Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Alexandria and Alexandrianism
Alexandria and Alexandrianism
Papers D e l i v e r e d
at a S y m p o s i u m O r g a n i z e d
b y T h e J. P a u l G e t t y M u s e u m a n d
The Getty Center for the H i s t o r y
of A r t and the H u m a n i t i e s
a n d H e l d at t h e M u s e u m
April 22-25,
993
T h e J. Paul G e t t y Museum
Malibu, California
1996
ISBN 0-89236-292-8
1. Art, HellenisticEgyptAlexandriaCongresses.
2. Art, RomanEgyptAlexandriaCongresses.
3. Alexan
dria (Egypt)CivilizationCongresses. I . J. Paul Getty
Museum. I I . J. Paul Getty Center for the History of Art and
the Humanities.
N5888.A54A44
1996
709'.32dc20
95-53984
CIP
Contents
ix
Foreword
John W a l s h and T h o m a s F. R e e s e
INTRODUCTION
Alexander's Alexandria
Peter G r e e n
THE
29
CITY
OF ALEXANDRIA
IN
THE HELLENISTIC
PERIOD
41
55
City Planning?
Giinter G r i m m
75
85
109
AND EGYPTIAN
CONTRIBUTIONS
vi
Cont ent s
127
141
155
171
191
203
215
231
247
C o n t e n t s
THE
263
CONTINUING
INFLUENCE OF
ALEXANDRIA
273
285
302
303
vii
ix
Foreword
post-antique
Foreword
Walsh
Director
T h e J. Paul G e t t y M u s e u m
Thomas
F. Reese
Deputy Director
T h e Getty Center f o r the H i s t o r y
of A r t a n d the H u m a n i t i e s
Introduction
Alexander's Alexandria
Peter
Green
INTRODUCTION
1 0
N e i t h e r Cavafy n o r D u r r e l l , we m a y
1 1
s i m p l y a d h e r i n g t o an age-old t r a d i t i o n .
T h e magic o f A l e x a n d r i a , i n fact, can be seen f r o m start t o
finish
as the p o w e r f u l b y - p r o d u c t o f a c o s m o p o l i t a n a n d ( i n G r a h a m
14
1 5
Green
first t r u l y E g y p t i a n r u l e r o f E g y p t i n t w o a n d a h a l f m i l l e n n i a , t h a t
A l e x a n d r i a was finally integrated i n t o the b o d y p o l i t i c o n w h i c h f o r so
l o n g i t h a d existed as an alien a n d exotic g r o w t h . Readers of Cavafy a n d
D u r r e l l m a y perhaps reflect t h a t this change was, o n balance, n o b a d
t h i n g : t h a t e x o t i c i s m can be b o u g h t at t o o h i g h a price.
Those researchers w h o , like myself, n o r m a l l y react t o a m y t h
by w a n t i n g t o get b e h i n d i t have a m o r e t h a n usually t o u g h p r o b l e m o n
their hands w i t h A l e x a n d r i a , n o t least i f they hope, as I d o , t o clarify the
circumstances of the city's o r i g i n a l f o u n d a t i o n . W h e n we l o o k at o u r l i t
erary evidence, i t at once becomes clear t h a t m y t h i f i c a t i o n began very
early. T h e A l e x a n d e r R o m a n c e , despite a s t r a t u m of valuable early H e l
lenistic evidence, ascribes Alexander's begetting t o the last independent
p h a r a o h , N e k t a n e b o i i ; cites his correspondence w i t h the A m a z o n s ; has
h i m arrive i n E g y p t after a razzia t h r o u g h Sicily, Italy, a n d A f r i c a ; a n d
describes his e x p l o r a t i o n of the sea b o t t o m i n a m a g i c a l d i v i n g b e l l .
16
T h e h i s t o r i a n A m m i a n u s M a r c e l l i n u s , w r i t i n g i n the f o u r t h c e n t u r y A . D . ,
h a d Cleopatra v n responsible f o r b u i l d i n g b o t h the Pharos a n d the H e p t a s t a d i o n (the seven-furlong causeway l i n k i n g the island o f Pharos a n d
the m a i n l a n d ) , t h o u g h b o t h i n fact antedated her by a l m o s t three cen
turies.
17
the geographer S t r a b o ,
20
B.C.
1 9
18
w h o was i n A l e x a n d r i a f r o m 24 t o ( p r o b a b l y )
2 0
21
INTRODUCTION
b u t impossible. T h e r a p i d e x p a n s i o n o f A l e x a n d r i a as a p o r t d u r i n g the
nineteenth century, i n p a r t i c u l a r under K h e d i v e I s m a i l , n o t o n l y effec
tively b u r i e d the ancient strata under n e w b u i l d i n g s b u t also, i n the c o n
s t r u c t i o n o f the C o r n i c h e ( 1 9 0 6 ) , created an artificial coastline u p t o
300 m i n depth.
22
23
24
26
W e m a y l e g i t i m a t e l y ask ourselves w h y .
T h i s question f o r m s p a r t o f a larger p r o b l e m : w h y d i d he
choose t o go t o E g y p t at all? A f t e r the battle of Issus (September 333)
w h y d i d he n o t at once pursue the defeated a n d disorganized forces o f
D a r i u s eastward t o Babylon? W h y , instead, d i d he m a r c h over three h u n
d r e d miles o u t o f his w a y d o w n the coast o f the M e d i t e r r a n e a n , spend
seven m o n t h s besieging T y r e a n d a l o n g w i n t e r i n a n d a r o u n d the N i l e
Valley, a n d n o t resume his career o f conquest u n t i l late A p r i l o f 3 3 1 ? To
u n d e r s t a n d this we m u s t appreciate (as A l e x a n d e r himself u n d o u b t e d l y
d i d ) the dangerous a n d fluid s i t u a t i o n t h a t h a d developed b e h i n d his ad
vance, i n A s i a M i n o r a n d the Aegean, a n d t h a t n o w seriously threatened
his ever-lengthening lines o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n .
Green
27
2 8
29
n o n m a r i t i m e i n l a n d c o u n t r y , h a b i t u a l l y d r e w f o r her fleet. I t s h o u l d n o w
be i m m e d i a t e l y a p p a r e n t w h y A l e x a n d e r spent seven m o n t h s besieging
the great offshore s t r o n g h o l d o f T y r e . Tyre's n e i g h b o r a n d r i v a l S i d o n ,
h a v i n g been reduced savagely by A r t a x e r x e s O c h u s i n 345 after an at
t e m p t e d r e b e l l i o n , w e l c o m e d the M a c e d o n i a n s w i t h o p e n arms. B u t
30
31
32
w i t h E g y p t just as b l o o d i l y as he d i d w i t h S i d o n ,
33
Alexander met w i t h
34
35
about
INTRODUCTION
3 6
38
37
In Mem
A l e x a n d e r was n o t o n l y e n t h r o n e d as
sonperhaps,
3 9
a nice
4 0
41
place the f o u n d a t i o n
4 3
4 2
O n the
A l e x a n d e r R o m a n c e was r i g h t : t h a t n o Greek c i t y c o u l d be f o u n d e d
w i t h o u t d i v i n e a p p r o v a l a n d t h a t the evidence of A r r i a n a n d P l u t a r c h
m u s t therefore be rejected. Previously " A l e x a n d e r historians [had] u n hesitantly accepted the Ptolemaic v e r s i o n " o f A r r i a n .
Welles's thesis gave rise t o a simpliste
4 5
N o w , for a while,
46
I t was B r i a n Bos w o r t h w h o
Green
made.
47
4 8
H e already h a d i n m i n d the d e t e r m i n a t i o n t o f o u n d a n e w c i t y
49
in founding cities.
50
51
N a u k r a t i s h a d been a p r i v i l e g e d c o m m e r c i a l en
52
53
D u r i n g the n i g h t , a c c o r d i n g t o P l u t a r c h , A l e x a n d e r dreamed
t h a t a w h i t e - h a i r e d a n d venerable o l d m a n s t o o d beside h i m a n d de
c l a i m e d t w o lines f r o m H o m e r ' s Odyssey
( 4 . 3 5 4 - 5 5 ) : " T h e r e is an is
54
10
INTRODUCTION
big e n o u g h for w h a t he h a d i n m i n d .
5 5
B u t t h e n , surveying the l o n g
56
for the
59
58
hugely strong r a m p a r t s ;
60
This
62
6 3
64
Better t o anticipate
65
6 6
Green
II
67
Egypt's r e m a r k a b l e
68
Strabo's evi
69
70
71
H e r o d o t o s a n d T h u k y d i d e s b o t h refer t o g a r r i s o n
posts i n the area, the one i n the s i x t h century, the other i n the fifth, i n
each case as p a r t o f a d e s c r i p t i o n o f Egypt's general defense s y s t e m .
72
T h e r e is n o reason t o suppose t h a t A l e x a n d e r , w h o h a d a l l H o m e r a n d a
g o o d deal o f Euripides b y heart, w o u l d n o t also be f a m i l i a r w i t h the t w o
great exponents o f his o w n themes o f conquest a n d e m p i r e .
T h e shape o f the o r i g i n a l c i t y w a l l is l i k e n e d b y several o f o u r
sources t o a c h l a m y s , a M a c e d o n i a n m i l i t a r y c l o a k ,
7 3
w h i c h was f o r m e d
figures30
74
The
stades
12
INTRODUCTION
7 6
A s i m i l a r terminus ad quern is p r o v i d e d
77
78
W h e n Alexander
7 9
80
This
81
of a n e w c i t y
82
83
84
T h i s pothos
t o visit the
m a y n o t have
8 5
Green
We are o n l y concerned here w i t h t w o facets o f this m u c h discussed episode: the p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t one reason f o r A l e x a n d e r ' s f o r a y
i n t o the desert was t o secure A m m o n ' s blessing o n the p r o p o s e d n e w
city, a n d a search f o r evidence establishing the c h r o n o l o g y o f b o t h the
p i l g r i m a g e itself a n d the city's f o u n d a t i o n . T h e sole source c l a i m i n g t h a t
A l e x a n d e r c o n s u l t e d the oracle r e g a r d i n g his p r o p o s e d f o u n d a t i o n is
p r o v i d e d b y the A l e x a n d e r R o m a n c e .
87
T h o u g h as a n u n s u p p o r t e d w i t
8 8
T h e oracle,
five-hilled
ridges."
8 9
90
91
92
T h a t A l e x a n d e r received
9 4
9 3
a n d a sand
stricted t o the w i n t e r m o n t h s .
9 5
9 7
9 8
fore the second week i n A p r i l . T h e one t r u e inconsistency i n o u r testim o n i a ( w h i c h also baffled A r r i a n , w h o reports i t ) concerns his r o u t e
back. D i d he r e t u r n by the same r o u t e (thus A r i s t o b u l u s , f o l l o w e d by
Q u i n t u s C u r t i u s R u f u s ) , o r m a k e the shorter, b u t far m o r e dangerous
t r e k across the desert t h r o u g h the Q a t t a r a Depression, d i r e c t l y t o M e m
phis?
99
13
14
INTRODUCTION
1 0 0
101
102
With
, 0 3
105
1 0 4
I f he b u i l t i t , D e i n o k r a t e s
B o t h o f these larger-than-life
1 0 6
h o w D e i n o k r a t e s , a r m e d w i t h letters o f i n t r o d u c t i o n , sought
107
and w h o
108
109
Green
1 1 0
111
112
1 1 3
t h a t is, n o less
114
f o r A l e x a n d r i a , a r g u i n g t h a t he w o u l d
1 1 5
1 1 6
Kleomenes o f N a u k r a t i s is an altogether m o r e f o r m i d a b l e
figure.
117
His
1 1 8
119
I n t h a t capacity he r u l e d
120
Ptolemy, however, h a d n o i n t e n t i o n of r e t a i n i n g so
15
16
INTRODUCTION
was an open i n v i t a t i o n t o conspiracy: indeed, r u m o r h a d i t t h a t K l e o menes was already i n secret c o m m u n i c a t i o n w i t h Ptolemy's bete n o i r e ,
Perdiccas. I t is, t h e n , n o t s u r p r i s i n g t h a t a l m o s t as soon as P t o l e m y ar
r i v e d i n E g y p t , he h a d Kleomenes arrested a n d e x e c u t e d .
121
Inspection of
122
123
A r i s t o t e l i a n Oeconomical
Quartet
w i l l at once
125
ander w r o t e t o Kleomenes, i n s t r u c t i n g h i m t o erect a shrine t o Hephaist i o n " o f vast size a n d u n p a r a l l e l e d m a g n i f i c e n c e " o n the island of
Pharos, name i t after H e p h a i s t i o n , a n d issue a decree o b l i g i n g business
contracts t o have Hephaistion's name w r i t t e n i n t o t h e m . D o t h i s , A l e x
ander c o n c l u d e d , " a n d any w r o n g y o u have done i n the past, I w i l l par
don, a n d i n the future, however y o u m a y err, y o u w i l l suffer n o h a r m
from me."
1 2 6
1 2 7
Green
1 2 8
H i s dealings i n g r a i n s h o w
1 2 9
T h i s n a t u r a l d e v i a t i o n f r o m r e c t i l i n e a r consistency m a y have
been responsible i n p a r t f o r the persistent d e n i g r a t i o n o f M a h m o u d Bey's
pioneer w o r k i n p l o t t i n g the remains o f the ancient city. H e , l i k e a l m o s t
every scholar since, assumed t h a t the street p l a n was absolutely regular
t h r o u g h o u t . T h e m o s t t r e n c h a n t c r i t i c i s m came f r o m D . G . H o g a r t h ,
w h o , w i t h E. F. Benson, excavated briefly i n A l e x a n d r i a i n 1 8 9 5 .
1 3 0
Eh
131
Since b o t h m e n be
1 3 2
d r i a i n archaeological terms; b u t w h a t w e d o k n o w f o r e x a m p l e , t h a t
the C a n o p i c W a y f o l l o w e d the line o f m o d e r n rue Rosette, t o d a y the
Sharia H o r r e y a
1 3 3
1 3 4
17
18
INTRODUCTION
1 3 5
l36
137
T h e quest
139
findings,
138
o p t i m i s t s , m o s t l y amateurs, continue
1 4 0
W i s h f u l t h i n k i n g is a great
p r o m o t e r o f visions.
We k n o w a l i t t l e of Alexander's plans f o r A l e x a n d r i a ; we
k n o w v i r t u a l l y n o t h i n g o f its u l t i m a t e i m p o r t a n c e i n his scheme o f things
h a d he l i v e d , m u c h less h o w close a resemblance ( i f any) the shape t h a t
the c i t y finally assumed bore t o the v i s i o n he h a d i n m i n d as he strode
a b o u t the site at R h a k o t i s , architects a n d aides s c r a m b l i n g b e h i n d h i m ,
d r i b b l i n g trails o f barley meal over d a r k soil a n d limestone o u t c r o p p i n g s
(cf. p . 12 above). V i c t o r Ehrenberg's r o m a n t i c a s s u m p t i o n
141
that Alex
142
financial
once he was
Green
1 4 3
144
Of
1 4 5
1 4 6
T E X A S
19
20
INTRODUCTION
Notes
10
I I
C f . J. L . P i n c h i n , Alexandria
rell and Cavafy
45 (1990): 1 0 3 - 2 0 .
Paideia
Still:
Forster,
Dur-
C f . M . M a n z a l a o u i , "Curate's Egg: A n A l e x a n
d r i a n O p i n i o n o f D u r r e l P s Quartet,"
(Princeton 1977).
E x p o u n d e d w i t h clarity a n d w i t by E. M . For
12
ster i n w h a t B o n a m y D o b r e e o n c e d e s c r i b e d
Etudes
15.3 ( 1 9 6 2 ) : 2 4 8 - 6 0 .
Anglaises
G a l e n Comm.
in Hipp.
Epidem.
i i i (cited at
l e n g t h b y Fraser, 11 [ n o t e 7 a b o v e ] , p . 4 8 0 ) .
A History
and a Guide,
introduc
13
H . v o n S t a d e n , Herophilus:
t i o n b y L . D u r r e l l (rev. e d . , N e w Y o r k 1 9 8 2 ) ,
cine in Early
pp. 7 9 - 8 2 .
ch.
The Art of
Medi
(Cambridge 1989),
Alexandria
6, p p . 1 3 8 - 5 3 ; G r e e n ( n o t e 5 a b o v e ) ,
p p . 8 5 9 - 6 0 w i t h f u r t h e r refs.
4
I a m t h i n k i n g p a r t i c u l a r l y o f the strange p o e m
'kTTokeiireiP b debs
'APTCOPLOP,
its title a n d
t h e m e t a k e n f r o m P l u t a r c h ' s Life
(ch.
of
14
Antony
7 5 ) , i n w h i c h t h e defeated R o m a n hears
G e n i z a d u C a i r e , " Revue
man
de VOccident
musul-
46 (1987): 7 1 - 7 9 .
et de la Mediterranee
15
16
was a b a n d o n i n g h i m .
5
H . V a n T h i e l ) . T h e best a v a i l a b l e t r a n s l a t i o n s i n
to
E n g l i s h are t h o s e b y K e n D o w d e n ,
(rev. e d . , B e r k e l e y 1 9 9 3 ) , p . 2 4 5 .
Actium
Ancient
6
T h e i d e a is E r n e s t G e l l n e r ' s : see h i s r e v i e w a r
ley
The
Greek
Novels,
Collected
e d . B . P. R e a r d o n ( B e r k e
1989), p p . 6 5 0 - 7 3 5 , a n d by R. Stoneman,
Greek
Alexander
(London 1991).
Romance
Literary
Supplement
4 6 9 0 (19 February
17
A m m . Marc. 22.16.9-11.
18
Strabo 1 7 . 1 . 6 - 1 0 ( C . 7 9 1 - 9 5 ) .
19
Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 7 a b o v e ) , p . 7 ; Fraser, 11 ( n o t e 7
993)
w a s easier t o find a t t r a c t i v e h o m o s e x u a l p a r t
ners i n B i s k r a t h a n a m o n g t h e haute
geoisie
protestante,
bour
b u t t h i s does n o t m e a n t h a t
t h e A l g e r i a n oasis w a s a r e s i d u e o f a n c i e n t
above), p p . 1 2 - 1 3 n . 2 9 .
M e d i t e r r a n e a n sensuous h a r m o n y , l i b e r t y a n d
f u l f i l l m e n t . " N o r , he m i g h t h a v e a d d e d , w a s t h e
20
D i o d . Sic. 1 . 5 0 . 6 - 7 : ol Kara
TO egrjs
fiacrikevcroLVTes
same c r i t i c i s m c a n be l e v e l e d a t b o t h C a v a f y
and Durrell.
fiep yap
rfjs AiyviTTOv
fiavikeiois
irdpreg
pueyakoirpeTrecrip,
P. M . Fraser, Ptolemaic
Alexandria,
Kal
vol. 1 (Ox
KaTaaKevdajuLaatP
Toaovrop
R o m a n prefect's t i t l e w a s Praefectus
Kara
dreae
et Aegypti,
TTJP OIKOV/ULPT)P
adrijp
apadrjtiao-i
irrl
(bare irapa
iKda/mrjcrap
d^tok&yoig
ol
ol 8e
TOIS
apiQpuelcrdai
TWP
irokeiop.
w r i t e o f t r a v e l i n g to E g y p t ( m u c h as a m o d e r n
21
Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 7 a b o v e ) , p p . 8 - 9 .
22
I b i d . C f . also M . R o d z i e w i c z , " L e d e b a t s u r l a
G r e e k w o u l d s p e a k o f g o i n g to E u r o p e ) .
8
P l u t . Alex.
2 6 . 1 0 ; S t e p h . B y z . s.v.
t o p o g r a p h i e de l a v i l l e a n t i q u e , " R e v u e de
AAegapSpeat.
