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Martin Gear Manual
Martin Gear Manual
Martin Gear Manual
Published by
Martin
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Horsepower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Mechanical Advantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Torque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Simple Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Levers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Wheel & Axle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Pulley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Incline Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Screw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Wedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Torque to Horsepower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Radian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Gear Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Involute Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Pressure Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Principles of Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Types of Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Shaft Centers Parallel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Spur Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Helical Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Herringbone Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Internal Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Shaft Centers Not Parallel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Bevel Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Miter Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Spiral Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Hypoid Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Worm Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Rack & Pinion Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Parts & Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Pitch Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Pitch Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Pitch (Diametral Pitch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Circular Pitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Addendum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Dedendum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Working Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Whole Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Backlash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
General Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
American Stub Tooth Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Fellows Stub Tooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
American Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
American Stub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Fellows Stub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Spur Gear Dimensional Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Horsepower & Torque Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16-23
Martin
INTRODUCTION
MECHANICAL
POWER TRANSMISSION
FUNDAMENTALS
Mechanical power transmission is a necessity because the available
force can seldom be used in industrial applications without being transferred, reduced or adjusted.
Power transmission components must be applied and power transmitted
to provide the speed and torque at the point of the load.
Three basic laws formulated by Issac Newton 300 years ago simplified
the science of mechanics.
FIRST LAW OF MOTION
A body at rest remains at rest, and a body in motion continues to move
at a constant speed in a straight line unless compelled to change by some
external force. (This characteristic is called inertia. Both acceleration and
deceleration require overcoming the inertia of an object.)
SECOND LAW OF MOTION
The acceleration of a body is in the direction of, and proportional to,
the force that produces it, and is inversely proportional to the mass of the
body. (This tells what happens when a force is applied to a moving body.
The change which any force makes in the motion of a body depends on
two things. One is the size of the force, and the other is the mass of the
object. The greater the force, the greater the acceleration. The greater the
mass the smaller the acceleration.)
THIRD LAW OF MOTION
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
FORCE: The pressure of any body against another body. When the
applied force exceeds the resistance of the objects, motion is the result.
Force is measured in tons, pounds, ounces, grams, kilograms, etc.
Martin
INTRODUCTION
WORK:
TORQUE:
The twisting or turning effort around a shaft tending to cause rotation. Torque is determined by multiplying the applied force times the distance from the
point where force is applied to the shaft center.
TQ = F (force) X R (Radius)
POWER:
or
Force X Distance
Time
HORSEPOWER:
LEVERS:
F X FPM
33,000
or
E
B
F
R
Example of a crowbar
Case 2: The fulcrum is on the end and the resistance is between the fulcrum and the force.
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE:
By using machines or mechanical devices, a smaller force can be made to do the work of a larger
force.
MA = Fo (large force)
Fa (small force)
Since we do not get something for nothing, the
smaller force must act through a greater distance
than the larger force.
E
B
R
F
Example of a wheel barrow
Martin
INTRODUCTION
PULLEY:
Force x A = Load x B
Mechanical Advantage 6 to 1
FIXED
Mechanical advantage = A
B
MOVEABLE
Mechanical Advantage 4 to 1
INCLINED PLANE:
AXLE
OR
AXIS
FRAME
OR
BLOCK
Height
WHEEL
OR
SHEAVE
Length of Incline
AXIS
SCREW:
A form of inclined plane. The mechanical advantage is the ratio of the circumference of the screw to
the distance that the load
advances during one revolution.
R
RESISTANCE
EFFORT
F=
3
Load
2 r X Pitch
Pitch
Martin
INTRODUCTION
WEDGE:
Sample Problem:
Find the work involved in a sprocket drive when a
sprocket has a 12 pitch diameter with a chain force
of 500 lbs. turning 150 RPM. Also find the work,
linear velocity, and horsepower needed to turn this
RPM.
RELATIONSHIP OF TORQUE
TO HORSEPOWER
or
TQ (in/lb) = HP x 63025
RPM
HP = TQ (in/lb) x RPM
63025
or
HP = TQ (ft/lb) x RPM
5252
( i.e.
63025 = 5252
12
W=FXD
W = F X d X RPM
W = 500 lbs. X 3.1416 X D
1 ft.
X 150 Traveled
= Distance
d = Diameter
W = 235,620 ft/lb
F = Force
OR
R = radius
W=FXD
W = F X d X RPM
W = 500 lbs. x 3.1416 x 12 in. x150
W = 2,827,440 in./lbs.
TQ (ft/lb) = HP x 5252
RPM
To figure percent of loss or gain:
Loss = Original number - new number
Original number
HP = Torque X RPM
63025
X 100 = %
HP = F X R X RPM
63025
HP = 500 X 6 X 150
63025
C = Diameter X
( = 3.1416)
HP = 7.14
DEFINITION OF RADIAN
The angle of the radius of a circle scribed on an
arc of the circumference. A radian is 57.3. It takes
6.28 radians to make a complete circle.
s
r
= Surface of arc
= Radius of circle
= Radians
=r
r
s
57.3
r
Martin
GEAR DRIVES
GEAR DRIVES
Martin
GEAR MANUAL
system. The main thing to remember about the two
systems is that they will NOT run together.
After World War II and the development of the
two pressure angle systems, the American Gear
Manufacturers Association was formed by the gear
manufacturing companies to develop a system for
standardizing gears being manufactured. Initially
they came up with a standard of seven quality classes to be used. Four classes of commercial gears
and three of precision gears. These standards did
not include any material specifications. These early
attempts did not satisfy the need for more precise
gears in specialized applications.
In December of 1958 Lou Martin, a well-known
gear expert and committee member of several
AGMA committees, proposed enlarging the early
standards. He envisioned expanding the standard to
15 classes of gears, from the commercial to the
ultra-precision. The names were dropped and a
code number system was adopted in October, 1959.
The AGMA committee developed a new standard
containing 16 class quality ranges applicable to
coarse pitch, as well as fine pitch, spur, helical and
herringbone gears. The AGMA included in this standard (AGMA 390.1) backlash specifications, eccentricity specifications, and materials.
Martin Sprocket & Gear, Inc. produces gears in the
class 6 to class 8 range, which is comparable to the
old commercial 1, 2 and 3 gears.
Martin has been making 20 deg. and 14-1/2 deg.
P.A. gears since 1964, when we began the manufacturing of gears. We only stocked 14-1/2 deg. P.A.
gears until l991, when we added the most complete
line of P.A. stock gears in the market.
Our 14-1/2 degree P.A. gears have S or C prefix in
their part number for steel or cast iron. The 20
degree gears have TS or TC as prefix and have a
wider face width than 14-1/2 degree They may be
exchanged system for system, but not interchanged
gear for gear as 14-1/2 degree gears WILL NOT
RUN with 20 deg. gears.
LUBRICATION OF GEARS
Martin
GEAR DRIVES
long periods. This will increase the life and performance of the gears. To measure the cost of the lubrication system, consider not just the price of oil but the
expense of replacement of the entire gear train.
Reduced maintenance costs, lower power consumption and longer life of the gear set are the immediate
benefits.
The viscosity of the oil varies with the ambient
temperature. The following table should help you in
the selection of proper non-detergent oil.
ROTATION:
The shaft rotation of two mating gears will be
reversed from driver to driven. With spur or helical
gears an idler may be used to make driver and driven turn the same direction.
TYPES OF GEARS
INVOLUTE CURVE:
The involute curve is developed by tracing a point
on a cord as it unwinds from a circle.
Involute curve
PRESSURE ANGLE:
The angle between a tooth profile and the
line tangent to a pitch surface, usually at the pitch
141/2
1
14 /2
20
20
FIGURE 2
GEAR MANUAL
Martin
HELICAL GEARS:
INTERNAL GEARS:
HERRINGBONE GEARS:
Commonly called double helical because they
have teeth cut with right and left helix angles. They
are used for heavy loads at medium to high speeds.
They do not have the inherent thrust forces that are
present in helical gears.
Martin
GEAR DRIVES
Miter Gears
1:1 RATIO
BEVEL GEARS:
Bevel gears transmit power and motion between
shafts that are intersecting. These are cone shaped
with tapered teeth, larger towards the outside tapering to smaller towards the center. Predominant usage
is at 90 shaft axis to shaft axis.
SPIRAL BEVEL:
These are essentially the same as plain bevel gears
except the teeth are cut in a spiral arrangement.
These gears provide the same advantages as helicals
do to plain spur gears. They are quieter and are
capable of higher torque loads and speed (RPM).
The maximum recommended speed is 1800 FPM
pitch line velocity.
MITER GEARS:
These are bevel gears that have 1 to 1 ratio and are
always 90 shaft axis to shaft axis.
Martin
SPUR GEARS
HYPOID GEARS:
Right
Hand
Left
Hand
WORM GEARS:
Worm gears are used for non-intersecting shafts at
90. Uses a screw type worm turning a worm gear
cut with a helix angle so the continuous action of the
screw threads advance the gear. These gears allow
high reduction in compact space.
P.D.
P.D.
Worm Gear
Worm
Single lead
Double lead
Quadruple lead
Center
Distance
Face
Thickness
Martin
SPUR GEARS
SPUR GEARS
The imaginary line which passes through the center of each tooth on the gear.
PITCH DIAMETER:
The straight line measurement from one point on
the pitch circle through the center to another point
on the pitch circle.
134 Diametral Pitch - 1.7952 Circular Pitch
Pitch diameter
Outside Diameter
Pitch circle
addendum
whole
depth
pitch
chordal diameter
tooth
thickness
Circular Tooth
Thickness
Pitch
Point
Line of
Action
fillet
top
land
center distance
Pitch circle
Pitch
point
dedendum
line of
centers
circular pitch
Pressure
Angle
bottom land
Line Tangent to Pitch
Circles
PITCH:
Refers to the diametral pitch, which is the ratio of
the number of teeth to the pitch diameter. Is almost
always expressed as a whole number. It also signifies the relative size of the teeth. The smaller the
number the larger the size of the teeth. Conversely,
the larger the number the smaller the teeth.
For example:
A gear has a P.D. of 10 and has 40 teeth.
40 = 4 DP gear
10
OR
A gear has a P.D. of 10 and has 120 teeth.
120 = 12 DP gear
10
312 Diametral Pitch - .8976 Circular Pitch
11
Martin
SPUR GEARS
CLEARANCE is the difference between the addendum and the dedendum. Figured so the gear will ride
on the pitch circle and not bottom out.
6 Diametral Pitch - .5236 Circular Pitch
Dedendum
Driver
Addendum
Base
Pitch
Root Dia.
7 Diametral Pitch
.4488 Circular Pitch
8 Diametral Pitch
.3927 Circular Pitch
Base Dia.
O.D.
Pitch Dia.
O.D.
Pressure
Angle
Backlash
Pitch
Dia.
Base Dia.
10 Diametral Pitch
.3142 Circular Pitch
14 Diametral Pitch
.2244 Circular Pitch
Active Length of
Contact on Line
of Action
12 Diametral Pitch
.2618 Circular Pitch
Whole
Depth
Driven
Pitch
Point
Line of
Centers
16 Diametral Pitch
.1963 Circular Pitch
GEAR
PINION
18 Diametral Pitch
.1745 Circular Pitch
Root
Dia.
30 TEETH
15 TEETH
2
1
2:1 Ratio
GEAR
4DP 30 = 7,500 PD = 2:1 Ratio
PINION
4DP 15
3.750 PD
Ratio of worm gears is determined by dividing the
number of teeth on the worm gear by the number of
threads on the worm.
20 Diametral Pitch
.1571 Circular Pitch
Martin
SPUR GEARS
GENERAL FORMULAS
For example:
W84ODR - Double thread
40 teeth
8 DP Right Hand
40
=
20:1 Ratio
2
PD =
Nt
DP
DP =
Nt
PD
Nt + 2
OD
Nt = PD X DP
DP =
I
Driver
PD(Dr) + PD (Dn)
2
1
A=
DP
CD =
Driven
Driver
Driven
Nt + 2
DP
OD =
I
1.157
DP
D=
Driver
Driven
C=
WD =
Pitch circles
.157
DP
C
Nt
Dp
PD
OD
CD
Dr
Dn
A
D
WD
Involutes
Tip Relief
2.157
DP
= Clearance
= Number of Teeth
= Diametrical Pitch
= Pitch Diameter
= Outside Diameter
= Center Distance
= Driver
= Driven
= Addendum
= Dedendum
= Whole Depth
Backlash
13
Martin
SPUR GEARS
D = WD - A
OD =
Nt
NUMERATOR
2
+
Numerator Denominator DENOMINATOR
WD = 2.250
DP
AMERICAN STD.
