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Ch07 Transformers
Ch07 Transformers
Transformers
Artemio P. Magabo
Professor of Electrical Engineering
AC System
Voltage transformation
Power delivery is limited made possible transport
of electric energy over
to short distances
long distances
Limited power capacity
Transformers in AC Systems
q Generation
nGenerating
Plant
q Transmission
nTransmission Substation
nTransmission Lines
nSub-transmission Lines
Primary
Distribution
Feeder
Distribution
Transformer
q Distribution
nPower Substation
nPrimary Distribution Feeders
nDistribution Transformers
nSecondary Distribution Feeders and Services
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Power Substation
High Voltage:
500, 230 or 138 kV
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Low Voltage:
115 or 69 kV
Distribution Substation
High Voltage:
69 kV
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Low Voltage:
13.8 kV
Distribution Transformers
High Voltage:
13.8 kV
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Low Voltage:
220 V
Two-Winding Transformer
Consider the two coils shown. Coil 1, which is
connected to a voltage source, draws a very small
exciting current that produces the magnetic flux ()
that links both coils.
Magnetic Flux
iex
i2= 0
vs
e1
-
N1
N2
e2
Iron Core
and
d
e1 = N1
dt
d
e2 = N2
dt
e1
N1
=
e2
N2
Note: In an ideal transformer, the ratio of the
induced voltages is equal to the ratio of turns.
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N1i1 = N2i2
i1
N2
=
i2
N1
(balanced ampere-turns)
vs
i1+iex
i2
e1
-
N1
Primary
N2
e2
-
vL
-
Secondary
Ideal Transformer
1. Coils 1 and 2 have no resistance.
2. There are no leakage fluxes in coils 1 and 2.
3. The resistance loss in the iron core is zero.
4. The permeability of the iron is infinite. Thus,
the exciting current (iex) is zero.
i1
+
vs
e1
-
i2
+
vL
e2
iron core
Equivalent Circuit
The equivalent circuit, with sinusoidal excitation, is
shown below.
VS
+
I1
E1
E2
I2
ZL VL
-
N1 N2
Assuming the transformer is ideal, we get the
phasor equations
E1
N1
=
N2
E2
and
I1
N2
=
N1
I2
N1
E1 = E2
N2
and
N2
I1 =
I2
N1
or
N1
N2
E1I1* = E2 I2 *
N2
N1
E1 I1 * = E2 I2 *
2
N1
E1
=
I1
N2
E2
I2
E2
From the diagram, we note that ZL =
I2
Substitution gives
2
N1
E1
= ZL
I1
N2
VS
VL
Load
PL = 10,000 watts
QL = PL tan(cos1 0.9) = 4,843 vars
*
From PL + jQL = VL I, we get
PL jQL
10,000 j4,843
I=
=
*
220
VL
= 45.45 j22.02
= 50.51 25.84 A
From KVL, we get
VS = (0.24 + j0.32)I + VL
o
= 20.227.29 + 2200
*
PS + jQS = VS I
= (238.132.23o )(50.5125.84o )
= 12,02728.07o = 10,612 + j5,660
Thus, Ps=10,612 watts and Qs=5,660 vars.
Note: The power loss in the feeder is
VS
+
-
Is
0.24+j0.32
+
EX
-
T2
EY
IL
IDEAL
Load
10 kW
0.9PF lag
220 V
IDEAL
QL = 4,843 vars
IL = 50 .51 25 .84 o A
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7,967
EY =
VL = 7,6210o V
230
230
I =
IL = 1.46 25.84o A
7,967
From KVL, we get
EX = (0.24 + j0.32)I + EY
= 0.5827.29o + 7,6210o
= 7,621.13 + j0.27 7,621.130o V
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230
VS =
EX 220.020o V
7,967
o
IS = 50.51 25.84 A
The power supplied by the source is
*
PS + jQS = VS IS
= (220.020o )(50.5125.84o )
= 11,11225.84o
= 10,000.5 + j4,844
Comments:
1. The current in the feeder is reduced from
50.51 amps to 1.46 amps.
2. The voltage at the source is reduced from
238.13 volts to 220.02 volts.
3. In both cases, the power delivered to the load
is 10 kW. However, the power supplied by the
source is reduced from 10,612 watts to
10,000.5 watts.
4. In both cases, the reactive power delivered to
the load is 4,843 Vars. However, the reactive
power supplied by the source is reduced from
5,660 vars to 4,844 vars.
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VS
I1
I2
ZL
IDEAL
VS
Z2
I1
ZL
Vs
2200o
o
I1 =
=
=
5
.
01
37
.
6
A
o
ZTOT 43.9237.6
P and Q supplied by the source
*
Ps + jQs = Vs I1
= (2200o )(5.0137.6o )
o
2
VS = [NS / NP ] VP and ZS = [NS / NP ] ZP
o
Vs ' = 1100 V
we get
VS '
I2
Z2
ZL
Z'TOT = Z1'+Z2 + ZL
= 8.7 + j6.7 = 10.9837.6o
The current in the secondary side
Vs '
1100
o
I2 =
=
=
10
.
02
37
.