T h e seers t o l d A l e x a n d e r t o be o f g o o d cheer:
cident
(1987): 3 9 - 4 8 .
avrov,
Kal 7ravra8a7T(bv
TTOXIV
V7r
musulman
et de la Mediterranee
I'Oc
46
OLvQpojTTiQV io-ojtieprjp
23
rpo<f)6p.
H o w m u c h w o u l d h a v e c o m e d o w n t o us even
g r a n t e d o p t i m u m p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n s f o r sur
L . D u r r e l l , Justine
p. 1 4 .
v i v a l r e m a i n s a m a t t e r f o r d e b a t e . I t is a c u r i o u s
fact that documents referring t o A l e x a n d r i a
Green
35
36
Arrian
37
C u r t . 4 . 7 . 4 - 5 ; A r r i a n 3.1.2.
Philadelphos
3.1.1-3.
(Fraser, 1 [ n o t e 7 a b o v e ] , p . 6; Fraser, 11 [ n o t e 7
a b o v e ] , p p . 9 - 1 0 n . 2 3 ) ; w h e t h e r t h i s is e v i
dence f o r t h e s l o w b u r e a u c r a t i c g r o w t h o f t h e
capital, o r (more likely) f o r the gradual exten
s i o n o f A l e x a n d r i a n c o n t r o l o v e r t h e chora,
38
re
P s . - C a l l . 1.34: evedpoviacrav
avrbv
ol
fiacnAea.
mains uncertain.
39
24
40
i l l u m i n a t i n g article " A l e x a n d r i a f r o m M o
C u r t . 4 . 7 . 5 : a Memphi
h a m m e d A l i to G a m a l A b d a l Nasser," i n
ad interiora
N . H i n s k e , e d . , Alexandrien:
Kulturbegegnun-
im Schmelztiegel
mutaret
einer
P l u t . Alex.
Kara
9 . 1 ; S t e p h . B y z . , s.v.
'kke;av8peiai
41
A r r i a n 7 . 2 3 . 7 ; cf. A . B . B o s w o r t h ,
Conquest
and Empire:
the
of Alexander
Great
42
Studies
y$th
Presented
Societies
to Victor
and
Institutions:
Ehrenberg
on His
( O x f o r d 1966), pp. 3 7 - 6 9 ,
Birthday
louis
uectus,
Hammonis
rr)v ALJVTTTOV
oraculum
esse Aegypti
sta-
8e ra
els "A/xyLiw^o?.
irpor)\6ev
condidit
re
more
ab
Hammone,
et coloniam
Macedonum
iubet.
P s . - C a l l . 1 . 3 0 - 3 1 , esp. 1 . 3 0 . 5 : KrCe
irokiv
flumine
compositisque
Aegyptiorum
J u s t . 1 1 . 1 1 . 1 - 2 , 1 3 : reuersus
caput
The Reign
eodem
penetrat,
ex patrio
adire
Alexandream
Aegypti
(Mainz a m Rhein
Grofistadt
1981), pp. 6 3 - 7 4 .
25
A r r i a n 3.1.4.
O f especial v a l u e i n t h i s c o n t e x t is P. M . Fraser's
43
A r r i a n 3 . 1 . 5 - 2 . 2 , 3 . 3 . i f f . ; P l u t . Alex.
26
passim.
44
C . B r a d f o r d W e l l e s , " T h e D i s c o v e r y o f Sarapis
and the Foundation o f A l e x a n d r i a , "
esp. p . 4 8 .
Historia
(Wiesbaden) 1 1 ( 1 9 6 2 ) : 2 7 1 - 9 8 . T h o u g h I re
28
P. G r e e n , Alexander
A Historical
356-323
of Macedon,
Biography
g a r d h i s f u n d a m e n t a l p r e m i s e as m i s c o n c e i v e d ,
BC:
I w o u l d e m p h a s i z e t h a t t h e r e is a g r e a t d e a l o f
(Berkeley 1991),
pp. 2 1 1 - 1 2 , 2 1 6 - 1 8 , 2 4 2 - 4 3 ; A . R. Burn,
o r i g i n a l v a l u a b l e s c h o l a r s h i p i n Welles's a r t i c l e
o n points of detail.
B C , " Journal
of Hellenic
Studies
332-330
72 (1952):
81-91.
45
29
Classical
D . G . H o g a r t h , " A l e x a n d e r i n E g y p t a n d Some
C o n s e q u e n c e s , " Journal
ogy 2 ( 1 9 1 5 ) :
of Egyptian
Archaeol
46
53-60.
16 (1967): 3 6 9 ;
7 (1967):
Atheniensia
30 n . 27.
30
A . T . O l m s t e a d , A History
pire
of the Persian
Em
(Chicago 1948), p p . 4 3 6 - 3 7 .
47
C f . H . W . P a r k e , Greek
Oracles
(London
1 9 6 7 ) , c h . 5, " O r a c l e s a n d C o l o n i s a t i o n , "
p p . 4 4 f f . , esp. p . 4 5 .
3I
B o s w o r t h (note 26 above), p . 6 8 .
32
48
O l m s t e a d (note 30 above), p p . 4 3 7 - 4 0 . I n
49
33
a d d i t i o n t o l o o t i n g the temples a n d c o m m i t t i n g
A r r i a n 3.1.4.
A r r i a n 3 . 1 . 5 , v8aC/mova;
P l u t . Alex.
26.4,
D i o d . Sic.
o t h e r o u t r a g e s , O c h u s d r o v e i n t o e x i l e t h e last
1 7 . 5 2 . 1 , juLeyaArjv; C u r t . 4 . 8 . 2 , magnae
n a t i v e p h a r a o h , N e k t a n e b o ( N e k h t - h a r - h e b i ) 11
V i t r u v . 11 praef.
1.4, portum
naturaliter
sedis;
tutum.
l a t e r t o u t e d i n m y t h as t h e f a t h e r o f A l e x a n
der (see p . 5 a b o v e ) .
34
50
D i o d . Sic. 1 7 . 4 9 . 1 - 2 ; C u r t . 4 . 7 . 1 ; P. A . B r u n t ,
Arrian,
p . 2 2 3 n . 3.
1976),
51
Overseas:
and Trade,
Their
Early
3 r d ed. ( N e w Y o r k 1980),
21
22
INTRODUCTION
o f t h e e m p o r i u m i n t h e A r c h a i c p e r i o d , cf. H d t .
<>
Book
11: Commentary
(Lei
99-182
63
d e n 1988), p p . 2 2 2 - 3 1 .
C f . R . C a v e n a i l e , " P o u r u n e h i s t o i r e p o l i t i q u e et
sociale d ' A l e x a n d r i e : Les o r i g i n e s , "
52
P l u t . Alex.
26.4:
53
yap . . .
64
UAntiquite
4 1 (1972): 9 4 - 1 1 2 .
Classique
28 a b o v e ) , 2 4 7 - 6 3 , w i t h t e s t i m o n i a t h e r e c i t e d .
auf
prosopo-
65
v o l . 2 ( M u n i c h 1926),
Grundlage,
F o r t h e siege o f T y r e i n g e n e r a l , see G r e e n ( n o t e
S t r a b o 17.1.6, C.792, w h o i n h i s d i s c u s s i o n o f
t h e H e p t a s t a d i o n i n f o r m s us t h a t o r i g i n a l l y i t
also served as a n a q u e d u c t t o P h a r o s .
66
A m m . M a r c . 22.16.10: beptastadium
credenda
54
I b i d . , v o l . 1, p p . 8 5 - 1 0 0 , assembles t h e
celeritate,
sicut
ita magnitudine
mira
uix
con-
struxit.
evidence.
67
55
C u r t . 4 . 8 . 1 - 2 : contemplatus
loci naturam,
pri-
mum
urbem
con-
in ipsa insula
statuerat
capacem
est
magnae
esse, elegit
nouam
sedis
urbi locum,
68
C f . C a v e n a i l e ( n o t e 63 a b o v e ) : io3ff.
S t r a b o 17.1.6, C . 792:
insulam
ubi
nunc
Alexandrea.
56
P l u t . Alex.
26.7:
"
'
<5'
.
69
57
P s . - C a l l . 1.31.2, best s t u d i e d i n t h e t e x t a n d
W e l l e s ( n o t e 44 a b o v e ) : 283.
58
D i o d . Sic. 17.52.2. C f . R . M a r t i n ,
dans
la Grece
Philologie
L'Urbanisme
fiir
C f . also Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 7 a b o v e ) , p p . 5 - 6 ;
(Paris 1956), p p . 4 2 - 4 3 .
antique
Museum
55 (1900): 3 4 8 - 8 4 , esp. p p . 3 5 0 - 5 3 .
Fraser, ( n o t e 7 a b o v e ) , p . 7 . i 8 .
70
See Fraser, 11 ( n o t e 7 a b o v e ) , p p . 8 - 9 n . 2 1 , f o r
a g o o d b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l survey o f the scholarship
59
D i o d . Sic. 17.52.3, 4:
60
o n these t a n t a l i z i n g u n d e r w a t e r r u i n s . T h e C r e
<5' "
t a n c o n n e c t i o n w a s first a d v a n c e d b y R . W e i l l ,
. . .
" L e s p o r t s a n t e h e l l e n i q u e s de l a c o t e d ' A l e x a n
de
Frangais
16 (1919):
'.
M a h m o u d Bey, Memoire
sur Vantique
Alexan-
71
[Caes.] Bell.
quibus
Alex.
5.1: Alexandrea
est fere
babet
pertinentis,
specusque
aqua
Llnstitut
See i n p a r t i c u l a r M . S. V e n i t , " T w o E a r l y C o r i n
t h i a n A l a b a s t r a i n A l e x a n d r i a , " Journal
Egyptian
suffossa
Orientale
1-37
drie ( C o p e n h a g e n 1872), p p . 2 9 - 3 2 .
61
d'Archeologie
in priuatas
a Nilo
domus
of
61 (1985): 1 8 3 - 8 9 ; ear
l i e r b i b . i n Fraser, ( n o t e 7 a b o v e ) , p . 6 n . 16.
tota
72
inducitur.
Archaeology
H d t . 2.30; T h u c . 1.104.1, w i t h t h e a n a l y s i s o f
C a v e n a i l e ( n o t e 63 a b o v e ) : 1 0 3 - 5 .
62
P s . - C a l l . 1.31: T h e adviser's n a m e is g i v e n as
H y p o n o m o s ( t h o u g h t h i s m a y be n o m o r e t h a n
t h e excuse f o r a n a e t i o l o g i c a l p u n ) :
73
26.8;
5.62.
74
F. B . T a r b e l l , " T h e F o r m o f t h e C h l a m y s , "
sical Philology
Clas
1 (1906): 2 8 3 - 8 9 , esp. 2 8 4 - 8 5 .
Green
75
S t r a b o 1 7 . 1 . 8 , C . 7 9 3 ; S t e p h . B y z . , s.v.
90
1 7 . 5 2 . 3 ( 4 0 stades X 1 p l e t h r o n ) ; J o s e p h .
Jud.
P s . - C a l l . 1 . 3 3 - 1 - 4 , 8.
( 3 4 X 8 stades); D i o d . Sic.
2.16.4 ( 3
stades); P l i n . NH
Bell.
91
See, e.g., W e l l e s ( n o t e 4 4 a b o v e ) : 2 8 2 f f . ;
Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 7 a b o v e ) , p p . 2 4 8 6 .
5.10
( 2 4 k m c i r c u m f e r e n c e ) . C f . Fraser, 11 ( n o t e 7
above), pp. 2 6 - 2 7
92
*>4
S t r a b o 1 7 . 1 . 1 0 , C . 7 9 5 ; cf. M a h m o u d - B e y ( n o t e
6 0 a b o v e ) , p p . 5 3 - 5 6 ; Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 7 a b o v e ) ,
76
S t r a b o 1 7 . 1 . 1 0 , C . 7 9 5 :
p p . 2 6 8 - 7 0 ; Fraser, ( n o t e 7 a b o v e ) , p p . 84ff.
n. 190.
.
93
D i o d . Sic. 1 7 . 4 9 . 3 - 5 ; C u r t . 4 . 7 . 1 4 ; P l u t .
Alex.
2 7 . 1 ; A r r i a n 3.3.4.
77
Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 7 a b o v e ) , p . 1 3
78
94
D i o d . Sic. 1 7 . 4 9 . 5 ; P
m t
- Alex.
2 7 . 3 ; cf. C u r t .
4.7.11-12.
S t r a b o 1 7 . 1 . 6 , C . 7 9 2 a d fin.; P s . - C a l l . 1.32;
cf. A m m . M a r c . 2 2 . 1 6 . 7 ; S t e p h . B y z . , s.v.
79
95
I f t h i s is a n e x a m p l e o f A l e x a n d e r ' s a l l e g e d p o l
96
Ps.-Call. 1.32.6.
97
See Fraser, ( n o t e 7 a b o v e ) , p . 3 n . 9 , w i t h b i b .
98
A r r i a n 3 . 6 . 1 :
R . S.
b u t n o t o f i t w a s t o be n o t o n l y t h e c a p i t a l b u t
"a M a c e d o n i a n c o l o n y . "
a n d r i a , " American
Journal
of Ancient
His
tory 4 ( 1 9 7 9 ) : 4 6 - 4 9 , argues f o r A p r i l 7 o n t h e
80
S t r a b o :
C u r t i u s : orbem
C a l l . :
ambitus
lineales;
g r o u n d s t h a t n o A l e x a n d r i a n w o u l d receive a
Plut.:
A r r i a n :
t r a d i t i o n a l d a t e i n J a n u a r y t h a t he t h e n c o n
. . .
futuri
Ps.-
muri;
underrates b o t h the c o s m o p o l i t a n i s m o f R o m a n
Amm. Marc:
-,
S t e p h . B y z . :
t i o n d a t e m u s t have been c o m m o n k n o w l e d g e ,
81
C u r t . 4 . 8 . 6 : "ut Macedonum
mos est."
T h e fact
c a l e n d e r . T h e m e t e o r o l o g i c a l e v i d e n c e also gives
t h a t t h i s c u s t o m is n o t r e p o r t e d e l s e w h e r e does
us a t e r m i n u s a n t e q u e r n ( F e b r u a r y at t h e latest,
n o t offer p r i m a facie g r o u n d s f o r r e j e c t i n g i t .
A r r i a n 3 . 1 . 5 :
p h r a s e c i t e d a b o v e is as v a g u e l y flexible as B a g
n a l l w o u l d l i k e i t t o be. T h e f a c t t h a t A l e x a n d e r
could,
83
Arrian 3.2.3-7
A p r i l a n d s t i l l have k e p t his d a t e w i t h d e s t i n y at
84
F o r t h i s e p i s o d e , see A r r i a n 3 . 3 . 1 - 4 . 5 ; C u r t .
t h e o t h e r e v i d e n c e is a l l a g a i n s t i t .
G a u g a m e l a is n o p r o o f t h a t i n f a c t he did;
4 . 7 . 6 - 3 2 ; P l u t . Alex.
z6.6-zy;
and
Diod.
99
Sic. 1 7 . 4 9 . 2 - 5 1 . 4 ; J u s t . 1 1 . 1 1 . 2 - 1 2 .
A r r i a n 3 . 4 . 4 , cf. C u r t . 4 . 8 . 1 . A . B . B o s w o r t h ,
A Historical
85
D i o d . Sic. 1 7 . 4 9 . 2 - 3 ; C u r t . 4 . 7 . 9 .
86
H o g a r t h (note 29 above): 5 7 - 5 8 .
87
Ps.-Call. 1 . 3 1 - 3 3 passim.
of Alexander,
Commentary
on Arrian's
History
v o l . 1 ( O x f o r d 1 9 8 2 ) , p . 2 7 4 , has
a b r i e f b u t sensible d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e p r o b l e m ,
s u g g e s t i n g , p l a u s i b l y , t h a t A r r i a n m a y w e l l have
m i s i n t e r p r e t e d his sources: " I f A r i s t o b u l u s h a d
a detailed statement that A l e x a n d e r returned
via P a r a e t o n i u m t o Egypt w h i l e Ptolemy said
88
w o u l d have been p o s s i b l e f o r h i m t o d r a w a
89
P s . - C a l l . 1 . 3 0 . 5 - 7 :
'
m i s t a k e n inference f r o m Ptolemy's b r e v i t y a n d
assume t h a t t w o r o u t e s w e r e at i s s u e . "
100
D i o d . Sic. 1 7 . 5 2 . 6 . M o r e d e t a i l e d a c c o u n t s i n
Arrian 3.5.2-7; Curt. 4.8.4-9.
23
24
INTRODUCTION
101
Ps.-Call. 1 . 3 1 . 9 - 1 0 .
Geschichte
(Munich 1969),
Ptolemaios'1
pp. 3 9 - 5 1 .
102
[Caes.] Bell.
5 . 1 ; M a h m o u d - B e y (note 60
Alex.
I 18
above), p p . 29ft.
A r r i a n 3 . 5 . 4 specifies t h e m o r e l i m i t e d area o f
" A r a b i a t o w a r d s H e r o o n p o l i s " ; C u r t . 4.8.5
103
refers t o "eiusdem
Ps.-Call. 1.30.6.
est"]
104
J u s t . 1 3 . 4 . 1 1 : Cleomenes,
qui
107
Aegypto
iuncta
went on.
V i t r u v . 2 praef.
4 ; P l i n . NH
5.62; V a l . M a x .
I 19
1.4.7, e x t . 1 ; A m m . M a r c . 2 2 . 1 6 . 7 .
106
[ i . e . , "quae
Aegyptique."
ence is t h a t his a u t h o r i t y w a s e x t e n d e d as t i m e
Alexandriam
aedificauerat.
105
Africae
V i t r u v . praef.
[ A r i s t . ] Oecon.
1 3 5 2 1 7 ; A r r i a n , '
1-4.
A m o n g o t h e r t h i n g s , he h a d a h a n d i n d e s i g n i n g
120
A r r i a n , i b i d . ; Just. 1 3 . 4 . 1 1 .
121
Paus. 1.6.3.
122
D i o d . Sic. 1 8 . 1 4 . 1 .
t h e vast n e w t e m p l e o f A r t e m i s at E p h e s o s :
S t r a b o 1 4 . 1 . 2 2 - 2 3 , C . 6 4 0 - 4 1 , cf. W . B . D i n s m o o r , The Architecture
of Ancient
(3rd
Greece
rev. e d . , L o n d o n 1 9 5 0 ) , p . 2 2 4 .
123
[Dem.]
$6.yn.
D e m o s t h e n e s is a p p e a l e d t o as a
w i t n e s s at t h e close o f t h i s speech ( 5 0 ) ; b u t i t
108
V i t r u v . 2 praef.
1 - 3 ; P l u t . Alex.
7 2 . 3 - 7 ; Strabo
l a t e r scribe w h e n t h e speech h a d f o u n d a p l a c e
14.1.23, C.641.
i n t h e D e m o s t h e n i c c o r p u s . I n a n y case, since
109
V i t r u v . 2 praef.
3: "formationem
puto
K l e o m e n e s ' t e n u r e o f office is s p o k e n o f as o v e r
pro-
( 7 refers t o t h e
bandam."
I 10
V i t r u v . 2 praef.
4 : Ibi Alexander
nomine
111
ciuitatem
Alexandriam
eum
American
Society
the
o n l y a m o n t h o r t w o before Demosthenes'
suo
flight
constituere.
. . .
[after n o t i n g
t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f t h e site] . . . iussit
124
15
of Papyrologists
[ A r i s t . ] Oecon.
1352
z.z.^^a-,
passim; 2.2.39, I 3 5 3
17-1352
25,
1-7.
( 1 9 7 8 ) : 3 9 - 4 2 . esp. 4 1 - 4 2 .
125
112
I I3
P l i n y NH
12 6
Deinocrates
5 . 6 2 : metatus
est earn
. . . ad effigiem
[Alexandriam]
C i t e d b y A t h e n a e u s , Deipnos.
A r r i a n 7 . 2 3 . 6 - 8 :
Macedonicae
9.393c.
chlamydis.