4DP
4OT
10.000 PD
10.500 OD
AMERICAN STUB
4 DP 40T
10.000 PD
10.400 OD
FELLOWS STUB
4/5 DP 40T
10.000 PD
10.400 OD
Shaper Cut Teeth
1
DEN
1
5
.200
= 1.25
DEN
1.25
5
.250
.25
DEN
.25
5
.050
Nt
NUM
40
4
10,000
DP = Nt
PD
.8
DP
PD =
OD = Nt + 1.6
DP
1
DP
WD =
WD = 1.8
DP
= .2
DP
WD = 2.25
DEN
14
2.25
5
.450
Martin
SPUR GEARS
SPUR GEAR DIMENSIONAL FORMULAS
FOR FULL DEPTH INVOLUTE TEETH
TO OBTAIN
HAVING
FORMULA
DP =
3.1416
CP
DP =
Nt
PD
DP =
Nt + 2
OD
Circular Pitch
CP =
3.1416
DP
PD =
Nt
DP
Nt = PD X DP
TT =
Addendum (Add)
Diametral Pitch
Add. =
OD = PD + 2 Add.
Diametral
Pitch (DP)
Clearance (CL)
15
1.5708
DP
1
DP
WD =
2.157
(Hobbed)
DP
WD =
2.25
(Shaped)
DP
CL = WD - 2 Add.
Martin
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
24
25
26
27
28
30
32
33
35
36
40
42
44
45
48
50
52
54
55
56
60
64
66
70
72
80
84
88
90
96
100
108
110
112
120
144
160
200
25 RPM
CI
2.62
3.10
3.62
4.07
4.57
4.97
5.41
5.84
6.29
6.74
7.19
7.65
8.52
8.96
9.43
9.90
10.39
11.32
12.27
12.76
13.79
14.30
16.40
17.39
18.41
18.92
20.54
21.50
22.52
23.56
24.00
24.49
26.62
28.60
29.63
31.65
32.55
36.76
38.86
40.80
41.83
44.92
46.90
50.87
51.93
52.88
57.03
54.18
77.39
97.58
50 RPM
S
5.09
6.02
7.03
7.91
8.88
9.67
10.51
11.35
12.22
13.11
13.98
14.87
16.56
17.41
18.32
19.24
20.18
22.00
23.85
24.80
26.81
27.79
31.87
33.80
35.77
36.77
39.91
41.78
43.77
45.78
46.63
47.59
51.73
55.57
57.58
61.50
63.26
71.43
75.52
79.30
81.28
87.29
91.13
98.87
100.92
102.76
110.84
105.28
150.40
189.64
CI
100 RPM
S
CI
9.64
11.40
13.30
14.98
16.80
18.30
19.90
21.49
23.13
24.81
26.46
28.14
31.35
32.95
34.67
36.42
38.21
41.63
45.15
46.95
50.74
52.61
60.32
63.98
67.71
69.60
75.54
79.08
82.85
86.66
88.26
90.09
97.92
105.19
108.99
116.41
119.73
135.21
142.94
150.09
153.85
165.23
172.50
187.14
191.03
194.50
209.79
199.28
284.68
358.95
20 Pressure Angle
200 RPM
S
CI
17.41
20.59
24.03
27.06
30.35
33.05
35.95
38.82
41.77
44.81
47.79
50.83
56.63
59.52
62.63
65.79
69.01
75.20
81.56
84.80
91.66
95.03
108.95
115.58
122.31
125.72
136.46
142.84
149.65
156.54
159.44
162.73
176.87
190.01
196.87
210.27
216.28
244.23
258.21
300 RPM
S
CI
23.81
28.15
32.86
37.00
41.51
45.20
49.16
53.09
57.13
61.29
65.36
69.52
77.45
81.39
85.65
89.97
94.38
102.84
111.54
115.97
125.35
129.96
149.00
158.06
167.27
171.93
186.61
195.35
204.66
214.08
218.04
500 RPM
S
CI
33.72
39.88
46.55
52.41
58.80
64.03
69.64
75.20
80.93
86.81
92.58
98.48
109.71
115.30
121.32
127.45
133.69
145.69
158.00
164.28
177.56
184.10
Ratings are based on strength calculation. Basic static strength rating, or for hand operation of
above gears, is approximately 3 times the 100 RPM rating.
312 Face
600 RPM
S
CI
37.64
44.52
51.97
58.51
65.64
71.47
77.74
83.95
90.33
96.91
103.34
109.93
122.47
128.70
135.43
142.27
149.24
900 RPM
S
CI
46.69
55.21
64.45
72.57
81.41
88.64
96.42
104.12
112.04
1200 RPM
S
CI
1800 RPM
S
CI
53.06
62.75
73.25
82.48
92.53
100.75
ALL
STEEL
Note: 1. Ratings to right of heavy line are not recommended, as pitch line velocity exceeds 1000 feet per minute. They should be used for interpolation purposes only.
2. Non-metallic gears are most commonly used for the driving pinion of a pair of gears, with mating gear made of Cast Iron or Steel, where pitch line velocities
exceed 1000 FPM and are not subjected to shock loads.
16
Martin
For
Class I Service (Service Factor = 1.0)
5 Diametral Pitch
No.
Teeth
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
24
25
26
27
28
30
32
33
35
36
40
42
44
45
48
50
52
54
55
56
60
64
66
70
72
80
84
88
90
96
100
108
110
112
120
144
160
200
25 RPM
CI
1.20
1.42
1.66
1.87
2.10
2.29
2.49
2.69
2.89
3.10
3.31
3.52
3.92
4.12
4.33
4.55
4.78
5.20
5.64
5.87
6.34
6.58
7.54
8.00
8.46
8.70
9.44
9.89
10.36
10.83
11.03
11.26
12.24
13.15
13.62
14.55
14.97
16.90
17.87
18.76
19.23
20.65
21.56
23.39
23.88
24.31
26.23
24.91
35.59
44.87
50 RPM
S
2.35
2.78
3.25
3.66
4.10
4.47
4.86
5.25
5.65
6.06
6.46
6.87
7.66
8.05
8.47
8.90
9.33
10.17
11.03
11.47
12.40
12.85
14.73
15.63
16.54
17.00
18.45
19.32
20.24
21.17
21.56
22.01
23.92
25.70
26.62
28.44
29.25
33.03
34.92
36.67
37.58
40.36
42.14
45.71
46.67
47.51
51.25
48.68
69.54
87.69
CI
100 RPM
S
CI
4.50
5.32
6.21
7.00
7.85
8.55
9.30
10.04
10.80
11.59
12.36
13.15
14.65
15.39
16.20
17.02
17.85
19.45
21.09
21.93
23.70
24.58
28.18
29.89
31.63
32.51
35.29
36.94
38.70
40.48
41.23
42.08
45.74
49.14
50.91
54.38
55.93
63.16
66.78
70.12
71.87
77.19
80.58
87.42
89.24
20 Pressure Angle
200 RPM
S
CI
8.28
9.79
11.43
12.87
14.44
15.72
17.10
18.46
19.87
21.31
22.73
24.18
26.93
28.30
29.78
31.29
32.82
35.76
38.79
40.33
43.59
45.19
51.81
54.96
58.17
59.79
64.89
67.93
71.17
74.44
75.82
77.39
84.11
90.36
93.62
100.00
102.85
116.15
122.79
128.93
132.16
141.93
300 RPM
S
CI
11.49
13.59
15.86
17.86
20.04
21.82
23.73
25.63
27.58
29.58
31.55
33.56
37.39
39.29
41.34
43.43
45.56
49.64
53.84
55.98
60.51
62.73
71.92
76.30
80.74
82.99
90.08
94.30
98.79
103.34
105.25
107.42
116.76
125.43
129.96
138.81
500 RPM
S
CI
16.67
19.71
23.01
25.90
29.06
31.64
34.42
37.17
40.00
42.91
45.76
48.67
54.22
56.98
59.96
62.99
66.08
72.00
78.09
81.19
87.76
90.99
104.32
110.66
117.11
212 Face
600 RPM
S
CI
18.78
22.21
25.93
29.19
32.75
35.66
38.79
41.88
45.07
48.35
51.56
54.85
61.10
64.21
67.57
70.98
74.46
81.14
88.00
91.49
98.89
900 RPM
S
CI
23.82
28.17
32.88
37.02
41.53
45.22
49.19
53.11
57.16
61.31
65.39
69.55
77.49
81.43
1200 RPM
S
CI
27.50
32.53
37.97
42.75
47.96
52.22
56.80
61.34
66.01
1800 RPM
S
CI
32.54
ALL
STEEL
Ratings are based on strength calculation. Basic static strength rating, or for hand operation of
above gears, is approximately 3 times the 100 RPM rating.
Note: 1. Ratings to right of heavy line are not recommended, as pitch line velocity exceeds 1000 feet per minute. They should be used for interpolation purposes only.
2. Non-metallic gears are most commonly used for the driving pinion of a pair of gears, with mating gear made of Cast Iron or Steel, where pitch line velocities
exceed 1000 FPM and are not subjected to shock loads.
17
Martin
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
24
25
26
27
28
30
32
33
35
36
40
42
44
45
48
50
52
54
55
56
60
64
66
70
72
80
84
88
90
96
100
108
110
112
120
144
160
200
25 RPM
CI
0.67
0.79
0.93
1.04
1.17
1.28
1.39
1.50
1.61
1.73
1.84
1.96
2.19
2.30
2.42
2.54
2.66
2.90
3.15
3.27
3.54
3.67
4.21
4.46
4.72
4.85
5.27
5.51
5.78
6.04
6.15
6.28
6.83
7.33
7.60
8.12
8.35
9.43
9.97
10.46
10.73
11.52
12.03
13.05
13.32
13.56
14.63
13.89
19.85
25.03
50 RPM
S
1.32
1.56
1.82
2.05
2.30
2.50
2.72
2.94
3.16
3.39
3.62
3.85
4.29
4.51
4.74
4.98
5.22
5.69
6.17
6.42
6.94
7.19
8.25
8.75
9.26
9.52
10.33
10.81
11.33
11.85
12.07
12.32
13.39
14.39
14.91
15.92
16.37
18.49
19.55
20.53
21.04
22.60
23.59
25.59
26.12
26.60
28.69
27.25
38.93
49.09
CI
100 RPM
S
CI
2.54
3.00
3.50
3.94
4.43
4.82
5.24
5.66
6.09
6.53
6.97
7.41
8.26
8.68
9.13
9.59
10.06
10.97
11.89
12.36
13.36
13.86
15.89
16.85
17.83
18.33
19.90
20.83
21.82
22.82
23.25
23.73
25.79
27.70
28.71
30.66
31.54
35.61
37.65
39.53
40.52
43.52
45.43
49.29
50.31
51.23
55.25
52.49
74.98
94.54
20 Pressure Angle
200 RPM
S
CI
4.73
5.59
6.52
7.35
8.24
8.97
9.76
10.54
11.34
12.17
12.97
13.80
15.38
16.16
17.00
17.86
18.74
20.42
22.14
23.02
24.88
25.80
29.58
31.38
33.21
34.13
37.05
38.78
40.63
42.50
43.29
44.18
48.02
51.59
53.45
57.09
58.72
66.31
70.10
73.61
75.45
81.03
84.60
91.77
93.68
95.39
300 RPM
S
CI
6.63
7.84
9.15
10.31
11.56
12.59
13.69
14.79
15.91
17.07
18.21
19.37
21.57
22.67
23.86
25.06
26.29
28.65
31.07
32.31
34.92
36.20
41.51
44.03
46.59
47.89
51.98
54.42
57.01
59.63
60.74
61.99
67.38
72.38
75.00
80.10
82.39
93.04
98.36
103.28
500 RPM
S
CI
9.79
11.58
13.51
15.21
17.07
18.58
20.21
21.83
23.49
25.20
26.87
28.59
31.85
33.47
35.22
37.00
38.81
42.29
45.86
47.69
51.54
53.44
61.27
64.99
68.78
70.70
76.73
80.32
84.15
88.02
2 Face
600 RPM
S
CI
11.11
13.14
15.34
17.27
19.37
21.10
22.95
24.78
26.66
28.60
30.50
32.45
36.15
37.99
39.97
41.99
44.05
48.00
52.06
54.13
58.50
60.66
69.54
73.77
78.07
80.25
900 RPM
S
CI
14.34
16.96
19.80
22.29
25.01
27.23
29.61
31.98
34.41
36.92
39.37
41.88
46.65
49.03
51.59
54.20
56.85
61.95
1200 RPM
S
CI
16.78
19.84
23.16
26.08
29.26
31.85
34.65
37.42
40.26
43.19
46.06
49.00
54.59
1800 RPM
S
CI
20.21
23.91
27.91
31.42
35.25
38.38
ALL
STEEL
Ratings are based on strength calculation. Basic static strength rating, or for hand operation of
above gears, is approximately 3 times the 100 RPM rating.
