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Foliar Feeding of Crops, New Delhi, 2008
Foliar Feeding of Crops, New Delhi, 2008
Foliar Feeding of Crops, New Delhi, 2008
NewAg Conference,
New Delhi, April, 2008
Oded Achilea
Haifa Chemicals, Head, Information & Knowhow Center
Haifa Chemicals
My dilemma
Control
19-19-19
15-15-30
68
66
4.21a
388
380
49
367
4.18a
19.5a
3.51b
13.5b
12.9b
No.
No. full
panicles/sq.m grains/panicle
% empty
grains
Yield (MT/ha)
My solution
Thank you NewAg team
for the GREAT job you are doing:
Increasing worldwide:
WUE - Water Use Efficiency
NUE - Nutrient Use Efficiency
and KUE - Know-how Use Efficiency !!!
My preference
Out of the dense spectrum
of crops checked by us
I will look into:
Rice
Corn
Citrus
Rice
Country
Ha
(mill.)
India
42.1
China
Indonesia
28.6
11.9
Bangladesh
10.4
9.2
Thailand
Vietnam
Myanmar
Philippines
Pakistan
Japan
(source: FAO)
7.4
6.0
4.1
2.5
1.7
Rice
Nutrient
elements
75
143
218
25.5
30.5
232
26
258
Ca
27
28
Mg
13
10
23
3.3
5.9
9.2
Potassium Uptake
Rice
Growth & Nutrient Uptake
(% of Total)
100
Tillering
Boot Flower
Stage Exertion
Maturity
75
50
25
30
60
90
120
Bonus-npK 13-2-44:
This formulation with a high potassium ratio is
recommended as a booster for all growth stages.
It is the cheapest one.
Rice
The
direct
result
Rice
Mekong Delta
7.4 Million ha
Rice
Typical experiment conditions, Vietnam, 2003
Treatments conditions:
Spray volume: 350-400 L/ha
Application rate: 0.88 1.0 Kg/ha
Application timing: 1) at peak tillering ;
2) at heading ;
3) at milky stage
Area size per replication: 500 m2
Treatments:
1. Control treated with water
2. Bonus 19-19-19 + TE
3. Bonus 15-15-30 + TE
Rice
% above control
Control
19-19-19
15-15-30
68
66
+4-6%
+19-20%
4.21a
388
380
-31-34%
49
367
19.5a
4.18a
3.51b
13.5b
12.9b
No.
No. full
panicles/sq.m grains/panicle
% empty
grains
Yield (MT/ha)
Rice
Objectives:
1 - To determine the effect of rate & timing of Bonus-npK spray
Rice
Yield
(MT/ha)
Yield
Increase /
ha
%
US$
BonusnpK costs
(US$ / ha)
Spraying
labor
costs
Net
Return
(US$/ ha)
(US$ / ha)
Un-sprayed
4.56
--
--
--
--
--
40
4.98
9.2
49.2
8.4
6.25
34.25
60
5.17
13.3
71.4
8.4
6.25
56.7
40 & 60
5.22
14.4
77.3
16.8
12.5
47.9
40 & 60 & 75
5.29
16.0
85.5
25.3
18.75
41.4
Conclusions
Testing Bonus 13-2-44
1 Bonus-npK sprayed at 2% or 3% resulted in yield increase
as compared to 1% spray.
No clear difference between 2% to 3% effects.
Control
13-2-44 2%
13-2-44 4%
13-2-44 6%
135
132
130
86.4
128
110.2
85.3
84.4
84.2
76.3
5.56
5.39
4.82
5.81
73
65.3
14 28
-42
Bonus costs
($US/ha)
Net return
($US/ha)
N : 240 ;
P2O5 : 67.5 ;
K2O : 90
Rice
Unsprayed
3 x 2%
3 x 3%
1000
800
600
6.3
400
6.7
5.7
200
0
-200
Yield (kg/ha)
Yield value:
Yield value
($US)
Bonus costs
($US/ha)
Net return
($US/ha)
171 US$ / MT
Rice
Additional
net income
(Rs./ha)
No spray
5.83
--
--
3 x Bonus-npK 1%
6.32
8.4%
1,305
Corn
Typical experiment conditions, Vietnam
Treatments conditions:
Treatments:
1. Control treated with water
2. Bonus 19-19-19 + TE
3. Bonus 15-15-30 + TE
Corn
Typical experiment results, Vietnam
+20.8%
Control
19-19-19
15-15-30
+9.5%
6.96a
6.82a
46
+4.5%
46
42
No. grains/row
290
291
5.76b
303
Yield (MT/ha)
Citrus
Typical experiment results, Vietnam
2006
Citrus:
Purpose
Product
Rate
Timing
1,000-1,200
L/ha
Treatment
Bonus-npK
13-2-44
2% W / V
1&2
Flower
induction
Before
flowering @ 3
weeks interval
Bonus 19-19-19+ TE
0.5% W / V
3&4
Young fruit
nurturing
Bonus 15-15-30+ TE
0.5% W / V