127
I 14
A r r i a n 7.2.3.8, 6: ,
D i o d . Sic. 1 7 . 5 2 . 3 ; S t r a b o 1 7 . 1 . 8 , C . 7 9 3 .
I 15
P s . - C a l l . 1.31 p a s s i m .
I 16
C u r t . 4 . 8 . 5 : ex finitimis
Alexandream
tudine
impleuit.
iussis
urbibus
nouam
urbem
commigrare
magna
. . .
multi-
128
Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 7 a b o v e ) , p . 1 3 ; Fraser, 11 ( n o t e 7
above), p . 10 n . 25.
129
R o d z i e w i c z (note 22 above): 4 5 - 4 6 .
130
D . G . H o g a r t h a n d E . F. B e n s o n , " R e p o r t o f
t e r p r i s e at t h e service o f p u b l i c w o r k s a c o n
s i d e r a b l e p e r i o d m u s t have elapsed b e f o r e t h e
n e w city was ready for occupation.
Prospects o f Research i n A l e x a n d r i a , w i t h N o t e
Egypt
m e n e s ( r e p r e s e n t e d as t h e v i c t i m o f P t o l e m a i c
pp.
o n Excavations i n A l e x a n d r i a n Cemeteries,"
I 17
Exploration
Fund
( L o n d o n 1895?),
1-33.
zur
I3I
Green
I
I
fits v e r y i l l w i t h t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e w a l l s f o u n d
144
P l u t . Alex.
132
C f . Mor.
2 2 . 6 :
65F,
717V.
f o u i l l e s recentes de p l u s en p l u s n o m b r e u s e s
o n t m o n t r e que ce p l a n e t a i t juste et q u e n o u s
145
P l u t . Alex.
at
2 2 . 1 , 4 ; 2 1 . 1 0 :
(P- 4 7 )
146
I 33
M a h m o u d - B e y ( n o t e 6 0 a b o v e ) , p p . i 8 f f . ; cf.
I have h a d i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h i s p a p e r f r o m
m y f r i e n d Professor D i a n a D e l i a , w h o p u t her
T h e A l e x a n d r i a n L i b r a r y i n C l a s s i c a l a n d Is
g r e a t k n o w l e d g e o f A l e x a n d r i a a n d her re
l a m i c T r a d i t i o n s , " American
m a r k a b l e c o l l e c t i o n o f r a r e o r inaccessible A l e x
Historical
Review
a n d r i a n s c h o l a r s h i p f r e e l y at m y d i s p o s a l .
N a t u r a l l y she is n o t t o be h e l d r e s p o n s i b l e f o r
a n y o f m y e r r o r s o r w i l d e r flights o f fancy.
134
H o g a r t h ( n o t e 29 a b o v e ) : 5 3 .
135
Aug.
1 8 . 1 ; D i o Cass. 5 1 . 1 6 . 3 - 5 ( A u g u s t u s ) ; Suet.
Calig.
52 ( C a l i g u l a ) ; D i o Cass. 7 0 . 1 3 ( S e p t i m i u s
Severus); H e r o d i a n 4 . 8 . 9 ( C a r a c a l l a ) ; J o h n
C h r y s o s t . Orat.
136
2 6 . 1 2 : ,
;
'
C u r t . 1 0 . 6 . 4 ; D i o d . Sic. 1 8 . 6 0 p a s s i m ,
1 9 . 1 5 . 3 - 4 ; P l u t . Eum.
1 3 ; N e p . Eum.
7.2-3;
Polyaen. 4.8.2.
I 37
I 38
of the Faculty
of Arts,
Alexandria
Uni
18 ( 1 9 6 4 ) : 1 6 9 - 9 9 , w i t h figs. 1 - 1 1 .
See Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 7 a b o v e ) , p p . 1 5 - 1 7 ;
Fraser, 11 ( n o t e 7 a b o v e ) , p p . 3 4 - 4 1 n n . 8 2 - 9 0 ;
D e l i a ( n o t e 133 a b o v e ) : 1 4 5 6 n . 2 7 .
I 39
T h e m o s t r e c e n t a t t e m p t I have seen is t h a t o f
T h o m a s Stelios ( d e s c r i b e d as a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l
e x e c u t i v e a n d a F e l l o w o f t h e A I A [ ? ] ) i n The
Mediterranean
1.2 ( 1 9 8 5 ) : 2 6 - 3 3 .
140
141
V . E h r e n b e r g , Alexander
Beihefte
142
zum Alten
Orient
und Agypten,
vol. 7 of
Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 7 a b o v e ) , p . 7; Fraser, 11 ( n o t e 7
above), p . 10 n . 2 4 .
143
i . 2 2 d :
25
29
Riad
ad AegyptumAlexandria
by E g y p t
Alexandreae
et Aegypti prefect
1
of A l e x a n d r i a a n d o f E g y p t .
or "fatty." Ptolemy x i n
[ a b o u t 30 m ] i n
30
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
Alexandria, Graeco-Roman
Museum.
daimon,
f r o m the c i t y o f
Riad
10
11
31
32
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
1 2
I t is indeed significant t h a t a k n o w l e d g e o f
1 3
14
T h e priests,
15
I n fact, the p o l i c y
16
Riad
17
1 8
1 9
33
34
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
20
G l a s s m a k i n g h a d always been an i m p o r t a n t i n d u s t r y i n E g y p t ,
a n d i t c o n t i n u e d t o be so i n Ptolemaic A l e x a n d r i a . I t sprang i n t o n e w life
under the Ptolemies, a n d f o r m a n y centuries A l e x a n d r i a was the center
of the f a b r i c a t i o n o f articles i n glass. Strabo refers t o glassmakers o f the
c i t y i n a w a y t h a t shows t h a t they were a substantial, well-established
b o d y o f craftsmen. A l e x a n d r i a n glassmakers, like m e t a l w o r k e r s , n o t
o n l y c o n t i n u e d a n d m o d i f i e d native t r a d i t i o n s b u t also p r o d u c e d i m i t a
tions o f m e t a l vases.
21
22
A l e x a n d r i a : black-glazed r i b b e d vases w i t h f l o r a l d e c o r a t i o n i n w h i t e
a n d sometimes i n relief, a n d the H a d r a vases (fig. 6 ) . T h e first g r o u p oc
curs elsewhere i n the H e l l e n i s t i c w o r l d b u t is sufficiently m o r e numerous
i n A l e x a n d r i a n t o m b s t o oblige us t o suggest t h a t this variety is A l e x a n
d r i a n . T h e H a d r a vases fall i n t o t w o d i s t i n c t classes. T h e first a n d larger
g r o u p , frequently f o u n d i n Ptolemaic t o m b s , consists o f fine, well-fired
clay decorated w i t h panels, flowers, scrolls, a n d palmettes, as w e l l as
scenes o f animals o r h u m a n figures a p p l i e d i n black o n the pale buff o f
the t e r r a c o t t a . T h e second, less frequent type consists o f vases p a i n t e d
w h i t e a n d decorated w i t h p o l y c h r o m e objects such as an altar, a s w o r d ,
or a p a i r o f shoes. These t w o groups are contemporaneous a n d fre
q u e n t l y appeared at Shatby, a d i s t r i c t of A l e x a n d r i a ; the o r i g i n of b o t h
types is p r o b a b l y A l e x a n d r i a n .
2 3
FIG.
Riad
2 4
fected i n A l e x a n d r i a .
2 5
26
Graeco-Roman M u s e u m .
35
36
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
27
2 8
Riad
29
t o m s c o n c e r n i n g death a n d b u r i a l r e m a i n e d r e m a r k a b l y s i m i l a r . O n e
procedure t h a t u n d e r w e n t subtle change was m u m m i f i c a t i o n . I n later
p h a r a o n i c h i s t o r y i t was c o m m o n t o envelop the entire bandaged b o d y
of the deceased i n cartonnage, w h i c h consisted o f l i n e n r e i n f o r c e d w i t h
plaster, m o d e l e d t o the o u t l i n e o f the e m b a l m e d body. T h e section cover
i n g the head was usually fashioned as a c o n v e n t i o n a l a n d idealized p o r
t r a i t o f the deceased, w h i l e the p o r t i o n covering the b o d y was frequently
decorated w i t h scenes o f deities a n d the n e t h e r w o r l d . D u r i n g the Ptole
maic p e r i o d , the use of cartonnage was confined t o c e r t a i n p o r t i o n s of
the l i n e n - w r a p p e d m u m m y t h e head, chest, s t o m a c h , t h i g h s , a n d feet.
T h e head was t h e n covered w i t h a mask decorated w i t h a w i n g e d scarab
beetle, w h i l e a r o u n d the neck was placed an elaborate c o l l a r w i t h ter
m i n a l s i n the f o r m of f a l c o n heads. T h e area between the head and the
feet was decorated w i t h deities a n d religious scenes. M u m m i f i c a t i o n c o n
t i n u e d t o be p r a c t i c e d even i n early C h r i s t i a n i t y .
According to tradition, Alexandria's involvement w i t h Chris
t i a n i t y started i n the m i d d l e o f the first c e n t u r y A . D . w h e n the evangelist
Saint M a r k came t o A l e x a n d r i a preaching a n e w r e l i g i o n . O n his a r r i v a l ,
he was fascinated by the beauty of the city. H e was w a n d e r i n g t h r o u g h
its streets l o o k i n g at the magnificent b u i l d i n g s , w h e n one o f his sandals
became t o r n . H e w e n t t o a shoemaker by the name o f A n i a n u s t o have i t
repaired. W h e n the shoemaker t o o k the a w l t o w o r k o n the sandal, he
accidently pierced his h a n d ; Saint M a r k h e l d the cobbler's h a n d , preach
i n g the Gospel, a n d the man's h a n d m i r a c u l o u s l y healed. T h e cobbler
a n d the members o f his f a m i l y were converted t o C h r i s t i a n i t y a n d were
baptized.
30
A f t e r t h a t A l e x a n d r i a n Christians g r a d u a l l y m u l t i p l i e d i n
31
32
37
38
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
3 3
I n ad
3 4
M o s t o f the
3 5
36
E G Y P T
R iad
Notes
E . B r e c c i a , Alexandrea
(Bergamo
ad Aegyptum
20
D . B. T h o m p s o n , i n H . Maehler and
V . S t r o c k e r , eds., Das ptolemaische
1920), p. 34.
Agypten
P. M . Fraser, Ptolemaic
Alexandria,
vol. 1 (Ox
21
Fraser ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p . 1 3 7 .
See B r e c c i a ( n o t e 1 a b o v e ) , p . 3 4 .
22
Fraser ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p . 1 4 1 .
23
Fraser ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p p . 1 3 8 - 4 0 .
24
Fraser ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p . 1 4 0 ; i n g e n e r a l , see
(London
of Strabo
a n d N e w Y o r k 1 9 3 2 ) , p . 33 ( = 1 7 . 1 . 8 ) . See also
Fraser ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p p . 7 f t .
D . B . T h o m p s o n , Ptolemaic
5
of
Portraits
Egyptian
Oinochoai
and
(Oxford 1973).
13 ( 1 9 2 7 ) : 1 7 4 ; B r e c c i a ( n o t e 1
a b o v e ) , p . 6 8 ; Fraser ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p p . 3 4 - 3 7 .
25
B r e c c i a ( n o t e 1 a b o v e ) , p p . 3 1 - 3 2 ; Fraser ( n o t e
26
Fraser ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p . 1 4 1 .
E . L . B u t c h e r , The Story
Egypt,
2 above), pp. 3 8 - 9 2 .
7
in Faience
P. O x y . 2 3 3 2 ; see Fraser ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p p . 5 0 9 ,
6 8 1 , 6 8 4 ; A . B o w m a n , Egypt
after
the
27
Pharaohs
of the Church
of
J. R o u g e , Ships
and Fleets
Mediterranean
( M i d d l e t o w n 1975), p p . 198ft.
of the
Ancient
(Warwickshire 1986), p. 3 1 .
8
28
29
30
B r e c c i a ( n o t e 1 a b o v e ) , p p . 1 1 0 - 1 5 ; Fraser
O . M e i n a r d u s , Christian
Modern,
10
I . B e l l , Cults
Egypt
and Creeds
in
Egypt,
Ancient
and
2 n d rev. e d . ( C a i r o 1 9 7 7 ) , p . 3 0 .
Graeco-Roman
( L i v e r p o o l 1 9 5 4 ) , p p . 2 2 - 2 4 ; Fraser
3I
Ibid., p. 163.
32
33
B o w m a n (note 7 above), p. 4 5 .
34
P. O x y . 3 0 6 5 ; see B o w m a n ( n o t e 7 a b o v e ) ,
(note 2 above), p p . 1 8 9 - 3 0 1 .
II
12
U . W i l c k e n , Urkunden
der
Ptolemaerzeit
und
p. 214.
Chrestomathie
v o l . 1 (Leipzig 1912),
no. 136.
35
I3
B e l l ( n o t e 1 0 a b o v e ) , p p . 5off.
36
14
15
16
17
18
19
Fraser ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p p . 1 3 6 f t .
39
41
Delia
T h e o k r i t o s ' s Adoniazousai
(Idylls
l i k e any w o r k of l i t e r a t u r e ,
m a y be p u r e i n v e n t i o n , t w o aspects are h i g h l y p r o v o c a t i v e a n d w a r r a n t
further i n v e s t i g a t i o n : first, the poet's i m p r e s s i o n t h a t soldiers were pre
p o n d e r a n t i n t h i r d - c e n t u r y - B . c . A l e x a n d r i a a n d , second, the emphasis
placed o n ethnic i d e n t i f i c a t i o n . Since the Ptolemaic a r m y extensively em
p l o y e d f o r e i g n mercenaries, b o t h issues find a c o m m o n d e n o m i n a t o r i n
the nature o f e t h n i c i t y i n A l e x a n d r i a . T h i s paper w i l l address t h a t sub
ject, focusing o n the late f o u r t h t h r o u g h early second c e n t u r y B . C .
before the repressive measures o f P t o l e m y v i n Euergetes 11 reversed the
" b r a i n d r a i n " t o A l e x a n d r i a characteristic o f preceding centuries.
O n e m a y as w e l l begin b y p o s i n g the historian's c o n v e n t i o n a l
l i t a n y : w h o came t o A l e x a n d r i a ? whence? a n d w h y ? D i d o r u s Siculus a n d
Polybios relate t h a t p r o m i n e n t p o l i t i c a l figures were b r o u g h t t o A l e x a n
d r i a as hostages. Conspicuous a m o n g these was Pyrrhos o f E p i r o s , w h o
a r r i v e d i n 2 9 8 , m a r r i e d P t o l e m y 1 Soter's daughter, a n d w i t h his help re
gained an empire the f o l l o w i n g year. Subsequently, C h r e m o n i d e s a n d
G l a u k o n , sons o f the A t h e n i a n Eteokles, secured t h e i r father's pact w i t h
Philadelphos by distinguished service under h i m a n d his successor, w h i l e
42
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
Delia
10
11
12
13
L i k e w i s e , the m a t h e m a t i c i a n -
14
15
16
T h e c o m i c w r i t e r s P h i l e m o n o f Syracuse a n d M a c h o n l i k e
17
N u m e r o u s historians,
1 8
43
44
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
generations o f g r a m m a r i a n s , w h o edited a n d c o m m e n t e d o n H o m e r i c ,
A r c h a i c , a n d classical l i t e r a r y w o r k s . Discussed at l e n g t h by Peter Fraser,
these require n o f u r t h e r c o m m e n t here, apart f r o m the observation t h a t
the o r i g i n s of m a n y s c h o l a r s p a r t i c u l a r l y Cyrene, K o s , a n d Samos
c o i n c i d e d w i t h areas under Ptolemaic c o n t r o l .
1 9
A c c o r d i n g l y , one w o n
20
A n e w c i t y f o u n d a t i o n p r o v i d e d extensive o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r
architects a n d engineers such as D e i n o k r a t e s , w h o l a i d o u t the o r i g i n a l
c i t y p l a n , a n d Sostratos o f K n i d o s , the designer o f the Pharos l i g h t
house.
21
22
p r o d u c t s i m p o r t e d b y A p o l l o n i o s i n t o A l e x a n d r i a : w i n e a n d cheese f r o m
Lesbos, K n i d o s , a n d C h i o s ; o i l f r o m Samos a n d M i l e t o s ; a n d L y c i a n
honey, t o name a f e w .
23
A l t h o u g h A p o l l o n i o s e m p l o y e d his o w n agents
2 4
25
Delia
2 6
27
28
Alexan-
3 0
31
A l t h o u g h this m i l i t a r y
3 2
Egyptians
33
D u r i n g the h a l f c e n t u r y t h a t preceded R a p h i a , E g y p t h a d en
gaged i n f o u r Syrian campaigns as w e l l as the C h r e m o n i d e a n W a r against
M a c e d o n i a , r e s u l t i n g i n the o c c u p a t i o n o f n u m e r o u s Aegean islands a n d
bridgeheads o n the coast o f Asia M i n o r . T h e solid gains of Philadelphos
a n d Euergetes 1 established the Ptolemaic overseas empire, i n s t r i k i n g
contrast t o the earlier, ephemeral conquests o f Soter. H a r d l y a season
passed t h a t d i d n o t witness m i l i t a r y a c t i o n i n Syrian o r Aegean theaters.
A f t e r R a p h i a , the Ptolemies engaged i n yet another Syrian w a r a n d spent
two
45
46
HELLENISTIC
A L E X A N D R I A
34
Kal avaycoyovoppressive,
35
m a i n t a i n e d h o u s e h o l d t r o o p s (ra depaireCa)
rrepl rr\v
OLV\T)V
a n d a r o y a l b o d y g u a r d (ra
often present at c o u r t .
3 6
A n o t h e r g a r r i s o n , serving p r i m a r i l y as a customs
37
38
3 9
Likewise, Rhakotis, lo
cated i n the south-central sector o f the city, appears t o have been the
oldest E g y p t i a n settlement, p r e d a t i n g even the f o u n d a t i o n b y A l e x a n d e r ;
yet, by the t i m e o f Caesar, the i s l a n d of Pharos c o n s t i t u t e d a s u b u r b
b o a s t i n g an E g y p t i a n p o p u l a t i o n so massive t h a t i t occasioned c o m
ment.
40
41
E t h n i c c o m m u n i t i e s fostering c o m m o n social a n d c u l t u r a l
42
Residing f o r
Delia
n a t i o n a l i d e n t i t y w h i l e simultaneously d i s t i n g u i s h i n g between i m m i
grants f r o m Greek cities a n d Egyptians a n d other n o n - H e l l e n e s .
43
Like
nevertheless m o d e l e d t h e i r
44
I n cities such as A l e x a n d r i a , m e m b e r s h i p i n a
K&TOLKOL
perpetuated H e l
45
Pre
R H O D E
I S L A N D
47
48
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
Notes
P y r r h o s : W . P e r e m a n s , E . v a n ' t D a c k , et a l . ,
Prosopographia
6.14566;
PP
Ptolemaica
(hereafter
[ h e r e a f t e r P. Cair.
(Cairo 1925-1931),
Zen.]
11, n o s . 5 9 0 4 5 - 4 6 ( P h i l a d e l p h i a , 2 5 7 B . C . )
PP)
C h r e m o n i d e s : PP 6 . 1 4 6 3 6 ; G l a u k o n :
6 . 1 4 5 9 6 ; A n d r o m a c h o s : PP 6 . 1 6 1 4 0 .
A t h e n a e u s i 3 . 5 7 6 e - f ; B e r e n i k e I : PP 6 . 1 4 4 9 7 ;
T h a i s : PP 6 . 1 4 7 2 3 ; A r s i n o e I : PP 6 . 1 4 4 9 1 ;
D e m e t r i o s : PP 6 . 1 6 7 4 2 ; A n d r o n i k o s :
PP
B i l i s t i c h e : PP 6 . 1 4 7 1 7 ; B e r e n i k e 11: PP 6 . 1 4 4 9 7 ;
4 . 1 0 0 6 2 a ; H i p p o m e d o n : PP 6 . 1 4 6 0 5 ;
C l e o p a t r a I : PP 6 . 1 4 5 1 5 ; A g a t h o k l e i a :
K l e o m e n e s : PP 6 . 1 6 1 1 8 .
