Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 3 Assessment PDF
Chapter 3 Assessment PDF
Chapter 3 Assessment PDF
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
pages 7075
physical
Problem-Solving Lab
chemical
page 75
physical
Shape
Compressibility
Solid
Definite
Definite
Incompressible
Liquid
Definite
Takes shape of
container and
fills container
to the extent of
its own volume
Virtually
incompressible
Takes shape of
container
Compressible
Gas
Fills
volume of
container
Practice Problems
page 78
following questions.
Aluminum and Liquid Bromine Reaction
Aluminum
Liquid bromine
Compound
Before Reaction
After Reaction
10.3 g
0.0 g
100.0 g
8.5 g
0.0 g
chemical property.
a. Iron and oxygen form rust.
chemical
Solutions Manual
35
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
a chemical change.
a. crushing an aluminum can
physical
chloride
masssodium 15.6 g
chloride
aluminum cans
massreactants massproducts
masssodium
39.7 g
aluminum oxide
chemical
36
Solutions Manual
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Physical
changes
Pure substances
Chemical
changes
Heterogeneous
mixtures
Homogeneous
mixtures
Elements
Compounds
dirt, blood,
milk
lemonade, gasoline,
steel
oxygen, gold,
iron
b. air
homogeneous
c. raisin muffin
heterogeneous
Solutions Manual
Practice Problems
page 88
mass
__
100
mass
Percent by masshydrogen
12.4 g
_
100 15.9%
hydrogen
compound
78.0 g
37
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
mass
__
100
mass
percent by masshydrogen
1.0 g
_
100 5.0%
hydrogen
compound
20.0 g
mass
_
100
mass
X
XY
3.50 g
_ 100 25% X
14.0 g
massY
100
percent by massY
massXY
percent by massY
10.5 g
_ 100 75% X
14.0 g
compounds.
Elements cannot be broken down into simpler
substances by ordinary chemical means, whereas
compounds can.
applies to compounds.
The law of definite proportions describes the
mass composition of a substance.
Compound
Total
Mass (g)
Mass
Fe (g)
Mass
O (g)
Mass
% Fe
Mass
%O
75.00
52.46
22.54
69.05
30.05
II
56.00
43.53
12.47
77.73
22.27
38
Solutions Manual
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
160
_
100% 89%
180
multiple proportions.
Graph should be similar to Figure 3.20.
Compound I
Mass (g)
2.000
Chapter 3 Assessment
pages 9497
Section 3.1
Mastering Concepts
31. List three examples of substances. Explain why
each is a substance.
Answers will vary. Water, salt, and sugar are all
substances. Each is a substance because it has a
unique and unchanging composition.
Explain.
Yes. Carbon dioxide has a constant composition.
Cu
1.000
Compound II
Mass (g)
1.000
intensive
Cu
Cl
b. mass
extensive
c. density
intensive
Mass Ratio
Comparison
2.000
Mass (g)
2.000
d. length
extensive
II
Solutions Manual
39
CHAPTER
room temperature.
a. milk
liquid
b. air
gas
c. copper
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
e. silver tarnishes
chemical
d. helium
gas
e. diamond
solid
f. candle wax
solid
chemical property.
a. aluminum has a silvery color
physical
Mastering Problems
41. A scientist is given the task of identifying an
unknown compound on the basis of its physical
properties. The substance is a white solid at
room temperature. Attempts to determine
its boiling point were unsuccessful. Using
Table 3.6, name the unknown compound.
Physical Properties of Common Substances
Substance
Color
State at
25C
Boiling Point
(C)
Oxygen
colorless
gas
183
Water
colorless
liquid
100
Sucrose
white
solid
decomposes
Sodium chloride
white
solid
1413
40
Solutions Manual
solid
CHAPTER
Section 3.2
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Mastering Concepts
42. Label each set of diagrams in Figure 3.22 as
physical or chemical change.
b. chemical
chemical change.
a. breaking a pencil in two
physical
c. frying an egg
chemical
d. burning wood
chemical
change?
Its a physical change. The composition of the
substance does not change.