Note: 1. Ratings to right of heavy line are not recommended, as pitch line velocity exceeds 1000 feet per minute. They should be used for interpolation purposes only.
2. Non-metallic gears are most commonly used for the driving pinion of a pair of gears, with mating gear made of Cast Iron or Steel, where pitch line velocities
exceed 1000 FPM and are not subjected to shock loads.
18
Martin
For
Class I Service (Service Factor = 1.0)
8 Diametral Pitch
No.
Teeth
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
24
25
26
27
28
30
32
33
35
36
40
42
44
45
48
50
52
54
55
56
60
64
66
70
72
80
84
88
90
96
100
108
110
112
120
144
160
200
25 RPM
CI
0.28
0.34
0.39
0.44
0.50
0.54
0.59
0.64
0.68
0.73
0.78
0.83
0.93
0.97
1.02
1.08
1.13
1.23
1.33
1.39
1.50
1.56
1.78
1.89
2.00
2.06
2.23
50 RPM
S
CI
0.56
0.66
0.78
0.87
0.98
1.07
1.16
1.25
1.35
1.45
1.54
1.64
1.83
1.92
2.02
2.12
2.23
2.43
2.63
2.73
2.96
3.06
3.51
3.73
3.94
4.05
4.40
1.12
1.18
1.23
1.25
1.28
1.39
1.49
1.55
1.65
1.70
1.92
2.03
2.13
2.18
2.34
2.45
2.66
2.71
2.76
2.98
2.83
4.04
5.09
100 RPM
S
CI
1.09
1.29
1.51
1.70
1.90
2.07
2.25
2.43
2.62
2.81
3.00
3.19
3.55
3.73
3.93
4.12
4.33
4.71
5.11
5.31
5.74
5.96
6.83
7.24
7.67
7.88
8.55
2.21
2.32
2.42
2.47
2.52
2.74
2.94
3.05
3.26
3.35
3.78
4.00
4.20
4.30
4.62
4.82
5.23
5.34
5.44
5.87
5.57
7.96
10.04
20 Pressure Angle
200 RPM
S
CI
2.06
2.44
2.85
3.21
3.60
3.92
4.26
4.61
4.96
5.32
5.67
6.03
6.72
7.06
7.43
7.80
8.19
8.92
9.68
10.06
10.87
11.27
12.92
13.71
14.51
14.91
16.19
4.30
4.50
4.71
4.80
4.90
5.32
5.72
5.92
6.33
6.51
7.35
7.77
8.16
8.36
8.98
9.37
10.17
10.38
10.57
11.40
10.83
15.47
19.51
300 RPM
S
CI
2.94
3.48
4.06
4.57
5.13
5.58
6.07
6.56
7.06
7.57
8.07
8.59
9.56
10.05
10.58
11.11
11.66
12.70
13.77
14.32
15.48
16.05
18.40
19.52
20.66
21.23
23.05
8.13
8.52
8.91
9.08
9.27
10.07
10.82
11.21
11.97
12.32
13.91
14.70
15.44
15.82
16.99
17.74
19.25
19.65
20.01
21.58
20.50
29.28
36.92
500 RPM
S
CI
4.45
5.26
6.14
6.91
7.76
8.44
9.18
9.92
10.67
11.45
12.21
12.99
14.47
15.21
16.00
16.81
17.63
19.21
20.84
21.67
23.42
24.28
27.84
29.53
31.25
32.12
34.86
11.58
12.13
12.69
12.93
13.19
14.34
15.40
15.96
17.05
17.53
19.80
20.93
21.98
22.53
24.20
25.26
27.40
27.97
28.48
30.72
Ratings are based on strength calculation. Basic static strength rating, or for hand operation of
above gears, is approximately 3 times the 100 RPM rating.
112 Face
600 RPM
S
CI
5.10
6.03
7.04
7.93
8.90
9.69
10.53
11.38
12.24
13.13
14.00
14.90
16.60
17.44
18.35
19.28
20.22
22.04
23.90
24.85
26.86
27.85
31.93
33.87
35.84
36.84
39.99
17.52
18.35
19.20
19.55
19.96
21.69
23.30
24.14
25.79
900 RPM
S
CI
6.76
7.99
9.33
10.50
11.78
12.83
13.95
15.07
16.22
17.40
18.55
19.73
21.98
23.10
24.31
25.54
26.79
29.19
31.66
32.92
35.58
36.89
42.29
44.86
47.48
20.09
21.05
22.02
22.43
22.89
24.88
1200 RPM
S
CI
8.07
9.54
11.14
12.54
14.07
15.31
16.66
17.99
19.36
20.77
22.14
23.56
26.24
27.58
29.02
30.49
31.98
34.85
1800 RPM
S
CI
10.00
11.83
13.81
15.55
17.45
18.99
20.66
22.31
24.01
25.76
STEEL
CAST
Note: 1. Ratings to right of heavy line are not recommended, as pitch line velocity exceeds 1000 feet per minute. They should be used for interpolation purposes only.
2. Non-metallic gears are most commonly used for the driving pinion of a pair of gears, with mating gear made of Cast Iron or Steel, where pitch line velocities
exceed 1000 FPM and are not subjected to shock loads.
19
Martin
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
24
25
26
27
28
30
32
33
35
36
40
42
44
45
48
50
52
54
55
56
60
64
66
70
72
80
84
88
90
96
100
108
110
112
120
144
160
200
25 RPM
CI
0.15
0.18
0.21
0.24
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.34
0.37
0.39
0.42
0.44
0.50
0.52
0.55
0.58
0.60
0.66
0.71
0.74
0.80
0.83
0.95
1.01
1.07
1.10
1.19
1.25
1.31
1.37
1.40
1.42
1.55
50 RPM
S
CI
0.30
0.36
0.42
0.47
0.53
0.57
0.62
0.67
0.72
0.78
0.83
0.88
0.98
1.03
1.08
1.14
1.19
1.30
1.41
1.47
1.59
1.64
1.88
2.00
2.12
2.18
2.36
2.47
2.59
2.71
2.76
2.82
3.06
0.80
0.83
0.88
0.91
1.03
1.08
1.14
1.17
1.25
1.31
1.42
1.45
1.48
1.59
1.51
2.16
2.72
100 RPM
S
CI
0.59
0.70
0.81
0.91
1.03
1.12
1.22
1.31
1.41
1.52
1.62
1.72
1.91
2.01
2.12
2.22
2.33
2.54
2.76
2.87
3.10
3.21
3.68
3.91
4.14
4.25
4.61
4.83
5.06
5.29
5.39
5.50
5.98
1.58
1.63
1.75
1.80
2.03
2.14
2.25
2.31
2.48
2.59
2.81
2.87
2.92
3.15
2.99
4.27
5.38
20 Pressure Angle
200 RPM
S
CI
1.13
1.33
1.55
1.75
1.96
2.14
2.32
2.51
2.70
2.90
3.09
3.29
3.66
3.85
4.05
4.25
4.46
4.86
5.27
5.48
5.93
6.14
7.04
7.47
7.91
8.13
8.82
9.24
9.68
10.12
10.31
10.52
11.44
3.08
3.19
3.41
3.51
3.96
4.19
4.40
4.51
4.84
5.06
5.49
5.60
5.70
6.15
5.84
8.35
10.52
300 RPM
S
CI
1.62
1.91
2.23
2.51
2.82
3.07
3.34
3.61
3.88
4.16
4.44
4.72
5.26
5.53
5.82
6.11
6.41
6.99
7.58
7.88
8.52
8.83
10.12
10.74
11.36
11.68
12.68
13.27
13.90
14.54
14.81
15.12
16.43
5.90
6.11
6.53
6.71
7.58
8.01
8.41
8.62
9.26
9.67
10.49
10.71
10.90
11.76
11.17
15.96
20.12
500 RPM
S
CI
2.49
2.94
3.43
3.87
4.34
4.72
5.14
5.55
5.97
6.40
6.83
7.26
8.09
8.50
8.95
9.40
9.86
10.74
11.65
12.11
13.09
13.58
15.56
16.51
17.47
17.96
19.49
20.41
21.38
22.36
22.78
23.25
25.27
8.47
8.78
9.38
9.65
10.89
11.52
12.09
12.39
13.31
13.90
15.08
15.39
15.67
16.90
16.05
22.93
28.92
Ratings are based on strength calculation. Basic static strength rating, or for hand operation of
above gears, is approximately 3 times the 100 RPM rating.
114 Face
600 RPM
S
CI
2.87
3.40
3.97
4.47
5.01
5.45
5.93
6.41
6.89
7.40
7.89
8.39
9.35
9.82
10.34
10.86
11.39
12.41
13.46
14.00
15.13
15.68
17.98
19.07
20.19
20.75
22.52
23.57
24.70
25.83
26.31
26.86
29.19
13.03
13.50
14.42
14.83
16.75
17.71
18.59
19.06
900 RPM
S
CI
3.88
4.58
5.35
6.02
6.76
7.36
8.00
8.64
9.30
9.98
10.64
11.32
12.61
13.25
13.94
14.65
15.37
16.74
18.16
18.88
20.41
21.16
24.26
25.73
27.23
27.99
30.38
15.05
15.60
16.66
17.13
1200 RPM
S
CI
4.70
5.55
6.48
7.30
8.19
8.91
9.70
10.47
11.27
12.09
12.89
13.71
15.28
16.05
16.89
17.75
18.61
20.28
22.00
22.87
24.72
25.63
1800 RPM
S
CI
5.95
7.04
8.22
9.25
10.38
11.30
12.30
13.28
14.29
15.33
16.35
17.39
19.37
20.36
STEEL
CAST
Note: 1. Ratings to right of heavy line are not recommended, as pitch line velocity exceeds 1000 feet per minute. They should be used for interpolation purposes only.
2. Non-metallic gears are most commonly used for the driving pinion of a pair of gears, with mating gear made of Cast Iron or Steel, where pitch line velocities
exceed 1000 FPM and are not subjected to shock loads.
20
Martin
For
Class I Service (Service Factor = 1.0)
12 Diametral Pitch
No.
Teeth
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
24
25
26
27
28
30
32
33
35
36
40
42
44
45
48
50
52
54
55
56
60
64
66
70
72
80
84
88
90
96
100
108
110
112
120
144
160
200
25 RPM
CI
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.13
0.15
0.16
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.22
0.23
0.25
0.28
0.29
0.31
0.32
0.34
0.37
0.40
0.41
0.45
0.46
0.53
0.56
0.60
0.61
0.66
0.70
0.73
0.76
0.78
0.79
0.86
0.93
0.96
1.02
1.05
50 RPM
S
CI
0.17
0.20
0.23
0.26
0.29
0.32
0.35
0.37
0.40
0.43
0.46
0.49
0.55
0.57
0.60
0.63
0.67
0.73
0.79
0.82
0.88
0.92
1.05
1.12
1.18
1.21
1.32
1.38
1.44
1.51
1.54
1.57
1.71
1.83
1.90
2.03
2.09
0.57
0.60
0.63
0.65
0.70
0.73
0.79
0.81
0.82
0.89
0.84
1.20
1.52
100 RPM
S
CI
0.33
0.39
0.45
0.51
0.57
0.63
0.68
0.73
0.79
0.85
0.90
0.96
1.07
1.13
1.19
1.25
1.31
1.42
1.54
1.61
1.73
1.80
2.06
2.19
2.32
2.38
2.58
2.70
2.83
2.96
3.02
3.08
3.35
3.60
3.73
3.98
4.09
1.13
1.20
1.26
1.29
1.38
1.44
1.57
1.60
1.63
1.76
1.67
2.38
3.00
20 Pressure Angle
200 RPM
S
CI
0.63
0.75
0.88
0.99
1.11
1.20
1.31
1.42
1.52
1.63
1.74
1.85
2.06
2.17
2.28
2.40
2.52
2.74
2.97
3.09
3.34
3.46
3.97
4.21
4.46
4.58
4.97
5.21
5.45
5.71
5.81
5.93
6.45
6.93
7.18
7.66
7.88
2.22
2.35
2.46
2.52
2.71
2.83
3.07
3.13
3.19
3.44
3.27
4.67
5.89
300 RPM
S
CI
0.92
1.09
1.27
1.43
1.60
1.74
1.90
2.05
2.20
2.36
2.52
2.68
2.99
3.14
3.30
3.47
3.64
3.96
4.30
4.47
4.83
5.01
5.74
6.09
6.45
6.63
7.19
7.53
7.89
8.25
8.41
8.58
9.33
10.02
10.38
11.09
11.40
4.27
4.52
4.74
4.86
5.22
5.45
5.91
6.04
6.15
6.63
6.30
9.00
11.34
500 RPM
S
CI
1.43
1.69
1.97
2.22
2.49
2.71
2.95
3.18
3.43
3.68
3.92
4.17
4.64
4.88
5.14
5.40
5.66
6.17
6.69
6.95
7.52
7.79
8.94
9.48
10.03
10.31
11.19
11.71
12.27
12.84
13.08
13.35
14.51
15.58
16.15
17.24
6.18
6.53
6.86
7.03
7.55
7.89
8.55
8.73
8.89
9.59
9.11
13.01
16.41
Ratings are based on strength calculation. Basic static strength rating, or for hand operation of
above gears, is approximately 3 times the 100 RPM rating.