3
P. M . Fraser, Ptolemaic
PP
Alexandria,
vol. 1
[hereafter Fraser] ( O x f o r d 1 9 7 2 ) , p p . 1 0 2 - 3 ;
F. H e i c h e l h e i m , Die auswartige
Ptolemaerreich,
Bevolkerung
of Egyptian
the Metropolitan
39 ( 1 9 5 3 ) :
Archaeology
8 4 - 9 4 ; - F- C o o k , Inscribed
Museum
Hadra
cia,
e d . , Catalogue
des antiquites
r e n t u m : PP 2 . 4 3 3 1 a n d 6 . 1 4 6 3 0 ; P o l y k r a t e s o f
Iscrizione
A r g o s : PP 6 . 1 5 2 3 3 , a n d F. P r e i s i g k e et a l . ,
= SB ( n o t e 3 a b o v e ) , 1, n o . 1 6 8 6 .
griechischer
Urkunden
e latine
see also C o o k ( n o t e 6 a b o v e ) ,
PP 6.14996ft.;
pp.
3 6 5 9 ( A l e x a n d r i a ) ; a n d his b r o t h e r P t o l e -
20-25,
(fro
A p o l l o n i a ) , 3 (Pho-
caea), 7 ( A c h a i a ) , 8 ( B o e o t i a ) , a n d 1 0 ( D e l p h i ) .
8
greche
Egyp-
aus
[ h e r e a f t e r SB] ( S t r a s b o u r g 1 9 1 5 ) , 1,
m a i o s : PP 6 . 1 5 7 7 0 .
PP
d'Alexandrie,
nos. 1 - 5 6 8 :
tiennes
eds., Sammelbuch
au Musee
general
no.
in
a b o v e ) , 1 1 6 7 6 a n d 1 6 4 2 , r e s p e c t i v e l y ; E . Brec
6.14576.
Agypten
Vases
(New York
of Art
1 9 6 6 ) , p p . 2 3 - 3 4 , n o s . 7 a n d 8 = SB ( n o t e 3
of K o s : PP 6 . 1 4 9 9 0 ; A g a t h o k l e s o f S a m o s :
PP
13
( i 9 6 0 ) : 1 5 9 - 6 1 ; T . R o n n e a n d P. M . Fraser,
im
B e i h e f t 18 ( L e i p z i g 1 9 2 5 ) ,
Klio,
6.14714.
D e m e t r i o s o f A t h e n s : PP 6 . 1 4 7 5 4 .
Antieke
Beschaving
60 (1985): 145.
G o v e r n o r s : PP 6 . 1 5 0 3 i f f . See also R . S. B a g n a l l ,
The
Administration
sions
Outside
of the Ptolemaic
of Egypt
Posses
35 a n d p a s s i m . Fraser, p p . 6 6 - 6 7 , a s t u t e l y o b
pp.
served t h a t a m a j o r i t y o f P t o l e m a i c officials at
mente
1 9 9 - 2 0 1 ; P h i l o c h o r o s : F. J a c o b y , Die
D e l o s , T h e r a , a n d C r e t e possessed G r e e k c i t y
FGrH]
der griechischen
Historiker
Frag-
[hereafter
ethnics other t h a n A l e x a n d r i a n .
10
P h i l i s k o s : PP 3 . 6 5 4 1 . L i k e w i s e , a t e m p l e o f C y bele w a s b u i l t n e a r b y at C a n o p u s b y t h e r e i g n
6 . 1 6 7 4 2 ; D i o d o r o s K r o n o s f r o m Iasos:
of Euergetes : E . B r e c c i a , " L a
PP
6 . 1 6 7 4 6 ; M e n e d e m o s o f E r e t r i a : PP
C a n o p o , " Bulletin
d'Alexandrie
6 . 1 6 7 7 0 ; M n e s i s t r a t o s o f T h a s o s : PP 6 . 1 6 7 7 2 .
P h y s i c i a n s : C h r y s i p p o s o f K n i d o s : PP
6.16646;
I I
de la Societe
archeologique
17 ( 1 9 1 9 ) : 1 8 8 - 9 2 .
E.g., K a l l i k r a t e s o f Samos ( 2 7 2 / 2 7 1 B . C . ) :
3.5164; Patroklos of M a c e d o n (271/270
P h i l i p p o s o f K o s : PP 6 . 1 6 6 4 0 , a n d Fraser,
PP
pp.
B . C . ) : PP 3 . 5 2 2 5 ; Pelops o f M a c e d o n ( 2 6 5 / 2 6 4 -
369-70.
2 6 4 / 2 6 3 B . C . ) : PP 3 . 5 2 2 7 ; G l a u k o n o f A t h e n s
T u t o r s : P h i l i t a s o f K o s : PP 6 . 1 6 7 2 4 , a n d Fraser,
( 2 5 5 / 2 5 4 B . C . ) : PP 3 . 5 0 7 1 ; N e o p t o l e m o s o f
pp.
P i s i d i a ( 2 5 2 / 2 5 1 B . C . ) : PP 3 . 5 2 0 4 ; T l e p o l e -
PP
6.16786;
6.16512,
3 . 5 2 8 8 ; A g a t h o k l e s o f Samos (216/215
B . C . ) : PP 3 . 4 9 8 6 . See also J. I j s e w i j n , De
d Fraser, p . 4 6 2 .
dotibus
Lagidorum
4
Papyri,
4 vols.
sacerdotiisque
Alexandri
Magni
saceret
(Brussels 1 9 6 1 ) , a n d F r a s e r ( n o t e 3
Delia
12
H e r o p h i l o s : P P 6.16606;
( L o n d o n 1 8 9 8 - ) , x , n o . i 2 4 i . i i ( s e c o n d cen
Kleophantos:
PP 3 . 1 6 6 1 5 ; P h i l i n o s : PP 6.16639,
Papyri
t u r y A . D . ) a n d Fraser, p p . 3 3 0 - 3 8 o n t h e suc
a n d Fraser,
cession o f L i b r a r y d i r e c t o r s .
p . 3 5 9 ; C h r y s i p p o s : PP 3 . 1 6 6 4 6 , a n d Fraser,
p p . 3 4 6 - 4 7 . O n E r a s i s t r a t o s , see PP 6 . 1 6 5 9 7 ;
cf. Fraser, p . 3 4 7 .
20
Fraser ( n o t e 3 a b o v e ) , p p . 3 0 7 - 8 , 4 5 9 - 6 1 .
13
z2.16.18.
21
14
E u c l i d : PP 6 . 1 6 5 4 1 , a n d F r a s e r ( n o t e 3 a b o v e ) ,
Bulletin
p p . 3 8 7 - 9 6 ; A r i s t a r c h o s : PP 6 . 1 6 5 2 6 , a n d
gists
Society
of
Papyrolo-
15 ( 1 9 7 8 ) : 3 9 - 4 2 ; S o s t r a t o s : P P 6 . 1 6 5 5 5 .
Fraser, p p . 3 9 6 - 9 9 ; K o n o n : PP 6 . 1 6 5 4 5 , a n d
Fraser, p p . 4 0 0 - 4 0 1 ; E r a t o s t h e n e s : PP 6 . 1 6 5 1 5 ,
22
A g a t h a r k i d e s : C. M i i l l e r , ed.,
Geographici
v o l . 1 (Paris 1 8 5 5 ) , p p . 1 1 1 -
a n d Fraser, p p . 4 0 2 , 4 1 4 - 1 5 ; A r c h i m e d e s :
Graeci
Minores,
PP 6 . 1 6 5 2 8 , a n d Fraser, p p . 3 9 9 - 4 1 4 ; A p o l l o -
9 5 ; S t r a b o 1 7 . 1 . 6 - 7 ; Periplus
Maris
Erythraei.
n i o s : PP 6 . 1 6 5 2 5 , a n d Fraser, p p . 3 9 6 , 4 1 5 - 2 2 ;
K t s e b i o s : PP 6 . 1 6 5 4 6 , a n d Fraser, p . 4 3 1 ;
23
P h i l o n : PP 6 . 1 6 5 6 1 , a n d Fraser, p p . 4 2 8 - 3 4 .
P. Cair.
Zen.
( n o t e 4 a b o v e ) , 1, n o . 5 9 1 1 0 ; see
von
Alexandreia
Historical
24
V . G r a c e , " A n c i e n t G r e e k W i n e Jar F r a g m e n t s
i n C o l l e c t i o n s i n A l e x a n d r i a , " Year Book
97
Review
American
(1992): 1 4 5 1 - 5 2 .
Philosophical
Association,
of
the
1955:
321-26.
16
D e m e t r i o s : PP 6 . 1 6 7 4 2 ; S t r a t o n : PP 6 . 1 6 7 8 6 ;
E r a t o s t h e n e s , PP 6 . 1 6 5 1 5 , a n d Fraser ( n o t e 3
25
Fraser ( n o t e 3 a b o v e ) , p p . 1 6 7 - 6 8 ; A . E n k l a a r ,
" L e s h y d r i e s de H a d r a , I I : F o r m e s et a t e l i e r s , "
a b o v e ) , p . 4 8 3 ; S p h a i r o s : PP 6 . 1 6 7 8 8 .
Bulletin
17
Beshaving
61 ( 1 9 8 6 ) : n o s . 43
C o r i n t h o r S i k y o n ) : PP 6 . 1 6 7 0 2 ; K a l l i m a c h o s :
at A l e x a n d r i a a b o u t 2 6 0 B . C . , w i t h d e c o r a t e d
PP 6 . 1 6 5 1 7 ,
d Fraser ( n o t e 3 a b o v e ) ,
p p . 4 5 2 - 5 5 , 7 1 7 - 9 3 ; H e r a k l e i t o s : PP 6 . 1 6 6 8 9 ;
a n d n o n d e c o r a t e d p o t s c o n t i n u i n g t o be ex
H e r m e s i a n a x : PP 6 . 1 6 6 8 5 ; H e r o d a s :
p o r t e d t o A l e x a n d r i a i n t o t h e first c e n t u r y B . C .
PP 6.16691;
18
Antieke
a n d 6 3 . a . C r e t a n H a d r a vessels b e g i n t o a p p e a r
P h i l e m o n : PP 6 . 1 6 7 2 3 ; M a c h o n ( f r o m
T h e o k r i t o s : PP 6.16696;
E n k l a a r dates A l e x a n d r i a n - m a n u f a c t u r e d H a d r a
Hedylos
( f r o m A t h e n s o r S a m o s ) : PP 6 . 1 6 6 8 8 .
w a r e w i t h i n t h e years ca. 2 4 0 t o 1 9 0 B . C .
H e k a t a i o s o f A b d e r a : PP 6 . 1 6 9 1 5 ; T i m o s thenes o f R h o d e s : PP 5 . 1 3 7 9 4 ; L y k o s o f R h e -
g i o n : PP 6 . 1 6 9 3 1 ; T h e o p o m p o s o f C h i o s :
letin de la Societe
PP 6 . 1 6 9 2 4 ; D e m e t r i o s o f B y z a n t i o n :
PP 6.16910;
Archeologique
d Alexandria
:
9 ( 1 9 0 7 ) : 7 4 - 8 6 . N o t e D i o d o r u s Siculus 2 0 . 8 1
A p o l l o d o r o s of Athens:
PP 6 . 1 6 8 2 2 , a n d F r a s e r ( n o t e 6 a b o v e ) : 1 5 3 - 5 8 ,
n o . 1 3 ; H e r m i p p o s o f S m y r n a : PP 6 . 1 6 9 1 8 ;
Alexandria.
S a t y r o s o f K a l l a t i s : PP 6 . 1 6 9 4 8 . R e g r e t t a b l y ,
only the fragments of Kallixeinos survive
26
FGrH
O n E g y p t i a n i m m i g r a t i o n t o A l e x a n d r i a , see
H . B r a u n e r t , Die Binnenwanderung:
zur Sozialgeschichte
i n C, no. 627).
und Kaiserzeit,
19
Z e n o d o t o s o f E p h e s o s : PP 6.16516,
Agyptens
in der
Studien
ptolemder-
26 (Bonn 1964), p p . 7 5 - 8 0 .
a n d Fraser
27
p h r o n o f C h a l k i s : PP 6 . 1 6 5 1 9 , a n d Fraser,
p . 4 5 0 ; E r a t o s t h e n e s o f C y r e n e : PP 6 . 1 6 5 1 5 ,
a n d Fraser, p p . 4 5 7 - 5 8 ; E u p h r o n i o s o f C h e r r o n e s o s : PP 6 . 1 6 8 5 3 ; A r i s t o p h a n e s o f B y z a n
O n e M a m e r t i n e : SB ( n o t e 3 a b o v e ) , 1, n o s . 4 1 7 ^
t i u m : PP 6 . 1 6 5 1 3 , a n d Fraser, p p . 3 0 8 , 4 5 9 - 6 1 ;
(Hadra).
A g a l l i s o f K o r k y r a : PP 6 . 1 6 8 1 4 ; A r i s t a r c h o s
^ Fraser,
p p . 6 4 2 - 4 7 . See also B . P. G r e n f e l l a n d
o f S a m o t h r a c e : PP 6 . 1 6 5 1 2 ,
a n c
49
50
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
du
Musee
(Alexandria 1940):
1935-1939
p. 60 no. 78.
O n e I s t r i a n : B r o w n , PPM,
p . 2 5 , n o . 1 7 = Brec
n o . 2 4 3 ( I b r a h i m i e h ) a n d 2 7 5 ( S h a t b y ) ; SB 1,
O n e A e t o l i a n : SB 1, n o . 4 0 7 .
et p r o s o p o g r a p h i e p t o l e m a i ' q u e , "
O n e M a l i a n : R . Pagenstecher,
Untersuchungen
iiber
Gestalt
der alexandrinischen
Malereien
Nekropolis:
und
Chronique
43 ( 1 9 6 8 ) : 3 8 9 - 9 0 .
d'Egypte
Entwicklung
Grabenlagen
und
[ h e r e a f t e r Pagenstecher,
ihrer
Nekropolis]
(Hadra).
F i v e R h o d i a n s : SB 1, n o . 2 1 1 9 ( H a d r a ) ;
J. G . M i l n e , e d . , Catalogue
quites
Egyptiennes
Inscriptions
general
du Musee
des
Anti
du Caire:
Greek
( H a d r a ) ; SB i n , n o . 6 6 7 6 ( H a d r a ) ; SB v , n o s .
p p . 2 7 - 2 8 , n o . 16.
7767-68
(Hadra).
Six A t h e n i a n s : SB 1, n o . 4 5 3 ( I b r a h i m i e h ) ; Brec
cia (note 6 above), nos. 205 ( H a d r a ) , 2 1 0 , a n d
2 4 8 ( I b r a h i m i e h ) ; SB v , n o . 7 7 9 3 ( H a d r a ) ; SB
(Ibrahimieh).
v i i i , no. 9863
(Serapeion).
T w o Assians: Breccia (note 6 above),-nos. 2 8 2
( S h a t b y ) a n d 233 = Pagenstecher,
(Ibrahimieh).
p. 59, n o . 74.
O n e A c h a i a n : Pagenstecher, Nekropolis,
p. 59,
n o . 73 = B r e c c i a ( n o t e 6 a b o v e ) , n o . 283
O n e C h i a n : B r o w n , PPM,
Nekropolis,
p . 62, n o . 45 = C o o k
(Ibrahimieh).
Six M i l e s i a n s : B r e c c i a ( n o t e 6 a b o v e ) , n o . 2 3 6
T w o A r c a d i a n s : Pagenstecher,
Nekropolis,
= Pagenstecher, Nekropolis,
p. 48, no. 37
p . 4 7 , n o . 25 = B r e c c i a ( n o t e 6 a b o v e ) , n o . 2 4 6
( S h a t b y ) ; B r e c c i a ( n o t e 6 a b o v e ) , n o . 2 7 3 = Pa
( I b r a h i m i e h ) ; A d r i a n i (this note), p . 1 2 1 , n o . 7
genstecher, Nekropolis,
( E z b e t el M a k h l o u f ) .
p. 50, n o . 4 2 (Shatby);
2 8 6 = Pagenstecher, Nekropolis,
O n e A r g i v e : Pagenstecher, Nekropolis,
p. 59,
p. 6 1 , no. 84;
O n e E p i d a u r i a n : SB 1, n o . 2 1 3 0 ( R a m l e h ) .
T w o M a g n e s i a n s : SB i n , n o . 6 2 4 0 = 6 6 8 5 a n d
6683 (Hadra).
h i m i e h ) , 2 7 6 ( S h a t b y ) ; Pagenstecher,
= Pagenstecher, Nekropolis,
Nekropo
lis, p . 6 0 , n o . 7 9 ( H a d r a ) ; C o o k ( n o t e 6 a b o v e ) :
9 n . 7, 2 1 - 2 2 n o . 4 ( H a d r a ) , 26 n o . 12, 30 n o .
299a (Shatby).
T h r e e T h e r a i a n s : SB 1, n o . 2 9 9 ( M e x / G a b b a r i ) ;
B . R . B r o w n , Ptolemaic
and
PPM]
the Alexandrian
Paintings
Style
and
Mosaics
[hereafter B r o w n ,
( C a m b r i d g e , M a s s . 1 9 5 7 ) , p . 19 ( I b r a
h i m i e h ) ; C o o k ( n o t e 6 a b o v e ) : 16 n . 6 0 .
p. 60,
p . 1 7 , n o . 6 = Pagen
p . 53, n o . 52 ( I b r a h i m i e h ) ;
Pagenstecher, Nekropolis,
Delia
O n e C e l t : Pagenstecher, Nekropolis,
a b o v e ) , n o . 2 3 7 = B r o w n , PPM,
p. 58,
no. 65.
(Shatby).
A n E p i r o t : B r o w n , PPM,
p. 26, no. 21
p. 26, n o . 22 ( H a d r a ) .
(Hadra).
Thessalians: Breccia (note 6 above), n o . 242 =
Pagenstecher, Nekropolis
O n e P a m p h y l i a n : SB 1, n o . 1 7 2 4 ( H a d r a ) .
(note 27 above),
p . 5 1 , n o . 45 = B r o w n , PPM,
pp. 2 5 - 2 6 ,
F o u r S y r i a n s : SB 1, n o . 2 1 0 9 ( H a d r a ) ; B r e c c i a
n o . 2 0 ( I b r a h i m i e h ) ; B r o w n , PPM,
p. 16, no. 4
SB i n , n o . 6 6 8 9 ( H a d r a ) .
Pagenstecher, Nekropolis,
Recberches
2 5 1 ( I b r a h i m i e h ) . N o t e also t h e A r a m a i c f u n e r
(Paris 1 9 4 9 - 1 9 5 0 ) , 1, p . 2 1 7 .
p p . 5 2 - 5 3 , n o . 50
( S h a t b y ) . O n T h e s s a l i a n s , see also M . L a u n e y ,
sur les armees
2 vols.
hellenistiques,
a r y stela o f A q a b i a h f r o m t h e same c e m e t e r y :
B r e c c i a ( n o t e 25 a b o v e ) , p . 4 0 .
A n A e t o l i a n : SB ( n o t e 3 a b o v e ) , 1, n o . 2 1 1 0
(Hadra).
E l e v e n C y r e n a e a n s : SB 1, n o . 2 0 6 6 ( H a d r a ) ;
SB 1, n o . 1 6 7 6 ( H a d r a ) ; B r e c c i a ( n o t e 6 a b o v e ) ,
A k a r n i a n s : SB 1, n o . 2 1 0 4 ( H a d r a ) ; Pagen
n o s . 1 9 9 a n d 2 4 0 = Pagenstecher,
stecher, Nekropolis,
Nekropolis,
p. 5 1 , no. 44.
genstecher, Nekropolis,
1, p . 2 0 5 .