Mastering Problems
50. Ammonia Production A 28.0-g sample of
of chlorine gas to form 116.89 g sodium chloride, what mass of chlorine gas is used in the
reaction?
masssodium masschlorine masssodium
masschlorine masssodium
chloride
chloride
masssodium
41
CHAPTER
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Figure 3.23.
Section 3.3
Mastering Concepts
56. Describe the characteristics of a mixture.
Mixtures are a physical blend of two or more
substances in any proportion. Mixtures do not
have a constant composition. The properties of
the mixture are largely those of its component
substances.
42
distillation
Solutions Manual
CHAPTER
are different?
a. a substance and a pure substance
same
63. Iced Tea Use iced tea with and without ice
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Section 3.4
Mastering Concepts
65. State the definition of element.
An element is a substance that cannot be broken
down into simpler substances by physical or
chemical means.
compounds.
A compound is combination of two or more
elements.
compounds.
a. sodium chloride (NaCl)
sodium and chlorine
b. ammonia (NH3)
nitrogen and hydrogen
c. ethanol (C2H6O)
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
d. bromine (Br2)
bromine
Solutions Manual
43
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
mass
__
100
mass
carbon
carbon dioxide
12 g
100 27%
44 g
mass
__
100
mass
32 g
_
100 73%
oxyegn
carbon dioxide
44 g
or (100% 27% 73% ) if you use the result
from part (a)
NaCl
1:1
CuO
1:1
H2O
2:1
H2O2
2:2
mass
__
100
mass
mercury
mercury oxide
__
28.4 g 2.0 g
93.0%
28.3 g 100
massC
(g)
massO
(g)
massC/massO
4.82
6.44
II
20.13
53.7
Mastering Problems
74. A 25.3-g sample of an unknown compound
contains 0.8 g of oxygen. What is the percent
by mass of oxygen in the compound?
Mass Percentageoxygen
64 g
_
100 64%
mass
__
100
mass
chlorine
compound
100 g
mass
__
100
mass
oxygen
compound
0.8 g
_
100 3%
25.3 g
44
Solutions Manual
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
heterogeneous.
a. brass (an alloy of zinc and copper)
b. a salad
Compound
Mass
% of
Oxygen
Mass of
Second
Element
in the
Compound
(g)
CuO
80.0
16
20
64
H2O
18.0
16
89
H2O2
34.0
32
94
CO
28.0
16
57
12
CO2
44.0
32
73
12
Mixed Review
81. Which state(s) of matter are compressible?
Which state(s) of matter are not compressible?
Explain.
Gases are the most compressible state of
matter, solids the least. Liquids are virtually
incompressible. Compressibility is determined by
the amount of space between particles in each
state. Gases have the greatest amount of space
between particles, solids the least.
Solutions Manual
heterogeneous
c. blood
Elements in Compounds
Mass of
Mass of
Compound Oxygen
(g)
(g)
homogeneous
heterogeneous
homogeneous
45
CHAPTER
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
homogeneous mixture
b. aerosol
heterogeneous mixture
c. soil
homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture
depending on the soil sample
d. water
pure substance
e. sediment
heterogeneous mixture
f. muddy water
heterogeneous mixture
46
Solutions Manual
CHAPTER
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Think Critically
Mass of X (g)
30
System
III
20
10
I
0
Example
Liquid-liquid
Solid-liquid
Solid-solid
II
IV
10
Mass of Y (g)
Masses of Elements
40
Challenge Problem
97. A sample of a certain lead compound contains
6.46 grams of lead for each gram of oxygen.
A second sample has a mass of 68.54 g and
contains 28.76 g of oxygen. Are the two
samples the same?
Sample I: masslead/massoxygen 6.46
Sample II: masslead/massoxygen
(68.54 g 28.76 g)/28.76 g 1.383
The two samples are not the same because the
two masslead/massoxygen ratios are not the same.
Cumulative Review
98. What is chemistry? (Chapter 1)
Chemistry is the study of matter and the
changes that it undergoes.