1 Face
600 RPM
S
CI
1.66
1.96
2.29
2.58
2.89
3.15
3.42
3.70
3.98
4.27
4.55
4.84
5.39
5.67
5.96
6.27
6.57
7.16
7.77
8.08
8.73
9.05
10.38
11.01
11.65
11.97
13.00
13.60
14.25
14.91
15.18
15.50
16.84
18.10
18.75
20.03
9.61
10.16
10.67
10.94
11.75
12.27
13.31
13.58
900 RPM
S
CI
2.27
2.68
3.13
3.52
3.95
4.30
4.68
5.06
5.44
5.84
6.22
6.62
7.38
7.75
8.16
8.57
8.99
9.79
10.62
11.05
11.94
12.38
14.19
15.05
15.93
16.37
17.77
18.60
19.49
20.39
20.77
21.19
23.04
24.75
11.16
11.80
12.39
1200 RPM
S
CI
2.78
3.28
3.83
4.32
4.84
5.27
5.74
6.19
6.67
7.15
7.63
8.11
9.04
9.50
9.99
10.50
11.01
12.00
13.01
13.53
14.63
15.16
17.39
18.44
19.52
20.06
1800 RPM
S
CI
3.58
4.24
4.95
5.57
6.25
6.81
7.40
7.99
8.60
9.23
9.84
10.47
11.66
12.26
12.90
13.55
14.21
15.49
STEEL
CAST
Note: 1. Ratings to right of heavy line are not recommended, as pitch line velocity exceeds 1000 feet per minute. They should be used for interpolation purposes only.
2. Non-metallic gears are most commonly used for the driving pinion of a pair of gears, with mating gear made of Cast Iron or Steel, where pitch line velocities
exceed 1000 FPM and are not subjected to shock loads.
21
Martin
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
24
25
26
27
28
30
32
33
35
36
40
42
44
45
48
50
52
54
55
56
60
64
66
70
72
80
84
88
90
96
100
108
110
112
120
144
160
200
25 RPM
S
CI
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.12
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.17
0.17
0.19
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.28
0.29
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.36
0.39
0.41
0.43
0.45
0.50
0.53
0.56
0.57
0.62
0.64
50 RPM
S
CI
0.07
0.08
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.20
0.21
0.23
0.24
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.31
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.45
0.47
0.50
0.51
0.56
0.58
0.61
0.64
0.65
0.67
0.72
0.78
0.81
0.86
0.88
1.00
1.06
1.11
1.14
1.22
1.27
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.37
0.36
0.51
0.64
100 RPM
S
CI
0.14
0.17
0.19
0.22
0.24
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.34
0.36
0.39
0.41
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.53
0.56
0.61
0.66
0.68
0.74
0.77
0.88
0.93
0.99
1.01
1.10
1.15
1.21
1.26
1.29
1.31
1.43
1.53
1.59
1.70
1.74
1.97
2.08
2.19
2.24
2.41
2.51
0.66
0.68
0.69
0.74
0.71
1.01
1.27
20 Pressure Angle
200 RPM
S
CI
0.27
0.32
0.38
0.42
0.48
0.52
0.56
0.61
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.89
0.93
0.98
1.03
1.08
1.18
1.28
1.33
1.44
1.49
1.71
1.81
1.92
1.97
2.14
2.24
2.34
2.45
2.50
2.55
2.77
2.98
3.08
3.29
3.39
3.83
4.05
4.25
4.35
4.68
4.88
1.31
1.34
1.36
1.47
1.39
1.99
2.51
300 RPM
S
CI
0.40
0.47
0.55
0.62
0.69
0.76
0.82
0.89
0.95
1.02
1.09
1.16
1.29
1.36
1.43
1.50
1.58
1.72
1.86
1.94
2.09
2.17
2.49
2.64
2.80
2.87
3.12
3.26
3.42
3.58
3.64
3.72
4.04
4.34
4.50
4.81
4.94
5.58
5.90
6.20
6.35
6.82
7.12
2.54
2.60
2.64
2.85
2.71
3.87
4.88
500 RPM
S
CI
0.63
0.74
0.87
0.98
1.10
1.19
1.30
1.40
1.51
1.62
1.73
1.84
2.04
2.15
2.26
2.38
2.49
2.72
2.94
3.06
3.31
3.43
3.93
4.17
4.42
4.54
4.93
5.16
5.40
5.65
5.76
5.88
6.39
6.86
7.11
7.59
7.81
8.82
9.32
9.79
10.03
10.78
11.25
3.71
3.79
3.85
4.16
3.95
5.64
7.11
Ratings are based on strength calculation. Basic static strength rating, or for hand operation of
above gears, is approximately 3 times the 100 RPM rating.
Face
3
4
600 RPM
S
CI
0.73
0.87
1.01
1.14
1.28
1.40
1.52
1.64
1.76
1.89
2.02
2.15
2.39
2.51
2.64
2.78
2.91
3.18
3.44
3.58
3.87
4.01
4.60
4.88
5.16
5.31
5.76
6.03
6.32
6.61
6.73
6.87
7.47
8.02
8.31
8.88
9.13
10.31
10.90
11.45
11.73
12.60
13.16
5.86
5.98
6.09
6.57
6.24
8.91
11.24
900 RPM
S
CI
1.02
1.21
1.41
1.59
1.79
1.94
2.12
2.28
2.46
2.64
2.81
2.99
3.33
3.50
3.69
3.87
4.06
4.43
4.80
4.99
5.39
5.59
6.41
6.80
7.20
7.40
8.03
8.41
8.81
9.21
9.38
9.58
10.41
11.18
11.58
12.37
12.73
14.37
15.19
6.85
6.99
7.12
7.68
1200 RPM
S
CI
1.28
1.51
1.76
1.98
2.22
2.42
2.63
2.84
3.06
3.28
3.50
3.72
4.15
4.36
4.59
4.82
5.06
5.51
5.98
6.21
6.72
6.96
7.98
8.47
8.96
9.21
10.00
10.47
10.96
11.47
11.68
1800 RPM
S
CI
1.69
2.00
2.33
2.63
2.95
3.21
3.49
3.77
4.05
4.35
4.64
4.93
5.50
5.78
6.08
6.38
6.70
7.30
7.91
8.23
8.89
9.22
10.57
STEEL
CAST
Note: 1. Ratings to right of heavy line are not recommended, as pitch line velocity exceeds 1000 feet per minute. They should be used for interpolation purposes only.
2. Non-metallic gears are most commonly used for the driving pinion of a pair of gears, with mating gear made of Cast Iron or Steel, where pitch line velocities
exceed 1000 FPM and are not subjected to shock loads.
22
Martin
For
Class I Service (Service Factor = 1.0)
20 Diametral Pitch
No.
Teeth
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
24
25
26
27
28
30
32
33
35
36
40
42
44
45
48
50
52
54
55
56
60
64
66
70
72
80
84
88
90
96
100
108
110
112
120
144
160
200
25 RPM
S
CI
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.19
0.19
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.26
0.27
0.30
0.30
0.31
0.33
0.32
0.45
0.57
50 RPM
S
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.28
0.31
0.33
0.34
0.37
0.38
0.43
0.45
0.47
0.49
0.52
0.55
0.59
0.60
0.62
0.66
0.63
0.90
1.14
CI
100 RPM
S
CI
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.29
0.32
0.33
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.47
0.49
0.52
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.61
0.66
0.68
0.73
0.75
0.85
0.89
0.94
0.96
1.03
1.08
1.17
1.19
1.22
1.31
1.25
1.78
2.24
20 Pressure Angle
200 RPM
S
CI
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.21
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.47
0.51
0.55
0.57
0.62
0.64
0.74
0.78
0.83
0.85
0.92
0.97
1.01
1.06
1.08
1.10
1.20
1.28
1.33
1.42
1.46
1.65
1.75
1.83
1.88
2.02
2.11
2.29
2.33
2.38
2.56
2.43
3.48
4.38
300 RPM
S
CI
0.17
0.20
0.24
0.27
0.30
0.33
0.36
0.38
0.41
0.44
0.47
0.50
0.56
0.59
0.62
0.65
0.68
0.75
0.81
0.84
0.91
0.94
1.08
1.15
1.21
1.25
1.35
1.42
1.48
1.55
1.58
1.61
1.75
1.88
1.95
2.08
2.14
2.42
2.56
2.69
2.76
2.96
3.09
3.35
3.42
3.48
3.76
3.57
5.10
6.43
500 RPM
S
CI
0.28
0.33
0.38
0.43
0.48
0.52
0.57
0.61
0.66
0.71
0.76
0.80
0.90
0.94
0.99
1.04
1.09
1.19
1.29
1.34
1.45
1.50
1.72
1.83
1.93
1.99
2.16
2.26
2.37
2.48
2.52
2.57
2.80
3.01
3.11
3.33
3.42
3.86
4.08
4.29
4.40
4.72
4.93
5.35
5.46
5.56
5.99
5.69
8.13
10.26
Ratings are based on strength calculation. Basic static strength rating, or for hand operation of
above gears, is approximately 3 times the 100 RPM rating.
2 Face
1
600 RPM
S
CI
0.32
0.38
0.45
0.50
0.56
0.61
0.67
0.72
0.78
0.83
0.89
0.94
1.05
1.11
1.16
1.22
1.28
1.40
1.52
1.58
1.70
1.77
2.02
2.15
2.27
2.34
2.54
2.65
2.78
2.91
2.96
3.02
3.29
3.53
3.66
3.91
4.02
4.54
4.80
5.04
5.16
5.55
5.79
6.28
6.41
6.53
7.04
6.69
9.56
12.05
900 RPM
S
CI
0.46
0.54
0.63
0.71
0.80
0.87
0.94
1.02
1.10
1.18
1.25
1.33
1.49
1.56
1.64
1.73
1.81
1.97
2.14
2.22
2.40
2.49
2.86
3.03
3.21
3.30
3.58
3.75
3.92
4.10
4.18
4.27
4.64
4.98
5.16
5.51
5.67
6.40
6.77
7.11
7.29
7.83
8.17
1200 RPM
S
CI
0.57
0.68
0.79
0.89
1.00
1.09
1.19
1.28
1.38
1.48
1.58
1.68
1.87
1.96
2.07
2.17
2.28
2.48
2.69
2.80
3.03
3.14
3.60
3.81
4.04
4.15
4.50
4.71
4.94
5.17
5.26
5.37
5.84
6.27
6.50
6.94
7.14
1800 RPM
S
CI
0.78
0.92
1.07
1.20
1.35
1.47
1.60
1.73
1.86
2.00
2.13
2.26
2.52
2.65
2.79
2.93
3.07
3.35
3.63
3.78
4.08
4.23
4.85
5.15
5.45
5.60
6.08
6.36
6.66
ALL
STEEL
Note: 1. Ratings to right of heavy line are not recommended, as pitch line velocity exceeds 1000 feet per minute. They should be used for interpolation purposes only.
2. Non-metallic gears are most commonly used for the driving pinion of a pair of gears, with mating gear made of Cast Iron or Steel, where pitch line velocities
exceed 1000 FPM and are not subjected to shock loads.
23
Martin
Right
Hand
Left
Hand
WORMS
Soft or hardened steel
With or without hubs
Right hand or left hand
Single - Double - Triple or Quadruple Thread
1/
2/
1 Start Indicating
Single Thread Worm
WORM GEARS
Bronze or Cast Iron
Right or left hand
Single - Double - Triple or Quadruple Thread
2 Starts Indicating
Double Thread Worm
4/
3/
3/
2/
1/
3 Starts Indicating
Triple Thread Worm
1/
2/
4 Starts Indicating
Quadruple Thread Worm
24
Martin
Addendum
Lead
Clearance
Pitch
Working Depth
Root Dia.