C r e t a n s : SB v , n o . 7 7 9 4 ( A l e x a n d r i a ) ; B r e c c i a
( n o t e 6 a b o v e ) , n o . 1 9 4 = SB 1, n o . 2 1 0 6
28
Polybios 5.37.
29
O n t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e castra
romano,
e topographici
1, p p . 2 5 0 - 5 1 .
dei
dell'Egitto
nomi
greco-
A R h o d i a n : Pagenstecher, Nekropolis,
p. 46,
v o l . 1.1 ( M i l a n 1 9 8 8 ) , p . 1 4 8 ; J. Les-
q u i e r , Varmee
Diocletien
Recberches,
Judaicum
4 . 1 1 . 5 . C f . A . C a l d e r i n i , Dizionario
geografici
see
Alexandrina,
S t r a b o 1 7 . 1 . 1 0 ; J o s e p h u s Bellum
romaine
d'Egypte
d'Auguste
A C o l o p h o n i a n : P. M . Fraser, " I n s c r i p t i o n s
f r o m G r e c o - R o m a n E g y p t , " Berytus
15 ( 1 9 6 4 ) :
at M u s t a f a Pasha, d a t i n g f r o m t h e late t h i r d t o
7 1 , n o . 1 ( p r o b a b l y f r o m A l e x a n d r i a ) . See also
L a u n e y , Recberches,
1, p . 4 3 1 .
Greco-Romain,
Annuaire
1933/1934-
(Alexandria 1936): 1 0 2 - 1 2
B i t h y n i a n s : SB 111, n o . 6 2 4 1 = B r o w n ,
and
1 7 3 - 7 4 ; B r o w n (note 27 above), p p . 5 2 - 5 3 ,
G a l a t i a n s : Pagenstecher, Nekropolis,
n o . 3 4 a n e x e m p l a r y s t u d y t h a t has b e c o m e
n o . 25 = B r o w n , PPM,
a l l t h e m o r e v a l u a b l e w i t h t h e passage o f t i m e
d r i a ) ; Pagenstecher, Nekropolis,
since t h i s a n d m a n y o t h e r m o n u m e n t s
( H a d r a ) ; B r o w n , PPM,
recorded
Nekropolis,
pp. 1 7 - 1 8 , no. 7
( H a d r a ) ; Pagenstecher, Nekropolis,
n o . 3 1 = B r o w n , PPM,
3I
p. 52, no. 47
p . 16 n o . 3 ( I b r a h i m i e h ) ;
SB 1, n o . 2 1 1 6 = Pagenstecher,
Polybios 5.36.4.
p. 46,
p. 18, n o . 9 (Alexan
p . 4 5 , n o . 23 = B r o w n , PPM,
30
p. 48,
P o l y b i o s 5.79 a n d 8 2 . A g a t h o k l e s ' a r r a n g e m e n t s
h i m i e h ) ; B r o w n , PPM,
h i m i e h ) . See a l s o A . J. R e i n a c h , " L e s G a u l o i s e n
number
pp. 1 6 - 1 7 ,
- 5 (Ibra
o f m e r c e n a r i e s c o n t i n u e d t o be s t a t i o n e d i n
E g y p t e , " Revue
17-18.
des Etudes
Anciennes
d a n s P a r t A l e x a n d r i n e , " Monuments
32
PPM,
p . 2 8 , n o . 2 7 ( G a b b a r i ) . See also SB i v , n o . 7 4 5 6 .
13
et
Me
mories,
Academie
vertes d a n s l a n e c r o p o l e de H a d r a , "
Annuaire
Lettres
18 ( 1 9 1 0 ) , p p . 3 7 - 1 1 6 ; a n d L a u n e y ,
(Alexan
Recberches,
du Musee
Greco-Romain,
1940-1950
d r i a 1 9 5 2 ) : 2 5 - 2 7 = B r o w n , PPM
1, p p .
des Inscriptions
et
Belles-
511-13.
(note 27
51
52
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
f u n e r a r y stela o f a R o m a n m e r c e n a r y , S i l v a n u s ,
w a s also u n e a r t h e d at S h a t b y : SB I , n o . 6 7 4 .
Zen.
(note 4 above),
J. L e s q u i e r , Les institutions
gypte
militaires
de
I'E-
(Paris 1 9 1 1 ) , p p . 5 - 1 0 .
39
J o s e p h u s Contra
T o m b 1 at A n f u s h y , w h i c h o n c e c o n t a i n e d a
Bellum
Judaicum
p a i n t i n g i n w h i c h t h e deceased w o r e a m i l i t a r y
Tosefta
Sukkah
Apionem
2 . 3 3 - 3 6 ; Josephus
2 . 4 9 5 ; P h i l o In Place.
55;
4.6.
h e l m e t , m a y w e l l have been d e c o r a t e d f o r a n
E g y p t i a n s e r v i n g i n t h i s c o r p s . See G . B o t t i ,
P s . - K a l l i s t h e n e s 1 . 3 1 . 4 ; Caesar Bellum
Civile
3 . 1 1 2 . 2 ; S t r a b o 1 7 . 1 . 6 ; P l i n y Naturalis
Bulletin
de la Societe
Archeologique
d'Alexan-
drie 4 ( 1 9 0 2 ) : 1 7 - 1 8 ; B r o w n , PPM
34
40
Historia
(note 27
41
D e l i a ( n o t e 38 a b o v e ) , p p . 8 1 - 8 2 a n d n . 4 4 .
M y r m i d o n o f A t h e n s : PP 6 . 1 5 2 2 3 ; A n t i g o n o s
42
See n o t e 2 7 a b o v e .
43
o f M a c e d o n : PP 6 . 1 5 1 7 8 ; K i l l e s o f M a c e d o n :
PP 2 . 2 1 6 4
d 6.14609; N i k a n o r of Macedon:
PP 2 . 2 1 6 9 a n d 6 . 1 4 6 1 6 ; P r a x a g o r a s f r o m
C r e t e : PP 6 . 1 5 2 3 4 ; K a l l i k r a t e s o f S a m o s :
G r e e k c i t i e s , s o l d i e r s , a n d e v e r y o n e else. T h e s e
PP 6 . 1 4 6 0 7 ; P a t r o k l o s o f M a c e d o n :
last w e r e r e q u i r e d i n o f f i c i a l d o c u m e n t s t o a p
PP 6 . 1 5 0 6 3 ; K a l l i k r a t i d a s o f C y r e n e :
PP 6 . 1 5 2 1 2 ; A g a t h o k l e s o f S a m o s : PP 6 . 1 4 5 7 6 ;
N i k o l a o s o f A e t o l i a : PP 6 . 1 5 2 3 1 ; A n d r o m a c h o s
a p p l i c a b l e : P. M . M e y e r , e d . , Griechische
o f A s p e n d o s : PP 2 . 2 1 5 0 ; P o l y k r a t e s o f A r g o s :
pyrusurkunden
PP 6 . 1 5 2 3 3 ; E c h e k r a t e s o f T h e s s a l y : PP 2 . 2 1 6 1 ;
versitatsbibliothek
der Hamburger
Staats-
Paund
Uni-
(Leipzig-Berlin 1 9 1 1 - 1 9 2 4 ) ,
P h o x i d a s o f M e l e t a : PP 2 . 2 1 8 2 ; E u r y l o c h o s o f
1, n o . 1 6 8 ( t h i r d c e n t u r y B . C . ) ; W . M . B r a s h e a r ,
M a g n e s i a : PP 2 . 2 1 6 0 ; S o k r a t e s o f B o e o t i a :
e d . , Agyptische
PP 2 . 2 1 7 8 ; K n o p i a s o f A l l a r i a : PP 2 . 2 1 6 5 ;
Museen
P h i l o n o f K n o s s o s : PP 2 . 2 3 0 1 ; A m m o n i o s o f
zu Berlin
Urkunden
aus den
Staatlichen
B a r c a : PP 2 . 2 1 4 8 ; D i o n y s o s o f T h r a c e :
a m n e s t y decree o f 1 1 8 B . C . ( B . P. G r e n f e l l ,
PP 2 . 2 1 5 7 ; H i p p o l o c h o s o f T h e s s a l y :
A . S. H u n t , a n d J. G . S m y l y , eds., The
PP 6 . 1 5 2 0 8 ; S k o p a s o f A e t o l i a : PP 6 . 1 5 2 4 1 ;
Papyri,
T h e o d o t o s o f A e t o l i a : PP 6 . 1 5 0 4 5 ; B o l i s f r o m
C r e t e : PP 6 . 1 4 7 5 0 ; D o r y m e n e s o f A e t o l i a :
tai) w e r e t o h a n d l e cases i n v o l v i n g G r e e k l i t i
PP 6 . 1 5 1 9 9 ; E u p h r a i n e t o s o f A e t o l i a :
g a n t s , w h i l e E g y p t i a n p a r t i e s w e r e t o seek j u s t i c e
PP
6.15203.
Tebtunis
i n E g y p t i a n c o u r t s {laokritai).
(chrematis-
See also J. M e l e z e -
M o d r z e j e w s k i , " E n t r e la c i t e et le fisc: L e s t a t u t
35
P o l y b i o s 3 4 . 1 4 i n S t r a b o 1 7 . 1 . 1 2 . O n t h i s pas
( V a l e n c i a 1 9 8 5 ) , p . 2 4 3 . S u c h d i s t i n c t i o n s be
Symposion
f o r t h c o m i n g i n F. B . T i c h e n e r a n d R . M o o r t e n ,
c a m e even m o r e c o n s p i c u o u s d u r i n g t h e R o m a n
Mimesis:
The Reciprocal
p e r i o d , w h e n R o m a n c i t i z e n s h i p w a s esteemed
the Arts
in Graeco-Roman
Honor
of Peter M. Green
Influence
of Life
Antiquity.
Presented
and
Essays
on His
as t h e h i g h e s t l e g a l s t a t u s , a n d H e l l e n i s m w a s
in
e n d o r s e d as a n e l i t e s o c i a l status d i s t i n c t i o n .
yoth
Birthday.
a n d science at A l e x a n d r i a a n d t h e i m p a c t o f
33 a b o v e ) , p p . 2 - 4 ; Fraser ( n o t e 3 a b o v e ) , v o l .
E g y p t i a n i n t e l l e c t u a l a n d r e l i g i o u s ideas a n d
2, p p . 1 5 2 - 5 3 n . 2 2 4 .
37
ITnstitut
d'Egypte,
de
Fraser ( n o t e 3 a b o v e ) , p . 1 4 9 .
Egypt.
Alexan
drian
Principate
Citizenship
during
the Roman
44
D . D e l i a , " P o l i t e i a , P o l i t e u m a a n d t h e Jews o f
( A t l a n t a 1 9 9 2 ) , p . 5 2 n . 1 1 . ALJULTJP d e n o t e s a
Recherches
Kifxr]v
ercupeCas
s i g n i f i e d a place o f f e l l o w s h i p ,
( n o t e 3 2 a b o v e ) , 11, p p . 1 0 7 9 - 8 0 .
Delia
45
T h a t t h i s state o f affairs w a s n o t w h o l e h e a r t e d l y
e n d o r s e d b y A l e x a n d r i a n c i t i z e n s is r e v e a l e d b y
t h e Boule
eds., Papiri
v o l . 10 [Florence
53
55
City Planning?
Gunter
To Peter Marshall
Fraser
with gratitude
on the occasion
seventy-fifth
Grimm
of his
birthday
new
56
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
de
Jules
10
11
A c c o r d i n g t o h i m , A l e x a n d r i a was d i
12
One
1 3
men
G r i m m
1 4
of Alexander,*
Life
1 6
Other
1 7
B.C.).
18
U n f o r t u n a t e l y we
19
T h e E g y p t i a n h i g h priests
templaque
20
et religiones
addidit.
I f the
2 1
22
Even
23
2 4
57
58
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
1b
1a
1c
FIG.
ready p o i n t e d o u t .
2 5
la
3 3 0 - 3 2 0 B . C . Alexandria, Graeco-
Cairo, neg. F 2 6 9 3 0 - 2 6 9 3 2 .
26
W h a t we c a n n o t t e l l
FIG.
lb
c e n t u r y B . C . l o o k s very u n l i k e l y i n d e e d ;
over a considerably longer p e r i o d .
27
2 8
FIG.
I c
29
a l t h o u g h there is e n o u g h evidence
3 0
3 1
3 2
s h o w i n g a p i l l a r , a discus, a n d three y o u t h s f r a m e d by k y m a t i a a n d
w e a r i n g h i m a t i a , was even m a n u f a c t u r e d before the m i d d l e o f the f o u r t h
century. T w o o f these vessels were p u b l i s h e d w i t h complete disregard f o r
their o b v i o u s value i n the r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the t o p o g r a p h y o f ancient
A l e x a n d r i a . A b e a u t i f u l faience vessel o f the early t h i r d c e n t u r y B . C . , de
p i c t i n g a statuette, three masks o f the g o d Bes, a n d bands o f o r n a m e n t a l
m o t i f s as w e l l as animals, was f o u n d i n another t o m b at H a d r a together
w i t h five coins o f P t o l e m y 1 (figs. 4a, b ) .
3 3
26933-26934.
Grimm
FIG.
3a
3b
3a
3b
4a
4b
V i e w of vessel from H a d r a ,
figure 4a.
4a
4b
59
60
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
FIG.
On
3 4
T h e Alabaster T o m b was i n
deed p a r t o f a t o m b .
Supposing t h a t this m u s t have been b u i l t outside the c i t y w a l l ,
w e can deduce t h a t the w a l l s h o u l d have r u n i m m e d i a t e l y west o f i t . T h e
stag-hunt mosaic o f the first h a l f o f the t h i r d c e n t u r y B . C . (fig. 6 ) ,
3 5
show
Grimm
FIG.
FIG.
D.
9a
9b
9b
9a
3 7
A close b u t s o m e w h a t squatter p a r a l l e l
3 8
3 9
61
62
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
I Oa
I Ob
4 0
but
4 1
There is n o A t t i c red-figured w a r e at
4 2
43
4 4
Grimm
FIG.
II
c o m m e n t s o n i t , assuming t h a t the t o t a l n u m b e r o f i n h a b i t a n t s r a n g e d
somewhere between 7 5 , 0 0 0 a n d 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 . B u t even these l o w e r figures
m u s t be f u r t h e r d i m i n i s h e d by r o u g h l y t w e n t y percent, f o r the w h o l e re
g i o n east o f R ' 2 (see f o l d - o u t m a p ) u n d o u b t e d l y served as a cemetery
already by the end o f the f o u r t h century.
T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the c i t y w a l l was p r e s u m a b l y begun u n
der Kleomenes a n d o n l y a c c o m p l i s h e d i n the t i m e o f P t o l e m y 1, w h i l e the
H e p t a s t a d i o n "was c a r r i e d o u t either by Kleomenes o r P t o l e m y S o t e r . "
T h e famous l i g h t h o u s e ,
46
45
4 7
P t o l e m y 11 i n his t u r n c o n t r i b u t e d a z o o l o g i c a l g a r d e n ,
and
48
49
The
63
64
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
12
FIG.
13
in antis. D r a w i n g by
Michael Sabottka.
FIG.
14
tetrastylos.
by Michael Sabottka.
d 9 4 5 thirty founda
x
50
Drawing
Grimm
FIG.
15
51
a p p r o x i m a t e o u t l i n e o f the c o m p l e x a n d presented us w i t h m o r e t h a n a
vague idea o f its o r i g i n a l appearance. U s i n g a l l the data he c o u l d possi
bly e x t r a c t f r o m the size, p o s i t i o n , a n d arrangement of each single
t r e n c h , he reconstructed the p l a n , w h i c h consisted of either a templum
antis (fig. 1 3 )
5 2
or a prostylos
tetrastylos
(fig. 1 4 ) .
53
in
T h e relatively s m a l l
54
55
5 6
of Antony,
65
66
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
5 7
w i t h its large-scale p a r k s , p o r t i c o s , p r o p y l a i a , a n d
Needles."
58
What
59
60
61
T h i s is further c o n f i r m e d by D i o d o r o s : " A n d n o t o n l y
A l e x a n d e r b u t those w h o after h i m r u l e d E g y p t d o w n t o o u r o w n t i m e
w i t h few exceptions have enlarged this [i.e., A l e x a n d r i a ] w i t h lavish
additions."
6 2
finish
6 3
T h i s fascinating h y p o t h e s i s
64
seems t o be s u p p o r t e d
6 5
FIG.
16
d'Archeologia
del R.
e Storia
Grimm
6 6
68
6 7
which
69
70
D e t a i l e d , farsighted, o r consequential c i t y p l a n n i n g
s h o u l d therefore n o t be r e c k o n e d w i t h , as i t a p p a r e n t l y d i d n o t exist.
University of Trier
T R I E R ,
G E R M A N Y
67
68
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
Notes
T h e f o l l o w i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o n t h e u r b a n de
Memoire,
i n D e n m a r k , see Memoire,
w r i t t e n o n S e p t e m b e r 6, 1 8 7 2 , i n C o p e n h a g e n ) .
m o r e extensive c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o the
T h e engineer's s c h o l a r l y a c h i e v e m e n t s a n d his
zur Topographie
des antiken
Bildlexikon
which
Alexandria,
p p . 1 2 9 - 3 0 ; f o r M a h m o u d Bey's stay
p. 131
(addendum,
m a p o f t h e N i l e m e t r o p o l i s c a m e t o o late t o
w i l l be p u b l i s h e d b y t h e G e r m a n A r c h a e o l o g i
be t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t i n N a p o l e o n ' s
cal I n s t i t u t e i n B e r l i n . T h e p r o j e c t w a s s u p
de Jules
Cesar.
(Guerre
des Gaules),
1 8 6 6 , ends w i t h Caesar's c r o s s i n g t h e R u b i c o n
Histoire
T h e s e c o n d a n d last v o l u m e
w h i c h a p p e a r e d i n Paris i n
w i s h t o express m y g r a t i t u d e t o its f o r m e r d i r e c
i n 4 9 B . C . T h e r e m a i n i n g p e r i o d u n t i l Caesar's
m a n n . T h a n k s are d u e also t o m y f r i e n d D i e t e r
4 8 / 4 7 , c o u l d n o t be t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n b y
J o h a n n e s , p h o t o g r a p h e r at t h e D A I C a i r o u n t i l
early 1993,
t n a d e t h e negatives o f t h e p h o
t o g r a p h s r e p r o d u c e d i n figures 1 - 7 ,
U n f o r t u n a t e l y n o t m a n y copies o f M a h
9-12,
a n d 1 5 . T h e s e , l i k e t h e c o m p l e t e set o f n e w p h o
t o g r a p h y for the above-mentioned
dictionary,
been t o o l i m i t e d f o r t h e p u b l i c t o realize f u l l y
are p r e s e r v e d i n t h e a r c h i v e o f t h e F o r s c h u n g s -
z e n t r u m G r i e c h i s c h - R o m i s c h e s A g y p t e n at U n i
h a d been b r o u g h t u p a n d e d u c a t e d i n Paris. R e
versity of Trier.
g a r d i n g t h i s d r a w b a c k , his a u t h o r i z a t i o n o f a
G e r m a n s u m m a r y o f his r e s u l t s , g r a n t e d i n 1 8 7 2
P. M . Fraser, Ptolemaic
to H e i n r i c h K i e p e r t i n Berlin, l o o k s a l l the m o r e
vol. 1
Alexandria,
( O x f o r d 1 9 7 2 ) , p . 4; v o l . 2, p . 3 n . 9
i m p o r t a n t ( M a h m o u d Bey's m a p o f A l e x a n d r i a
(hereafter
w a s also m a d e a v a i l a b l e f o r Baedeker's
R . S. B a g n a l l , " T h e D a t a o f t h e F o u n d a t i o n o f
fubrer
A l e x a n d r i a , " American
tory
Journal
of Ancient
His
A l e x a n d r i a . N a c h M a h m u d Beg's E n t d e c k u n -
4 (1979): 4 6 - 4 9
g e n . . . , " Zeitschrift
3
Reise-
a n d its F r e n c h a n d E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n s ;
der Gesellschaft
fur
Erdkunde
K i e p e r t ' s m a p , r e p r o d u c e d o n p i . 5 o f his w o r k
l e n i s t i s c h e r Z e i t , " i n Akten
tional
Kongresses
Berlin
1988
des xm.
fur Klassische
zu Berlin
7 ( 1 8 7 2 ) : 3 3 7 - 5 9 , p i . 5.
