An overview on Existing Dynamic Cone Penetration Test Research

Related to the Central Area of Brazil

L.C. Figueiredo
B.Sc. Civil Engineering, Me., Dept. Civil Construction, Federal Institute of Education, Science, and
Technology of Mato Grosso, Brazil

R.P. Cunha
B.Sc. Civil Engineering, M.Sc., Ph.D., Dept. Civil & Env. Engineering, University of Braslia, Brazil

W. Conciani
B.Sc. Civil Engineering, Me., Dr., Dept. Civil Construction, Federal Institute of Education, Science, and
Technology of Mato Grosso, Brazil
ABSTRACT: This paper presents and discusses several experiments and research carried out in the Central
Area of Brazil, in which dynamic light cone penetrometers (DPLs) have started to be tested into the existing
tropical soil conditions of this region. Although the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) prevails among the dynamic penetration testing devices, it cannot always be adopted in situ, given ground conditions and the magnitude of the expected stresses. On the other hand, several initiatives to use the light cone penetrometer have
been done for the prediction of the resilience modulus of subgrade pavement layers, as well as bearing capacity values from foundations of light structures. Without detailing two much into the comparisons of the distinct
penetration probes, this paper summarizes the advances attained so far from existing publications, which results have already provided a reliable reference procedure, or background, for practical usage in the Central
Brazilian area by the local geotechnical engineering community. It is another effort from the GPFees Group
of the University of Braslia (www.geotecnia.unb.br/gpfees) to popularize in Brazil an economical and costeffective in situ device oriented towards the daily practice in tropical soils.
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General characteristics of penetrometers
The estimated load capacity of the soil is a commonplace of the actions of civil engineering. It's almost instinctive to imagine the resistance to penetration of a rod into the soil. It is therefore natural that
penetrometers have been preferred for obtaining
subsoil information, when it is not always possible
to collect samples or when the financial cost of the
campaign neglects the geotechnical investigation
and allows a low budget for that.
In essence, a penetrometer consists of a thin metal
rod, which is stuck or pushed through the blows of a
hammer or a hydraulic jack system. The penetration
resistance of the rod is measured at any depth and
the data are plotted on a diagram representing the resistance to penetration in the abscissa and the depth
on the ordinate.

the characteristics of soils there are other factors that

interfere with the SPT results, some of them detailed
by Belincanta & Cintra (1998), such as the free-fall
characteristics of the hammer (in Brazil), the type of
hammer, the anvil mass, and conservation status of
the composition.
Actually the indiscriminate use of the SPT test
has brought geotechnical problems and mismanagement of resources in the field of geotechnical testing.
When faced with the scenario of central Brazil
where it is largely noticed the presence of lowdensity soils with high void ratios, and deeply
leached yellow and red latossols, the use of the SPT
is a real challenge. Besides, there are the normal difficulties of access, especially for civil constructions
in rural settlements, or in small constructions in urban areas. It is evident that other penetrometers can
be more useful and practical than the SPT, and, perhaps, more cost-effective for the region.
1.3 Cone and Piezocone Penetration Tests

1.2 Standard Penetration Test

In Brazil, the preferred test is the Standard Penetration Test, or SPT, although not always appropriate
when examining soil characteristics. In fact,
the SPT is a good device for granular soils, however
this is not the case for predominantly clayey soil materials. In addition to the problems encountered for

According to Schnaid (2000) the first references

on the cone penetration test are from 1930 relating to
test experiments that took place in Holland. The test
consists of the continuous push of a cone shaped
probe at a constant speed into the soil of 2 cm/s. The
cone section can vary from 10 to 15 cm. A variation
of the test is the piezocone penetration test, which