Pitch Dia.
Outside Dia.
Whole Depth
2.157
Dia. Pitch
Addendum =
1
Dia. Pitch
Dedendum
Pitch
Lead
Pitch
Outside Diameter =
Pitch Diameter + 2 x Addendum
Pitch
Bottom Diameter =
Outside Diameter - 2 x Whole Depth
Martin
The preceding illustrations indicates the Lead (helix) angle of the worm is the result of a line drawn perpendicular to the worm axis and a line parallel to the worm thread.
If the helix angle is to be calculated, the Lead and pitch diameter must be known and a table of cotangents
available (such as in Machinery Handbook). The following formula may then be used.
PD x = Cot of Lead Angle
LEAD
Trigonometric Functions
Sine
Tan.
Cotan.
Cosine
Sine
Tan.
Cotan.
Cosine
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
.000000
.002909
.005818
.008727
.011635
.014544
.017452
.020361
.023269
.026177
.029085
.031992
.034899
.037806
.040713
.043619
.046525
.049431
.052336
.055241
.058145
.061049
.063952
.066854
.069756
.072658
.075559
.078459
.081359
.084258
.087156
.090053
.092950
.095846
.098741
.101635
.104528
.107421
.110313
.113203
.116093
.118982
.121869
.124756
.127642
.130526
.133410
.136292
.139173
.142053
.144932
.147809
.150686
.153561
.156434
.159307
.162178
.165048
.167916
.170783
.173648
.176512
.179375
.182236
.185095
.187953
.000000
.002909
.005818
.008727
.011636
.014545
.017455
.020365
.023275
.026186
.029097
.032009
.034921
.037834
.040747
.043661
.046576
.049491
.052408
.055325
.058243
.061163
.064083
.067004
.069927
.072851
.075776
.078702
.081629
.084558
.087489
.090421
.093354
.096289
.099226
.102164
.105104
.108046
.110990
.113936
.116883
.119833
.122785
.125738
.128694
.131653
.134613
.137576
.140541
.143508
.146478
.149451
.152426
.155404
.158384
.161368
.164354
.167343
.170334
.173329
.176327
.179328
.182332
.185339
.188359
.191363
INFINITE
343.77371
171.88540
114.58865
85.939791
68.750087
57.289962
49.103881
42.964077
38.188459
34.367771
31.241577
28.636253
26.431600
24.541758
22.903766
21.470401
20.205553
19.081137
18.074977
17.169337
16.349855
15.604784
14.924417
14.300666
13.726738
13.196888
12.706205
12.250505
11.826167
11.430052
11.059431
10.711913
10.385397
10.078031
9.7881732
9.5143645
9.2553035
9.0098261
8.7768874
8.5555468
8.3449558
8.1443464
7.9530224
7.7703506
7.5957541
7.4287064
7.2687255
7.1153697
6.9682335
6.8269437
6.6911562
6.5605538
6.4348428
6.3137515
6.1970279
6.0844381
5.9757644
5.8708042
5.7693688
5.6712818
5.5763786
5.4845052
5.3955172
5.3092793
5.2256647
1.000000
.999996
.999983
.999962
.999932
.999894
.999848
.999793
.999729
.999657
.999577
.999488
.999391
.999285
.999171
.999048
.998917
.998778
.998630
.998473
.998308
.998135
.997957
.997763
.997564
.997357
.997141
.996917
.996685
.996444
.996195
.995937
.995671
.995396
.995113
.994822
.994522
.994214
.993897
.993572
.993238
.922896
.992546
.992187
.991820
.991445
.991061
.990669
.990268
.989859
.989442
.959016
.988582
.988139
.987688
.987229
.986762
.986286
.985801
.985309
.984808
.984298
.983781
.983255
.982721
.982178
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
90
11
12
88
13
87
14
86
15
85
16
84
17
83
18
82
19
81
20
80
21
79
.190809
.913664
.196517
.199368
.202218
.205065
.207912
.210756
.213599
.216440
.219279
.222116
.224951
.227784
.230616
.233445
.236273
.239098
.241922
.244743
.247563
.250380
.253195
.256008
.258819
.261628
.264434
.267238
.270040
.272840
.275637
.278432
.281225
.284015
.286803
.289589
.292372
.295152
.297930
.300706
.303479
.306249
.309017
.311782
.314545
.317305
.320062
.322816
.325568
.328317
.331063
.333807
.336547
.339285
.342020
.344752
.347481
.350207
.352931
.355651
.358368
.361082
.363793
.366501
.369206
.371908
.194380
.197401
.200425
.203452
.206483
.209518
.212557
.215599
.218645
.221695
.224748
.227806
.230868
.233934
.237004
.240079
.243158
.246241
.249328
.252420
.255517
.258618
.261723
.264834
.267949
.271069
.274195
.277325
.280460
.283600
.286745
.289896
.293052
.296214
.299380
.302553
.305731
.308914
.312104
.315299
.318500
.321707
.324920
.328139
.331364
.334595
.337833
.341077
.344328
.347585
.350848
.354119
.357396
.360680
.363970
.367268
.370573
.373885
.377204
.380530
.383864
.387205
.390554
.393911
.397275
.400647
5.1445540
5.0658352
4.9894027
4.9151570
4.8430045
4.7728568
4.7046301
4.6382457
4.5736287
4.5107085
4.4494181
4.3896940
4.3314759
4.2747066
4.2193318
4.1652998
4.1125614
4.0610700
4.0107809
3.9616518
3.9136420
3.8667131
3.8208281
3.7759519
3.7320508
3.6890927
3.6470467
3.6058835
3.5655749
3.5260938
3.4874144
3.4495120
3.4123626
3.3759434
3.3402326
3.3052091
3.2708526
3.2371438
3.2040638
3.1715948
3.1397194
3.1084210
3.0776835
3.0474915
3.0178301
2.9886850
2.9600422
2.9318885
2.9042109
2.8769970
2.8502349
2.8239129
2.7980198
2.7725448
2.7474774
2.7228076
2.6985254
2.6746215
2.6510867
2.6279121
2.6050891
2.5826094
2.5604649
2.5386479
2.5171507
2.4959661
.981627
.981068
.980500
.979925
.979341
.978748
.978148
.977539
.976921
.976296
.975662
.975020
.974370
.973712
.973045
.927370
.971687
.970995
.970296
.969588
.968872
.968148
.967415
.966675
.965926
.965169
.964404
.963630
.962849
.962059
.961262
.960456
.959642
.958820
.957990
.957151
.956305
.955450
.954588
.953717
.952838
.951951
.951057
.950154
.949243
.948324
.947397
.946462
.945519
.944568
.943609
.942641
.941666
.940684
.939693
.938694
.937687
.936672
.935650
.934619
.933580
.932534
.931480
.930418
.929348
.928270
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
79
89
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
68
Cosine
Cotan.
Tan.
Sine
Cosine
Cotan.
Tan.
Sine
10
NOTE: For functions from 90to 68-10 read from bottom of table upward.
26
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
Martin
Trigonometric Functions
Sine
Tan.
Cotan.
Cosine
Sine
22
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
.374607
.377302
.379994
.382683
.385369
.388052
.390731
.393407
.396080
.398749
.401415
.404078
.406737
.409392
.412045
.414693
.417338
.419980
.422618
.425253
.427884
.430511
.433125
.435755
.438371
.440984
.443593
.446197
.448799
.451397
.453990
.456580
.459166
.461749
.464327
.466901
.469472
.472038
.474600
.477149
.479713
.482263
.484810
.487352
.489890
.492424
.494953
.497479
.500000
.502517
.505030
.507538
.510043
.512543
.515038
.517529
.520016
.522499
.524977
.527450
.529919
.532384
.534844
.537300
.539751
.542197
.544639
.547076
.549509
.551937
.554360
.556769
.404026
.407414
.410810
.414214
.417626
.421046
.424475
.427912
.431358
.434812
.438276
.441748
.445229
.448719
.452218
.455726
.459244
.462771
.466308
.469854
.473410
.476976
.480551
.484137
.487733
.491339
.494955
.498582
.502219
.505867
.509525
.513195
.516876
.520567
.524270
.527984
.531709
.535547
.539195
.542956
.546728
.550515
.554309
.558118
.561939
.565773
.569619
.573478
.577350
.581235
.585134
.589045
.592970
.596908
.600861
.604827
.608807
.612801
.616809
.620832
.624869
.628921
.632988
.637079
.641167
.645280
.649408
.653551
.657710
.661886
.666077
.670285
2.4750869
2.4545061
2.4342172
2.4142136
2.3944889
2.3750372
2.3558524
2.3369287
2.3182606
2.2998425
2.2816693
2.2637357
2.2460368
2.2285676
2.2113234
2.1942997
2.1774920
2.1608958
2.1445069
2.1283213
2.1123348
2.0965436
2.0809438
2.0655318
2.0503038
2.0352565
2.0203862
2.0056897
1.9911637
1.9768050
1.9626105
1.9485772
1.9347020
1.9209821
1.9074147
1.8939971
1.8807265
1.8676003
1.8546159
1.8417709
1.8290628
1.8164892
1.8040478
1.7917362
1.7795524
1.7674940
1.7555590
1.7437453
1.7320508
1.7204736
1.7090116
1.6976631
1.6864261
1.6752988
1.6642795
1.6533663
1.6425576
1.6318517
1.6212469
1.6107417
1.6003345
1.5900238
1.5798079
1.5696856
1.5596552
1.4597155
1.5398650
1.5301025
1.5204261
1.5108352
1.5013282
1.4919039
.927184
.926090
.924980
.923880
.922762
.921638
.920505
.919364
.918216
.917060
.915896
.914725
.913545
.912358
.911164
.909961
.908751
.907533
.906308
.905075
.903834
.902585
.901329
.900065
.898794
.897515
.896229
.894934
.893633
.892323
.891007
.889682
.888350
.887011
.885664
.884309
.882948
.881578
.880201
.878817
.877425
.876026
.874620
.873206
.871784
.870356
.868920
.867476
.866025
.864567
.863102
.861629
.860149
.858662
.857167
.855665
.854156
.852640
.851117
.849586
.848048
.846503
.844951
.843391
.841825
.840251
.838671
.837083
.835488
.833886
.832277
.830661
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
68
34
67
35
66
36
65
37
64
38
63
39
62
40
61
41
60
42
59
43
58
44
57
45
56
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
.559193
.561602
.564007
.566406
.568801
.571191
.573576
.575957
.578332
.580703
.583069
.585429
.587785
.590136
.592482
.594823
.597159
.599489
.601815
.604136
.606451
.608761
.611067
.613367
.615661
.617951
.620235
.622515
.624789
.627057
.692320
.631578
.633831
.636078
.638320
.640557
.642788
.645013
.647233
.649448
.651657
.653861
.656059
.658252
.660439
.662620
.664796
.666966
.669131
.671289
.673443
.675590
.677732
.679868
.681998
.684123
.686242
.688355
.690462
.692563
.694658
.696748
.698832
.700909
.702981
.705047
.707107
Cosine
Cotan.
Tan.
Sine
Cosine
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
NOTE: For functions from 45-0 to 68 read from bottom of table upward.
27
Tan.
.674509
.678749
.683007
.687281
.691573
.695881
.700208
.704552
.708913
.713293
.717691
.722108
.726543
.730996
.735469
.739961
.744472
.749003
.753554
.758125
.762716
.767327
.771959
.776612
.781286
.785981
.790698
.795436
.800196
.804980
.809784
.814612
.819463
.824336
.829234
.834155
.839100
.844069
.849062
.854081
.859124
.864193
.869287
.874407
.879553
.884725
.889924
.895151
.900404
.905685
.910994
.916331
.921697
.927021
.932515
.937968
.943451
.948965
.954508
.960083
.965689
.971326
.976996
.982697
.988432
.994199
1.000000
Cotan.
Cotan.
