkyfae+yD[kwdkifa=umif;/ Adkvfvufsmu u&if awGbufu umuG,fa=umif; a&;xm;yg onf?
Adv
k fcspfriftajymt&qkv
d #if - uGefjrLepfawGxHrS odrf;qnf;&rdonf[k qdkaomvufeufrsm;rSm uGefjrLepfwdk@.
vufeuftppftrSefrsm;r[kwf/ vlowf rD;d_@ vkyfcsifwikd f;vky+f yD; oufaojyonfh taeESifh tjcm;rSvufeufrsm;ukd oufaocH
ypPnf;tjzpf wifjyae=uwm jzpfonf[k qkdonf?
vlawGowf/ rD;awG_@d wmawmh awmifolv,form;awGu oufaocHvdrfh rnf?
ae0if;ae&m&vmjcif;
Adv
k fvufsmu xkdta&;wGif Arm wyfrLS ;wyfom;rsm;t=um; emrnfysuf oGm;onf? ae0if;uemrnfaumif;,lonf?
^m%frsm;+yD; aumufuspfaom OD;ausmf+idr;f pDrHa&;qJGum t+rJwrf;cdk;xkycf kd;xnfESifh rdavh&o
Sd l rvnf_yf OD;ode;f az (jrifh) dkuful; onfh
vuf0JnD!Gwfa&; Zmwfvrf;wGif ae0if;onf vuf0JnD!Gwfa&; acgif;aqmif }uD; jzpfomG ;onf?
vuf0JnD!Gwfa&; wyfrawmf 9 OD;aumfrwD wGif
1? ae0if;
2? Adv
k faZ,s
3? Adkv&f JxG f
4? Adkvcf spf rif
5? Adv
k fwifOD;
6? Adkvw
f ifarmif
7? Adv
k fxGef;pdef
8? Adv
k faomif;=unf
9? Adkvaf pmxGef;pdefwdk@ yg=uonf[k qdkonf?
xdk (9) OD;udk owdy=unfhap csifonf? olwdk@aemufa=umif;awGa&;v#if &Snaf evdrhrf nf? qdk&,
S fvpfemrnf xGufae ol
wa,mufr#ryg/ ,ckwavm vlajymrsm; onfh (vljzLrsm;u ydak jymonfh ) wyf&if; (4) uvl wa,mufr# ryg? olwdk@u
qdk&,
S fvpfawGjzpfaeI rygjcif; jzpfonf?
ae0if;u ajrmufydik f;wdkif;rSL; taeESifhygjcif; jzpfonff/ wyf&if; (4) udk,pf m;vS,fr[kwfyg? Adv
k faZ,su ppfOD;pD; (y) tjzpf
ygaejcif; jzpfonf? usefvlrsm;u wyf&if; (3) rS 3 a,muf/ wyf&if; (6) rS 2 a,muf/ wyf&if; (5) ESifh wyf&if;(1) rS 1 a,mufpD
jzpfonf? wyf&if; (4) ryg?
OD;ausmf+idr;f u yg;onf? vnf onf? ae0if;ukyd J ygaeaponf? epf ukd oHa,mZOfwG,faeolrsm;/ =um;aersm;ukdyJ vuf0JxJ
xnfhay;onf? twdkcsKyfv#if
Adv
k faZ,s/ Adv
k f&JxGfwkd@ awmcdk &onf? =um;aersm; Adkvcf spf rif/ Adv
k fwifOD; (NLD Adv
k fwifOD;r[kwf)/ Adv
k fwifarmif
(jrwfxef)/ Adv
k faomif;=unf (wcgu uGefjrLepf)/ Adv
k fapmxGef;pdefwkd@ukd (Adv
k f aZ,su aemufaz;aygufuae umuG,f a&;0ef}uD;ae&m
awmif;onfqdkaom vkyfZmwfjzifh) ae0if;bufom; jzpfoGm; aponf?
Akv
d fatmifqef;/ Adv
k fvufsm/ Akv
d faZ,spolrsm;rSm Auo (ausmif;om; or*~) A[kdrSvmolrsm; jzpfonf? wyfwGif;
=oZm&S=d uonf? ae0if;vkd r[kwf? ae0if;udk wifcsifv#if Adv
k faZ,sudk z,f&rnf?
BIA. BDA. PBF twGif;rS wyfrLS ;trsm;pkonfvnf; e,f Auo rsm; rSjzpf=uonf? Adv
k fxGe;f pdef (tdraf pmifhacwf
&efukefr@awmf0ef) vdk or*~ qefusifa&; orm; tenf;tusOf;om ygonf?
ae0if;ukd umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; ae&m tpdrf;vdu
k fay;v#if atmufajcu =unf=unfjzLjzL &Sdrnfr[kwf? xdk@a=umifh yg;aom/
vnfaom OD;ausmf+idr;f u OD;Ekukd t&ifqkH;pnf;kH;onf? OD;Eku ae0if;ukd umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;ae&may;&ef aocsm oGm;rS (OD;Ek.
wmawpaeom;=unfh) oli,fcsif; uGejf rLepfysuf odef;az (jrifh) ukd tokH;csonf?
ae0if;ukd umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; ae&m ay;csifv#if Auoa[mif; Akv
d faZ,s udk t&ifz,f&rnf? Adv
k fvufsmukdawmh z,f+yD;+yD?
xdk@a=umifh vuf0JnD!Gwfa&; Zmwfvrf;qifonf? ae0if;ukd xdyfwif onf? wyfrawmf (9) OD;aumfrwDwGif ygolrsm;rSm
Adv
k fxGe;f pdefuvJGv#if Auo a[mif;rsm;csnf;[k qdkEkdifonf? ae0if;xuf Adv
k faZ,sESifh ydI
k eD;pyf=uonf?
Adv
k faZ,su Auoa[mif; wOD;vnf;jzpf/ ocifu,
dk fawmfr_id f; tzJG@u wOD;vnf;jzpfonfh OD;Ekukd,kH,kH=unf=unf
oGm;+yD;ajymrdonf? ae0if;uku
d muG,fa&; 0ef}uD; ae&may;v#if atmufajcu auseyf rnfr[kwf[k ajymrdonf? OD;Ekudk OD;
ausmf+idr;f em;oGif;+yD;[kodv#if ajymrdrnf rxif?
OD;ausmf+idr;f uwqifh ae0if; odoGm;aomtcg ol@tuGufxJ 0ifoGm; +yDqkdonfukd ae0if;odonf? xkd@a=umifh Adv
k faZ,sESifh
ESpfu,
kd f=um;&Sif;Ekdifygvsuf r&Sif;bJ (9) OD;aumfrwDrsm;a&S@wGif Adv
k f aZ,sukd umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;ae&m aemufaz;aygufu
oGm;awmif;ol jzpfatmif tykyfcsonf? vuf0JnD!Gwf a&; Zmwfvrf;udk qufrubJ &yfypfvu
dk f onf?
Akv
d fcspfrif.pmrsm;/ jrwfxef. pmrsm;udk=unfhv#if Adv
k faZ,s umuG,fa&; 0ef}uD;ae&mawmif;I (9) OD;aumfrwD
ysuf&onf[k tcdkiftrma&;=uonf? Akv
d f aZ,sudky,f+yD; ae0if;ukdolwdk@ opPmcH =ua=umif; a&;onf?
Tae&mwGif ae0if;. vkyfenf; ukd wifjyrS jynfhpkHrnf? ol@woufwm vkyfcJhonfeh nf; jzpfonf? ol@enf;ukd
olckd;aoazmf!ed nf;[k ac:Ekdifonf? xdkenf;udk ae0if;b,fvkdvyk fcJhovJ qkdwmukd vufqkyv
f ufukdifjyEkdifonfh oufaocHypPnf;
rqvXmecsKyf v#Kd@0Suf zkid fwJGrsm;wGif &Sdaeonf? (wpn u orkdif;0ifzdkifwJGrsm;ukd &SmazGvufpazsmuf jcif; ry&ef awmif;yefygonf?)
jzpfyHrk mS - 1970 pkEpS frsm;twGif; ac&Hoif;yif;tpkHtnD uawmfr,m;rsm;yg yk*Ho@kd ae0if;xGufawmfro
l nf? wnwGif
oD&yd pP,m[dkw,fY uawmfrsm; twif; tzsif; 0dik f;zJG@pum;ajymae&mrS ol@ ta=umif;ajymaeoH wpGe;f wp ae0if;
=um;vkdu&f Iqufem;axmif&m (uawmf wcsKd@rSm wcgu wuUov
kd fausmif;ol wuo0ifrsm; jzpfonf) 7 &ufZv
l dkifupd P ukd
Akv
d fcsKyf}uD; rl;rl;eJ@trdef@ay;wm [k ajym=uonf? ae0if;wkev
f _yfoGm;onf? 'Dudpv
P $wfxm;Ir&/ E_wfyw
d frS jzpfrnf[k odvmcJhonf?