consists of equipment with a porous element, load

cells and transducers that provide the record of the
dynamic pore pressures. Hence, the pore-water pressure in the soil adjacent to the cone is continuously
provided during the penetration of the cone. Note
that the position of the porous filter on the base of
the piezocone is not yet standardized. However, the
International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering - ISSMGE- suggests that the
porous filter must be placed just behind the cone, or
at U2 position (Hasmat, 2000).
The piezocone test is attractive, and in addition to
eliminating the influence of the test operator it provides detailed description of the soil stratigraphy
with continuous record of the penetration resistance.
On the other hand, the financial costs of the equipment use and burden of the constant maintenance
besides of tests that do require rigs mounted on
small trucks - prevents it wide use to areas of trails
and unpaved paths, or densely forested regions, and
are surely the inhibitors for a widespread use of this
test in the central portion of Brazil.
1.4 The context of the Brazilian Central Area &
States
Figure 1 shows the incidence of Oxisols or Latossols in Brazil especially in the central region of the
country, where it has been established its capital, the
city of Brasilia, around half a century ago. Plateaus
with soils of low densities, deeply leached, and low
resistance to penetration, about two to five blows of
SPT up to 15 m deep, predominates in this region. It
is undoubtedly the new agricultural frontier of the
country, with many small towns and new pioneering
settlements under establishement.
Access to geotechnical campaigns is difficult due
to the state of the paving quality of the roads, besides of the fact that this region is remote from major urban centers (or the most developed corner)
from Brazil. Nilsson & Cunha (2004) report that
these problems often come together with the lack of
the awareness of the problem by geotechnical customers and building contractors. In addition to that,
it is usual that small constructions neglect any geotechnical test during site reconnaissance stage.

Figure 1 - Map of Brazil- Central area of Brazil, with large incidence of latossols (modified after Furtado, 2010)

In this regard, this paper explains the advantage of

the use of lightweight penetrometers, especially the
Dynamic Penetrometer Light or DPL in such small
scale works, especially at early design stages.
2 THE LIGHTWEIGHT PENETROMETERS
In this section we argue succinctly about the light
dynamic penetrometers. Generally they are made up
of three parts: tip, cone-shaped, threaded rods, and a
hammer that moves in free fall up to striken on top
of an anvil. In the geotechnical literature the light
penetrometers can be divided into three kind: The
French Panda; Dynamic Cone Penetration or simply
DCP; and Dynamic Probe Light or just DPL.
2.1 Panda
The Panda is a equipment made by a company
called Sol Solution, and is a lightweight dynamic
cone penetrometer designed for soil investigation
and compaction control. The equipment has an anvil
with strain gages bridges that receives blows from a
hammer with a variable energy level. A device of
reception of signals generates files that can be analyzed later on with a geotechnical insight.
In Brazil the Panda has been used in academic
terms by the University of Brasilia among other research institutions, besides of some few industry
companies. It is not yet used on a widespread design
basis in the country.
2.2 Dynamic Cone Penetration
The Dynamic Cone Penetration or just DCP was
developed in the 60s in South Africa to evaluate the
strength or stiffness of the pavement. According to
Wu (2010), Vuuren (1969) designed the original
DCP with a 30 cone, and later on Kleyn (1975) described another DCP design, which used a 60 cone
tip, hammer with 78.48 N mass, and 575 mm free
fall. This design was then gradually adopted by
countries around the globe. In 2003, this lightweight
penetrometer was standardized by the ASTM
D6951-03 (2005), for shallow pavement applications
(Wu, 2010). The DCP can be made with accelerometers, however the cost of the equipment is high to
be employed in small buildings. Figure 2 shows a
sketch of a DCP equipment.
In Brazil the research about DCP has been carried
out by the Federal University of Santa Catarina.
Several articles on the use of the DCP can be accessed at internet about the methodology for characterization of unpaved roads (Triches & Dal Pai,
2006). According to Delgado et al. (2007) the DCP
is used to characterize the bearing capacity of the
soil in its natural or compressed state, and it also
presents a good correlation with the CBR test. The

test is a "little destructive" of the original soils

structure, and somehow this feature makes it possible a detailed study of the pavement layers and the
sub-grade. In addition, it can be employed on a very
wide working range, i.e., from soft soils or inconsistent ones, even on gravel layers, from bases or sub
bases.

Figure 2 Schematic assembly of DCP made by Kessler Soils

Engineering Products, Inc. Users Manual.