Cosine
1.4825610
1.4732983
1.4641147
1.4550090
1.4459801
1.4370268
1.4281480
1.4193427
1.4106098
1.4019483
1.3933571
1.3848355
1.3763810
1.3679959
1.3596764
1.3514224
1.3432331
1.3351075
1.3270448
1.3190441
1.3111046
1.3032254
1.2954057
1.2876447
1.2799416
1.2722957
1.2647062
1.2571723
1.2496933
1.2422685
1.2348972
1.2275786
1.2203121
1.2130970
1.2059327
1.1988184
1.1917536
1.1847376
1.1777698
1.1708496
1.1639763
1.1571495
1.1503684
1.1436326
1.1369414
1.1302944
1.1236909
1.1171305
1.1106125
1.1041365
1.0977020
1.0913085
1.0849554
1.0786423
1.0723687
1.0661341
1.0599381
1.0537801
1.0476598
1.0415767
1.0355303
1.0295203
1.0235461
1.0176074
1.0117088
1.0058348
1.0000000
.829038
.827407
.825770
.824126
.822475
.820817
.819152
.817480
.815801
.814116
.812423
.810723
.809017
.807304
.805584
.803857
.802123
.800383
.798636
.796882
.795121
.793353
.791579
.789798
.788011
.786217
.784416
.782608
.780794
.778973
.777146
.775312
.773472
.771625
.769771
.767911
.766044
.764171
.762292
.760406
.758514
.756615
.754710
.752798
.750880
.748956
.747025
.745088
.743145
.741195
.739239
.737277
.735309
.733335
.731354
.729367
.727374
.725374
.723369
.721357
.719340
.717316
.715286
.713251
.711209
.709161
.707107
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
56
Tan.
Sine
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
Martin
same method as used in spur gears. It is a measurement, in inches, along the pitch circle between corresponding points on adjacent teeth.
The formula for determining circular pitch (CP) is:
CP =
Pitch dia. x
Number of Teeth
Addendum
Dedendum
Clearance
DP
DP =
CP
DP x CP =
CP =
Outside Diameter
Throat Diameter
Pitch Diameter
Root Diameter
P.D.
P.D.
Worm Gear
Worm
PITCH
All Martin stock worm gears are listed by their
diametral pitch.
Diametral pitch of a worm gear is defined as the
number of teeth in the gear per one inch of pitch
diameter. It can be determined by the formula:
Dia. Pitch = Number of Teeth
Pitch Dia.
Center
Distance
Martin
Direction of Worm
Driving Force
Pitch
Line
Gear
Direction
Pitch
Circle of
Gear
Backlash
EXAMPLE:
A 6 DP, 60 tooth worm gear has a 10 P.D. and a 6
DP worm has a 2 P.D. Regardless of number of
threads or helix angle this set will operate on 6 centers.
Using formula
C.D. = P.D. of worm + P.D. of gear
2
OR
2 + 10 = 6 C.D.
2
Using formula
Ratio = Number of gear teeth = What would
Number of worm thread
the ratios be using a single - double triple and quad.
thread worms & gears.
Single Ratio = 60 = 60 to 1
1
Double Ratio = 60 = 30 to 1
2
Triple Ratio = 60 = 20 to 1
3
60 = 15 to 1
Quad. Ratio =
4
29
Martin
Thrust
Bearing
Thrust
Direction
Thrust
Direction
Thrust
Direction
Thrust
Direction
Thrust
Bearing
Thrust
Bearing
LEFT HAND
GEARING
Thrust
Bearing
Thrust
Direction
Thrust
Direction
Thrust
Bearing
Thrust
Bearing
Thrust
Direction
Thrust
Direction
Thrust
Bearing
EFFICIENCY
A worm and worm gear drive is probably the least
efficient of all type gearing due to the sliding action
of the worm across the teeth of the gear. This sliding
action causes a definite loss of power, or efficiency,
through friction. While there are many factors which
increase or decrease the amount of friction loss, such
as materials used, surface finishes, accuracy of cutting, worm speed, lubrication, and loading; the factor having the most pronounced effect is the helix
angle of the worm.
The general rule is: The greater the helix angle,
the greater the efficiency. It, therefore, can be said
the greater the number of threads in the worm, the
greater the helix angle, resulting in greater efficiency.
The following curve chart shows the approximate
relationship of helix angle, number of threads in
worm, and efficiency.
SELF - LOCKING
As the lead angle of a worm gear set increases, so
does the efficiency. This is true for several reasons.
For a higher lead angle, the tooth load component
causing friction is reduced. With reduced pressure
the coefficient of friction is decreased. Lubrication is
also more easily permitted to enter the tooth mesh
with lower tooth pressure. Within reasonable limits,
tests have shown that coefficient of friction decreases with increased rubbing speeds such as are inherent with higher lead angles.
Self-locking occurs mathematically when the coefficient of friction is greater than the tangent of the
lead angle. This condition precludes the worm gear
back driving the worm. This generally occurs at
lead angles of approximately 5 or less. This feature
can be useful for applications such as hoists where it
is desirable to have the worm gear remain at rest
once positioned by the worm.
30
Martin
APPLICATION
SERVICE FACTOR
Class I
1.0
Class II
1.2
Class III
1.3
Class IV
0.7
Class V
TO FIND
Worm Gear
Pitch Diameter
Worm Gear
Throat Diameter
RULE
FORMULA
Pitch Dia. =
Worm Gear
O. Diameter
Worm
Pitch Diameter
Worm
O. Diameter
Worm
Worm Gear
Pitch Dia. = (2 x Center Distance) Pitch Dia.
Worm O. Dia. = Worm Pitch Dia. + 2 x Addendum
Worm Lead =
Co-Tangent Worm
Helix Angle
Worm
Lead
Co-Tangent of
Worm Helix Angle
Center
Distance
Ratio
Center =
Distance
3.1416
Dia. Pitch
=
NOTE: TOOTH DATA (ADDENDUM, FULL DEPTH, ETC.,) IS SAME AS FOR SPUR GEARS
31
Martin
Outside
Diameter
or increase of speed.
The following are formulae involving ratio:
Ng
rpmp
P.D.g
=
=
np
RPMg
p.d.p
Ng
Ng = np x Ratio
np =
Ratio
rpmp
rpmp = RPMg x Ratio
RPMg = Ratio
P.D.g
P.D.g = p.d.p x Ratio
p.d.p = Ratio
Ratio
Pitch
Diameter
EXAMPLE
A bevel pinion having 18 teeth and a pitch diameter of 1-1/2 is turning at 1200 rpm and is driving a
bevel gear with 54 teeth. Determine the pitch diameter and the rpm of the gear.
Ng 54
= 3:1
Ratio n =
p
18
rpmp 1200
RPMg = Ratio = 3 = 400
Bevel Pinion
Bevel Gear
90
Angle
Martin
e
Fac
Bevel Gear
Pitch Apex
ular
Circch
Pit
Extreme Backing
(Point)
Pitch Line
Backing
Pinion Addendum
one
er C
Out ance
t
s
i
D
Outside
Pitch Dia.
Dia.
Mounting Distance
(Gear)
Extreme
(Point)
Backing
Pitch Line
Backing
Pinion
Dedenum
Whole Depth
Pitch Diameter
Outside Diameter
ace
Gear
Pitch Diameter
Gear
Addendum
Outside Diameter
A
B
M.D.G
C
33
Martin
Tooth Bearing
Off Center But
Still Safe
Tooth Bearing
Central
FIGURE "A"
GENERATED STRAIGHT FACE TOOTH FORM
Pinion Apex Deflected
or Assembled
Pinion Apex
Off Center
On Center
FIGURE "B"
POINT CONTACT
The illustration above shows the effect of misalignment on the bearing pattern for a bevel gear
and pinion cut with both the CONIFLEX tooth
form and the old style, straight face, tooth form.
Figure A shows a top view of a bevel gear tooth
and a bevel pinion tooth which reveals the curvature
of the CONIFLEX tooth form. The sketch at the
left indicates the usual operating position of the set,
while the sketch at the right indicates the position
after a displacement, or due to misalignment at
assembly.
Figure B shows the same operating positions for
straight face generated teeth.
In studying the two, it is evident that misalignment
of the CONIFLEX gear will position the load off
center but the amount of load bearing surface
remains adequate and the load is not concentrated at
the ends of the teeth. With the straight face tooth,
the load is carried across the full length of the tooth
when alignment is perfect but any slight misalignment will transfer the load to the very end of the
tooth offering only a small area as a load carrying
surface.
A bevel gear set of CONIFLEX tooth form then
Crown
To Back
Pitch Apex
one
er C
Out tance Dedenum
s
i
Angle
D
Face
Root Angle
Angle
e
Fac h
t
Wid
Pitch
Angle
Uniform
Clearance
Shaft
Angle
Back
Angle
Front
Angle
Pitch Diameter
Outside Diameter
Martin
Radial Load
Bearing
figure 1
figure 1
Thrust
Direction
figure 2
Shoulders
of Shaft
Thrust Direction
RULE
FORMULA
No. Teeth
Pitch Diameter = Dia. Pitch
Tan. Pitch Angle = No. Teeth in Driven
No. Teeth in Driver = Ratio
of Driven
Pitch Angle
of Driver = 90 Deg. Pitch Angle of Driven
Pitch Diameter
Tangent of Pitch
Angle of Driven
Pitch Angle
of Driver
Pitch Cone
Radius
Tangent of
Addendum Angle
Face Angle
Tangent of
Dedendum Angle
Root Angle
Angular Addendum
Angular
= Addendum X Cosine Pitch Angle
Addendum
Outside Diameter
Mounting Distance
Backing To
Crown
Ratio
Pitch Diameter
2 X Sine Pitch Angle
Addendum
Pitch Cone Radius
Dedendum
Pitch Cone Radius
35
Martin
36
Martin
Cast Iron
Steel
Catalog
Number
50
100
200
B330-2
B315-2
B432-2
B416-2
B442-3
B414-3
B456-4
B414-4
B530-2
B515-2
B545-3
B515-3
B560-4
B515-4
B636-2
B618-2
B642-2
B621-2
B645-3
B615-3
B648-2
B624-2
B660-4
B615-4
B840-2
B820-2
B848-3
B816-3
B864-4
B816-4
B872-4
B818-4
B1060-3
B1020-3
B1060-4
B1015-4
B1090-6
B1015-6
B1236-2
B1218-2
B1254-3
B1218-3
B1272-4
B1218-4
B1272-6
B1212-6
2.5
2.5
1.33
1.33
1.10
1.10
1.4
1.4
.5
.5
.7
.7
1.0
1.0
.5
.5
.6
.6
.4
.4
.8
.8
.5
.5
.4
.4
.2
.2
.2
.2
.4
.4
.17
.17
.1
.1
.14
.14
.05
.05
.07
.07
.07
.07
.06
.06
4.5
4.5
2.3
2.3
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.5
1.0
1.0
1.4
1.4
1.8
1.8
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
.8
.8
1.5
1.5
.9
.9
.7
.7
.4
.4
.4
.4
.7
.7
.3
.3
.2
.2
.25
.25
.11
.11
.15
.15
.15
.15
.11
.11
7.7
7.7
4.0
4.0
3.7
3.7
4.4
4.4
1.9
1.9
2.4
2.4
3.3
3.3
1.7
1.7
2.0
2.0
1.4
1.4
2.5
2.5
1.7
1.7
1.3
1.3
.7
.7
.7
.7
1.2
1.2
.6
.6
.4
.4
.5
.5
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
10.0
10.0
5.3
5.3
5.0
5.0
6.0
6.0
2.5
2.5
3.3
3.3
4.4
4.4
2.3
2.3
2.7
2.7
2.0
2.0
3.4
3.4
2.3
2.3
1.8
1.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.8
1.8
.8
.8
.5
.5
.7
.7
.3
.3
.4
.4
.4
.4
.3
.3
15.3
15.3
8.0
8.0
7.5
7.5
9.0
9.0
3.9
3.9
5.2
5.2
6.9
6.9
3.7
3.7
4.0
4.0
3.2
3.2
5.1
5.1
3.7
3.7
2.9
2.9
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
2.8
2.8
1.3
1.3
.9
.9
1.2
1.2
.5
.5
.7
.7
.7
.7
.6
.6
900
9.5
9.5
9.0
9.0
10.9
10.9
4.8
4.8
6.4
6.4
8.4
8.4
4.4
4.4
5.0
5.0
3.9
3.9
6.1
6.1
4.6
4.6
3.7
3.7
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
3.6
3.6
1.7
1.7
1.2
1.2
1.7
1.7
.6
.6
.9
.9
.9
.9
.8
.8
1200
5.5
5.5
7.2
7.2
9.5
9.5
5.0
5.0
4.6
4.6
5.2
5.2
4.2
4.2
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
4.2
4.2
1.9
1.9
1.4
1.4
1.9
1.9
.8
.8
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
Catalog
Number
1800
2.9
2.9
2.3
2.3
1.8
1.8
2.3
2.3
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
BS636-2
BS618-2
BS840-2
BS820-2
BS1030-15
BS1020-15
BS1040-2
BS1020-2
BS1050-2
B 1025-2
BS1060-3
BS1020-3
BS1227-15
BS1218-15
BS1236-2
BS1218-2
BS1236-2A
BS1218-2A
BS1248-2
B1224-2
BS1254-3
B1218-3
BS1428-2
BS1414-2
BS1624-2
BS1612-2
BS1624-15
BS1612-15
BS1632-2
BS1616-2
BS1648-3
BS1616-3
BS1664-4
BS1616-4
37
50
100
200
.9
.9
.5
.5
.2
.2
.25
.25
.33
.33
.3
.3
.09
.09
.12
.12
.12
.12
.18
.18
.14
.14
.05
.05
.02
.02
.03
.03
.03
.03
.05
.05
.05
.05
1.7
1.7
.9
.9
.4
.4
.5
.5
.64
.64
.5
.5
.17
.17
.25
.25
.25
.25
.37
.37
.28
.28
.08
.08
.03
.03
.05
.05
.08
.08
.09
.09
.10
.10
3.0
3.0
1.5
1.5
.7
.7
.9
.9
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.0
.33
.33
.4
.4
.4
.4
.7
.7
.5
.5
.16
.16
.05
.05
.09
.09
.14
.14
.17
.17
.20
.20
4.1
4.1
2.1
2.1
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.4
.5
.5
.6
.6
.6
.6
.9
.9
.7
.7
.20
.20
.08
.08
.14
.14
.20
.20
.25
.25
.33
.33
6.4
6.4
3.5
3.5
1.7
1.7
2.1
2.1
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
.8
.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.6
1.6
1.2
1.2
.40
.40
.14
.14
.25
.25
.37
.37
.50
.50
.50
.50
900
1200
8.0
8.0
4.4
4.4
2.1
2.1
2.7
2.7
3.2
3.2
3.0
3.0
1.0
1.0
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
2.0
2.0
1.6
1.6
.54
.54
.20
.20
.33
.33
.5
.5
.6
.6
.7
.7
9.0
9.0
5.0
5.0
2.3
2.3
3.0
3.0
3.7
3.7
3.5
3.5
1.2
1.2
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
2.3
2.3
1.9
1.9
.7
.7
.25
.25
.4
.4
.6
.6
.8
.8
.9
.9
1800
2.9
2.9
3.7
3.7
4.3
4.3
1.6
1.6
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.8
2.8
2.3
2.3
.8
.8
.3
.3
.5
.5
.8
.8
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
Martin
MITER GEARS
MITER GEARS
Working Depth = 2 Addendums
Fa
ce
Miter gears, for all purpose of design and application, are considered to be bevel gears with a 1:1
ratio. To run together they must be of the same pitch
and have the same pressure angle and number of
Mounting Distance
Root Angle
Extreme Backing
Pitch Angle
Pitch Line
Backing
Face Angle
Addendum
Length
Thru Bore
Mounting Distance
c
Fa
Hub Diameter
e
on
Bore
nc
ta
is
Working
Depth
Dedendum
Clearance
Whole Depth
Pitch Diameter
Outside Diameter
HORSEPOWER RATINGS
Martin stock miter gears are available in eithersoft
teeth.
