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Advanced Simulation Techniques For DC DC Converters PDF
Advanced Simulation Techniques For DC DC Converters PDF
Using PSpice
Part 5: DC to DC Converters
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Buck Converter
Boost Converter
Buck-Boost Converter
Cuk Converter
+ Eight Demonstrations
dV in V o
=
L
V
i
=
o
C
RC
dV in
1
= Vo +
L
L
1
1
i
Vo
=
C
RC
i
L1
SW1
12V
L
D1
C1
R1
State Equations
Vo
-
Vin Vout
I peak= I valley+
ton
L
Off-Time Event
I Valley = I peak
STRATEGIC TECHNOLOGY GROUP
Experts in Power Electronics, Motor Drives
and Digital Control of Power
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V out
L
t off
1
Vout (1 D )Tsw )
=0
Tsw
V out = DV in
Vout
=D
M =
Vin
STRATEGIC TECHNOLOGY GROUP
Experts in Power Electronics, Motor Drives
and Digital Control of Power
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Salient Points
As D < 1, M<1
M is Independent of The Load Current
By Varying the Duty Cycle D, Vout is Controllable
Vin-Vout
0V
-Vout
IL
Ipeak
Iout
DTsw
D2Tsw D3Tsw
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in
DT
sw
2T
D
I
peak
sw
D 2T
2I
DI
out
I
V
2I
out
L
out
D 2 T sw = 0
out
sw
2T
sw
peak
) DT
out
peak
= I
out
sw
peak
peak
D 2T
sw
DD
V
out
V
2
out
T
L
sw
L
D 2T
sw
V out =
M =
1+
Vin
2V out L
D 2T swV in R
2
8 L
1+ 1+ 2
D
Where
L
L =
RTsw
Salient Points:
M is now Dependent on the Load Current
For a given Duty Cycle, M is larger for a DCM than for
a CCM Operation
10
on
off
in
in
(V
peak
(V
R
V
L
out
out
L
V
in
critical
) DT
sw
V out ) DT
2L
critical
out
= 2F
= R
sw
sw
in
out
R
V in
V
DV
R
in
out
( V in V out )
2 F sw V in
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11
Advanced Simulation
Techniques
Small Signal Modeling
12
dV in V o
=
L
V
i
=
o
C
RC
dV in
1
= Vo +
L
L
1
1
i
Vo
=
C
RC
i
L1
SW1
12V
L
D1
C1
R1
State Equations
Vo
-
13
)
i = Idc + i
)
Vo = Vdc + v
)
d = D + d
)
Vo
DVm
+
i =
L
L
)
)
i
Vo
)
Vo =
C
RC
STRATEGIC TECHNOLOGY GROUP
Experts in Power Electronics, Motor Drives
and Digital Control of Power
StrategicTechGroup.com
)
d Vin
+
L
14
Complicated Equations
Change of Circuit requires Re-analysis
Not really Practical for Practicing Engineers
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15
A
Not
Connected
to diode
Ic(t)
C
d'
P
Diode
terminal not
connected
to switch
Junction
between
diode and
power switch
16
Bode Plot
Switching Model
X
Control Loop
Compensation
Behavioral Model
Simulation Time
Less
More
Time Duration
Large(in secs)
File Size
Small(in ms)
Parasites
Large
Switching Losses
Small
ThisThis
document
containscontains
confidentialconfidential
and privilegedand
information.
Any unauthorized
review,
document
privileged
information.
Anyuse,
disclosure, or distribution is prohibited.
17
SW1
IN
Node
Out
2
{L}
V1
Gate_Drv
C1
{C}
D1
{Vin}
R1
{R}
{Max_Duty }
Gate_Drv
Gate Driv1e
2
D
-
Duty
0.5
{Min_Duty }
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disclosure, or distribution is prohibited.
18
This document contains confidential and privileged information. Any unauthorized review, use,
disclosure, or distribution is prohibited.
19
8V
~9.5V
6V
4V
6V
2V
0V
0s
50us
100us
150us
200us
250us
300us
350us
400us
450us
500us
V(OUT)
Time
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20
2.0A
~2.15A
0.58A
1.6A
1.2A
0.8A
0.4A
0A
0s
50us
100us
150us
200us
250us
300us
350us
400us
450us
500us
550us
600us
I(L1)
Time
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disclosure, or distribution is prohibited.