&efukefjyefa&mufaomtcg 7 &ufZv
l kdif ta&;tcif;wGif wm0ef,l ESyd fuGycf Jhaom (toHv$ifhkHcef;rrSm ae+yD;
trdef@ay;cJh=uaom) Akv
d frSL;}uD;tm;vkH;ukd qifhac:onf? wuo taqmuftODudk zcsckdif;wmigvm; - Adv
k fatmif}uD;vm; rif;wd@k odor# pmeJ@a&;wif=u/ tck odyfr=umao;bl;? aemif arhoGm;r,f/ rif;wk@d ruG,fr0Sufa&;=u [k trdef@ay; onf?
ae0if;utm%m&Sdol atmif}uD; uab;a&mufaeol eD;&m"m;yJ a=umuf=u rnfukd ae0if;odonf? b,fvakd &;=urvJ
qkdwmyif uwGuf+yD; jzpfonf? Adv
k fapmjrifh/ Adkvv
f S[ef/ Akv
d fausmfpkd; pojzifh tm;vkH;u a&;wifonf? trdef@ay;ol atmif}uD;[k
a&;=uonf? ppfAkv
d frsm;tm;vkH;ukd csn+f yD; wkwf+yD; jzpfaomtcg rqvXmecsKyfwGif oD;oef@zdkifziG fh+yD; odrf;xm;cdkif;onf?
xdkowif;udk atmif}uD;u ol@ enf;ESifhol odoGm;onf? ajz&Sif;csufpmwrf; t&Sn}f uD;xkwfonf? tawmfudk jynfhpkH onf?
ordkif;ESifh csD+yD;a&;onf? xkdpmwrf;ukd atmif}uD;u v#Kd@0Su+f yD;jzef@onf? ol@ pmwrf;. oabmtcsKyfrSm ae0if;onf pdwfvu
dk frmefyg
rqifrjciftrdef@ay;avh &Sdonf? olut+rJzmzmax;ax; vky&f onf? ae0if;ua'goESifh trdef@ay;v#if atmufajcu
tcsdefqJGxm;&onf? pdwf ajyoGm;v#ifvnf; ajymvk@d qdkvd@k aumif; onf? ol@trde@f udk jyefzsufavh&do
S nf? ,cifujzpfcJhonfh
Oyrmrsm;vnf; a&;jyonf?
aecJh onfh twef;xuf 2 qifhausmf+yD; tatmif ay;rnf[k ygonf? (8) wef;u awmcdkomG ; olonf (10) wef;atmif+yD;ol jzpfrnf?
wuUokdvfaemufqkH;ESpf wufaeolqkdv#if bJG@&+yD;jzpfkHru bJG@vGefyxrESpf atmif+yD; jzpfaernf? TudpPrsKd;wGif ppftkyfpku
tvGefvu
dk favsmwwfygonf?
Tod@k tay;t,lwnfhae a=umif;ukd (Auy) =um;ygonf? ae0if;ESifh yDuif;wGif awG@aomtcg aocsmoGm;onf?
ae0if;u OD;b&efqdkif;rsufESm jrifvdkufwmeJ@ 'Dvlk;d om;w,f/ tvkyfjzpf Ekid fr,fqdw
k m wef;+yD;olov
d dkufa=umif;/ 'ga=umifh
ol@vlawGudk tay;t,lr#=uzdk@ !ef=um;&a=umif;/ yDuif;ujyefv#if vufrSwfxkd;yJG vkyfo
kH musefa=umif;/ aqG;aEG;yJG atmifjrifwJhtaeeJ@
rqv xdyfoD;awGtm;vkH;wufwJh xrif;pm;yJG}uD; vkyf+yD; rSwfwrf;wifxm;a=umif; u&m; a&v$wfum;onf? (Auy) u bmrSwfcsuf rS
ray;vkduyf g?
yDuif;ujyefvmrS OD;b&efqdkif;/ OD;aZmfrkid f;wdk@udk awG@vdka=umif; (Auy) u zdwfonf? olwkd@yefqef;vm=uonf?
twdkcsKH;v#if (17) csu[
f m vufeufcsa&;jzpfwmudk olwdk@oda=umif;/ a&&Snfwdu
k fv#if Armuusef&pf+yD; olwdk@ ucsifvlrsKd;
rsKd;ywfrnfjzpfI vufeuf cs&a=umif; ajymygonf? olw@dk .pOf;pm;csuf rSm - Armu vlOD;a&oef;aygif; 30 ausmf &Sd+yD; ucsifu
woef;yif r&Sda=umif;/ ppfwu
dk f&mwGif Arm 10 a,muf - ucsif 1 a,mufE_e;f ao=uv#ifyif Armu oef; 20 ausmf usef&pf+yD;
olwdk@ucsif rsKd;ywfrSm jzpfa=umif; &Sif;jyygonf? xdk@a=umifh a&&SnfppfyJG rwdu
k fcsifawmha=umif; ajym ygonf?
KIO .&Sif;jycsufudk Auy u em;vnfr_&ySd gonf? quf+yD;awmifhxm;um wdkufv#if tajctaeaumif; rkcsay:rnf? Auy u
qufwkduEf ikd f&ef ulnDrnf[k ajymcJhonf?
olwdk@vufcHoGm;ygonf? wquf wnf; olwdk@ r'wxJ jyef0ifrnf[k ajym onf? t*Fvef/ tar&duef oGm;csifonf[k
ajymonf? Auy.xifjrifcsuf awmif; onf?
r'wxJ0ifwm aumif;onf? t*Fvef/ tar&duef oGm;csifwmeJ@ ywfouf+yD; em;vnfr_EiS fh oabmaygufr_ &Sdygonf/ KIO rSm
vGwfvyfonfh tzJG tpnf;jzpfI vGwfvyfpmG qkH;jzwfyg[k ajymcJhonf?
tqrweftm;enf;aom vlrsKd; u tm;}uD;aomvlrsKd;ukd wkduaf e&v#if tm;ukd;wckckukd &Smp+rJjzpfonf? cJGxGufa&;
au;a=umfpOfu tar&duef qD;wd;k (SEATO) udk tm;udk;zl;onf? t*Fvdyf awmifwef;om;rdwfaqGrsm; ukd quf oG,fcJhonf?
xdkqufoG,frr_ Sm AuyESifh r[mrdwfzJG@aepOfyif tqufrjywfcJhyg? olwdk@u rajymaomfvnf; u|efawmfw@dk odaeonf? bmawGa&;onf
qdkonfuykd if odonf? Armhatmufypfrxm;cJhbl;qkd+yD; ckawmhArmukd vGwfvyfa&;ay;+yD; Armh atmufypfxm;w,f[k pum;emxdk;jcif;
jzpfygonf? (Armjynfta=umif; a&;=u aom vljzLu|rf;usifol rsm;vnf; xdkpm rsm;ukd zwfz;l [ef &Sdonf?)
TudpPukd rSwfcsufwcka&;+yD; &yfygrnf?
(rSwfcsuf) KIO u 1979 wGif qufwdkuf ojzifh tusKd;r,kwfyg? 1990 ckEpS frsm;wGif AuycJGxGufrsm; azmufcJhaomvrf;ukd olwdk@
vdkufonf? (17) csufxufomaom tcGifh ta&; &cJhonf? vufeufrcs&? KIO. KIA rzsuf&/ Ekid fiHa&;vkyfcGifh &Sdaeonf?
rdrdw@dk twGif;rSyif AuycJGxGuf +idr;f tzJG@rsm;ay:ae&m KIO +idr;f tzJG@ vkyfonfudk tjypfrajymyg? wkwfe,fpyf wGif tm;vkH;
+idr;f jzpfaecsdef olu xD;xD;}uD; qufwdkuaf eI rjzpfyg? odyfem oGm;vdrfhrnf?
AuycJGxGuf +idr;f tzJG@rsm;ukd olwdk@.rlvae&modk@ jyefoGm;aom &Jabmf rS r[mrdwjf zpfoGm;ol [k oabmxm; ovdk KIO
udkvnf; r[mrdwfrsm;tjzpfyif oabmxm;qJ jzpfygonf?
SSPP. KIO wdk@onf cJGxGufa&; rS jynfaxmifppk pfppfrlukd ajymif;+yD;yxrqkH; vufcHolrsm;jzpfI Auy u oHa,mZOf}uD;
ygonf?
txufwGifa&;cJhonfrsm;rSm xdyfwef;v#Kd@0Sufcsufrsm; r[kwfawmhI a&;ygonf? e0w/ etz rodcsiftqkH; jzpfaeaom
udpPrsm; jzpfonf?
(3) bkHvkyif ef;pOfr&Sdv#if
bkH&efol &Sdygonf? odk@aomf bm a=umifh&efoljzpfovJ qkdonfhudpPwGifum; rwl=uyg? (Auy) u ppftkyfpk/ ppftpdk;&ukd
ppftm%m&Sifpepf usifhoH;k aom ppfAsLdk u&uf t&if;&Sifrsm;jzpfaoma=umifh &efol [k owfrSwfjcif; jzpfonf?
oD;jcm;wdkif;jynf cJGxGuf a&; au;a=umfolrsm;u Arm e,fcsJ@ rsm;jzpfI &efol[kowfrSwfjcif; jzpfonf? tajccHcsif;yif
rwl=uyg?
uGefjrLepfrsm;u wESpaf pm+yD; awmckdonf? KNU uyg awmckdvmaom tcg awmxJwGif ydyuQjzpf&onf? odk@ aomf
awmuus,fonf? ol@pnf;udk,hpf nf; aevdk@&onf? 1958 txd xkdodk@ &SOf@ av#mufom ysm;pJGom ay:vpD vkyfv@kd &onf?
wyfaygif;pkpum;vnf; trsm; tm;jzifh jynfol@&Jabmf/ tvHew
D dk@EiS fh ajym& onf? jynfol@&JabmfEiS fh Auy eD;pyfonf?
olwkd@vnf; jynfaxmifpb
k ufom;/ Auy vnf; jynfaxmifpb
k ufom;? 1947 jynfaxmifpt
k ajccHOya'rSm Akv
d f atmifqef;
OD;aqmifa&;qJGjcif; jzpfonf? (Auy) u axmufcHcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh jynfaxmifpk jy\emwGif ruJG=uyg?
tvHeDu vlrsKd;wrsKd; wdkif;jynf wjynfpepfudk vkdvm;onf? jynfaxmifpk rvdkcsif/ olu uJGtufa&; cJGxGufa&;orm;?
tvHeDbmajymaeae udprP &Sdyg? oluvlxk tajccHr&Sd? Auy jzLv#if olrnf;rnf?