( o n a scale o f 1 : 2 0 , 0 0 0 as o p p o s e d t o M a h
Archaologie,
m o u d Bey's 1 : 1 0 , 0 0 0 ) , focuses o n t h e a n c i e n t
c i t y , l e a v i n g its m o d e r n state o u t o f a c c o u n t .
D u r i n g a stay i n A l e x a n d r i a ( M a r c h 1 8 7 0 ) ,
4
Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p p . 1 1 - 3 7 ; Fraser, m
119-20.
r a i s e d b y i t . H i s v e r s i o n o f M a h m o u d Bey's p l a n
5
Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p p . 8 - 9 ; i d e m , " A l e x
differs f r o m its m o d e l i n t h a t t h e c o l u m n s d i s
c o v e r e d a n d t h e r o a d sections e x p l o r e d b y " T h e
N a s s e r , " i n Alexandrien:
dreier
Jahrtausende
mediterranen
Kulturbegegnungen
im Schmelztiegel
einer
Aegyptiaca Treveren-
Grofistadt,
sia. T r i e r e r S t u d i e n z u m
griechisch-romischen
F. N o a c k , " N e u e U n t e r s u c h u n g e n i n A l e x a n
d r i a , " Mitteilungen
gischen
Instituts,
des Deutschen
Athenische
Abteilung
Archaolo25
Memoire
bourgs
sur Vantique
et environs
sondages,
Alexandrie,
decouverts
nivellements
et autres
dell'Egitto
greco-romano
ses
par les
fau
fouilles,
recherches
. . .
Repertorio
C, v o l . 1
( P a l e r m o 1 9 6 6 ) , p p . 5 5 - 5 7 , n o . 6; v o l . 2
w h o m N a p o l e o n the Great h a d a p p o i n t e d t o
( P a l e r m o 1 9 6 3 ) , p i . 3, fig. 6 a n d p i . 4 , fig. 7
w o r k i n t h e w a k e o f his a r m y i n 1 7 9 8 a n d
(for m a p s o f t h e c i t y r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h i s F r e n c h
1799
n . 3 1 . F o r b o t h m a p s o f a n c i e n t A l e x a n d r i a , cf.
p i e c e ] , a n d p i . 2 [ f o l l o w i n g p . 2 0 ] ; Fraser,
Grimm
[ n o t e 2 a b o v e ] , p . 2 0 n . 3 4 [cf. p . 13 n . 3 1 1 ] ;
E l - D i n et a l . , Alexandria:
t a k e n o v e r f r o m M a h m o u d Bey ( n o t e 6 a b o v e )
tory
His
[ N e w Y o r k 1 9 9 3 ] ) . N o a c k himself was a
a n d K i e p e r t ( n o t e 6 a b o v e ) . G o i n g b a c k t o these
t w o , I have f u r t h e r s k e t c h e d i n t h e t w o b r i d g e s
t e a m a s s e m b l e d a n d sent t o A l e x a n d r i a t o c l a r
o f t h e H e p t a s t a d i o n (cf. S t r a b o 1 7 . 1 . 6 ; Caesar,
Bellum
nades e x t e n d i n g a l o n g s i d e b o t h m a i n r o a d s
Alexandrinum
1 9 ) as w e l l as t h e c o l o n
are i n d i c a t e d o n K i e p e r t ' s m a p b u t h a d i n d e e d ,
i n d u s t r i a l i s t f r o m S t u t t g a r t , o n b e h a l f o f his
at least p a r t l y , b e e n d i s c o v e r e d a l r e a d y b y
b r o t h e r , W i l h e l m S i e g l i n , w h o i n t h o s e days
M a h m o u d Bey ( f o r t h e H e l l e n i s t i c p e r i o d , cf.
h e l d t h e c h a i r o f g e o g r a p h y (as t h e successor o f
H . L a u t e r , Die Architektur
H e i n r i c h K i e p e r t [ n o t e 6 a b o v e ] ) at U n i v e r s i t y
[ D a r m s t a d t 1 9 8 6 ] , p p . 8 0 - 8 2 ) . As the c o l o n
des
Hellenismus
of Berlin. A second c a m p a i g n i n w h i c h N o a c k
winter of 1 8 9 9 - 1 9 0 0 ,
f u r t h e r a d d e d several r e s i d e n t i a l q u a r t e r s i n t h e
n a
c ! t o be c a n c e l e d o n
c o u r s e o f t h e e a s t e r n w a l l has b e e n a l t e r e d ,
d i s c o n t i n u e his w o r k f o r t h e S i e g l i n E x p e d i t i o n
a l t o g e t h e r . W . Sieglin's n e w m a p o f A l e x a n d r i a
Handbuch
Unter-Aegypten
Halbinsel
fur Reisende.
bis zum
Fayum
[ n o t e 2 a b o v e ] , m a p f o l l o w i n g p . 8) a n d t o m a r k
(Ae-
Erster
Theil:
und die
Sinai-
[ L e i p z i g 1 8 9 4 ] , f o l l o w i n g p . 8 ) , re
t o M a h m o u d Bey's m a p o f t h e c i t y i n t h e t w o
e a r l i e r e d i t i o n s (see first e d . [ L e i p z i g 1 8 7 7 ] ,
seems t o h a v e been e x t e n d e d c o r r e s p o n d i n g l y .
f o l l o w i n g p . 2 2 4 ) . Sieglin's m a p h a d been p u b
A n e n t h u s i a s t i c d e s c r i p t i o n o f these c o l o n n a d e d
m a i n r o a d s is p r e s e r v e d i n A c h i l l e s Tatius's
p p . 5 3 - 5 5 , n o s . 4 - 5 ; A d r i a n i , 11 p i . 2 , figs.
n o v e l Clitophon
4 - 5 . T h e r e is a n o t h e r , m o r e e x t e n s i v e m a p
s e c o n d c e n t u r y A . D . (cf. H . H e i n e n , " A l e x a n -
and Leucippe
by Sieglin i n the G r a e c o - R o m a n M u s e u m of
A l e x a n d r i a , s h o w i n g the c o l u m n s discovered
[ n o t e 5 a b o v e ] , p p . 5 - 6 ) ; P. M . Fraser, " B y z a n
a n d t h e r o a d sections e x p l o r e d b y M a h m o u d
t i n e A l e x a n d r i a : D e c l i n e a n d F a l l , " Bulletin
Bey, t o o . E . B r e c c i a , Alexandrea
la Societe
ad
Aegyptum
romaines
fouilles
tardives
Polonaises
d'Alexandrie
a Kom
habitations
a la lumiere
el-Dikka,
d'Alexandrie
de
(Alexan
d r i a n Studies i n M e m o r i a m D a o u d A b d u
( B e r g a m o 1 9 2 2 ) , fig. 2 5 ; A d r i a n i , 1 ( n o t e 6
a b o v e ) , p . 5 5 ; M . R o d z i e w i c z , Les
Archeologique
Alexandrien
des
Alexandrie,
v o l . 3 ( W a r s a w 1 9 8 4 ) , p . 3 1 7 , p i . 2.
A l e x a n d r i a . I e n t e r e d i t b y t h e S u n G a t e , as i t is
8
Fraser, 11 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p p . 1 4 - 1 6 n . 3 1 .
these are t h e g u a r d i a n d i v i n i t i e s o f t h e e n
i t e m i z e d d i s c o v e r i e s p r o v e d p a r t i c u l a r l y rele
b e a u t y o f t h e c i t y , w h i c h filled m y eyes w i t h
Gate
a b o u t t h e m i d d l e o f w h i c h lies t h e o p e n p a r t o f
A l e s s a n d r i a , " Annuario
t h e t o w n , a n d i n i t so m a n y streets t h a t w a l k i n g
Romano
del Museo
Greco-
1 ( A l e x a n d r i a 1934): 5 6 - 9 6 , nos. 1 -
121.
in t h e m y o u w o u l d fancy yourself a b r o a d w h i l e
s t i l l at h o m e . G o i n g a f e w h u n d r e d y a r d s f u r
t h e r , I c a m e t o t h e q u a r t e r c a l l e d after A l e x a n
der, w h e r e I s a w a s e c o n d t o w n ; t h e s p l e n d o u r
10
See n o t e 2 a b o v e .
I I
H o e p f n e r ( n o t e 3 a b o v e ) , p p . 2 7 5 - 7 8 , f i g . 2; cf.
o f c o l u m n s i n t e r s e c t e d b y a n o t h e r as l o n g at
m a p ) g e n e r a l l y f o l l o w s H o e p f n e r ' s i m p o r t a n t re
street, b u t m y gaze w a s s t i l l u n s a t i s f i e d , a n d I
69
70
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
c o u l d n o t g r a s p a l l t h e b e a u t y o f t h e s p o t at
h i s p r e j u d g i n g N o a c k ' s w o r k even a y e a r b e f o r e
o n c e ; s o m e p a r t s I saw, s o m e I w a s o n t h e p o i n t
t h e r e s u l t s w e r e p u b l i s h e d b y t h e l a t t e r ; cf.
o f seeing, s o m e I e a r n e s t l y d e s i r e d t o see, s o m e I
D . G . H o g a r t h a n d R . C . B o s a n q u e t , Journal
c o u l d n o t pass b y ; t h a t w h i c h I a c t u a l l y s a w
Hellenic
of
19 ( 1 8 9 9 ) : 3 2 6 .
Studies
k e p t m y gaze fixed, w h i l e t h a t w h i c h I e x p e c t e d
t o see w o u l d d r a g i t o n t o t h e n e x t . I e x p l o r e d
13
t h e r e f o r e e v e r y street, a n d at last, m y v i s i o n u n
3 . 1 . 5 ; Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p . 3;
Anab.
Fraser, 11 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p . 1 n . 3.
14
17.52.. Diodorus
of Sicily
(Loeb Classical L i
o f t h e p l a c e o r its b e a u t y , t h e c i t y i t s e l f o r its i n
Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p . 4 ; Fraser, 11 ( n o t e 2
a b o v e ) , p p . 2 - 3 n . 6.
15
Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p p . 4 - 6 .
o f m e n c o u l d ever fill i t ; l o o k i n g at t h e i n h a b i
t a n t s , I w o n d e r e d w h e t h e r a n y c i t y c o u l d ever
16
be f o u n d l a r g e e n o u g h t o h o l d t h e m a l l . T h e
Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p . 4 ; Fraser, 11 ( n o t e 2
above), p. 4 n . 1 1 .
b a l a n c e seemed e x a c t l y e v e n . " O u r s l i g h t l y
m o d i f i e d p l a n ( f o l d - o u t m a p ) w a s d r a w n after
17
Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p . 4 ; Fraser, 11 ( n o t e 2
above), p . 4 n . 12 a n d p . 10 n . 2 4 ; B . R . B r o w n ,
d r a u g h t s w o m a n at t h e A r c h a e o l o g i c a l I n s t i t u t e
of Trier University.
the American
Society
of Papyrologists
of
15
(1978): 3 9 - 4 2 12
H o e p f n e r ( n o t e 3 a b o v e ) , p p . 2 7 5 - 7 8 , figs. 1 ,
3. F o r t h e p r o b l e m s i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e
18
P t o l e m a i c r o a d s y s t e m a n d t h e c i t y gates, cf. t h e
Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p . 7; Fraser, 11 ( n o t e 2
above), p . 10 n . 2 5 .
d i s c u s s i o n b y Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p p . 1 3 1 4 ; Fraser, ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p p . 2 6 - 3 0 n n . 6 4 -
19
Hist.
4 . 8 3 . 1 ; Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p . 1 2 ;
Fraser, n ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p . 25 n . 5 5 .
t h e w h o l e n e t w o r k o f streets t r a c e d b y h i m [ i . e . ,
M a h m o u d B e y ] is best i g n o r e d " ) is n o t a f f i r m e d
20
c o m p e l l i n g , as t h e t e r m moenia
does n o t p u t m u c h c o n f i d e n c e i n t h e results o f
c i t y w a l l s as w e l l as t o a n y o t h e r t y p e o f
f o r t i f i c a t i o n . T a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h a t Caesar
can apply to
1 8 9 9 (see n o t e 7 a b o v e ) , w h i c h h a d p r i n c i p a l l y
(Bellum
c o r r o b o r a t e d M a h m o u d Bey's street s y s t e m .
regia,
H i s c o m m e n t a p p e a r s r a t h e r t o be i n f l u e n c e d
arx,
b y D . G . H o g a r t h ' s o p i n i o n expressed i n 1 8 9 5
( D . G . H o g a r t h a n d E . F. B e n s o n , " R e p o r t o n
civile
3 . 1 1 2 ) calls a s m a l l e r p a r t o f t h e
Prospects o f Research i n A l e x a n d r i a , w i t h N o t e
a n d colleague H e i n z H e i n e n , D e p a r t m e n t o f
o n Excavations i n A l e x a n d r i a n Cemeteries,"
A n c i e n t H i s t o r y at U n i v e r s i t y o f T r i e r ) .
Egypt
port
Exploration
Fund:
Archaeological
Re
1 8 9 4 - 1 8 9 5 [ L o n d o n 1 8 9 5 ] : p . 17 n . 1 ) .
21
t u r e o f M a h m o u d Bey's a c h i e v e m e n t w i t h o u t
investigating the matter himself. " I a m g l a d ,
22
o w n w o r k o n h i s . I feel t h e greatest u n c e r t a i n t y
as t o h i s r e c t a n g u l a r m a p o f t h e c i t y . " N o a c k ,
23
h o w e v e r , v e r i f i e d t h e a l l e g e d street l a y o u t o n l y a
1 7 . 1 . 8 - 1 0 ; Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p . 1 1 ;
Fraser, 11 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p . 25 n . 5 3 .
f e w years l a t e r b y d i g g i n g d o w n t o t h e b e d r o c k
at m a n y p o i n t s i n t h e r o y a l q u a r t e r , w h e r e he
24
M a h m o u d Bey ( n o t e 6 a b o v e ) , p p . 1 2 - 1 8 ;
c o u l d c l e a r l y see t h a t t h e P t o l e m a i c streets r a n
Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p . 1 3 ; Fraser, 11 ( n o t e 2
above), p. 26 n . 63.
ones m a p p e d o u t b y M a h m o u d Bey, a l b e i t o n a
m u c h deeper l e v e l . ( F o r t h e w i d t h s o f t h e H e l
25
F o r t h e size a n d d i m e n s i o n s o f P t o l e m a i c
l e n i s t i c streets, cf. H o e p f n e r [ n o t e 3 a b o v e ] ,
A l e x a n d r i a , see Fraser, 11 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) ,
p . 2 7 5 . ) S o m e c a u t i o n seems a d v i s a b l e c o n c e r n
pp. 2 6 - 2 7 n . 64.
i n g H o g a r t h ' s p o i n t o f v i e w , as is suggested b y
G r i m m
26
E . B r e c c i a , La necropoli
( M a i n z 1 9 8 5 ) , p p . 1 0 3 - 1 0 , n o . 2, pis. C, 4, 7a,
Catalogue
di Sciatbi,
G e n e r a l des A n t i q u i t e s E g y p t i e n n e s , M u s e e
1 0 , 1 1 , 1 2 b , c. T h i s p a r t o f t h e t o w n h a d a p p a r
e n t l y been t h e site o f p o m p o u s m a n s i o n s b e l o n g
i n g t o l e a d i n g p e r s o n a l i t i e s at t h e A l e x a n d r i a n
nos 7 1 - 7 4 .
27
H . A . T h o m p s o n , Hesperia
d r i a n l i b r a r y i n Shatby, w e r e t w o m o r e m o s a i c s
3 (1934): 315 n . 1
a n d 3 4 8 n . 1 . A d r i a n i a n d also ( b u t m o r e re
s e r v e d l y ) Fraser h a d a l r e a d y e x p r e s s e d t h e i r
piece o f i n f o r m a t i o n t o m y f r i e n d a n d c o l l e a g u e
i n t o t h e late f o u r t h c e n t u r y B . C . : Fraser, 1 ( n o t e
W . A . D a s z e w s k i ) ; see D . S a i d , Bulletin
de
2 a b o v e ) , p . 3 2 ; Fraser, 11 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p . 103
stitut
94
n. 240.
Frangais
d'Archeologie
Orientale
iTn-
( A , B) a n d 4 8 9 ( C , D ) .
28
W . D . E. C o u l s o n , " C h a t b y
Journal
of Egyptian
Reconsidered,"
national
Kongresses
gie, Berlin
1988
73 ( 1 9 8 7 ) :
Archaeology
2 3 4 - 3 6 ; S. I . R o t r o f f , i n Akten
des xm.
36
fur Klassische
1 7 . 1 . 1 0 ; Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p . 1 3 ; Fraser,
11 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p . 2 6 n . 6 1 ; J. Fedak's r e m a r k
Inter
(Monumental
Archaolo-
Study
to Early
177-78.
Tombs
in Selected
Imperial
of the Hellenistic
Tombs
from
Age:
the
Pre-Classical
Supplementary
Era, Phoenix,
Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p p . 3 2 - 3 3 ; Fraser, 11
(note 2 above), p p . 1 0 4 - 5
a n d M e x c a m e m o r e a n d m o r e i n t o use f r o m
M9 5-
t h e l a t e r s e c o n d c e n t u r y o n w a r d , " is o f c o u r s e
30
c o r r e c t . B u t t h i s is o n l y h a l f t h e t r u t h .
