UBAL, GISELLE B.

MW (10:30-12:00)

BA-Psychology IV-C
Rizal

1. South American independence began to occur in 1808 after the French

Revolution and the subsequent Napoleonic Wars that eventually engulfed all
of Europe. French revolutionaries in the 1790s began an intellectual awakening
called the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment period opened the door for ideas of
positivism in Latin American society. People in Latin America turned
to liberal ideologies. This events led to the spread of liberism and independence.
2.

Anarchists generally believe that human beings are capable of managing their
own affairs on the basis of creativity, cooperation, and mutual respect, and when
making individual decisions they are taking into account the concerns of others
and the well-being of society. This concept of anarchism is relatable in the
events that happened on the early 19 th century in South America. The
Enlightenment clearly informed the aims of dissident Creoles and inspired some
of the later, great leaders of the independence movements across Latin America.
This Enlightenment period opened the doors of positivism.

3. In the beginning, Rizal and his fellow Ilustrados (middle class) preferred not to
win independence from Spain, instead they yearned legal equality for both
Peninsulares and nativesIndios, Insulares, and mestizos, among othersin
the economic reforms demanded by the Ilustrados were that the Philippines be
represented in the Cortes and be considered as a province of Spain and
the secularization of the parishes. However, in 1872, nationalist sentiment grew
strongest,
when
three
Filipino priests,
Jos
Burgos, Mariano
Gmez and friar Jacinto Zamora, who had been charged with leading a
military mutiny at an arsenal in Cavite, near Manila, were executed by the
Spanish authorities. The event and other repressive acts outraitings and
activities, Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896. His execution propelled
the Ilustrados. This also prompted unity among the Ilustrados and Andrs
Bonifacios radical Katipunan. Philippine policies by the United States reinforced
the dominant position of the Ilustrados within Filipino society. Friar estates were
sold to the Ilustrados and most government positions were offered to them.
4. By the late 18th century, political and economic changes in Europe were finally
beginning to affect Spain and, thus, the Philippines. Important as a stimulus
to trade was the gradual elimination of the monopoly enjoyed by the galleon to
Acapulco. The last galleon arrived in Manila in 1815, and by the mid-1830s
Manila was open to foreign merchants almost without restriction. Not until 1863
was there public education in the Philippines, and even then the church
controlled the curriculum. Less than one-fifth of those who went to school could
read and write Spanish, and far fewer could speak it properly. The limited higher
education in the colony was entirely under clerical direction, but by the 1880s
many sons of the wealthy were sent to Europe to study. There, nationalism and
a passion for reform blossomed in the liberal atmosphere.

5. Secularism is definitely one of the significant factors in shaping the idea of

nationalism in the Philippines in the late 19th century, it is because the church
and parishes was governed by the regular priest when in fact the secular priest
are the ones to take hold of them. Since the friars and religious orders did not
want to give up their power, a royal decree was issued on November 9, 1774,
which provided for the secularization of all parishes or the transfer of parochial
administration from the regular friars to the secular priests. The regulars
resented the move because they considered the Filipinos unfit for the
priesthood. Among other reasons they cited the Filipinos brown skin, lack of
education, and inadequate experience. The issue soon took on a racial slant.
Monsignor Pedro Pelaez, ecclesiastical governor of the Church, sided with the
Filipinos.
Unfortunately, he
died
in
an earthquake that
destroyed
the Manila Cathedral in 1863. After his death, other priests took his place in
fighting for the secularization movement which in turn shapes the idea of
nationalism. Among them were Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and
Jacinto Zamora. The Cavite Mutiny led to the persecution of prominent Filipinos;
secular priests GomBurZawere tagged as the masterminds of the uprising.
This changes was hugely significant to the people on the late 19th century for
this paved way for the spark of national involvement.

References:
http://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Ilustrado&uid=1575
https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines/The-19th-century
http://www.philippine-history.org/secularization-of-priests.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_liberalism
http://www.sspxasia.com/Newsletters/2002/Jan-Mar/Liberalism_in_the_Philippines.htm