(Auy) u jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;/ jynfwGif;+idr;f csrf;a&;ajymawmh olu u|ef yJGpm;}uD;ocifoef;xGef; [k ajymonf?
oD;jcm;wdkif;jynf cJGxGuf a&; orm;wdk@uawmh jynfaxmifppk um; r=um;csif/ em;cg;onf? jynfaxmifpk[k ajymrdv#if
ArmeDESifh Arm!dk woHwnf;yJ[k pGyfpJGonf?
1958 - 60 tdraf pmifhacwfu armifarmif/ atmif}uD;wdk@ KNU ESifh wdwfwdwf 3 }udrfwdwd aqG;aEG;onf? Auy udk
OD;wnfwu
kd f&ef KNU udk pnf;kH;onf? 1958 - 60 onf Auy twGuf temqkH; umvjzpfonf? (Auy u KNU tay:
b,fwkef;urS taumufr}uHcJh[k KNU acgif;aqmifudk r=umrDuyif ajymvku
d f ao;onf?)
1958 - 60 rSm Auywdk@ arG;&m ZmwdESifhatmifajrukd vufvGwf&aom umvjzpfonf? Auy.arG;&mZmwdonf
rif;0Hawmifa=um yJcl;dk;rjzpfonf? atmifajronf {&m0wDjrpf0rS f; jzpfonf? (armifarmif/ atmif}uD;wkd@EiS fh KNU bmawGusdwf+yD;
em;vnfr_ &cJhonf qdkonfukd olwdk@ajymrS aumif;rnfjzpfI rwifjyawmhyg?)
&Srf;rsm;u SSIA zJG@ vufeuf ukdifwdkufyw
JG dkufawmh ArmeD e,fcsJ@awG jyefoGm; [k &mZoHay;onf? oD;jcm; &Sr;f jynf.
e,ferd dwfonf rEWav;vGifjyif txd[k ajymonf? teD;pcef;atmufbuf txd qkwf&rnf? rqkwfv#if wdkurf nf[k pma&;onf? (Auy)
u &Srf;jynfa&mufae onfrSm 1949 uwnf;u jzpfonf? zqyv tpd;k &&Sdonfhae&mrSm wdkufrnf/ wdkufaeonfrSm =um+yD?
olwdk@olykex
f rS (Auy) udk armif;xkwfonf? ajcmufwikd f; a=umuf+yD; zdwdkif;ydv#if awmfvSefa&;orm; r[kwf/ xdk@a=umifh xGufroGm;yg?
olwdk@u e,ferd dwfuo
dk uf!mpGm owfrSwfwm[k qkdonf? rEWav;/ yif;,/ tif;0txd ,lvdk@&onf/ ordik f;&Sdonf[k qdkonf?
Auy aep&mr&Srd Smpdk;I ouf!m wm[ kajymonf?
uHaumif;axmufrpGm Auy &Srf;jynfrSrqkwf&? wdkufvnf;rwdkuf vdkuf&yg?
wdkuf&onfu KIO ESifh jzpfonf? apmapmu rwdku&f / 1968 ta&S@ajrmufykdif;ay:+yD;rS wdkuf&jcif; jzpfonf?
wdkuf&onfrSmvnf; EkdifiHjcm; ya,m* ygonf?
jzpfpOfrSm
ae0if;wuGufrSm;I wkwf tpdk;& a'gyGonf? tif'ked ;D &Sm;/ rav;wkd@ rSmvkd ae0if;u uGefjrLepfqefusifa&;/ wkwfqefusifa&;
vkyfro
d nf? wkwf qef@usifa&;ukd ,leDazmif;c|wf ppfom; rsm;ESifh vkyfcJhonf? ppfom;rsm;ukd ppfum; jzifh o,fvm/ ,leDazmif;c|wf
vkHcsnf0wf ap+yD; t&ufwkdufum t"duk%f; zefwD; apjcif; jzpfonf?
wkwfu tar&dueftEW&m,f owdxm;csde/f tar&duefu AD,uferfppf &Sdefjrifhcsde/f EsLuvD,mAkH;tao;pm; okH;rokH;
csdefqaecsde/f ,Ofaus;r_ awmfvSefa&;a=umifh wkwrf sm; tuJqwfaecsdeEf Sifh oGm;wdk; onf?
ruHpzl; Auy vufeuf azmjcif; aomjcif; &onf? r[mrdwrf sm;udk waomif;*%ef; a&mufvkeD;eD; ulnDEkdif cJhonf?
(tultnD vufcHcJholrsm;tm;vkH; +idr;f tzJG@ rsm; jzpfaejcif;/ ESpaf ygif; 20 ausmf 30 eD;yg; &Sd+yDjzpfjcif;a=umifh wcgu xdyw
f ef;v#Kd@0Suu
f dk
zGifhajymjcif; jzpfonf?)
yxrqkH;&onfh r[mrdwfxJrSm KIO ygonf? xkdtcgu KIO udk aZmf nDtpfudkawG acgif;aqmifonf? aZmfwl;u AuyxHrS
vufeuftultnD ,lonf? xdkif;wGifaeaomtpfuu
dk uGefjrLepfay;wJh vufeuf xrf;&aumif;vm; vufeufeD
rxrf;eJ@[k !ef=um;onf? (cJGxGufoD;jcm; wkdif;jynf xlaxmifcsifolwdkif; xdkif;tajccH =uonfcsnf; jzpfonf? [kwfwmr[kwfwm
tyxm; uGefjrLepfwkwf qefusifv#if vufeufay;rvdkvdk avoHay;aeI wae@ &Edk;Edk; apmifhae=uonf? &onf[kawmh r=um;zl;yg?
a&$ikH;rif;t+rD;ar#mf&if;ESifh tcsdeaf wGom ukefcJh=uonf?)
aZmfqdkif;trde@f jzifh aZmfwl;u ESpfbufoabmwlnDcsufukd wzufowf zsufonf? &xm;aomvufeufawmh ,lxm;+yD;
armfpDwkef;=o0g' ppfa&; 6 apmifw@dk ukd zsufqD;ypfonf?
ArmeDe,fcsJ@orm;[k ajymonf? tuGufacsmif;aeaom rqv ppftkyfpku 0if+yD; tjrwfxkwfonf? Auy wdkufa&; twGuf
tm;ay;onf? &duQm/ usnf tenf;tusOf; ay;onf? rv$Jra&Smifom ppfwu
dk f&awmhonf? ,cif 1968 rwdkifru
D rwdkucf Jh&yg?
aZmfnDtpfukdrsm; wa,mufu AuyESifhwu
dk f&if; usqkH;onf? t}uD; ESpaf ,mufu olwdk@csif;vkyf}uHwm cH& onf? KIO
wckvkH; ajcrudkifrd vufrudkifrd jzpfonf? Auy u r&efb&efqdkif;/ aZmfrdik f;wdk@udk vufeufukdifwdkufyJG quf wkduf&ef tm;ay;onf?
tultnDay;onf?
ucsifu xdkif;ESifhta0;}uD;? EkdifiHjcm;trS&D Smv#if ukvm;/ wkwfyJ rSv
D kd@ &onf? olrsm;ESifh rwlyg? ukvm;u ol@kuQ ESifho/l
ta&S@ajrmufa'owGif ppfwu
kd fae &onf? KIO udk vufeufay;vdk@ rjzpfyg? xdk@a=umifh AuyxHrS wkwfvufeuf ,l&onf? KIO rSm
xdkif;wGif vkyf}uHcH&+yD; xkdif;ukdrDI
S rjzpf? xdk@a=umifh AuyESifh jyef+yD; r[mrdwzf JG@onf? jynfol@'rD u
dk a&pD vrf;a=umif; vufcHonf[k
qdkonf?
vufeufwGif tjzLteD r&Sd/ xrf;rnfhoo
l m tjzLteD&Sdonfukd KIO acgif;aqmifrt
_ zJG@opfu odygonf? olwdk@ rSm
xkdif;wGifaeolrsm; r[kwf=uI ,l&J onf? xdkif;wGifaev#if vufeuftultnD ,lvkd@rjzpf? ,lrdv#if urBmrD;avmifrnf?
Tok@d jzifh vufeuftultnD axmifcsD+yD; (Auy) u ay;onf? vufeuf wdk@.oabmrSm usnfqef&&Sd onf? vl
xrif;pm;ovkd aoewfu usnfqefpm; onf? rpm;&v#if wkwfavmufyif tokH; rus? ESppf Of (Auy) u jznfhusnf axmufyHh &onf?
vufeufudk ray;cif (Auy) u oifwef;ay;onf? olwdk@A[dkuvnf; oGm;oifwef;wuf=u/ ajymor# em;axmifcJh=u/
jyefapm'u rwuf=ueJ@/ vufeufxrf; jyefcJh=u [k !e=f um; vkdufonf? trsm;uawmh emcHonf? wa,mufuawmh
olwkd@A[kd !ef=um;csuf ukd azmufzsufonf? wcsw
D armif; wkduf xm;=u&I rcHcsdrcHom jzpfaeykH&onf? ratmifhEkdif?