2.3 Dynamic Probing Light

The main focus of this paper is the current literature
discussion about the possible uses of the Dynamic
Probing Light or DPL, especially in determining the
load capacity of small scale (or load magnitude)
foundations, in a way to complement the SPT test,
among others, during the geotechnical investigation.
Hasmat (2000) explains that the test with the Dynamic Probing became known in Europe between
the two world wars. After 1945 this test was widespread around the world. Efforts to standardize the
DPL test were performed by the past International
Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering - ISSMFE - with the publication of the report of the Technical Committee on Penetration
Testing - TC16 (1989), and the European Standard
EN ISO 22476-2:2005 (2005). Nevertheless, in Brazil, it continues to be a quite unknown testing device in most of the regions, particularly in the inner
parts of the country.

2.4 The research of the DPL in Brazil

The test with the DPL is summarized by the penetration of a cone with 10 cm of area coupled to a set
of threaded rods 1 m in length. In the top there is an
anvil that receives the impact of a hammer in a free
fall manner, which mass is corresponding to 98.1 N.
Each 10 cm of penetration is marked by the number
of blows known as N10. Most of the background research on the DPL has been basically targeted on
comparisons between the SPT and the CPT test.
Nilsson & Cunha (2004) conducted studies with
the DPL for estimating load capacity of piles for a
tropical soil with the presence of a particular porous clay, as it is colloquially known in Braslia city.
The authors assumed that the possible measurement
of torque (a new feature) obtained in DPL tests
could provide lateral friction resistances by the advancing tip and body of the DPL, which obviously
can be associated with the lateral friction of a driven
pile. Accordingly, these authors adopted an energy
derived formula for pile driving, as the Hiley equation, and a simple moment equation for the measured torque, in order to derive the lateral DPL lateral
resistance. As explained by these authors, such resistance could be further calibrated, via field pile loading tests, to consider into the equations a possible
pile scale effect and the construction methodology
hence to be further employed into real pile analyses.
Although it is particularly not a Brazilian research, Martins & Miranda (2005) conducted several tests with the aim to obtain correlations between
various penetrometers focusing their comparisons
between DPL and CPT tests in granitic soils from
several urban locations in the North of Portugal, i.e.
essentially Porto, Braga and Guimares. The authors
found good correlations between the CPT resistance
and the DPL.
Silva et al. (2006) proposed a semi-empirical method for estimating the shearing resistance in excavations of small diameter in residual and laterized
soils from basalt in the region of Londrina / PR. The
method was correlated with loads tests, and in an attempt to predict the shearing load the authors used
the Super Heavy Dynamic Probing DPSH, that has
an energy level higher than those from the DPL. The
authors concluded that further studies are needed to
establish parameters for the tip resistance and side
friction of the DPL.
Sousa & Fonseca (2006) made correlations of the
DPL with the SPT and the CPT, based on results of
plate load tests and the use of various methods of
load forecasting for shallow foundations, including
the methods of Burland & Burbidge (1985) and
Anagnastopoulos et al. (1991). The soils chosen by
these authors were a granite residual soil, a schist
soil, a massive natural residual soil of granite, and a
soil of volcanic origin. The authors compared the
prediction results, and showed that there was a good

agreement of the DPL with other penetrometers,

with the exception of the case of the granite residual
soil.
vila & Conciani (2005) proposed the first testing correlations between SPT and DPL in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso, also backed up by pile load
tests. It is worth mentioning that the tests were performed with a home made DPL apparatus built with
basis on the TC-16 - ISSMFE (1989) reference
drawing dimensions, and that such study aimed the
design of low cost residential units (with a social local appeal). Figure 3 shows a schematic drawing of
this device. In this particular paper, the authors used
the method of Dcourt & Quaresma (1978) to estimate the capacity of the piles. The tests were performed in the city of Primavera do Leste, where the
soil is typically a yellow non plastic sandy silt,
which can be classified as SM in the unified system,
with voids of the order of 1.7 (porous). The groundwater at the tested site is located approximately
5.5 m below surface. The authors found that the data
from the DPL test was poorly correlated with the respective one from the SPT. However it was indicated the possible use of the DPL data to design
deep foundations of the region, as the DPL predictions depicted values 35% lower than those from the
experimental load tests. This option has proved to be
feasible in situations where the soil presents low
bearing capacity.