6
A
o
Z'TOT 10.9837.6
*
Ps '+ jQs ' = Vs ' I2 = (1100o )(10.0237.6o )
o
50,000
IH =
= 6.56 A RMS
7620
At the low-voltage (secondary) side,
50,000
IX =
= 217.4 A RMS
230
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End of lecture
RS
RL
R S = RL
N1
RL ' = R L
N2
+
VS
-
RL
N1 N2
R S = 2,000
+
VS
RL = 6
2
RS
RL
From
N1
2,000 = (6)
N2
we get
N2 = 21.9 22 turns
N1 N2
VS
+
-
Is
E1
E2
IDEAL
+
Ix
E3
-
E4
IL
IDEAL
Load
4 kW
0.9PF lag
220 V
4,000 j1,937
IL =
= 18.18 j8.81
220
From KVL, we get
= 20.20 25.84 A
E4 = (0.3 + j0.4)IL + VL
= 10.127.29o + 2200o
= 229 + j4.63 = 229.021.16o V
Get E3 and IX
E3 = 4E4 = 916.11.16o V
IX = 14 IL = 5.05 25.84o A
Another KVL,
E2 = (4.5 + j6.0)IX + E3
Get E1 and IS
1
E1 = 2 E2 = 475.122.16o V
From KVL,
VS = (1.6 + j1.2)IS + E1
= 494.6 + j21.81 = 495.12.52o V
*
PS + jQS = VS IS
= (495.12.52 )(10.1025.84 )
o
Equivalent Circuit
Z1
VS
Is
E1
-
Z2+Z3
1:2
+
E2
Ix
Load
4 kW
0.9PF lag
'
VL
IDEAL
2
+
VS
-
+
Is V "
L
-
Load
4 kW
0.9PF lag
o
1
VL " = 2 VL ' = 4400 V
4,000 j1,937
IS =
= 9.09 j4.4
440
o
= 10.10 25.84 A
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*
PS + jQS = VS IS
= (495.12.52 )(10.1025.84 )
o
Autotransformer
The autotransformer has only one winding and a
portion of this winding is common to the primary
and secondary sides.
+
V1
-
I1 ns
nC
IC
primary IDEAL
I2
V2
-
secondary
or
V1 nS + nC
=
nC
V2
V1
N1
=
N2
V2
nS I1 = nC IC
(a)
I1 + IC = I2
or
IC = I2 - I1
nS I1 = nC (I2 - I1 )
(nS + nC )I1 = nC I2
which reduces to
N1 I1 = N2 I2
Comparison
+
V1
-
I1
N1
I2
N2
V2
-
I1
V1 N
+
+
N2 I2 V2
-
Autotransformer
Two-winding
Transformer
V1
N1
=
N2
V2
and
I1
N2
=
N1
I2
I1
V1
+
0.5+j0.5
V2
+
I2
2,000 W
0.85 PF lag
110 V
2,000 j1,240
I2 =
= 18.18 j11.27
110
= 21.39 31.79o A
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V2 = (0.5 + j0.5)I2 + VL
o
V1 = 2V2 = 249.541.59 o V
I1 = 12 I2 = 10.7 31.79o A
*
P1 + jQ1 = V1I1
= (249.541.59o )(10.731.79o )
= 2,66933.38o = 2,229 + j1,469
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Practical Transformer
1. Both coils 1 and 2 have a small resistance.
2. There are leakage fluxes in coils 1 and 2.
3. There is resistance loss in the iron core.
4. The permeability of the iron is high but not
infinite. The exciting current (iex) is not zero.
i1
+
vs
e1
-
i2
+
vL
e2
iron core
Equivalent Circuit
R1 + jX1
+
V1
I1
Rc
Iex
jXm
N1 N2 R2 + jX2
+
E1
-
Primary
Ideal
E2
I2
V2
-
Secondary
R1 + jX1 N1 N R2 + jX2
2
+
V1
I1
E1
-
Primary
We get
E1
N1
=
N2
E2
E2
I2
V2
-
Ideal Secondary
and
I1
N2
=
N1
I2
R eq + jXeq
+
where
N1
a=
N2
V1
I1 = 1a I2
aV2
-
Primary
+
E2
-
IL
Load
30 kW
0.85 PF lag
VL
30,000 j18,592
IL =
= 133.33 j82.63
225
o
= 156.86 31.79 A
From KVL, we get
E2 = (0.03 + j0.04)IL + VL
o
*
Pin + jQin = E2 IL
= (232.320.7o )(156.8631.79o )
= 36,44332.49o = 30,738 + j19,577
Thus, Pin=30,738 watts and Qin=19,577 vars.
The transformer efficiency
PL 30,000
Eff =
=
= 97.6%
Pin 30,738
Note: Transformers are designed to have a high
efficiency.
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+
V1
-
where
I1
Load
30 kW
0.85 PF lag
'
VL
30,000 j18,592
I1 =
= 4.02 j2.49
7454
= 4.73 31.79o A
*
Pin + jQin = V1I1
= (7,6970.7 )(4.7331.79 )
= 36,44332.49o = 30,738 + j19,577
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