Auyukd tpOftquf acgif; aqmifcJholrsm;ta=umif; oifwef;ay; t+yD;wGif tjyeftvSeaf qG;aEG;yJGY avmu rSm
ocifa,_wa,mufyJ =um;zl;onf? ocifatmifqef;/ ocifpdk;/ ocifodef;az/ ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifZif/ ocifAode;f wif r=um;zl;bl;
[k cGwkduo
f nf?
olr=um;zl;wm [kwfaumif; [kwfrnf/ ol@taz ol@tzdk;acwfuawmh ArmjynfrSm vltajrmuftjrm;[m
rsufESmjzLbdkwikd f;ukd ocifac:cJhz;l onf qkdonfukd oifwef;q&mu jyefrajym vkduyf g? r[mrdwf y ae=uonfyJ?
r'w/ Auy yefqef;pnf;a0;yJG
txufwGif b&efqdik f;u r'w xJ jyef0ifrnf/ t*Fvef/ tar&duef oGm;rnfqdkaomudpP wifjy+yD;+yD?
b&efqkid f; xdkif;qif;onf? r'w xJ jyef0ifonf? t*FvefoGm;jzpfonf? wcgu rufv;kH ay; tvGeo
f efaom awmifwef;om;
rdwfaqG}uD;rsm; ESifh oGm;awG@onf? olw@dk xJu trsm;pku uG,fvGef+yD? q&m}uD;csmcsD/ bk&ifcHa[mif; a':refprpfwkd@ r&Sd=uawmh?
usef&pfolrsm;u (Lord) avmhbJG@cH+yD; txufv$wfawmf trwfrsm; vkyfaeonf? olwkd@ESifh awG@onf? olw@dk acgif;xJ Armjynf
r&Sdawmh? awmifwef;om;rsm;ukdvnf; pdwfr0ifpm; =uawmh? b&efqkid f; pdwfysuf&onf?
tar&duefoGm;&ef u;pm;onf? uGefjrLepfESifhr[mrdwf yxm;oljzpfI t0if rcH vSnfhjyefcJh&onf? pdwftysuf}uD;
ysufvmonf?
Ttcsufrsm;rSm b&efqkid f;. jyefvnfajymjycsufudk csKyf+yD;wifjyjcif; jzpfonf?
Ekid fiHjcm;tm;ukd rSDcdkv@dk r&&if udk,fhjynfwGif;yJ tm;udk;awmhrnf[k qkH;jzwf+yD;/ r'w ukd,fpm;vS,ftzJG@}uD;ukd ac:um KIO
XmecsKyfodk@ jyefvmonf? XmecsKyfa&mufv#if wzufu r'wtzJG@ukd AuyESifhawG@z@dk em;csonf? wzufuvnf; Auyukd r'wESifhawG@&ef
wkdufwGef;aeonf?
&if;ES;D aom rdwfaqG. wdkufwGef; csufudk (Auy) u vufcHonf? r'w tzJG@ukd em;csIvnf; &oGm;ojzifh (Auy) u
zdwfonf?
rdrd.atmufajc tzJGtpnf;rsm; okd@vnf; A[dk.{nfhonfrsm; vm=urnf/ rdwf0wfrysuf{nfhcH=u/ olwdk@xJu wcsKd@
aoG;cJG=uvdrhrf nf? jyefrwkH@jyef=ueJ@[k !ef=um;xm;onf?
ygwDuwGufxm;onfh twdkif;yif olwdk@xJutcsKd@u Auya'o 0ifuwnf; u aoG;cJGa&; vkyo
f nf? ucsif/ u&if/ udk;uef@/
yavmif/ &Srf;/ 0/ tcg ponfh ygwD au'grsm;ukd AuyrScJGxGu/f oD;jcm;tzJG@ csKyfrsm;zJG@um r'w wGif; 0if=uzdk@ ajym=u qG,f=uonf?
vlrsKd;pkau'grsm;uvnf; A[dkok@d tjynfhtpkH uejzifh tpD&ifcHonf? A[kdu rwk@H jyefeJ@
{nfh0wfapmif0wfaus=u[k !ef=um;onf? yefqef;a&muf+yD; aqG;aEG;yJG vkyfaecsdew
f Gifvnf; Todk@yif aoG;cJG+rJ aoG;cJGae=uonf? Auy
udk,fpm;vS,f tzJG@u avoHjzifhyif ruef@uGufcJhyg? xdkudk,pf m;vS,ftzJG@wGif ygolrsm; touf xif&Sm; &Sdae=uygao;onf? olwdk@ukd
oufaownfygonf?
Auy.tajccHa'owGif olwdk@ vkyfovdkrsKd; olwdk@a'owGif vkyfcGifhy=u yg.avm? olw@kd . ajymufusm;a'owGif acwWvm+yD;
&efol@x;dk ppfa&Smif cdkv_Holukyd if owfypfygonf? b,folawG b,frmS b,fol@trdef@jzifh owfonfukd ajymEdkif aomfvnf;
&efpukdwkad pvdkI rajymawmhyg?
uGefjrLepf qefusifa&;vkyfv#if qkcscH&vdrfhrnf[k xifa,mifrmS ;r_rsm; wae@aysmufvdrfhrnf[k oabmydu
k fum
atmifhtnf;aecJhygonf? &efoltay: jywfom;/ rdwfaqGtay: pdwf&Snf a&;onf Auy.rlwck jzpfygonf?
DAB zJG@aomtcg rdwfaqG}uD; b&efqkid f;u Auyukd DAB wGif; yg0if apcsifcJhonf? xdkif;uae DAB xJ ygryg ar;cJhonf?
Auy ygv#if tm;rjzpfbJ/ tm; ysufapovdkjzpfrnf? uGefjrLepfygvmI tar&duefqDu vufeuftultnD r&wm[k
xif=uvdrfhrnf? rygbJaewm aumif;onf? 'ga=umifh ab;uaeyJ 'Drdk ua&pDa&;vkyfrnf[k ta=umif;jyefcJhonf?
&nfrSef;csu}f uD;}uD; rxm;cJhI Auy - r'w yefqef;pnf;a0;yJG atmifjrif ygonf? ppfa&;wyfaygif;pkom OD;wnfjcif; jzpfI
jy\emay:p&m r&Sdyg? Auy. jynfaxmifprk lukd &Sif;jy&ef awmif;qkdwm awmh &Sdonf? AuywGif v#Kd@0Su+f yD; jynfaxmifpt
k ajccHOya'
a&;qJGxm;wm &Sdonf[k ajym+yD;ar;jcif; jzpfonf?
AuywGif v#Kd@0Suaf &m ajAmif a&m jynfaxmifpt
k ajccHOya' (rl=urf;) r&Sdyg? tajccHOya'qkdonfrmS awmfvSefa&;
atmify&JG +yD;rS o&zlaqmif;wmjzpfa=umif;/ ,kefr&cif oHy&k m&Sm=uv#if tcsif;csif; pdwf0rf;uJGwmyJ tzwfwifrnfhta=umif;
&Sif;jycJhygonf? oabmayguf[efawmh r&Sd yg? Auy taeESifh tm%mrJholrsm; a&;qJG xm;aom tajccHOya' (rl=urf;) ukdvnf;
(4) awmifwef;om;rdwfaqGrsm;t=umif;
1948 wGif rv$Jra&Smifom vGwfvyfa&;ay;&awmhrnfh tajctaewGif awmifwef;om; rdwfaqGrsm;tzJG@ t*Fvdyftkyfpdk;ol
todkif;t0dkif;wGif ay:onf? emrnfausmf csmcsDukd trSL;y+yD; bk&ifcHa[mif;a':refprpf acgif;aqmifonf? t*FvdyAf sLdu
k &uf}uD;rsm;
yg=uonf?
rdwfaqGrsm;u awmifwef; om;rsm;udk tultnDay;awmhrvkdvkd ajymonf? awmifwef;om;rsm;uvnf; tultnD
&awmhrvdkvkd xifa,mifrmS ;=u onf?
odk@aomf acwf}uD;u ajymif;cJh+yD? e,fcsJ@urBmhtcif;tusif; ukeq
f kH;oGm;+yD? e,fcsJ@rsm; aemufqkwaf e&+yD? t*FvefwGif
csmcsDtpdk;& jyefwufawmhvnf; Armjynf buf vSnrfh =unfhtm;yg? t*Fvdyef ,fcsJ@u pl;tufw;l ajrmif;ta&S@buf ajcrcs0aHh wmh?
t*Fvdyf awmifwef;om; rdwfaqGrsm; wZmwfodrf;cJh+yD? ,ae@ ay: aeonfu Armjynfta&; u|rf;usifol yg&*l rsm;.
awmifwef;om; rdwfaqGrsm; topfjzpfonf? olwdk@u tm%mydkifrsm; r[kwf/ Ekid fiHa&;yJGpm;/ vufopf pDtdkifat/ Ekid fiHa&;a'gufwm
&rf;ukrsm; jzpfonf? xdktxJwGif bmwD; vifhwemqkdol ygonf?
bmwD;vifhwemonf tjcm; yg&*l rsm;xuf wvkH;ydkLS Ekid fonf? olu yefqef;jyef ? olyefqef;a&muf&onfrSm
rdwfaqG}uD; b&efqkid f;.awmif;yefcsut
f & a&mufjcif; jzpfonf? pmtkyw
f tkyf ESpf tkyaf &;+yD; Armjynfta=umif; u|rf;usif olyg&*l
vkyfaeolrmS olwa,mufwnf; r[kwf/ rsm;onf? olwkd@u pmtkyaf &;=u onf?