based on the results of SPT. The soil was a sandy

clay, red, very soft to moderately soft in the city of
Jaciara, Mato Grosso. The authors compared the data of dynamic penetrometers with load tests at compression state and concluded that the use of the DPL
in saturated soils should be avoided due to energy
dissipations. Nevertheless, there was good fit between the predicted load capacity of the DPL data
obtained with the empirical models of Aoki and Velloso (1975), and Dcourt & Quaresma (1978), which
are originally suited for SPT tests, and the results of
pile load tests.
Figure 4 shows a comparison of the cited methods
and results. In this one it is noticed that the SPT does
not provide good agreement for the test load. This in
fact proves the inadequacy of the SPT for soils with
a very low soils shearing resistance.
Azevedo & Guimares (2010) made a direct correlation between the N30 of the SPT test and the N10
of the DPL. The field experiment was conducted in a
stretch of an electrical transmission line in the state
of Acre, in Brazil, and the authors warned that more
studies on this particular correlation would be necessary.

Figure 4- Comparison between the load estimation methods for

SPT test, and DPL (Ribeiro Junior et al., 2007).

Figure 3 - Schematic assembly of the DPL (vila & Conciani,

2005)

Ribeiro Junior et. al. (2007) conducted a comparison between the predictions of load capacity, made
from the DPL with statistical methods developed by
Aoki and Velloso (1975), and Dcourt & Quaresma
(1978) to predict the load capacity of foundations

It is noticed that the geotechnical literature often

fails to show a good agreement between the DPL
and the SPT testing results. Nilsson (2004), vila &
Conciani (2005), and Ribeiro Junior et. al. (2007)
made valuable observations about the inadequacies
of these comparisons. Nilsson (2004) made several
considerations about the differences between the
DPL test and the SPT. This latter author stated that
by using these two tests simultaneously for situations where each one is more effective, one could
surely obtain better correlations and results - improving the efficiency of the design.
vila & Conciani (2005) concluded that for soils
of low resistance in Mato Grosso, the SPT and the
DPL do not correlate well. According to Ribeiro

Jnior et al. (2007), the SPT test is best suited for

granular soils, with SPTs (N30) above 5, where the
deep foundation generally has a length greater than
5 m, whereas the DPL test is more useful in finegrained soils of low resistance, where it could be
used for the prediction of deep foundation capacity
loads in buildings up to 5 m high (2 stores). It is
worthwhile to say that the DPL test is extremely
sensitive to small variations to stratifications within
the soil deposit, feature generally not found in SPT
tests.
In addition to that, some studies have been conducted to compare different DPL configurations.
vila et al. (2006) in a comparative study between
two types of DPLs (DPL Nilsson, and DPL CEFET)
concluded that the configuration of the equipment do
influence directly on the efficiency of the test. However, Souza et al. (2008) concluded that the density
of the rods have little influence on the results. Thus,
the choice between a thicker or thinner than normal
rod should solely affect the durability of the device.
2.5 Future research possibilities on the DPL
There is no doubt that, among the dynamic cone
penetrometers, the DCP type has more advantages
when comparing to lightweight penetrometers, see
for instance the article from Kleyn & Zyl (1998)
which deals with applications of the dynamic cone
penetrometer (DCP) to pavement design.
The article of Kayalar (1998) is another good example for the future research with dynamic penetrometers of the DPL family type. In this work the
adopted penetrometer was of the German Heavy
Type (German standards DIN 4094) with a hammer
weight of 0.50 kN, height of fall of 0.5 m and penetrometer cone diameter of 4.27 cm. This author established a statistical evaluation of the data to be
used in the design of shallow foundations in cohesionless soils.
The CEN-UNE-EN ISO 22476 (2008) of the European Union is another example of the European
deep interest in this topic. This standard explains on
possible data / field abnormalities and the influence
on the derived data from particular geotechnical characteristics of the soil, as for instance the relative
density of the granular material, as shown in Figure 5.
Although one can not overlook the efforts of the
research on the DPL, it is a fact that the comparative
analyses with different penetrometers, especially
with the SPT, fulfilled its role in the dissemination,
and technical explanation of the advantages of the
DPL usage for a large (previously unaware) audience.
The moment now calls for more applied research
on the energy assessment and direct measurements
from the DPL test, and its possible use in design,
likewise it has been done so far in other practical