Martin miter gears are cut with the Gleason CONIFLEX tooth form; however, since they are 1:1
ratio they have equal addendums. It is, therefore,
possible to use the following rules to determine
pitch and tooth proportions.
Diametral Pitch (D.P.)=
Circular Pitch (C.P.)=
Pitch Diameter (P.D.)=
Circular Pitch (C.P.)
Diametral Pitch (D.P.)
Number of Teeth (Nt)
D.P.
Martin
MITER GEAR
Steel
Catalog
Number
M424
HM424
M428
HM428
M525
HM525
M624
HM624
M627
HM627
M824
HM824
M828
HM828
M832
HM832
M1020
HM1020
M1025
HM1025
M1030
HM1030
M1215
HM1215
M1218
HM1218
M1221
HM1221
M1224
HM1224
M1230
HM1230
M1414
HM1414
M1616
HM1616
M1620
HM1620
M1624
HM1624
M2020
HM2020
M2025
HM2025
10
25
.80
1.40
1.07
1.90
.45
.75
.25
.40
.30
.50
.10
.20
.15
.25
.20
.33
.03
.05
.06
.10
.08
.15
.01
.02
.01
.02
.02
.04
.03
.05
.05
.09
1.90
3.33
2.50
4.50
1.05
1.90
.55
1.00
.75
1.33
.25
.40
.33
.60
.45
.80
.08
.15
.15
.25
.20
.33
.02
.04
.03
.05
.05
.10
.07
.12
.12
.21
.01
.02
.01
.02
.02
.04
.03
.05
.01
.02
.02
.04
50
3.6
6.3
4.8
8.4
2.0
3.6
1.1
1.9
1.4
2.5
.5
.8
.7
1.2
.9
1.5
.2
.3
.3
.5
.4
.7
.05
.10
.08
.15
.11
.20
.15
.25
.25
.40
.02
.04
.02
.04
.04
.07
.06
.10
.02
.04
.03
.05
100
6.4
11.2
8.4
14.7
3.7
6.5
2.0
3.5
2.5
4.4
.9
1.5
1.2
2.1
1.6
2.8
.3
.5
.5
.9
.7
1.3
.10
.17
.14
.25
.20
.33
.25
.47
.44
.75
.05
.09
.05
.09
.08
.15
.12
.21
.04
.07
.06
.10
10.6
18.6
13.6
23.8
6.3
11.0
3.5
6.1
4.3
7.5
1.5
2.6
2.2
3.9
2.8
4.9
.6
1.0
.9
1.6
1.3
2.3
.20
.33
.25
.47
.40
.70
.50
.90
.80
1.40
.09
.16
.09
.16
.14
.25
.20
.40
.08
.14
.12
.21
Ratings listed to right of dark line exceed recommended pitch line velocity.
39
13.5
23.6
17.2
30.0
8.1
14.2
4.6
8.0
5.7
10.0
2.1
3.7
2.9
5.0
3.7
6.5
.8
1.4
1.3
2.3
1.8
3.2
.3
.4
.4
.7
.5
1.0
.7
1.2
1.1
1.9
.1
.2
.1
.2
.2
.4
.3
.5
.1
.2
.2
.3
600
900
1200
1800
18.8
33.0
23.3
40.0
11.6
20.0
6.9
12.0
8.5
1.5
3.3
5.8
4.4
7.7
5.5
9.6
1.3
2.3
2.0
3.5
2.8
4.9
.5
.8
.7
1.1
.9
1.6
1.2
2.1
1.8
3.2
.2
.4
.2
.4
.4
.7
.5
.9
.2
.4
.3
.5
21.5
38.0
26.5
46.0
13.6
24.0
8.2
14.5
9.9
17.5
4.0
7.0
5.3
9.3
6.5
11.4
1.7
3.0
2.5
4.4
3.5
6.1
.6
1.0
.9
1.5
1.2
2.1
1.5
2.6
2.2
4.0
.3
.6
.3
.6
.5
.9
.7
1.2
.2
.5
.4
.7
23.0
40.0
28.5
50.0
15.0
26.0
19.0
16.0
11.0
19.0
4.5
8.0
6.0
10.5
7.2
12.5
2.0
3.5
2.9
5.0
3.9
6.8
.8
1.3
1.0
1.8
1.4
2.5
1.7
3.0
2.5
4.4
.4
.7
.4
.7
.6
1.0
.8
1.4
.4
.6
.5
.9
10.2
18.0
12.0
21.0
5.3
9.3
6.8
12.0
8.0
14.2
2.4
4.2
3.5
6.0
4.5
8.0
.9
1.6
1.3
2.2
1.7
3.0
2.0
3.5
3.0
5.3
.5
.9
.5
.9
.8
1.3
1.0
1.8
.5
.8
.6
1.0
Martin
MITER GEAR
HELICAL GEARS
HELICAL GEARS
Martins helical gears are cylindrical in form with
teeth of 14-1/2 pressure angle cut across the face on
a 45 angle. These are transverse pitch Helical gears.
Martin does not manufacture transverse pitch, Martin
manufactures normal diametral pitch helical gears
Face
45
Helix
Angle
Martin
HELICAL GEARS
PARALLEL SHAFTS
L.H. Driven
L.H. Driven
Thrust
Bearing
Thrust
Bearing
L.H. Driven
Thrust
Direction
Thrust Direction
Thrust
Bearing
Thrust
Direction
Thrust
Bearing
Thrust
Direction
Thrust
Direction
Thrust Direction
R.H. DRIVER
R.H. DRIVER
R.H. DRIVER
90 Non-Intersecting Shafts
R.H. Driven
R.H. Driven
Thrust
Direction
Thrust
Direction
Thrust
Bearing
Thrust
Direction
R.H. Driver
L.H. Driven
L.H. Driven
Thrust
Bearing
Thrust
Direction
R.H. Driver
R.H. Driver
R.H. Driven
R.H. Driven
Thrust
Bearing
R.H. Driven
R.H. Driver
R.H. Driven
Thrust
Direction
Thrust
Direction
Thrust
Bearing
Thrust
Bearing
Thrust
Direction
L.H. Driver
Thrust
Bearing
Thrust
Direction
L.H. Driver
R.H. Driver
R.H. Driver
Transverse Circular Pitch
PITCH
A helical gear, like a spur gear, has both a circular
and diametral pitch, which is termed transverse
pitch. In addition, and unlike a spur gear, it has a
circular and diametral pitch termed normal pitch.
The illustration (right) shows the transverse circular pitch which corresponds to the circular pitch of a
spur gear of the same number of teeth and pitch
41
Thrust
Bearing
Thrust
Direction
Thrust
Bearing
R.H. DRIVER
L.H. Driven
Martin
HELICAL GEARS
- Clearance
Nt
P.D.
Dedendum =
Addendum + Clearance = Pitch Dia. - Root Dia.
2
OR
Transverse D.P. =
Transverse C.P.
The illustration also shows the normal circular
pitch as being measured in a plane perpendicular to
Outside Diameter =
(No. of Teeth X Secant of Helix Angle) + 2
Normal Diametral Pitch
Outside Diameter =
Pitch Diameter +
Working
Depth
_
__2
____
Normal Diametral Pitch
Whole Depth
Addendum
Dedendum
Clearance
Pitch
Dia.
Outside
Dia.
Number of Teeth
Pitch Dia. x Cos Angle
P.D. dr + P.D. dn
Center Distance =
2
Nt
Helix Angle = Cos Helix Angle =
N.S.P. x P.D.
End Thrust = Load x Tan Helix Angle
Helix Angel (to Figure Center Distance) =
Cos Helix Angle = Nt + nt
2X C.D. X N.D.P.
Normal D.P. =
Root
Dia.
1
N.D.P.
Normal D.P. =
Normal
C.P.
Whole Depth = 2.157
N.D.P.
= Addendum + Dedendum
= Outside Dia. - Root Dia.
2
P.D. =
Nt
T.D.P.
OR
Nt
N.D.P. x Cos Helix Angle
Martin
Whole Depth =
HELICAL GEARS
2.157
N.D.P.
H2408
H2412
H2418
H2424
H2436
H2440
H2448
1
N.D.P.
Addendum =
50
.01
.01
.02
.03
.04
.04
.05
100
.02
.03
.04
.05
.08
.09
.10
H2008
H2010
H2020
H2025
H2030
H2035
J2040
H2060
2. A =
1
N.D.P.
2.157
8.48
1
8.48
PD =
50
.02
.02
.05
.06
.07
.08
.09
.14
100
.03
.04
.09
.11
.14
.16
.18
.26
24
6
900
.12
.18
.26
.34
.46
.49
.55
1200 1800
.16 .20
.24 .31
.32 .43
.41 .53
.54 .67
.57 .70
.63 .76
200
.07
.08
.17
.21
.25
.28
.33
.47
300
.10
.12
.25
.30
.36
.41
.46
.64
400
.13
.16
.32
.38
.45
.51
.58
.78
600
.19
.22
.44
.53
.61
.68
.77
1.00
H1608
H1612
H1616
H1620
H1624
H1632
H1640
H1648
= .1179
50
.03
.05
.08
.10
.13
.16
.21
.25
100
.05
.10
.15
.18
.22
.30
.37
.44
200
.12
.20
.28
.35
.40
.53
.65
.76
300
.18
.30
.40
.49
.58
.75
.90
1.05
400
.25
.35
.52
.63
.73
.94
1.11
1.27
600
.35
.54
.72
.85
1.00
1.25
1.44
1.64
12 DP 3/4 FACE
600
.08
.13
.19
.25
.35
.38
.43
16 DP 1/2 FACE
= .2543
3.
C = WD - (2A) = .2543 - (2 X .1179) = .2543 .2358 = .0185
4.
400
.06
.10
.14
.19
.25
.28
.31
EXAMPLES
What are the following dimensions of a 6 transverse diametral pitch helical gear having 24 teeth?