olwdk@a&;or#u awmifwef; om;ukd csD;usK;p&m &SmcsD;usL;onf? Armqkdv#if eDaomjzLaomra&G; qefusif onf?
bmwD;vifhwem &efukefa&muf+yD; jyefvmawmh Akv
d fcif!Gef@u ol@ukd t*Fvdyf vdk usKyfwkd@awG@=u+yD [k ajyma=umif;/ xkd
t*Fvdypf um;ukd tvGwfusuf+yD;ajym[ef wla=umif; u|efawmfw@dk xH pma&;zl;onf? Armqdkv#if ESrd fp&mr&Sd &Sm+yD;ESrd fonf?
awmifwef;om;vnf;jzpf/ c&pf ,mefvnf;jzpfv#if olwdk@twGuf csD;usL; p&mcsnf;? t*Fvdyfppfom;a[mif;}uD;u
paumhwvef csKdif;!yfavoGif;ykavG r_wfwmudyk if csD;rGr;f cef;zGifhonf? e,fcsJ@ vufusefukd xdef;odrf;ojzifh auseyfonf?
ppfat;vGefacwf awmifwef; om; rdwfaqGrsm; ta=umif;udk t"du a&;csifonfrmS TudpPrsm; r[kwfyg? olwkd@
vkyfaygufukd rdwfqufay;vkdjcif;om jzpf onf?
olwkd@ aq;+rD;wdak y;cJhonf/ ay; aeonf?
t=urf;rzufa&; aq;+rD;wkd a=umifh ajrmhajrmhusefawmhonfh vlemudk ,ck &wJhaps;eJ@xkwaf &mif; acs;rsm;raeeJ@ [k
aq;+rD;wkd ay;ae=ujyef+yD? &Jabmfrsm;/ rdwfaqGrsm; owd&Sd=uapcsifonf?
u|efawmfw@dk wGif tm;enf;csuf &Sdonf? jynfwGif;EkdifiHa&;owif;ukd xdk yg&*lrsm;xHrS ,lae&onf? jynfwGif;&Sd
Ekid fiHa&;yk*dK~ vfrsm;uvnf; vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdka&;om;cGifh r&SdI vlodrsm;apcsif onfh Ekid fiHa&;owif;/ toHv$ifhay;apcsif onfh
owif;udk olwdk@ukd ay;ae&onf?
awmifwef;om; rdwfaqG ta[mif;jzpfap/ topfjzpfap jynfaxmif pk jy\em ukd ulnDajz&Sif;ay;Ekdifolrsm; r[kwf=u?
odk@aomf olw@kd wGifus,faeonf? ajc_yfaeonf? ajc_yw
f muae ajcxdk;vdrfh rnf?
1988 onf tvSnfhtajymif;ESpf jzpfonf? tvSnfhtajymif;wckrmS cJGxGuf a&; oD;jcm;wkdif;jynf xlaxmifa&; ukd
t"duvlrsKd;pk tiftm;pkrsm;u twd tvif;pGef@y,f+yD;/ 'Drdkua&pDESifh jynfaxmifpk bufom;rsm; jzpfoGm;=uonf? cJGxGufa&;/
oD;jcm;wdkif;jynf xlaxmifa&;udk u&ifeD wkd;wufa&;ygwDuyif odyfrajymawmh? aemfa0;jynf atmfpvdk (OSLO) wGif
ajymwmzwf&onf? jynfaxmifpb
k ufom; jzpfvmolwdkif;ukd uqk&d rnf?
vufopf awmifwef;om;rdwfaqGrsm;
olwdk@u ta[mif;ESifh vkH;0 rwlyg? ta[mif;rsm;u AsLku
d &uf}uD;rsm; oyfoyf jzpfonf? &Sif;onf? topfu *sme,fvpf/
NGO / vl@tcGifhta&;orm; ta&cHxm;=uonf? tppftrSefrsm; =um;wGif a&maeonf? EkdifiHa&;yJGpm; EkdifiHa&;&rf;uk rsm;
vkyfonf? olwkd@ ta=umif;a&;&if; _yfaewmrsm;vnf; &Sif;csifonf?
Auy ,l*sD 4828 udk zrf;rdawmh Akv
d fcif!Gef@ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGrsm; uref; uwef; vkyfonf? vkyfonfh&nf&G,cf suu
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&Sif;onf? olvnf; ajymxm;+yD;jzpfI a&;p&mr&Sdyg? ol.zk;H uG,x
f m;aom &nf&G,cf suu
f dkom a&;rnf?
uGefjrLepf qefusifa&;onf tar&duef. onf;ajcuufjzpfonf? 'gudk Adv
k fcif!Gef@odonf? xdk@a=umifh xdktcsuu
f kd
aumufuikd fvdkuo
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f nf?
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- e0wonf Auyukd tjrpfjywf acsre_ f; aeonf[k tar&duefukd owif;ay;&ef?
- xdkif;e,fpyfa&muf ausmif;om;vli,f rsm;ukd r,kHESifh/ uGefjrLepftquftoG,fawG jzpfonf? vufeufrulnDESifh[k jzpfonf?
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGpmtkyrf sm;udk =unfhv#if awG@Eikd fonf?
jzpfpOfukdjyefvSefv#if
vlxktkHur_}uD; t&SdefwufaepOf u wufuonfhvli,frsm; (&[ef;oHCm awmfrsm;yif ygonf) twGif;Y &v#if& r&v#ifcs pdwf"mwf&Sdonf? csv#if vufeuf vdkrnf? vufeuf xdidk f;e,fpyfwGif *dak 'gif ESifh tjynfhxnfh+yD; apmifhaeonf? tar
&duefu ay;vdrrfh nf? tdEd,
N uvnf; wyfr[m (2) ckpm vufeufulnD&ef jyifxm;onf? csif;wGif;jrpftxd yd@k ay;rvdkvdk
owif;awGjzpfaeonf? (Adkvcf if!Gef@wdk@ vnf; =um;vdrhrf nf? a[majymyJGwGif xnfha[maeonfyJ?)
xdkxifa,mifrmS ;r_jzifh xdkif;buf txGufrsm;onf? tdEd,
N buf tawmf toifh oGm;onf?
Auy.oabmxm;rSm 'Drdk ua&pDawmfvSefa&;/ ppftpdk;&wdkufa&; twGufqdkv#if b,fu&& ,lloifhonf? ray;v#if
awmif;&rnf? yg;pyfeJ@csnf; rulyg eJ@ vufeufulyg ajym&rnf? vufeuf [lonf tjzL - teD r&Sd/ vufeufxrf; olom tjzL teD &Sdonf[k oabm xm;+yD; oGm;=uwmukd tm;ay;cJhonf?
rSef;csuEf SifhESrf;xGuf ygpifatmif vJGonf? xdktcg Auy EkdifiHa&;OD;aqmif tzJG@ (EkdifOD;) ta&;ay: tpnf;ta0; xkdifonf?
wnDw!Gwfwnf; qkH;jzwfonf rSm
- ausmif;om;rsm; tar&duefqDu r&v#if Auy u ay;&rnf? vufeuf&v#if olwdk@ {&m0wDjrpf0rS f;tajccH&ef oGm;=u vdrhrf nf?
vlxkuvnf; uqkdrnf? vlxkESifh cJGchw
J m r=umao;?
- ukd,hw
f yf&v
Sd #if ukd,f@vGwfajrmuf e,fajr &Sdrnf? vlxkukdrSDcdkv#if t0wftpm;/ bm udk,ht
f m;udk,fukd; vkyfEkdif=urnf?
e0w.tm%m rcdkif+rJao;cif {&m0wD jrpf0rS f; tjrefqif;Ekid fzdk@ vdkonf? xdk@a=umifh
- vufeufwaomif;wdwd ulnD&ef/ ausmif;om;wyfukd emrnfay;csif&may;? 'Drku
d a&pD jynfcspfwyfrawmf (DPA)
qdkv#ifaumif;onf? ausmif;om;rsm; touf}uD;oGm;vnf; 'DemrnfESifh vdkufonf? jzef@cJGxm;aom *kda'gifrsm; xJu xkwf,l+yD;
tvG,fwulvm+yD; xkwf,lEkdifaomae&mrsm;wGif pkpnf;xm; &ef?
- zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wkef;uvkd ygwDu Ekid fiHa&;rSL;rsm; wJGay;vdkuf&ef jyifqif onfhtaejzifh DPA Ekid fiHa&;oifwef; wck
tjrefziG fh&ef?
ta&;}uD;aomqkH;jzwfcsufjzpfI A[dk aumfrwDpHn
k Dtpnf;ta0;okd@ Ekid fOD; tzJG@u wifjyonf?
trsm;pk}uD;u vufcHonf? okd@aomf (aemiftcg cJGxGuf=urnfh) A[dk aumfrwDtenf;pkuav;u r&Jw&J apm'uwufonf?