oriented research lines (as the use of statistical or

empirical correlations for bearing capacity with this
same data).

Figure 5 Influence of relative density on N10 values (UNEEN ISO 22476 (2008)

Although in the market there are lightweight penetrometers with built in transducers, as the French
Panda device, the standard DPL still lacks such feature. Of course, the reader may argue that if the Panda provides an answer through its own transducers,
why measure the energy of the standard DPL? The
answer is precisely because the DPL is a simple and
easy to purchase (and manufacture) device, while,
(nowadays in Brazil) Panda penetrometers are
black boxes that represent a high cost to engineering companies that are actually more familiar with
the SPT tests and not prone to invest further on an
expensive new (and rather unknown around this region) imported tool.
In this regard, a properly calibrated and low cost
manufactured DPL could provide practical formulas
for daily use in such companies, especially in small
towns when oriented to low cost new constructions.
3 CONCLUSIONS
A brief review on the use of DPL as an aid for estimating the capacity loads from foundations in Brazil
shows that past research has been focused in the
correlations to use the DPL based on existing experience with the SPT test, as this latter one is extremely used in Brazil. Nevertheless, although the
predictions of capacity load for foundations with the
DPL can in principle be done with experience borrowed from the SPT, it has also been demonstrated
that such approach may be, in some cases, misleading to reliable results.
The reviewed research shows that the DPL is suitable for tropical soils of low density and porous matrix. In cases where the magnitude of load is not significant, e.g., small buildings, the N10 of the DPL is
a handy information for design purposes. Research

also denotes that there are significant differences between both DPL and SPT tests, which range from
equipment geometric differences to the magnitude of
the enthru energy of the free fall hammer on the anvil. Additionally, soil characteristics influence the
results distinctly, for instance, porous soils of lowdensity can respond differently to the advances of
each of such aforementioned penetrometers.
The evaluated research has also shown that the
correlations of the DPL, with the CPT test, have
yielded good agreement. One possible answer to that
would be the closer physical resemblance, or
geometric similarity, between these two artifacts in
regard to other probes. An undeniable fact is that
lightweight penetrometers assembled with accelerometers do yield very good results in terms of soil
stratigraphy, but a major concern still remains: the
attenuation of the input energy at the anvil along the
assembled conjunct of rods and probe.
As a final remark, one can firmly state that the research on the DPL device surpasses the common
ground of empirical correlations, as usually done
with the SPT. In fact, such former device does deserve a better insight in terms of the real enthru
energy or its dissipation, so that a more physically
accurate and rational way of interpretation could devised for its popularization in the Brazilian practice.
It has large potential for development and deployment, especially in Brazil where 80% of the population lives close to the coast (up to 100 km), and
there are still vast extensions of tropical soil yet to
be occupied by (generally low cost or low load) pioneering constructions from interior cities. A typical
case is the state of Mato Grosso, where agriculture
needs to be enhanced and urgently enforced to feed
the needs of the country and, why not say, the world
as well (given projections of 8+ billion inhabitants
soon in future decades).
This paper is an initial and simple contribution in
this direction, based on an ongoing research with
such well-defined cited and somehow discussed objectives (Figueiredo, 2010).
4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Special thanks to CAPES by funding of this capacitation, the University of Brasilia (UnB), that provides the course of doctoral, and Institute Federal
Education, Science and Technology of Mato Grosso
(IFMT), where if gives this research.

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