Solutions Manual
47
CHAPTER
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
(Chapter 2)
a. 34,500
3.45 104
Mass (g)
1.00
33
2.00
66
3.00
99
4.00
132
b. 2665
2.665
103
c. 0.9640
9.640 101
d. 789
140
7.89 102
120
7.56 104
f. 0.002189
2.189 103
e. 75,600
100
80
60
40
1010
7.1 108
c. (2
103)
20
0
(4
105)
8 102
1.00
2.00
3.00
Mass (g)
4.00
Slope: 33 kJ/g
Writing in Chemistry
104. Synthetic Elements Select a synthetic
48
Solutions Manual
CHAPTER
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Document-Based Questions
Pigments Long before scientists understood the
properties of elements and compounds, artists used
chemistry to create pigments from natural materials.
Table 3.11 gives some examples of such pigments
used in ancient times.
Data obtained from: Orna, Mary Virginia. 2001. Chemistry,
color, and art. Journal of Chemical Education 78 (10): 1305
Chemical Identity
Comments
elemental carbon
(carbon black)
produced by dry
distillation of wood in
a closed vessel
calcium copper
tetrasilicate,
CaCuSi4O10
crystalline compound
containing some glass
impurity
Indigo
indigotin,
C16H10N202
Iron
oxide
red
Fe2O3
in continuous use in
all geographic regions
and time periods
Verdigris
dibasic acetate of
copper
Cu(C2H3O2)2
2Cu(OH)2
other copper
compounds, including
carbonate, are also
called verdigris.
Charcoal
Egyptian
blue
Mass of
Fluorine
(g)
13.022
II
5.753
Sample
% Cl
%F
6.978
65.11
34.89
9.248
Multiple Choice
1. What are the values for % Cl and % F,
respectively, for Sample II?
a. 0.6220 and 61.65
b. 61.65 and 38.35
c. 38.35 and 0.6220
d. 38.35 and 61.65
d
%Cl
%F
5.753 g
__
100 38.35%
5.753 g 9.248 g
9.248 g
__
100 61.65%
5.753 g 9.248 g
Solutions Manual
49
CHAPTER
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
a.
b.
c.
d.
element
mixture
solution
compound
compounds.
b. Figure C is composed of two different
when heated
d. tastes sweet
c
state?
a. Its particles can flow past one another.
b. It can be compressed into a smaller volume.
c. It takes the shape of its container.
d. Its particles of matter are close together.
compounds.
c. Figure B represents 13 total atoms.
d. Three different types of elements are
represented in Figure C.
b
50
Solutions Manual
CHAPTER
Short Answer
10. Compare and contrast the independent variable
in an experiment with the dependent variable.
Both the independent and the dependent
variables can have different values during the
course of an experiment. The independent
variable has specific values that are
predetermined by the researcher, while the
dependent variable has values that are measured
as a result of the experiment and therefore
cannot be determined in advance.
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Extended Response
Use the table below to answer Questions 13 to 15.
Selected Properties of Substances in
a Mixture
Item
Sawdust
no
no
0.21
Mothball
flakes
no
yes
1.15
Table
salt
yes
no
2.17
Solutions Manual
51
CHAPTER
change and a physical change. Is the combustion of gasoline a chemical change or a physical
change? Explain your answer.
A physical change does not change the
composition of the substance, whereas a chemical
change is a process in which one or more
substances are changed into new substances.
The combustion of gasoline is a chemical change
because the gasoline is changed into other
substances during combustion.
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
%H
%C
%O
3.2
19.4
77.4
6.7
40.0
53.3
12.5
37.5
40.0
Methanal (H 2CO)
6.7
40.0
53.3
Isopropanol (C 3H 8O)
13.3
60.0
26.7
separating mixtures?
a. Distillation results in the formation of solid
particles of a dissolved substance.
b. Filtration depends on differences in sizes of
particles.
c. Separations depend on the chemical
properties of the substances involved.
d. Chromatography depends on the different
boiling points of substances.
e. Sublimation can be used to separate two
gases present in a mixture.
b
52
Solutions Manual