Ekid fOD; tzJG@.=oZmukd vef@I ajAmifawmhruef@uGuf&J? ygwD&J@ jynfol@wyfrawmf &Sdae+yDyJ - ausmif;om; wyf zJG@p&mvkdao;ovm;
[k apm'u wufjcif; jzpfonf? (cJGxGufawmh Armtdk}uD; awGu Armausmif;om;awGudk vufeuf ay;rvdk@ vkyw
f ma=umifh
qef@usif&wm[k ol@atmufajcodk@ ajymonf )
[kwfonf? jynfol@wyfrawmf &Sd+yD; jzpfonf? odk@aomf olwkd@u {&m0wD jrpf0rS f;okd@ rqif;Ekid f/ 1968 rS 1988 xd
t}udrf}udrfqif;zd@k u;pm;zl;onf? jrpfzsm; bufokd@qif;&ef vkyfpOfu KIO cHaeonf/ ppfwu
dk f&onf? aemufr[mrdwf jzpf=u awmh
olwkd@ukdrSDcdk+yD; qif;onf? owif; aygufaeonf? tajctaer&ifhrSnafh o;I tustqkH;rsm;um ratmifjrifcJh/ au'g aumif;trsm;tjym;
usqkH;cJh&onf? 1989 rSm u|efawmfw@dk atmufbufukq
d if;vdkI vrf;jyay;&ef olwdk@udkajymawmh olwdk@ESifh e0w
usdwfaqG;aEG;aeonfukd rajymjybJ u|efawmfw@dk awmif;qdkwmudk y,fcscJhonf?
t"duqif;csifonfrSm ygwDA[kd &Sd&m yJcl;dk;rawmifydkif;ESifh {&m0wDjzpf0 u|ef;ay: jzpfonf? tif;av; aygif;avmif; txd
qif;oGm;zkd@rSmvG,fonf? jy\emr&Sd? awmifil - ausmuf}uD;vG,faumfvrf;. ajrmufbuftxdvnf; jy\emr&Sd? (ae0if;qD
atmif}uD;pma&;pOfu okH;E_e;f onfh [dkcsDrif;vrf; azmufjcif; jzpfonf?)
&efolu xkdt}uHtpnfudk odonf? tjyif;txef rD;uke,
f rf;ukef zsufonf? ocifwifxGef;/ Adv
k fpkd;armif/ &JabmfvSarmif
(awmifil)/ &Jabmfbarmif (rkH&mG ) wdk@ &Srf;jynftv,fydik f;wGif usqkH; jcif;/ 1975 ckEpS fwGif ocifZif/ ocifcspf polw@dk usq;kH jcif;rSm Auy.
pDrHudef;ukd zsuf&efvkyfonfh &efol@xkd;ppfrsm;wGif usqkH;jcif; jzpfonf?
jrpf0u|ef;ay: jyefvnfazmfxw
k f a&;pDru
H def;ukd ,l*sDenf;ESifh p+yD;vkyfonf? opPmazmufa=umifh wyHvH;k &efol@vuff
a&mufonf?
vrf;a=umif;acsmarm&ef wyf aygif;pkvkyfief;aumif;atmif vkyf&mwGif wjcm;tzJG@rsm;ESifh acsmarmaomfvnf; KNU ESifh
racsmarm/ q&mpaum v,fawmwkd@ KNUP ukd,pf m;vS,ftzJG@ESifh aqG;aEG;&mwGifvnf; tqifrajycJhyg? tqif ajyv#if
vufeufaxmifEiS fhcsD+yD; ulnD&ef jyifxm;onf? olw@kd u vufeuftultnD ukdyif vufrcHyg? olwkd@wGifvnf; olwkd@ pOf;pm;csuf
&Sdygvdrfhrnf?
aemufawmh KNU waygif; wpnf;wnf; jzpfoGm;onf? wyfaygif;pk pnf;a0;yJG r&Sdawmh? r'w - Auy yefqef;pnf;a0;yJGusrS
jyefawG@=uonf?
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Tr#avmufajymjcif; jzpfonf? olwkd@ pdwfr0ifpm;yg?
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awmif;aejcif;ESifh ,SOf=unfyh g?)
'kwd,pJGcsuf? Armcsif; vuf0g; csif;du
k f+yD; vlrsKd;pkawGukd vufeufcsatmif vkyfonf? TpJcG suu
f yd}k uD;onf? Auyudk
OD;wnfonf?
ol@tajymt& 1963 aphpyf aqG;aEG;yJaG c:awmh SSIA udk,fpm;vS,frsm; oGm;=uonf? &efukefra&muf? vG,fvif vm;/
awmif}uD;vm;rod tJ'Du jyefcJh &onf? olwdk@ESifhawG@&olu Adkvw
f ifhaqG (xifonf?) raqG;aEG;&bJ vufcsm em; axmif jyefcJh&onf?
rif;wd@k igwk@d [koH;k +yD; vufcsmdu
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dk fonf[k qkdonf?
Armcsif;aqG;aEG;yJGusawmh wef;wl&nfwl t}uD;tus,fvkyaf y;onf? av;av;pm;pm; qufqHonf? pmapmif pmwrf;awG
xkwfonf[k pGyfpJGonf? &Jabmf aX;ESifh Adkvfapmjrifh wr@wnf;om;/ ausmif;om;}uD;ESifh ausmif;om;i,f jzpfa=umif;/ AdkvfaZ,sESi fh
Akv
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xdkpJGcsufrmS aqG;aEG;yJG rSwfwrf; pmtky}f uD;wGif uGufvyfrsm;ygaeonf? xdkuu
G fvyfrsm;rSm olwdk@.,kH=unf&aom
twGif;ydkif;owif;t& AuyESifh awmfvSef a&;aumifpD a&S@vkyif ef;pOf !d=ujcif; jzpfonf[k pGyfpo
JG nf? [efwmomar$;u vGJ+yD;
vlrsKd;pkawGtm;vkH; awmxJjyefukef+yD/ b,fvdk vkyf=urvJ/ Auy (ArmeD ) u awmxJjyefoGm;zdk@/ vlrsKd;pkawGudk aemufwcg awmarmif;+yD;
(Arm!dk ) ppftpdk;&atmuf a&mufatmif awmarmif;ay;zdk@ wdkifyif=u jcif; jzpfonf[k pGyfpo
JG nf? (ocifpkd;u u|efypJG m;}uD; [k
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r[kwfygbl;[k ajymaomfvnf; rnfodk@r# ajymr&? xdyw
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f dpPjzpfI ol@udk r[kwfygbl;xufvnf; ydrk ajymEkdif?
Tod@k jzifh aqG;aEG;yJG+yD;oGm;onf?
r=umcifuawmh KNU acgif; aqmifwOD;ESifh rSmvdkuf&onf? olpGypf JGovdk r[kwfa=umif;/ 1963 aqG;aEG;yJG rpcifuwnf;u
awmfvSefa&;aumifpED Sifh em;vnfr_ ,lcJha=umif;/ aqG;aEG;yJG atmifonfjzpfap/ ysufonfjzpfap ocif Aode;f wifonf Auy
ukd,fpm;vS,f/ tvkyf&&Sd m wkwfjynfodk@ jyefoGm;rnf[k em;vnfr_ ,lxm;a=umif;/ aqG;aEG;yJG ysufaomtcg jyefoGm;a&;aqG;aEG;=ujcif;
jzpfa=umif;/ wkwfjynfu txl;av,mOf vmua&;udpyP gaeI okH;OD;ok;H zvS,f aqG;aEG;&ovdk jzpfaea=umif;/ aqG;aEG;yJG ysufcgrS
t=um}uD;quf+yD; aqG;aeG;=uonf rSm 'ga=umifhjzpfa=umif; rSmvdkuf&onf? aqG;aEG;onfuvnf; ukd,fpm;vS,ftzJG@
acgif;aqmifcsif;jzpfae - tjyeftvSev
f nf; t=um}uD;aqG;aEG;ae - aqG;aEG;onfh twGif;oabmukdvnf; azmffrajymbJ uGufvyfxm;ae
- qkdawmh rouFmp&m }uD; jzpfaeonf? olwdk@ rouFmjzpfwm rqef;yg?
ppftkyfpkwGif vkyfenf;wck &Sdonf? xkdvkyef nf;ukd ,cky+dk yD; vkyfaeonf? xdkvyk fenf;rSm awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm; twGif;
oHo,yGm;atmif owif;vdrfukd wrifayguf=um;ay;onfhenf; jzpfonf? (SSIA acgif;aqmifrsm; rnfonfhae&mu
xdkowif;vdr&f onfukd u|efawmfw@dk cef@rSef; Ekid fygonf? rajymoifhI rajymawmhyg?)
SSIA ESifhawmh rwdkucf Jh&yg? KIA ESifh wdkufcJh&onf? ppftpdk;&u 0if+yD;tjrwfxkwfwm t}udrf}udrfcHcJh&onf?
+idr;f tzJG@rsm; jzpfaomtcg tcsif;csif;&efwdkuaf y;onfhenf; ppftkyfpku t}uD;tus,fvkyo
f nf?
tzJGtpnf;toD;oD;wGif twGif; ydyuQrsm;&Sd=uonf? AuycJGxGufrsm; twGif; &Sdovkd r[mrdwrf sm;twGif;Yvnf; &Sdonf?
KIO tzJGtwGif; ydyuQjyif;xef aeonf [k=um;&onf? ygwDA[dku rdrd &Jabmfrsm;twGif;a&m/ r[mrdwrf sm; twGif;rSmyg
jynfolwGif;ydyuQtjzpfESifh t}udrf}udrf0if+yD; ajz&Sif;ay;cJh&zl;onf? aphpyfay;cJhojzifh &efig ydyuQtjzpf rul;ajymif;cJhyg?
+idr;f tzJG@rsm;acwfodk@ a&muf aomtcg ppftkyfpku &efig ydyuQ tjzpfo@dk ra&mufa&mufatmif wGef;ydk@ onf? Todk@jzifh
+idr;f tzJG@ wcsKd@ ysufpD; oGm;onf?
oG,f0ku
d fraeawmhbJ &Sif;atmif a&;rnf?