21
L2
Out2
2
{L}
V2
C2
{C}
{Vin}
R2
{R}
0.5
22
9.6V
8V
6V
6V
4V
2V
0V
0s
0.2ms
0.4ms
0.6ms
0.8ms
1.0ms
1.2ms
1.4ms
1.6ms
1.8ms
2.0ms
V(OUT2)
Time
23
2.03A
2.0A
1.5A
0.6A
1.0A
0.5A
0A
-0.5A
0s
0.2ms
0.4ms
0.6ms
0.8ms
1.0ms
1.2ms
1.4ms
1.6ms
1.8ms
2.0ms
I(L2)
Time
24
25
I peak = I valley
Vin
t on
+
L
Off-Time Event
I valley = I peak
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Experts in Power Electronics, Motor Drives
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StrategicTechGroup.com
Vout Vin
t off
L
26
1
( DVinTsw (Vout Vin )D Tsw )
=0
Tsw
'
Vout
1
M=
= '
Vin D
1
=
1 D
Where D=1-D
27
Vout
Vin
0V
-Vout
IL
Ipeak
Iin
t
DTsw
D2Tsw
D3Tsw
28
Tsw = 0
29
DI
peak
D2I
peak
V out V out
V in
R
2 V out 2
D
D2 =
V in RI peak
I
peak
V out v in
D 2 T sw
L
2 V out 2 L
D
D2 =
V in R (V out V in ) D 2 T sw
1
M =
2
1 +
2 T sw RD
1+
L
30
2D 2
Where
L =
L
RT sw
31
Salient Points:
M is Dependent on the Load Current
A Certain Linearity exists between M and D, as on a
buck in CCM
For a given Duty Cycle, M can be Larger For DCM
than For CCM
32
V in
S on =
L
V out V in
S off =
L
V in DT sw
I peak =
L
V in DT sw
I L T sw =
2L
STRATEGIC TECHNOLOGY GROUP
Experts in Power Electronics, Motor Drives
and Digital Control of Power
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33
V out 2
=
RV in
V out
1
=
V in
1 D
Since
DT sw
1
1
=
2L
R (1 D ) (1 D )
2 F sw L
R critical =
D (1 D ) 2
L critical
STRATEGIC TECHNOLOGY GROUP
Experts in Power Electronics, Motor Drives
and Digital Control of Power
StrategicTechGroup.com
RD (1 D ) 2
=
2 F sw
34
R critical
Lcritical
2 Fsw LV out 2
=
V in
1
V in
V out
Vin
Vout
2
=
Vin R
2
2 FswV out
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unauthorized review, use, disclosure, or distribution is prohibited.
35
Out
L1
SW1
2
{L}
I
V1
{Vin}
Gate_Drv
Gate Driv1e
2
C1
{C}
Gate_Drv
D
-
R1
{R}
0.5
36
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disclosure, or distribution is prohibited.
37
~52V
50V
~39V
40V
30V
20V
10V
0V
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
V(OUT)
Time
38
~8.2A
8A
~3.92A
6A
4A
2A
0A
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
I(L1)
Time
39
2
{L}
SW2
a
Out2
c
D2
V2
C2
{C}
{Vin}
R2
{R}
0.5
40
~54V
~40V
50V
40V
30V
20V
10V
0V
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
V(OUT2)
Time
41
~7.87A
6.0A
3.98A
4.0A
2.0A
0A
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
I(L2)
Time
42
43
Vin
I peak = Ivalley+ ton
L
Off-Time Event
Vin
Ivalley= I peak ton
L
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Experts in Power Electronics, Motor Drives
and Digital Control of Power
StrategicTechGroup.com
44
45
in
T sw = 0
D 2 V out
T sw =
V sw
peak
D 2 T sw
2
1
T sw
= I out
Since
I out
D
V out
=
R
2 V out
=
RI peak
46
I peak = DT sw
2V out
D2 =
R
where
L =
L
RT sw
2V out L
V out = DV in
DV in
STRATEGIC TECHNOLOGY GROUP
Experts in Power Electronics, Motor Drives
and Digital Control of Power
StrategicTechGroup.com
47
D V in
= 2 V out
M = D
1
2
48
Salient Points:
M is Dependent on the Load Current
Linearity Exists Between M And D, as on a Buck in
CCM.
For a given Duty Cycle, M Can be Larger for DCM
than CCM
49
Vin
0V
Vout
IL
Ipeak
ID
Ipeak
Iout
t
DTsw
D2Tsw
D3Tsw
50
V in
S on =
L
V in DT sw
I peak =
L
I peak D
I in T sw =
2
V in D 2 T sw
I in T sw =
2L
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51
Since
V out
D
=
1 D
V in
R critical =
2 LF sw
(1 D ) 2
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52
Rcritical = 2LFsw
Vin
R Vin
Lcritical =
L critical
(1 D ) 2 R
=
2 F sw
53
SW1
IN
Out
2
V1
L1
{L}
Gate_Drv
{Vin}
R1
{R}
C1
{C}
{Max_Duty }
Gate_Drv
Gate Driv1e
2
D
-
Duty
0.5
{Min_Duty }
54
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disclosure, or distribution is prohibited.