Berytus
37
1 1 ( 1 9 5 5 ) : 1 2 4 , n o . 2 3 2 , p i . 2 8 . 1 a , b ; J. D . Beaz-
( f o u n d b e t w e e n 1 8 9 0 a n d 1 9 0 0 ; H . : 13.5 c m ) ;
ley, Attic
C . W a t z i n g e r , Mitteilungen
Red-figure
2 n d ed. ( O x
Vase-painters,
Archaologischen
Instituts,
des
Deutschen
Athenische
Abteilung
2 6 ( 1 9 0 1 ) : 7 6 - 7 7 , n o . 2 1 ; R . Pagenstecher, Die
3I
Gefajle
( f o u n d i n 1 8 9 9 ; H . : 16.5 c m ; f o o t r e s t o r e d ) .
i n D i e griechisch-agyptische S a m m l u n g Ernst
in Stein
und
Ton,
Knochenschnitzereien,
P u b l i c a t i o n p e r m i s s i o n was g r a n t e d by Youssef
el-Gheriani.
f i g . 2 4 . T h e f o l l o w i n g references are d u e t o
M i c h a e l P f r o m m e r , w h o s e k i n d readiness t o
32
A l e x a n d r i a , Graeco-Roman M u s e u m 8669
n e c k a n d b o d y , o u r W e s t Slope k a n t h a r o s
from
G a b b a r i - A l e x a n d r i a finds a v e r y close a n a l o g y
33
i n n o r t h e r n P o n t i c O l b i a (St. P e t e r s b u r g , H e r
G . G r i m m , " O r i e n t u n d O k z i d e n t i n der K u n s t
A l e x a n d r i e n s , " i n Alexandrien
archeologija
(note 5 above),
Sovetskaja
1 1 [ 1 9 4 9 ] : 2 7 4 , 2 8 2 , figs. 3, 4 ) . A l
p p . 1 9 , 2 0 n . 4 2 , p i . 17a ( w i t h f u r t h e r l i t . ) ;
t h o u g h t h e G a b b a r i vessel is n o t d a t a b l e b y ar
R . S. B i a n c h i , Cleopatra's
the
c h a e o l o g i c a l c o n t e x t s at t h e m o m e n t , t h e c l e a r l y
e x h . cat. ( T h e B r o o k l y n M u s e u m
e s t a b l i s h e d e a r l i e r stages o f t y p o l o g i c a l d e v e l o p
Ptolemies,
Egypt:
Age of
nus p o s t q u e r n . F o r a n e a r l i e r e x a m p l e w i t h
34
s q u a t a n d r o u n d e d b o d y , see B . A . Sparkes a n d
a n d 2 3 0 , s.v. N e m e s e i o n ; A d r i a n i , 11 ( n o t e 6
L . T a l c o t t , Black
a b o v e ) , p i s . 6 1 - 6 3 , % - 2 . 1 1 - 1 8 ; Fraser, 1
The Athenian
( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p . 3 4 ; Fraser, 11 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) ,
n o . 7 2 1 , p i . 2 9 (ca. 3 2 5 - 3 1 0 ) . S t i l l less a d
p. 108 n . 2 6 3 .
v a n c e d t h a n t h e A l e x a n d r i a n vessel is a k a n
and Plain
Agora
v o l . 12 of
Pottery,
of Mosaics
from
Egypt,
v o l . 1 , Hellenistic
Period,
and Early
Roman
z u m griechisch-romischen Agypten, v o l . 3
K a l y m n o s , n o w i n Brussels, M u s e e s R o y a u x
A 1 7 1 7 : G . K o p c k e , Mitteilungen
Archaologischen
Instituts,
des
Athenische
Deutschen
Abteilung
7 9 ( 1 9 6 4 ) , p . 5 3 , Beilage n o . 4 4 . 6 ; M . P f r o m
m e r , Studien
zu alexandrinischer
und
grofi-
71
72
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
griechischer
Toreutik
friihhellenistischer
Zeit,
41
c h r o n o l o g y is p r o m i s e d b y t h e f o r t h c o m i n g d i s
p . 1 7 6 n . 1 2 4 5 (first h a l f o f t h i r d c e n t u r y ) . O u r
sertation o f M a r t h a Aeissen ( B o n n ) . F o r p r o v i
k a n t h a r o s is n o t o n l y f a r m o r e slender a n d its
s i o n a l o r i e n t a t i o n , see G . G r i m m , i n
b o d y deeper, i t is a l r e a d y d e c o r a t e d w i t h t y p i c a l
Pharaonen,
W e s t Slope m o t i f s ( c o n c e n t r i c a l r e c t a n g l e s a n d
c h e c k e r b o a r d p a t t e r n ) . F o r t h e rise o f these
m o t i f s a m o n g A t t i c p a r a l l e l s , see T h o m p s o n
( n o t e 2 7 a b o v e ) , p . 3 4 9 , n o . C 1 1 , fig. 3 0 . I f w e
Orientalistische
b a l a n c e t h e e v i d e n c e , i t is h a r d l y p o s s i b l e t h a t
4 5 3 n . 3; D o h r n ( n o t e 3 9 a b o v e ) , p p . 7 7 -
79 (1984):
Literaturzeitung
1 0 6 , pis. 6 2 - 7 5 ; K . Parlasca, i n A . C a m b i -
century.
t o g l o u a n d E . G . D . R o b i n s o n , eds.,
Art
38
Gotter,
e x h . cat. (Essen, M u n i c h , R o t t e r
in the Nicholson
Museum,
Sydney
Classical
(Mainz
1995), p p . 1 9 9 - 2 0 1 , pis. 6 2 - 6 4 .
O r i g i n a l s a m m l u n g der U n i v e r s i t a t H e i d e l b e r g
H 20; Watzinger (note 37 above), p . 77 n . 1;
Pagenstecher ( n o t e 3 7 a b o v e ) , p . 1 8 , fig. 25 left;
R . H a m p e a n d H . G r o p e n g i e E e r , Aus
Sammlung
des Archdologiscben
Universitat
Heidelberg
42
Fraser, 11 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p . 3 1 n . 7 9 .
43
Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p p . 3 1 - 3 2 ; Fraser, 11
der
Instituts
der
1 1 2 , p i . 33 (the p h o t o g r a p h w a s k i n d l y p r o
39
vided by T. Holscher).
44
45
( f o u n d i n 1 9 2 3 ; H . : 4 4 c m ) ; E . B r e c c i a , Le
Musee
Greco-Romain
Trendall
of Arthur
46
Dale
Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p p . 1 7 - 2 0 ; Fraser, 11
(note 2 above), p p . 4 2 - 5 4 n n . 9 4 - 1 2 4 .
( S y d n e y 1 9 7 9 ) , p . 28 n . 3 3 . T . D o h r n ,
Mitteilungen
Instituts,
in Honour
Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p . 2 1 ; Fraser, n ( n o t e 2
above), pp. 5 6 - 5 7 n n . 1 2 9 - 3 2 .
(Bergamo
1925-1931
H o e p f n e r (note 3 above), p p . 2 7 6 - 7 8 .
des Deutschen
Rbmische
Abteilung
Arch'dologiscben
47
Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p . 3 6 .
48
Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p . 1 5 ; Fraser, 11 ( n o t e 2
92 (1985): 98,
above), p. 30 n . 76.
49
G . G r i m m , " Z u m P t o l e m a e r a l t a r aus d e m
Soeurs), w h i c h w a s p a r t l y b u i l t o v e r b y c o n
a l e x a n d r i n i s c h e n S a r a p e i o n , " i n Alessandria
s t r u c t i o n s o f t h e " S o c i e t e de Pressage et de
mondo
hellenistico-romano:
Achille
Adriani,
a b u r i a l n i c h e a n d b r o k e o n l y w h i l e b e i n g "res
p i . 8; D a s z e w s k i ( n o t e 35 a b o v e ) , p . 1 1 4 , n o . 8,
c u e d . " O t h e r n i c h e s i n t h e same t o m b c o n t a i n e d
t h r e e b r o k e n vases o f t h e H a d r a t y p e . A b l a c k -
Studi
in onore
e il
di
s l i p h y d r i a "avec des d e c o r a t i o n s en c o u l e u r
B a u g e s c h i c h t e des H e i l i g t u m s v o n d e r f r i i h e n
b l a n c h e s u p e r p o s e e , les anses . . . t r a v a i l l e e s
p t o l e m a i s c h e n Z e i t bis z u r Z e r s t o r u n g 3 9 1 n .
c o m m e des c o r d e s , p o u r v u e s de m a s q u e s p l a s -
l i n 1 9 8 5 ) , p p . 3 0 - 5 5 ; i b i d . , v o l . 2, p p . 5 8 - 7 0
n n . 1 - 8 7 ; i b i d . , v o l . 3, figs. 4 - 7 ; i b i d . , v o l . 4 ,
p i s . 8 - 1 9 . A n e a r l i e r d a t i n g o f t h e first b u i l d
i n g i n t o t h e r e i g n o f P t o l e m y 1 is suggested b y
A c c o r d i n g t o the i n v e n t o r y o f the m u
s e u m , these finds w e r e m a d e i n M a y 1 9 2 3 . T h i s
4 t o 5 degrees f r o m t h e r e g u l a r o r i e n t a t i o n o f
s t a t e m e n t is also s u p p o r t e d b y t h e o r d e r o f i n
v e n t o r y n u m b e r s ; Breccia's e r r o n e o u s
reference
t o t h e y e a r 1 9 3 0 as t h e d a t e o f t h e d i s c o v e r y
s h o u l d t h e r e f o r e be d e l e t e d .
53 55), w h e r e a s t h e l a t e r t e m p l e o f Serapis
e r e c t e d b y Euergetes a l i g n s e x a c t l y w i t h t h e
street l a y o u t . A p r o b a b l e r e a s o n f o r t h i s d e v i a
t i o n c o u l d lie i n the p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t i n the earli
40
r o a d n e t w o r k h a d n o t y e t been e x p a n s i v e
39 c m ; m i n o r restorations). Permission t o p u b
l i s h i t has been g r a n t e d b y H . R i a d .
Grimm
i n g p . 1 3 2 . T h i s a l l o w s us t o a p p r o x i m a t e t h e
a b o v e ) , p p . 5 - 6 ; Fraser, 11 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) ,
have t a k e n u p a l m o s t a c o m p l e t e insula,
50
thus
t h e F o r u m I u l i u m ( F o r u m A u g u s t i , Sebaste
A g o r a ) . Geza A l f o l d y ( n o t e 5 6 a b o v e ) , p p . 3 8 -
5I
T h e i m p o r t a n t s t i l l - u n p u b l i s h e d results a c h i e v e d
by M . S a b o t t k a ( n o t e 4 9 a b o v e ) have c e r t a i n l y
area, w h i c h i n n o w a y d e t r a c t s f r o m his b r i l
c l e a r e d a n d c h a n g e d o u r p i c t u r e o f t h e Serapis
l i a n t d e d u c t i o n t h a t the s o - c a l l e d O b e l i s k o f
s a n c t u a r y i n A l e x a n d r i a (cf. t h e r e c e n t discus
G a l l u s o n t h e Piazza d i San P i e t r o i n R o m e is
s i o n b y P. Pensabene, " E l e m e n t i a r c h i t e t t o n i c i
v e r y l i k e l y o n c e t o have f o r m e d p a r t o f a s u n
d i a l t h a t C l e o p a t r a v n erected i n A l e x a n d r i a
tories d'Arte
delVEgitto
Reper
a n d t h a t served as m o d e l f o r A u g u s t u s ' s s u n d i a l
serie C ,
Greco-Romano,
on the C a m p u s M a r t i u s (Alfoldy, p p . 5 5 - 6 7 ) .
research).
58
52
S a b o t t k a , 1 ( n o t e 4 9 a b o v e ) , p p . 1 6 6 - 6 7 ; Sa
E . I v e r s e n , Obelisks
in Exile,
Obelisks
and England
Egypt:
54
The
(Copenhagen
Skyscrapers
of
of the Past ( N e w Y o r k
1 9 7 7 ) , p p . 1 7 6 - 8 2 , figs. 4 7 - 5 0 ; A l f o l d y ( n o t e
S a b o t t k a , 1 ( n o t e 4 9 a b o v e ) , p p . 1 6 7 - 6 8 ; Sa
b o t t k a , i n ( n o t e 4 9 a b o v e ) , figs. 3 i d , 3 2 a , b ,
5 6 a b o v e ) , p . 43 n . 7 8 a n d p . 52 n . 1 0 0 ( w i t h
33a.
further lit.).
59
Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p . 2 4 ; Fraser, 11 ( n o t e 2
G r i m m ( n o t e 4 1 a b o v e ) , n o . 93 w i t h i l l .
above), pp. 6 8 - 7 0 n n . 1 5 5 - 6 3 ; H . H e i n e n ,
Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p p . 1 5 - 1 7 ; Fraser, 11
H . T e m p o r i n i , e d . , Aufstieg
romischen
"Die
55
v o l . 2,
1 9 7 2 ) , p p . 9 o f f . ; L . H a b a c h i , The Obelisks
b o t t k a , i n ( n o t e 4 9 a b o v e ) , figs. 3 i a - c a n d 3 3 b .
53
of Istanbul
A n f a n g e des r o m i s c h e n K a i s e r k u l t e s , " i n
und Niedergang
der
Welt 18,5 ( B e r l i n 1 9 9 5 ) , p p . 3 1 5 2 . -
5556
M o u s e i o n : Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p . 1 5 ;
Fraser, n ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p p . 3 0 - 3 1 n . 7 7 .
60
See n o t e 6 1 b e l o w . H o e p f n e r ' s s t a t e m e n t ( n o t e 3
a b o v e , p . 2 7 7 ) t h a t a q u a r t e r o r a fifth o f t h e
Fraser, 11 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p p . 3 3 - 3 4 n . 8 1 ; T i -
m o n e i o n : P l u t a r c h Life
of Antony
69 a n d 7 1
v i s i t n o r i n his d a y a n d r a t h e r m o r e l i k e l y t o be
t r u e f o r t h e I m p e r i a l age o n l y .
Der
Obelisk
hi-
storisches
Monument
in Rom:
der Antike,
Ein
Sitzungs-
61
1 7 . 1 . 8 ; Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p . 1 4 ; Fraser, 11
(note 2 above), p . 30 n . 70.
62
1 7 . 5 2 ; B r a d f o r d W e l l e s ( n o t e 14 a b o v e ) , p . 2 6 9 .
63
64
F o r t h e same p h e n o m e n o n i n m o r e r e c e n t t i m e s ,
b e r i c h t e d e r H e i d e l b e r g e r A k a d e m i e der
Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische
Klasse, n o . 2 ( H e i d e l b e r g 1 9 9 0 ) , p . 4 6 .
57
Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p . 2 4 ; Fraser, 11 ( n o t e 2
see R . Z i m m e r m a n n , Kunstliche
a b o v e ) , p p . 6 8 - 7 0 n n . 1 5 5 - 6 3 ; cf. also K . T u -
dien zu ihrer
1989).
Bedeutung
Ruinen:
und Form
Stu-
(Wiesbaden
E i n e Frage z u d e n A n f a n g e n des r o m i s c h e n
K a i s e r k u l t e s , " Istanbuler
Mitteilungen
31
65
E. G a l l i , "Riflessi d i p i t t u r a alessandrina i n Ca
( 1 9 8 1 ) : 1 6 7 - 8 6 . I n 1 8 7 4 massive f o u n d a t i o n
l a b r i a , " Rivista
del R. Istituto
Storia
6 ( 1 9 3 7 ) : 3 2 f f . , figs. 7, 8, 9 , 1 1
dell'Arte
d'Archeologia
s u r i n g 3 . 5 0 m a n d 2 . 5 0 m across, r e s p e c t i v e l y )
Journal
of Glass
Studies
10 ( 1 9 6 8 ) : 33.
Etude
archeologique
"Caesareum"
L'ancienne
et
topo-
(Paris 1 8 8 8 ) , p p . i o f f . , m a p f o l l o w
66
H a r d e n ( n o t e 65 a b o v e ) , p p . 3 2 - 3 3 , n o s . a - j
(with further lit.); M . Pfrommer,
chungen
zur Chronologie
stischen
Goldschmucks,
friih-
und
Untersuhochhelleni-
Istanbuler Forschungen
73
74
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
3 7 ( T u b i n g e n 1 9 9 0 ) , p . 2 3 7 , a d n o . F K 63
(with further lit.).
67
H a r d e n ( n o t e 65 a b o v e ) , p p . 3 2 - 3 3 , n o . 4 , figs.
3 1 - 3 2 ( w i t h further lit.); P f r o m m e r (note 66
a b o v e ) , p . 2 3 7 n . 1 8 0 1 ( w i t h f u r t h e r l i t . ) . See
also U . H a u s m a n n , Griechische
Weihreliefs
( B e r l i n i 9 6 0 ) , p p . 8 1 - 8 2 , fig. 5 1 ( p r o b a b l y
A l e x a n d r i a n , first h a l f s e c o n d c e n t u r y B . C . ) .
68
G a l l i ( n o t e 65 a b o v e ) , f i g . 1 0 ; P f r o m m e r ( n o t e
66 above), p . 169 ( O R 22), p . 237, no. F K 63,
pis. 3 0 , 4 5 . A r e a o f o r i g i n a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f
the antelope-head earrings: P f r o m m e r , p p . 1 7 1 7 2 , fig. 3 1 .
69
70
Fraser, 1 ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p . 3 6 ; H o e p f n e r ( n o t e
3 above), p . 277.
75
Kahil
76
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
case c o n s t i t u t e d a n i m p o r t a n t c o m m u n i t y f r o m the t i m e o f P t o l e m y v i
a n d were g r o u p e d i n one d i s t r i c t at the end o f the Ptolemaic era.
I w i l l n o t speak o f the E g y p t i a n r e l i g i o n a n d its r e l a t i o n s h i p
w i t h the p h a r a o h s . I t is very difficult t o t r y t o summarize the significance
of the cults i n H e l l e n i s t i c E g y p t . T h e l e i t m o t i f o f the E g y p t i a n r e l i g i o n is
i n fact the passage f r o m life t o death a n d the question of w h a t happens
i n the other w o r l d . I t is n o t everyday life t h a t concerns E g y p t b u t the u n
c e r t a i n t y o f w h a t happens after death. For the Egyptians i t seems t o be
the same life b u t i n another f o r m , m o r e s p i r i t u a l i z e d . M u m m i f i c a t i o n ,
the b u i l d i n g o f the t o m b s , the d e c o r a t i o n o f the t o m b s w i t h statues, re
liefs, stelae, a n d g i f t s f r o m a simple p o t t o the m o s t beautiful g o l d
a n d the c u l t offerings i n the t o m b s a n d temples a l l suggest t h a t after
physical death there is a c o n t i n u a t i o n of life.
T h r o u g h art, we have i n some w a y a d e s c r i p t i o n o f the future,
of an eternal, m o r e b e a u t i f u l existence. E g y p t i a n r e l i g i o n deals w i t h the
same p r o b l e m as a l l religions: w h a t is the c o n t a c t between m a n a n d g o d .
T h e gods have t h e i r plans, a n d m a n answers gods w i t h prayers a n d offer
ings. B u t i n E g y p t i a n r e l i g i o n , n o t every m a n is a l l o w e d i n t o the v i c i n i t y
of the g o d , b u t o n l y the k i n g , the p h a r a o h , a n d his priest. T h i s attitude is
Kahil
77
78
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
Kahil
FIG.
79
80
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
Deipnoso-
Kahil
first,
firmly
15 ( 2 7 8 - 2 7 0
B.C.).
81
82
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
(reverse). T h i r d century B . C .
Alexandria, Graeco-Roman
M u s e u m 25018.
Kahil
FIG.
the discus, a n d
83
84
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
Statue of Euthenia. M a r b l e .
Ca. A . D . 1 6 0 - 1 8 0 . Alexandria,
Graeco-Roman M u s e u m 24124.
85
von
Staden
A t different h i s t o r i c a l m o m e n t s o f e x c e p t i o n a l c u l t u r a l efflorescence,
science plays s t r i k i n g l y divergent roles. T h e o r e t i c a l l y i n c l i n e d , o r i g i n a l
"research" scientists represent a m o r e conspicuous strand i n the intellec
t u a l t e x t u r e of early A l e x a n d r i a t h a n , f o r example, o f Periklean Athens
or of A u g u s t a n R o m e (despite the b r i l l i a n t t e c h n o l o g i c a l , a r c h i t e c t u r a l ,
a n d general c u l t u r a l v i r t u o s i t y o f Athens a n d R o m e ) . Scientists were, of
course, active i n m a n y Greek cities t h r o u g h o u t the H e l l e n i s t i c epoch,
i n c l u d i n g Syracuse, Athens, Rhodes, K o s , Pergamon, Smyrna, Ephesos,
L a o d i c e a - a d - L y c u m , a n d A n t i o c h , b u t a t h i c k t e x t u r e of scientific activ
1
A l e x a n d r i a a m o n g its t e c h n o l o g i c a l i n n o v a t o r s , n o t t o m e n t i o n , a m o n g
9
10
11
86
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
mummification w i t h
system
atic scientific
13
T h r o u g h his
von
Staden
retina.*
15
Further
16
B u t m a n y o f his greatest
17
extend
18
Blood (with
19
Innate facul
87
88
HELLENISTIC
A L E X A N D R I A
(vXag).
20
(diOLKeladai)
capable o f
21
TO TTapadetypxx
11
i n t o s m a l l i n t e r i o r structures o f the b o d y a n d i n t o i n d i v i d u a l i n t e r n a l
p h y s i o l o g i c a l a n d p a t h o l o g i c a l processes.