2.157
N.D.P.
300
.04
.07
.10
.14
.20
.22
.26
20 DP 3/8 FACE
1. WD =
200
.03
.05
.07
.10
.14
.15
.18
H1210
H1212
H1215
H1218
H1221
H1224
H1230
H1236
H1248
=4
50 100
.12 .26
.17 .31
.22 .38
.27 .46
.30 .50
.35 .59
.40 .72
.50 .86
.70 1.51
200
.48
.51
.68
.80
.90
1.08
1.25
1.52
1.90
300
.70
.78
.97
1.15
1.28
1.47
1.75
2.10
2.55
400
.88
1.00
1.21
1.43
1.60
1.83
2.09
2.54
3.12
600
1.20
1.39
1.69
1.96
2.18
2.48
2.84
3.25
4.02
10 DP 7/8 FACE
24 DP 1/4 FACE
43
Martin
HELICAL GEARS
Revolutions Per Minute
H1010
H1015
H1020
H1025
H1030
H1040
50 100
.20 .38
.30 .60
.44 .82
.58 .95
.70 1.20
.85 1.40
200
.71
1.10
1.50
1.78
2.14
2.70
300
1.03
1.55
2.10
2.46
2.90
3.60
400
1.34
1.94
2.60
3.00
3.50
4.20
600
1.86
2.70
3.54
3.96
4.50
5.35
8 DP 1 FACE
Revolutions Per Minute
H810
H812
H816
H820
H832
H36
H480
50
.25
.32
.48
.60
.90
1.01
1.20
100
.55
.60
.85
1.03
1.65
1.80
1.95
200
.98
1.13
1.55
1.83
2.80
3.05
3.30
300
1.37
1.60
2.13
2.50
3.80
4.10
4.38
400
1.75
2.05
2.63
3.13
4.50
4.85
5.14
600
2.48
2.80
3.55
4.10
5.63
5.90
6.35
6 DP 1-1/4 FACE
Revolutions Per Minute
H609
H612
H615
H618
H624
H630
H636
50
.56
.75
.90
1.20
1.55
1.85
2.13
100
.86
1.15
1.80
2.15
2.85
3.35
4.10
200
1.90
2.50
3.25
3.85
4.80
5.75
6.80
300
2.91
3.60
4.35
5.25
6.50
7.50
8.65
400
3.38
4.50
5.50
6.40
7.85
8.90
10.00
600
4.50
6.00
7.15
8.10
9.80
10.90
12.00
900
5.78
7.70
8.80
10.00
11.65
1200 1800
6.68 8.06
8.90 10.75
10.20
11.30
44
Martin
SURFACE DETERIORATION
Wear is a general term to cover the sliding of
metal against metal, or abrasion by lapping or
scratching.
Normal Wear is the loss of metal from the surface
of a gear tooth which results from unavoidable abrasion at such a rate, and to such a degree, which will
not prevent the gear from performing satisfactorily
during its expected life.
Abrasive Wear is surface injury caused by fine,
or fairly fine particles carried in the lubricant or
embedded in tooth surfaces. These particles may be
metal that detaches from the gear teeth or bearings,
abrasive not completely removed before assembling,
sand or scale from castings, or other impurities in
the oil or in the surrounding atmosphere.
Abrasive material may enter a gear housing due to
a harsh environment or may have been left in the
gear housing as residual casting scale when the component was manufactured. Abrasive wear corrective
action includes:
Drain and flush residual oil.
Clean out and flush any oil passages.
Refill the housing with a light flushing grade oil
and run without load for approximately 10 minutes.
Clean breathers and replace seals and filters if
suspected contamination was from the environment.
Drain the flushing oil and refill with correct oil.
Scratching is a form of wear characterized by
45
Martin
46
Normal Wear
Abrasive Wear.
Scratching
Overload Wear
Ridging
Rippling
Slight Scoring
Severe Scoring
Initial Pitting
Martin
47
Destructive Pitting
Spalling
Corrosive Wear
Burning
Interference
Grinding Checks
Overload Breakage
Fatigue Breakage
Cracking
Quenching Cracks
Martin
TOOTH BREAKAGE
Overload Breakage refers to geartooth breakage
resulting from an unexpected shock overload such as
jamming of the machinery. It is generally not attributable to improper design, application, or faulty
manufacture of the gears.
Fatigue Breakage results from the gear material
crystallizing through a large number of repetitions of
the load (revolutions or cycles), and not from a single application of a shock load. A fatigue break is of
a progressive nature that starts as a short crack
which continues to extend until a portion, or a whole
tooth breaks loose. Discoloration and apparent rubbing on the fractured surfaces are indications of
fatigue breakage. Sometimes fatigue fractures are
characterized by a series of contour lines roughly
concentric and spreading from a focal point. This
area has a smoother appearance than the surface of
the final fracture.
Cracking results from residual stresses induced in
hardenable material by faulty manufacturing control,
48
Martin
GLOSSARY
Martin
GLOSSARY
Hunting Ratio: A ratio of numbers of gear and pinion teeth which ensures that each tooth in the pinion
will contact every tooth in the gear before it contacts
any gear tooth a second time (13 to 48 is a hunting
ratio; 12 to 48 is not a hunting ratio.)
Internal Gears: Gears with teeth on the inside of a
hollow cylinder. (The mating gear for an internal
gear must be an external gear.)
Lead: The axial advance of a thread or a helical spiral in 360 degree (One turn about the shaft axis).
Lead Angle: The inclination of a thread at the pitch
line from a line 90 degrees to the shaft axis.
Line of Action: The path of action for involute
gears. It is the straight line passing through the pitch
point and tangent to each other.
Line of Centers: Connects the centers of the pitch
circles of two engaging gears; it is also the common
perpendicular of the axes in crossed helical gears
and worm gears.
Offset: The perpendicular distance between the axes
of hypoid gears or offset face gears.
Outside Diameter: (External gears)The distance
from the top of one tooth to the top of a tooth opposite measured through the axis of the gear. OUTSIDE DIAMETER = NUMBER OF TEETH + 2 /
DIAMETRAL PITCH.
Pitch: The distance between similar, equally spaced
tooth surfaces along a given line or curve.
Pitch Angle: In bevel gears, the angle between an
element of a pitch cone and its axis.
Pitch Circle: The circle through the pitch point having its center at the axis of the gear. Pitch circles are
tangent in mating gears.
Pitch Diameter: The diameter of the pitch circle.
PITCH DIAMETER = NUMBER OF TEETH /
DIAMETRAL PITCH.
Pitch Point: The point of a gear-tooth profile which
lies on the pitch circle of that gear. At the moment
that the pitch point of one gear contacts its mating
gear, the contact occurs at the pitch point of the mating gear, and this common pitch point lies on a line
connecting the two gear centers.
Point of Contact: Any point at which two tooth
profiles touch each other.
Pressure Angle: The angle between a tangent to the
tooth profile and a line perpendicular to the pitch
surface. Standard gears are either 14-1/2 degree or
Martin
____X____K.W.
O.D.
_____S.S.
P.D.
DIA.
BORE
C.D.
P.D.
_____S.S.
O.D.
H.O.D.
____X____K.W.
SPECIFICATIONS
Pinion
Diametral Pitch
Pressure Angle
Pin Size Over (
) Pin Diameter
Number of Teeth
Material Specifications
Heat Treatment
R.P.M. of Gears
Torque
Horsepower Transmitted
Lubrication
Horsepower Transmitted
Lubrication
Duty Cycle:
Service Characteristics:
Remarks:
Customer:
Address:
Individual Contacted:
Phone:
Date:
Salesperson:
51
Rack
Martin
_______ s.s.
Proj.
P.D.
Hub Dia.
O.D.
Length
M.D.
Height
P.L.B.
SPECIFICATIONS
Pinion
Diametral Pitch
Pressure Angle
Mounting Distance with Pinion
Pin Size Over (
) Pin Diameter
Length
Face Width
Height
Material Specifications
R.P.M. of Pinion or F.P.M. of Rack
Torque
Horsepower Transmitted
Lubrication
Duty Cycle:
Service Characteristics:
Remarks:
Customer:
Address:
Individual Contacted:
Phone:
Date:
Salesperson:
52
Rack
Martin
Root Angle
Pitch Angle
Keyway
Extreme
Backing
Backing
Outside Diameter
Mounting Distance
90
Pitch Diameter
Bore
Fac
Hub Diameter
Face Angle
one
er C
Out stance
Di
Keyway
Setscrew
Setscrew
Bore
Hub Diameter
Pitch Diameter
Outside Diameter
SPECIFICATIONS
Pinion
Diametral Pitch
Pressure Angle
Number of Teeth
Face Angle
Pitch Angle
Root Angle
Material
Heat Treatment
R.P.M.
Torque
Horsepower
Lubrication
Duty Cycle:
Service Characteristics: (Shock, High or Low Temp., Etc.)
Remarks: (Use Reverse Side for Sketch of Application)
Customer:
Address:
Individual Contacted:
53
Phone:
Date:
Salesperson:
Rack
Martin
Root Angle
Extreme Backing
Backing
Pitch Angle
ce
an
t
is
Bore
on
Hub Length
90
c
Fa
Keyway
Extreme
Backing
Backing
Mounting Distance
Hub Diameter
Face Angle
Hub Diameter
Bore
Pitch Diameter
Keyway
Outside Diameter
SPECIFICATIONS
Pinion
Diametral Pitch
Pressure Angle
Number of Teeth
Face Angle
Pitch Angle
Root Angle
Tooth Angle
Material
Heat Treatment
R.P.M.
Torque
Horsepower
Lubrication
Duty Cycle:
Service Characteristics: (Shock, High or Low Temp., Etc.)
Remarks: (Use Reverse Side for Sketch of Application)
Customer:
Address:
Individual Contacted:
Phone:
Date:
Salesperson:
54
Rack
Martin
_ X _ KW
Bore
T.D.
Pitch Diameter
Diameter
Bore
P.D.
O.D.
Diameter
C.D.
S.S.
_ X _ K.W.
SPECIFICATIONS
Worm
Pitch (Diametral) (Circular)
Normal Pressure Angle
Number of Threads ---Teeth
Helix Angle (Right Hand) (Left Hand)
Material
Heat Treatment
R.P.M.
Torque
Horsepower
Lubrication
Lead of Worm Thread ( ) is Thread to be Ground (Yes)
(No)
Duty Cycle:
Service Characteristics: (Shock, High or Low Temp., Etc.)
Remarks: (Use Reverse Side for Sketch of Application)
Customer:
Address:
Individual Contacted:
Phone:
Date:
Salesperson:
55
Worm Gear
Martin
O.D.
P.D.
Bore
Bore
P.D.
C.D.
O.D.
-X- K.W.
SPECIFICATIONS
Pinion
Diametral Pitch (Normal) (Axial)
Pressure Angle (Normal) (Axial)
Helix Angle (Right Hand) (Left Hand)
Pin Size Over (
) Pins
Number of Teeth
Material
Heat Treatment
R.P.M.
Torque
Horsepower
Lubrication
Duty Cycle:
Service Characteristics: (Shock, High or Low Temp., Etc.)
Remarks: (Use Reverse Side for Sketch of Application)
Customer:
Address:
Individual Contacted:
56
Phone:
Date:
Salesperson:
Gear
Martin
INDEX
Addendum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11, 48
Flank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
American Std. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Force
Angular Pitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Gear Center
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Gear Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Gear Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Backlash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 48
Bevel Gears
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8, 31, 48
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Helix Angle
Burning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Herringbone Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Center Distance
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Horsepower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Horsepower Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Hunting Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Clearance
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11, 48
Hypoid Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 49
Inclined Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Corrosive Wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Initial Pitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Crown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Internal Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 49
Dedendum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11, 48
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Definition of Radian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Involute Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Lead Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Levers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Line of Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
External Gears
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Line of Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Face of Tooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Mechanical Advantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Fatigue Breakage
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Mounting Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Offset
57
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Martin
INDEX
Outside Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Overload Breakage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Self - Locking
Overload Wear
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Peening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Pitch
Slight Scoring
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Pitch Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Spalling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Spiral Bevel: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Pitch Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Surface Deterioration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Plastic Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Pressure Angle
Tooth profile
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Tooth surface
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Pulley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Torque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Trigonometric Functions
Undercut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Wedge
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6, 49
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Ridging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Rippling 44
Root Circle 49
Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Rotation
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6, 12
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Scratching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Worms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Screw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Runout
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Penton Publications, Motion Systems PT design, 2000 Handbook, December 1999A177 - A184.
Power Transmission Distributors Association, Power Transmission Handbook, 1990
58
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