55
0V
-10V
-20V
~-45V
-30V
~-41V
-40V
-50V
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
V(OUT)
Time
56
6.58A
5.8A
6.0A
4.0A
2.0A
0A
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
-I(L1)
Time
57
SW2
IN2
Out2
1
d
V2
{L}
L2
{Vin}
Duty _Cy cle
C2
{C}
R2
{R}
0.5
58
-10V
-20V
~-46V
-30V
~-39V
-40V
-50V
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
V(OUT2)
Time
59
5.14A
3.95A
5.0A
4.0A
3.0A
2.0A
1.0A
0A
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
I(L2)
Time
60
61
L3
2
1
{L3}
V
{C1}
I
L1
2
SW1
D1
{L1}
V1
{Vin}
C3
{C3}
R1
{R}
Gate_Drv
{Max_Duty }
Gate_Drv
Gate Driv1e
2
D
-
Duty
0.5
{Min_Duty }
62
This document contains confidential and privileged information. Any unauthorized review, use,
disclosure, or distribution is prohibited.
63
0V
-10V
-20V
~-41V
-30V
-40V
-50V
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
V(L3:1)
Time
64
3.78A
4.0A
3.0A
2.0A
1.0A
0A
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
-I(L1)
Time
65
~84.28V
80V
60V
40V
20V
0V
0s
0.5ms
V(C1:1,C1:2)
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
Time
66
L4
1
2
{L4}
V
{C2}
L2
SW2
c
D2
{L2}
I
C4
{C4}
R2
{R}
V2
{Vin}
Duty _Cy cle
0.5
67
-1 0 V
-2 0 V
-40V
-3 0 V
-48.25V
-4 0 V
-5 0 V
0s
0 .5 m s
1 . 0m s
1. 5 ms
2 .0 m s
2 . 5m s
3. 0 ms
3 .5 m s
4 . 0m s
4. 5 ms
5 .0 m s
5 . 5m s
6. 0 ms
V (R 2 :1 )
Ti me
68
2.71A
2A
2.5A
2.0A
1.5A
1.0A
0.5A
0A
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
I(L2)
Time
69
104V
80V
100V
80V
60V
40V
20V
0V
0s
0.5ms
V(L2:2,C2:2)
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
Time
70
71
10V
9.5V
9.6V
8V
8V
6V
6V
6V
4V
4V
6V
2V
2V
0V
0s
0V
0s
50us
100us
150us
200us
250us
300us
350us
400us
450us
500us
0.2ms
0.4ms
0.6ms
0.8ms
1.0ms
1.2ms
1.4ms
1.6ms
1.8ms
2.0ms
V(OUT2)
Time
V(OUT)
Time
Cycle by cycle
Average Switch
72
2.5A
~2.15A
2.0A
2.0A
1.6A
1.5A
0.58A
1.2A
0.5A
0.4A
0A
50us
100us
150us
200us
250us
300us
350us
400us
I(L1)
450us
500us
550us
600us
-0.5A
0s
0.2ms
0.4ms
0.6ms
0.8ms
1.0ms
1.2ms
1.4ms
1.6ms
1.8ms
2.0ms
I(L2)
Time
Time
Cycle by cycle
0.6A
1.0A
0.8A
0A
0s
2.6A
Average Switch
73
60V
52V
50V
54V
39V
40V
50V
40V
40V
30V
30V
20V
20V
10V
10V
0V
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
V(OUT)
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
0V
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
V(OUT2)
Time
Time
Cycle by cycle
Average Switch
74
8.0A
~8.2A
~7.87A
8A
6.0A
~3.98A
~3.92A
6A
4.0A
4A
2.0A
2A
0A
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
I(L1)
5.5ms
6.0ms
0A
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
Time
Cycle by cycle
5.0ms
I(L2)
Time
Average Switch
75
0V
-10V
-10V
-20V
-39V
-20V
~-45V
-46V
-30V
~-41V
-30V
-40V
-40V
-50V
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
V(OUT)
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
-50V
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
V(OUT2)
Time
Time
Cycle by cycle
Average Switch
76
6.0A
6.58A
5.8A
5.14A
5.0A
3.95A
6.0A
4.0A
4.0A
3.0A
2.0A
2.0A
1.0A
0A
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
-I(L1)
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
0A
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
I(L2)
Time
Time
Cycle by cycle
Average Switch
77
0V
0V
-10V
-10V
-20V
-20V
-41V
-40V
-48.25V
-30V
-30V
-40V
-40V
-50V
0s
-50V
0s
0.5ms
V(L3:1)
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
V(R2:1)
Time
Time
Cycle by cycle
Average Switch
78
3.0A
2.71A
3.78A
2A
2.5A
4.0A
2.0A
3.0A
1.5A
2.0A
1.0A
1.0A
0.5A
0A
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
-I(L1)
Time
Cycle by cycle
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
0A
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
I(L2)
Time
Average Switch
79
80
81
82
83