Auy vufxufu udk;uef@/ uGwfcdkif/ erfhcrf;/ erfhqef/ rd;k rdwf a'o rsm;onf ajrmufydkif;A[dkXmecJGatmufu jzpfonf?
vlrsKd;pko
H nf?
cJGxGuf=uawmh tm;vkH; zkef nDtpfukdatmufa&mufonf? zkefnDtpfukd ESifh ,efnDtpfukdwdk@ twGif;ydyuQ }uD; onf? ygwDxJ
olwdk@&SdpOfuawmh ygwDu jynfolwGif;ydyuQtjzpf t}udrf}udrf ajz&Sif; ay;cJhI &efig ydyuQtjzpfodk@ wdk;yGm; roGm;cJh?
+idr;f tzJG@ jzpfaomtcg ydyuQ ukd ppftkypf ku qGay;onf? qGay;zdk@vnf; vG,fonf? olaX;jzpfvrf; pD;yGm;a&;
tcGifhtvrf;rsm;jzifh qGay;vkd@&onf? bde;f rl;,pfaq;0g;vkyfief;jzifhvnf; qGay;vdk@ &onf? opfuefxdu
k f/ ausmufrsuf wl;azmfcGifh
ponfrsm;jzifh qGay;vdk@&onf?
wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfESifh axmufvSrf; a&; twdkiftazmufnDnDvkyu
f m ydyuQukd qGay;onf? (Adkvaf rmifat;/ Akv
d fcif!Gef@
ydyuQ[k xifa,mifrmS ;oGm;atmif wrif vky=f uonf?)
zkefEiS fh,ef ydyuQrmS (ppftkyfpku ajrmufay;I) tm%modr;f yJGtxd jzpfoGm; onf? ,efnDtpfukd tm%m&oGm;onf? zkefw@dk
xGufajy;&onf? r=umyg/ zkefw@dk u ,efw@dk udk zwfcs=uonf? ig;ysHwvSnfh AkHvkHwvSnfh jzpfae=uonf?
Tok@d tm%modr;f yJG/ wefjyef tm%modrf;yJG udk;uef@wGif jzpfaeaomtcg ucsifrsm;/ &Srf;rsm;/ yavmifrsm;u rku
H dk bufwGif
oD;jcm;axmif=uonf? olwdk@wGif; Yvnf; tjyeftvSet
f m%modrf;yJGrsm; jzpfonf? Auyvufxufu 0trsKd;om; rsm; OD;pD;onfh
0trsm;tjym;ygonhf wyf r[m&Sdonf? xdkwyfr[mESifh ukd;uef@aygif; +yD; tm%modr;f &ef }uHpnf=uonf? tao; pdwf wifjyrnf?
tm%modrf;rnfhta=umif; tao;pdwftpDtpOfukd vm;d;_ odk@ udk,f pm;vS,fv$wfum axmufvSrf;a&;odk@ oGm; ajymonf?
xv& u xdkowif;ukd wdkif; ppfXmecsKyfodk@ ay;onf? vmajymol udk,fpm;vS,fuv
kd nf; zrf;xm;vdkufonf? owfypfonf[kvnf;
=um;&onf? rao csmyg? jyefra&mufwmawmh aocsmonf?
pDpOfxm;onft
h wkdif; tm%m odr;f yJGvkyo
f nf? vm;_;d u rD;pdr;f jyonf [kxif+yD; vkyf=ujcif; jzpfonf? tm%m odrf;wyfukd
etzwyfu aqG;aEG;&ef[k vdrfac:+yD; 0acgif;aqmif/ wkwfacgif;aqmif rsm; tyg wwyfv;kH ukd owfypfvdkufonf?
tm%modrf;cH&qJ jzpfaeonfh ucsifacgif;aqmifrsm;ukdum; aqG;aEG;&ef[k vdrfac:+yD; zrf;onf? wyfuv
kd ufeufzwf+yD;
wyfzsuyf pfvdkuo
f nf? Tod@k jzifh 2 buf pvkH; acsr_e;f cHvu
dk f&onf?
aooGm;olrsm;a&m tzrf; cH&olrsm;yg olwdk@cH&wm Adv
k fcif!Gef@ rod vdkufbJ Akv
d farmifat;u vkyw
f m[k xifoGm;=uonf?
Adv
k fcif!Gef@omodv#if xdkodk@rjzpf[k xifae=uonf? r[kwfyg? Akv
d farmifat;/ Akdvcf if!Gef@ yl;aygif;+yD; vkyfvu
dk fjcif; jzpfonf?
u|efawmfw@dk owdyoifhonfrSm axmufvSrf;a&;.wm0efrSm axmufvSrf; &efomjzpfonf? olwdk@u vufeufrJh &Gmom;ESifh
r@ay:rS,l*sD zrf;Edkifonf? olwdk@ajcEkid fvufEkdifqdkv#if olwdk@vkyfvdrfh rnf? vufeuftjynft
h pkH wyfqifxm; aom
wdkuf&nfcdkuf&nf0aeaom wyf wwyfukd acsr_ef;csifv#if olu axmufvSrf; a&; owif;ay;+yD; ppfwyfukdifxm;ol wyfrSL;udkom
wifjy&onf?
xv& Adkvcf if!Gef@ESifh wyfrLS ; Adv
k farmifat; yl;aygif;+yD; ppfOD;pD;rSL; vDnDreG f/ jynfol@toH ukd&JatmifOD;pD; onfh
tiftm;okH;av;&mwyfudk wa,mufrusefvkyf}uH acsre_ f;vkdujf cif; jzpfonf? Adv
k fcif!Gef@tptqkH;odonf? +idr;f tzJG@
rSvufeufukdifwyfrsm; b,fa&muf+yD; bmvkyfaeonfudk t+rJ axmufvSrf;+yD; Akv
d fcif!Gef@odk@ owif;yd@k ae&jcif; jzpfonf?
tcsdefEiS fhwajy;nD wifjyae&jcif; jzpfonf?
vufeufuidk fwyf rajymESifh twkduftcHacgif;aqmifrsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_ wdkif;ukdyif axmufvSrf;owif;ydk@ae&onf? 1988 - 89
u Adv
k fatmif}uD;.v_yf&Sm;r_ukd axmufvSrf;a&;u tpD&ifcHwifjyykHudk Oyrmjyrnf?
atmif}uD; arr@odk@ b,fum;pD; +yD; a&mufvmonf? b,frmS wnf;onf? b,ftcsdef rD;ydwf+yD;tdyfonf xif&onf?
reufb,ftcsdef xGufvm+yD; b,foGm; onf? b,fol@ukd vufjyE_wfqufonf? b,ftdr0f ifonf pojzifhajcvSr;f wdkif;/ v_yf&Sm;r_wdkif;ukd
axmufvSrf;a&;A[kdo@dk owif;yd@k aeonf?
u|efawmfw@dk &Jabmf (a[mif;) rsm;u vm;d;_ odk@oGm;+yD; b,fvdktm%m odrf;rnf/ b,frmS wyfawGpkxm;onf qdkonfukd
tao;pdwf xv&odk@ oHawmfOD; wif=uonf? xdkowif;ukd Adv
k fcif!Gef@u owif;xdefcsefxm;csifI r&yg? Adv
k f armifat;udk ay;&onf?
Adv
k farmifat;u wyfppk nf;um acsre_ f;vdkujf cif; jzpfonf? vG,fvSonf? vufeufuikd f awmfvSefa&; umvu
Tr#txdemaomqkH;_H;r_rsKd; r&SdcJhz;l yg? u|efawmfw@dk u awmfvSefa&; oHa,mZOfjzifh emusnf;a=uuGJ&onf?
1962 ckEpS f tm%modrf; uwnf;u ppftkypf kwGif; qufqHa&;ESifh ywfouf+yD; ae0if;u pepfwck vkyfxm; onf?
wa,muftvkyf wa,muf 0if rpGuf& (bk&ifu e,fpm;y,fpm; ay;ovkd rsKd;)/ 0ifpu
G fv#if ol@ukdajym/ oluta&; ,lrnf? olu
xv&rsm;xm;+yD;vnf; owif;,lonf? eHygwfwpfvkyfenf;rSm Ttwdkif; jzpfonf?
Adv
k fapmjrifhudk atmif}uD;ESifh eD;pyfonf[k xifaomtcg tr_&Sm xkwfypf vdkufonf? rnfr#yifoef@&Sif;oljzpfap tr_&Smvdk@
&onfcsnf;jzpfonf? 'DcsKyfAdkvw
f ifOD;tay: tr_&Smwm/ wjcm; olrsm;tay: tr_&SmcJhwm=unfhyg?
acG;tdkawmh acG;rav;/ vltdk awmh vlrav; jzpfoGm;Iom tckae0if; cHvdku&f jcif; jzpfonf?
ae0if;enf;ukd Adv
k fapmarmif/ Akv
d foef;a&$ vkyfcsifvnf; vkyfr&yg? e0w - etzacwfwGif e,fpm;y,fpm;rsm;onf
wdkif;jynfcsif; qufqHovkd rl}uD; (5) csuf t& qufqHae=uonf? vDnDrGeu
f dpPwGif +idr;f tzJG@awGt=um; Adv
k fcif!Gef@ =oZm usonf?
rwwfEdkif?
cJGxGufrsm;omru tar&duef/ xdkif; tdref D;csif;tm;vkH;u Akv
d farmifat; om (in charge) jzpfonf[k odoGm;ojzifh xkdif;u
Akv
d farmifat;ukd r&ruzdwfonf? oljyefvmawmh Akv
d fcif!Gef@u cJGxGufrsm;ukd 0uftl&pf wif;onf? owif;pmrsm;wGif UWSA.
zkef=um;pif; !ef=um;v$mrsm; awG@vm&onf?
a&S@wGif ajymcJh+yD? cJGxGuf acgif;aqmif rsm;onf (wufonfhtpdk;& wdk@tpk;d & vkyfrnf[k) wifjy+yD;+yD? ,ck aemufyiG fhrnfh
rif;bk&m; udk;uG,f=u vdrrfh nf?
cJGxGuf acgif;aqmifrsm; [k okH;ygonf? wzJG@vkH;[k rokH;yg? Tae&mwGif ukd,fhud,
k fudk a0zefa&;vky&f rnf? cGJxGuf
atmufajc&Jabmfrsm; tay: ygwDu wm0efrauscJhyg?
tvGefynmqefaom rmhupf f0g' uGefjrLepf0g'ukd em;vnfvkdv#if pmwwf &onf? u|efawmfw@dk tESpf20 twlaecJh+yD; olwdk@ukd
pmwwfolrsm; (0pm/ Armpm/ wkwfpm bmpmrqkw
d ckck) wwfatmif rvkyEf ikd fcJhyg?