Bonus-npK
13-2-44
Bonus 15-15-30+ TE
2% W / V
5&6
Increase
fruit size
0.85% W/ V
4 weeks after
previous spray
3 weeks after
previous spray
Citrus:
Results of new vs. traditional program
Treatment
Yield (MT/ha)
24.5
Traditional
New
program
8.25 b
9.15 a
6010 a
3980 b
26.8
Net profit =
515 US$/ha
50%
45%
40%
41%
Control
35%
Bonus-npK
30%
22%
20%
16%
14%
12%
3 x Multi-K
10%
6%
0%
0%
0%
50
55
4%
2%
2%
0%
0%
60
65
70
75
80
85
2%
0%
1%
0%
0%
90
95
Lettuce
Typical experiment conditions, Vietnam
Treatments conditions:
Treatments:
1. Control treated with water
2. Bonus 19-19-19 + TE
3. Bonus 15-15-30 + TE
Lettuce
Typical experiment results, Vietnam
+3-4%
66.8
+15-19%
30
Control
19-19-19
15-15-30
67.4
64.4
+22-23%
32.9a 32.8a
31
26.8b
26
Yield (MT/ha)
Lettuce
Typical experiment conditions, Philippines
Treatments conditions:
Application rate: 8 table-spoons / 16 L.
Application timing: 1) 14 days after transplanting
Three sprays at 10-d. intervals until
14-d. before harvest
Area size per replication: 10 m2
Treatments:
1. Control treated with water
2. Current practice: one base-dressing + one side dressing
3. Bonus 11-11-30 + 2MgO+ TE
*La Trinidad, Benguet State University,
experiments station, 2005.
Lettuce
Typical experiment results, Philippines
+5.6%
570a
540a
Control 0
Control current
11-11-30
+6.0%
+8.0%
3.10a
2.87a
370b
1.78b
34.41a
Head solidity
32.46a
21.64b
Yield (MT/ha)
Dragon Fruit
Typical experiment conditions, Vietnam
Treatments conditions:
Spray volume: 400-600 L/ha
Application rate: 1.0-1.5 Kg/ha
Application timing: 1) 1 month before flowering
2) 10 days later
3) A week after fruit-set
4) 15 days later
Area size per replication: 3 trees
Treatments: 2003
1. Control treated with water
2. Bonus 19-19-19 + TE
3. Bonus 15-15-30 + TE
Dragon Fruit
Typical experiment results, Vietnam
+4.1%
51
+9-11%
51
Control
19-19-19
15-15-30
476
49
470
+9-13%
430
+20.5%
10.9b
No. fruits/plant
13.1 13.2
a
a
0 Brix
19.7a
18.9a
17.4b
Yield (kg/plant)
2 - Mesophyll
3- Transportation
vessels
Epidermal cells
Surface and interior arrangement of barrier
to solute (spray solution) penetration
SURFACE WAX
Hydrophobic layer
CUTIN + WAX
CUTIN + WAX
EXTERNAL LAYER
Cutin (weak negative charge )
Semi-hydrophilic
Pectin
CELLULOSE
Cuticle
nonliving,
noncellular,
lipoidal biopolymer
cutin with
embedded wax
passive diffusion:
Influenced by temperature and concentration gradient
Passive diffusion
Takes care of
most of the penetration
Cations
Anions
+ +
EPIDERMAL CELL
+
Low concentration
10 g / L
2g/L
K K
K K k
K K K K
K KKK K KK
K K
K K
K
K K
K K
K K K K K K K
K K
K
K
K
K
K K K K
k
K
K
K
K
K
K
EPIDERMAL
CELL
K
K K K K K K K
K
K
K
K K
K
K
K
K
K K K
K EPIDERMAL
K
K
CELL
K
leaf surface
K+
K+
K++
Leaf surface
STOMATA
Guard
cell
Cuticle
Guard
cell
Cell wall
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
passive diffusion:
Influenced by temperature and gradient of concentration
2)
passive diffusion:
Influenced by temperature and gradient of concentration
2)
3)
Schematic cell-to-cell
transport processes
DIFFUSION OR
MASS FLOW
Absorption
by cytoplasms
membrane surface
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
INVOLVING ATP
passive diffusion:
Influenced by temperature and gradient of concentration
2)
3)
STOMATA
1- Epidermal cells
Cuticle
Cell wall
2 - Mesophyl
3- Transportation vessels
Guard
cell
Guard
cell
source
sink
Phloem transport is
extremely important
Mobile
Partially
mobile
Zn Cu Mn Fe Mo
Immobile
Ca Mg
Cl