,cktxd rku
H kdrS vufeufuidk f vufusefrsm;u Akv
d fcsKyfcif!Gef@rodvkdufvdk@ jzpfoGm;wm? Adkvcf sKyfarmifat;vkyfv@dk
cHvdku&f wm[k xifaeqJjzpfonf[k =um;& onf?
olwdk@onf ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'D ppftkyfpkESifh 10 ESpfyJ qufqHcJh&olrsm; jzpfonf? wef;wl&nfwlvnf; qufqHcJh& jcif;
r[kwf/ !ef=um;olESifh !ef=um;cH qufqHa&; jzpfonf? Auy u ESpf 60 qufqHcJhonf? ESpf 60 [dkbufuvnf; ausmif;aezufrsm;/
wr@wnf;om;rsm; jzpfonf? wcsKd@qkdv#if aqGrsKd;om;csif; awmif awmf=uonf? olwkd@ppftkypf k ta=umif; Auyavmufodol r&Syd g?
1947 yifvn
kH DvmcH ysufrvkdvdkjzpfwkef;u t*Fvdyu
f &Srf;jynfudk oD;jcm;wdkif;jynf tjzpf zJG@ay;cJhv#if wkdufypf&rnf[k ajymae
=uolrsm;jzpfonf? &Srf;jynfrS jynfcspf yk*~Kdvfrsm;aus;Zl;a=umifhom jynfaxmifpk wck ay:cJhjcif; jzpfonf? tcgtcGifhoifhwikd f;
uGefjrLepfrsm;u xkdjynfcspfyk*~Kdvfrsm;udk csD;usK;*k%fyaernf jzpfonf?
ppftkyfpkonf vlrsKd;pkrsm;tay: tpJGtvrf; &Sdonf? vufeufuikd f+yD; tefwk cJholrsm;tay:wGifum; tpJGtvrf;omru
&efi;yg &Sdonf? Ttcsufukd vlrsdK;pkwdkif; rarhoifh?
ArmvlrsdK;}uD;0g'.tpJGtvrf;rsm;
t}uD;qkH;tpJGtvrf;rSm taemf &xm/ bk&ifhaemif/ tavmif;bk&m; tpJG tvrf;jzpfonf? e0w - etz tpd;k &u
tr$rf;wifvGe;f onf? taemf&xm/ bk&ifh aemif/ tavmif;bk&m;wkd@udk vGefvGef usL;usL; tr$rf;wifvGef;v#if ArmvlrsKd;u
auseyfEkid frnfjzpfaomfvnf; rGef/ &ckdifw@dk u tema[mif;qGay;ovkd tcH&cuf=urnf?
ppftkyfpku wrifvkyaf ejcif; jzpfonf[k uGefjrLepfrsm;uxifonf? ppftiftm;eJ@xdef;rS +idrrf nf/ taemf&xm/ bk&ifhaemif/
tavmif;bk&m;wdk@vkd vkyfrnf [k vlrsKd;pkrsm;ukd wzufvSnfh +cdr;f ajcmuf aejcif;[k jrifonf?
'DcsKyfukdvnf; vlrsKd;pkrsm; ta&;rSm aysmhnHhnHhvyk fv#if cH&rnf[k ajymvd[
k ef &Sdonf?
e,fcsJ@qefusifa&;ukd aZmif;ay; pOf bDtkdifatacwfu &mZm"d&mZfukdyg xnfhay;cJhonf? bDtkdifatwyfwGif rGefawG trsm;}uD;
ygaeonf r[kwfavm? xkd@ a=umifh zmzmax;ax;vkyjf cif; jzpfonf?
rnfo@dk yif zmzmax;ax; vkyf onfjzpfap +yD;cJhaomordik f;ukd jyifEdik frnf r[kwfyg? ordkif;udk jyefvSefae=uv#if tem
a[mif;rsm;om uxvmvdrfhrnf? tm;vkH; auseyfatmifvnf; vkyfIr&yg? xdk@a=umifh ya'o&mZf tpJGtvrf;rsm;tm;vkH;udk
azsmuf&ygrnf? tpJGtvrf;rsm;&Sdaev#if aoG;uJaG &;udkom jzpfapvdrhrf nf?
a&S@uwifjycJhovkd ppftkyfpkonf vufeufEiS fh tefwkz;l olrsm;ukd vufpm;acs csifaeonf? av;ig;ode;f &Sdonfh wyf}uD;&Sd cdkuf
tompD;rSaeum tau;[lor# &Sif; csifaeonf?
ppftkyfpk Tod@k vkyfaev#if jynf axmifpjk y\em r&Sif;Ekid f,kHru oHo&m wywfvnf+yD; oD;jcm;wkdif;jynf/ cJGxGuf a&;
t,ltqrsm; jyefItm;}uD;vmvdrfh rnf? jynfaxmifpjk y\emvnf; &Sif;I &awmhrnf r[kwfyg?
aemuftpJGtvrf;wcku trsKd; om;a&;ESifh ygwDa&;udk cJGjcm;jcif; jzpfonf?
trsKd;om;a&;qko
d nfh tawG; tac:rSm "e&Sifacwfay:prS ay:onfh tawG;tac: jzpfonf? "e&SifawG;ac: ajrmfjrifr_ jzpfonf?
ya'o&mZfacwfu *smr%Djynf [lIr&Sdyg? *smrefvlrsKd;rsm;. ya'o&mZf wdkif;i,fjynfi,fuav;rsm; 300 ausmf &Sdonf[k
qkd=uonf? [kwfvdrhrf nf? Arm jynfwGifvnf; xdkr#avmufyif &SdcJhonf[k ajym&rnf xifonf?
ppfuikd f;/ tif;0/ yif;, wdkif;jynf rsm;onf wac:oma0;onfh wkdif;jynfrsm; jzpfonf? tm;vkH;uvnf; Armrsm;jzpf onf?
ya'o&mZfcsif;omru vlxkcsif; uvnf; aqGrsdK;awmfpyfaeonf? odk@aomf wkducf sifv#if xwkduf=uonf? rk;d !if;rS&Srf;/
r%dy&l rSuonf;wdk@ESifh r[mrdwf y+yD; wzufwkdif;jynfukd wkducf sifwkdufonf?
,ck &Srf;jynf[kac:aom ae&m wGifvnf; wkdif;jynfawG trsm;}uD;&Sdonf? Armrsm;u rd;k !if;/ rkd;ukwf/ rk;d rdwf/ rk;d vkd ac:aom
rd;k rsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ rkdif;wk/H rdik f;vkH/ rdik f;SL;/ rkid f;aemif[kac:aom rkdif; rsm;onfvnf;aumif; wkdif;jynfrsm; jzpfonf? 1950
ckESpfrsm;txd tdraf jc okH;av;&mpDr#&Sdaom ausmuf*El Sifh aemifvkH rS vlrsm;u ausmuf*jl ynf/ aemifvjkH ynf[k ac:ae=uqJjzpfonf?
vlrsdK;t&awmh ESpfae&mpvk;H &Srf;rsm;/ "Ekrsm; jzpfonf? aemifvo
kH m;u ausmuf*o
l Gm;v#if ausmuf*jl ynfoGm;onf[k ajym=uonf?
Arm/ &Srf; awGom r[kwf/ rGef/ &ckdifvnf; xdkodk@yif jzpfonf?
ya'o&mZfwkdif;onf xD;aqmif; rif;wd@k .bk&if wkdif;jynfw&m.rif; bJG@cH vkd=uonf? w&mrjynfh jynfhatmif ppf
tiftm;&Sdv#if e,fy,fcsJ@rnf? r&Sdv#ifvnf; w&mjynfhatmif pm&if;csrnf jzpfonf?
txufArmjynf uGufuGuf uav;wGif rif;vkyfaom rif;wkef;rif;ukd &mjynfrh if;[k ajrmufolu ajrmufonf?
rif;wkef;rif;uvnf; auseyfonf? ajrmuf ola&mbk&ifyg pdwfrokd;roef@ rjzpf=uyg?
Tr#a&;ae&jcif;rSm ya'o&mZf acwfu
trsKd;om;a&;pdwf r&Sad =umif; wifjyvdkIjzpfonf? ,ck ppftkyfpkacwfwGif ygwDa&;ESifh trsKd;om;a&;udk ajzmifhajzmifh}uD; qefusifbuf
jzpfav[ef ajymae=uonf udkvnf; uGefjrLepfrsm;oabmrwlyg?
ygwDa&;vkyfavwkdif; trsKd; om;a&;ESifh qefusifonf r[kwfyg? bm vkyo
f vJqw
kd mu tc&musonf?