A l t h o u g h H e r o p h i l o s uses q u a n t i f i c a t i o n t o define generalizable b o d i l y laws, as h a d the H i p p o c r a t i c s a n d Polykleitos, he leaves
ample r o o m f o r i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b i l i t y a m o n g h u m a n bodies ( i n this re
spect, t o o , f o l l o w i n g some H i p p o c r a t i c s ) a s does m u c h o f Hellenistic
art. H i s version o f the b o d y is inspired neither by an aestheticizing mathem a t i c i s m n o r by a m a t h e m a t i c i z i n g aestheticism, b u t by the a s p i r a t i o n
t o define precisely as m a n y n a t u r a l structures a n d processes i n the b o d y
as possible, w h i l e recognizing t h a t n o t a l l b o d i l y features w i l l s u b m i t t o
q u a n t i f i c a t i o n o r generalization.
H i s attempts t o measure b o d i l y processes are perhaps also t o
be u n d e r s t o o d i n the c o n t e x t o f the renewed, m o r e extensive preoccupa
t i o n w i t h scientific measurement i n the t h i r d century B . C . Eratosthenes'
On the Measurement
and Distances
of the Earth
A r c h i m e d e s ' On the
Measure
von
Staden
23
24
("irrational
15
Elements
26
of
27
Herophi
28
2 9
Particu
89
90
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
changes
31
T h e question was w e l l
32
is also projected
as m a t h e m a t i c a l l y a n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l l y verifiable.
A f o u r t h n o t e w o r t h y feature o f H e r o p h i l o s ' s version of the
b o d y s h o u l d n o t be o v e r l o o k e d : his insistence o n its p r o v i s i o n a l i t y . For
all his precise f o r m u l a t i o n s o f regularities i n q u a n t i t a t i v e terms, he argues
t h a t a l l causal t h e o r y a n d hence a l l explanations o f b o d i l y functions o r
d y s f u n c t i o n s m u s t have a merely h y p o t h e t i c a l status; cause c a n n o t be
k n o w n or a r t i c u l a t e d w i t h c e r t a i n t y b u t o n l y ex h y p o t h e s i .
33
Experience
first."
34
B u t the
von
Staden
a n d t h a t he is n o t r e l u c t a n t
35
Erasistratos
W h e t h e r Erasistratos, the a u t h o r o f the m a j o r r i v a l Greek version of the
h u m a n b o d y i n the early H e l l e n i s t i c p e r i o d , ever p r a c t i c e d i n A l e x a n d r i a ,
is c o n t r o v e r s i a l . Geoffrey L l o y d a n d m o s t m o d e r n scholars believe t h a t
he d i d , at least for a substantial p e r i o d of t i m e , whereas Peter Fraser has
revived the v i e w t h a t o n l y Seleucid connections are attested for Erasis
tratos.
36
3 7
by
regi promittens).
38
T h e m o b i l i t y o f the H e l
40
41
91
92
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
42
43
A b a n d o n i n g the H e r o p h i l e a n m o d e l o f
and
44
4 5
The
latter is n o t the c o n t i n u o u s v o i d postulated by Epicurus a n d other a t o m ists b u t the i n t e r s t i t i a l v o i d perhaps accepted by Erasistratos under the
influence o f his older c o n t e m p o r a r y , the Peripatetic Strato o f L a m p s a k o s
(d. 2 6 9 / 2 6 8
B.C.),
a t u t o r of P t o l e m y 11 Philadelphos. I n Strato's v i e w
4 6
Wherever Strato m i g h t
4 7
von
Staden
TO KPOVJULPOP
w h i c h is being e m p t i e d " ) ,
48
a n d a l l w i t h o u t p r o m p t i n g by any e x t e r n a l
4 9
50
2.
3.
5 1
4.
93
94
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
furcillae),
catinus,
52
gemelli)
s i t t i n g i n a r o u n d space, so Erasis
5 3
9.
von
Staden
elements i n c o m m o n w i t h Strato's t h e o r y o f v o i d a n d o f p a r t i c u l a t e m a t
ter.
54
as H e r o n , p r o b a b l y d r a w i n g o n early H e l l e n i s t i c sources, i n v o k e m e d i c a l
i n s t r u m e n t s a n d m e d i c a l practices i n s u p p o r t o f t h e i r views o n i n t e r s t i
tial void and on pneumatics.
55
"pus p u l l e r " ) ,
5 6
f u r t h e r illustrates the i n t e r
a c t i o n between H e l l e n i s t i c m e d i c i n e a n d m e c h a n i c a l technology.
F o u r t h , ever since a n t i q u i t y the conspicuously mechanistic
features o f m a n y o f Erasistratos's p h y s i o l o g i c a l a n d p a t h o l o g i c a l e x p l a
nations have tended t o obscure a n o t h e r m a j o r feature o f his v e r s i o n o f
the b o d y : teleology. I n some o f his extensive anti-Erasistratean p o l e m i c s ,
G a l e n suggests t h a t Erasistratos's t e l e o l o g i c a l statements were merely
r h e t o r i c a l , h y p o c r i t i c a l , Peripatetic w i n d o w dressing, a n d t h a t they were
b l a t a n t l y c o n t r a d i c t e d by Erasistratos himself, f o r e x a m p l e , w h e n the
latter fails t o specify a f u n c t i o n f o r the spleen, the o m e n t u m , the r e n a l
arteries, a n d y e l l o w b i l e .
57
(rexvLKrj)"
(re;^/^)."
5 8
n o t h i n g w i t h o u t reason (aXoycos),
this";
5 9
TeOfjvai)
by n a t u r e , . . . a n d he calls nature
Similarly, G a l e n r e p o r t s , " n a t u r e does
f o r he [Erasistratos] h i m s e l f says
60
" o n l y one [ o p i n i o n a b o u t n a t u r e ] w i l l
6 1
(4>L\6TXVO<;),
superfluity (aTrepirros),
(pOJTTLKOV)."
w i t h o u t deficiency (aveAAiTrrjs),
fond of
and w i t h o u t
h a v i n g , as Erasistratos says, n o t h i n g t a w d r y
6 2
(fyiXorexvog).
has a r i c h p h i l o s o p h i c a l h i s t o r y as a p a r a d i g m o f p u r p o s i v e o r
techne
95
96
HELLENISTIC
A L E X A N D R I A
63
(irvp
TexyiKov),
(irvp evrexvov),
a n d they s i m i l a r l y refer t o
[Trvevpua evrexvov)
cally p u r p o s i v e l y d e s i g n i n g " ? ) .
64
i.e., " a r t i s t i
is a system (avcrrrj/uia) c o m
6 5
The link
6 7
a n d tecbne m a y
for ex
ample, A r i s t o t l e remarks:
It is likely that the gall (xoXij), when it is present i n the area
of the liver, is a residue and not for the sake of anything (oif\
eveKOL TLPOS).
(eveKa
(iravra).
68
A r i s t o t l e n o t o n l y calls the
von
6 9
Staden
Moreover, Aris
Meta
TOV) i n nature a n d t h a t w e m u s t n o t
TTOLVTCOV)
w i t h o u t q u a l i f i c a t i o n (a7rAd>g).
70
Indeed, he says,
(TLVOS
eveKa).
There is m u c h i n
i t is because i t thereby is
honorable."
7 1
" m o r e w o r t h y , valuable o r
TL/ULUDTEPOV,
accommodates
72
All
mecha
73
74
97
98
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
7 6
77
I t is a c o m p l e x ,
H A V E N ,
C O N N E C T I C U T
von
Staden
Notes
T h e H e l l e n i s t i c scientific c o m m u n i t y w a s m o
Graece
b i l e , b u t i t is a t t e s t e d t h a t , a t least f o r c e r t a i n
T . L . H e a t h , e d . , t r a n s l . , Apollonius
exstant,
p e r i o d s o f t i m e , A r c h i m e d e s w o r k e d i n Syra
Treatise
cuse; T h e o p h r a s t o s , E r a t o s t h e n e s , a n d S t r a t o i n
G . J. T o o m e r , e d . , t r a n s l . , c o m m . ,
A t h e n s ( b u t t h e l a t t e r t w o also i n A l e x a n d r i a ) ;
Conies
the Lost
on Conic
Original
ofPerga,
( C a m b r i d g e 1896);
Sections
Apollonius,
Translation
of
in the Version
of
der W a e r d e n , Erwachende
a n d R h o d e s w e r e k n o w n centers o f m a t h e m a t
(Basel 1956), p p . 3 9 5 - 4 3 6 ; O . N e u g e b a u e r ,
Wissenschaft
ics, S m y r n a b e c a m e f a m o u s f o r its s c h o o l o f
E r a s i s t r a t e a n p h y s i c i a n s , a n d M e n K a r o u (near
Geschichte
215-54.
und Studien
zur
A b t . B , 2 (1932):
der Mathematik,
p h i l e a n d o c t o r s . A p o l l o n i o s o f Perge w a s i n
E p h e s o s f o r a t least s o m e t i m e a n d m a i n t a i n e d
active contact w i t h
Pergamon.
See V i t r u v i u s De architectura
9.8.2-7, 10.7-
8; A t h e n a e u s Deipnosophistae
4.i74b-e,
n . 4 9 7 b - e ; A . G . D r a c h m a n n , The
2
F o r E u c l i d ' s c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h A l e x a n d r i a , see
Technology
P r o c l u s , In primum
Study
comment.,
Euclidis
in Euclidis
Elementa,
of the Literary
i d e m , Ktesibios,
Elementorum
Ancient
1, i n J. L . H e i b e r g , e d . , rev. E . S. S t a m a -
t i s , Euclidis
and Roman
Mechanical
Antiquity:
(Copenhagen
Sources
e d . G . F r i e d l e i n ( L e i p z i g 1873),
p . 6 8 . 1 0 - 2 0 ; Scholia
librum
Elementorum
of Greek
Philon
and Heron:
(Copenhagen
Pneumatics
A Study
in
1948).
v o l . 5 . 1 ( L e i p z i g 1977),
p . 4 0 . 2 3 - 2 5 ; P a p p u s , Collectiones
7.35 ( H e i
H . D i e l s a n d E . S c h r a m m , Philons
Belopoiika,
A b h a n d l u n g e n der preussischen A k a d e m i e
b e r g p . 678).
der W i s s e n s c h a f t e n , B e r l i n , p h i l . - h i s t . K L , 16
3
(1918); i d e m , Exzerpte
S t r a t o o f L a m p s a k o s ( t h e P e r i p a t e t i c ) : see S t o -
baeus Eclogae
1.16.1; D i o g e n e s L a e r t i u s
philosophorum
Vitae
Mechanik
5.58.
cae Syntaxis
4
aus Philons
libri
quartus
Mechani(Berlin
et quintus
O n A r c h i m e d e s ' A l e x a n d r i a n a s s o c i a t i o n s , see
D i o d o r o s o f S i c i l y Bibliotheca
p n e u m a t i q u e s et des m a c h i n e s h y d r a u l i q u e s
5.37.3.
historica
F o r A r c h i m e d e s ' e x t a n t prefaces a d d r e s s e d t o
de P h i l o n de B y z a n c e , " Notices
A l e x a n d r i a n m a t h e m a t i c i a n s , see J. L . H e i b e r g ,
(1903): 2 7 - 2 3 5 ; D r a c h m a n n ( n o t e 7 a b o v e ) ;
e d . , rev. E . S. S t a m a t i s , Archimedis
E . W . M a r s d e n , Greek
opera
om
Technical
Treatises
38
et extraits
and Roman
Artillery:
( O x f o r d 1971), p p . 1 0 5 - 8 4 ;
i d e m , Greek
m e n t i o n o f K o n o n ) , 246 ( t o D o s i t h e o s ) ; v o l . 2,
Development
p p . 2, 2 6 2 - 6 6 ( t o D o s i t h e o s , b u t b o t h w i t h
m e n t i o n o f K o n o n ) , 4 2 6 - 3 0 a n d 528 ( b o t h t o
117, I 2 4 f . , 1 9 9 - 2 0 6 .
and Roman
Artillery:
Historical
( O x f o r d 1969), p p . 3 - 6 , 2 5 - 2 6 ,
Eratosthenes).
9
5
O n D i o n y s o s ' s r e p e a t i n g c a t a p u l t , p r o b a b l y de
B e t t e r k n o w n t o s o m e as a n A l e x a n d r i a n l i b r a r
signed a n d b u i l t i n R h o d e s , see P h i l o n o f B y z a n
i a n , l i t e r a r y c r i t i c , a n d p o e t , E r a t o s t h e n e s also
t i u m Belopoeica
[ n o t e 8 a b o v e ] , c h a p s . 5 1 - 6 0 ) ; M a r s d e n , Ar
sure t h e c i r c u m f e r e n c e o f t h e e a r t h , see
medis
Caelestia,
Cleo-
tillery:
Technical
(note 8 above),
p p . 1 4 6 - 5 2 , 1 7 7 - 8 4 , esp. D i a g r a m 9 ( p . 179);
H . D i e l s , Antike
1924), p p . 1 0 4 - 6 ; M a r s d e n , Artillery:
see also i b i d . , p p . x x i i i - x x v , f o r r e l e v a n t m o d
ern lit.).
Engineering
Technik,
in the Ancient
3rd e d . ( L e i p z i g
World
Histori
(London
became w h a t
w e r e i n basic g e o m e t r y . See
J. L . H e i b e r g , e d . , Apollonii
Pergaei
quae
of Instruments
for Warfare
( M a r s d e n , Artillery:
Con
and of
Technical
Trea-
99
100
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
p p . 6 1 - 1 0 3 ) , addressed t o a K i n g A t t a l o s ,
tises,
13
G a l e n , De anatomicis
10.7
administrationibus
b e l o n g s t o t h e t h i r d o r s e c o n d c e n t u r y B . C . (i.e.,
(vol. 2, p . 5 1 S i m o n ; p . 56 D u c k w o r t h ) =
w h e t h e r its addressee is A t t a l o s 1 o f P e r g a m o n
Heroph.
( n o t e 1 0 a b o v e ) , f r . 9 2 (cf. f r . 7 9 ) .
Treatises,
directly
14
Technical
retina
and
are d e r i v e d f r o m L a t i n t r a n s l a t i o n s o f
B.C.
15
10
( n o t e 1 0 a b o v e ) , p p . 1 3 8 f f . , esp.
1 5 5 - 6 1 , 1 9 5 - 2 0 8 . O u r t e r m s cornea
p . 3,
Historical,
See Heroph.
See L . E d e l s t e i n , Ancient
(Baltimore
Medicine
See Heroph.
(note 10 above), p p . 1 6 1 - 7 7 ,
182-86, 200-27.
of the History
of
16
Medicine
2 1 4 - 2 0 , 2 9 6 - 9 9 , 3 6 5 - 7 2 . Herophilos's identi
f i c a t i o n o f t h e b r o a d l i g a m e n t s (Heroph.
9 7 ( 1 9 6 9 ) : 7 8 - 9 4 ; I . G a r o f a l o , ed.,
Hermes
Erasistrati
H . v o n Staden,
in Early
o f t h e u t e r u s t h a t pass f r o m t h e side o f t h e
Herophilus:
(Cam
Alexandria
c r u c i a l t o his a p p a r e n t a b a n d o n m e n t o f t h e
(hereafter
idea o f a w a n d e r i n g w o m b , i n a s m u c h as t h e
i d e m , " T h e D i s c o v e r y o f the B o d y :
Heroph.);
frr.
1 1 4 , 6 1 ) , i.e., t w o b i l a m i n a t e l a t e r a l l i g a m e n t s
(Pisa 1 9 8 8 ) , p p . 2 0 - 2 9
fragmenta
(hereafter Erasist.);
(note 10 above), p p . 1 6 7 - 6 9 , 1 8 3 - 8 6 ,
Heroph.
p l a c e . ( B e t w e e n t h e t w o layers o f e a c h l i g a m e n t
also pass t h e F a l l o p i a n t u b e s d i s c o v e r e d b y
of
Biology
65 ( 1 9 9 2 ) : 2 2 3 - 4 1 . See also
and Medicine
H e r o p h i l o s a n d s o m e b l o o d vessels.)
Empiriker-
2 n d e d . ( B e r l i n 1 9 6 5 ) ; o n P h i l i n o s as
schule,
f o u n d e r , p p . 1 6 3 - 6 4 , 2 5 4 - 5 5 . Celsus
cina,
(Medi-
naturalibus
1.14, 3.15 ( v o l . 2 , p p . 4 4 - 5 6 ,
2 0 6 - 1 4 K . [ n o t e 12 a b o v e ] ; Galenus,
(Natu-
Scripta
3 v o l s . , e d . J. M a r q u a r d t [ v o l . 1 ] ,
minora,
I . M u l l e r [ v o l . 2 ] , a n d G . H e l m r e i c h [ v o l . 3]
ralis historia
12
facultatibus
o f the
omnium)
to attack atomistic
e x p l a n a t i o n s o f m a g n e t i s m i n De
p r o o e m i u m 1 0 ) , h o w e v e r , seems t o m a k e
S e r a p i o n t h e f o u n d e r (primus
[ L e i p z i g 1 8 8 4 - 1 8 9 3 ] , h e r e a f t e r Scripta
minora,
A k r o n o f A g r i g e n t u m i n Sicily. See n o t e 7 7
v o l . 3, p p . 1 3 3 - 4 2 , 2 5 1 - 5 7 H e l m r e i c h ) ; Ad
below.
Pisonem
de theriaca
De locis
affectis
Celsus Medicina
prooemium 23-26
in Librum
De sectis
Galeni
6 3 b , p . 1 8 8 ) ; A g n e l l u s o f R a v e n n a ( ? ) , In
Galeni
2 3 , a d c a p . 5 (Arethusa
comm.
Mono
18
p p . 1 8 8 - 8 9 ) . B o t h H e r o p h i l o s a n d Erasistratos
gresso
c o n t i n u e d t o dissect a n d v i v i s e c t a n i m a l s as w e l l :
Bologna,
G a l e n De anatomicis
Heroph.
Claudii
Galeni
Opera
omnia,
6.8, i n
frr. 4 9 A ,
5 2 ) ; i d e m , De placitis
Platonis
7.3 ( v o l . 5, p . 6 0 9 K . ; Corpus
Graecorum
natura
sanguis
et
19
teries
Erasist.
and the
arteriis
(note 10 above), p p . 2 4 7 - 7 3 ;
p h a s i s o n f a c u l t i e s as a n e x p l a n a t o r y m e c h a
n i s m : see Heroph.,
p p . 3 3 1 (fr. 1 5 6 ) , 4 6 9 - 7 0
(fr. 2 8 4 ) , 5 2 6 .
Ar
Heroph.
C h r y s e r m o s o f A l e x a n d r i a are a m o n g l a t e r
5.2 a n d 8.4, 5
on Respiration
( n o t e 1 0 a b o v e ) , p p . 1 2 9 - 3 0 (fr. 5 7 ) ,
( v o l . 4 , p p . 7 1 8 , 7 3 3 - 3 5 K . ; D . J. F u r l e y a n d
J. S. W i l k i e , Galen
Medicina,
notes 2 1 - 2 2 below. D e m e t r i o s o f A p a m e a a n d
Medicorum
f r . 4 2 A ) ; i d e m , An in
contineatur
Con-
della
[hereafter C M G ] , 5.4.1.2, p . 4 4 6
D e L a c y = Erasist.
1988
di Storia
fr. 60), a n d
7 . 1 6 ( v o l . 2 , p p . 6 4 6 - 4 9 K . = Erasist.
Hippocratis
Internazionale
p p . 2 4 2 - 4 3 , 2 6 2 - 8 8 , 3 2 2 - 6 1 (esp. f r r . 1 4 4 ,
ed. C. G . K i i h n
quaes-
Aristotelicum,
fr. 63c,
administrationibus
2.23 (Supplementum
v o l . 2, p a r t 2, p p . 7 2 - 7 4 Bruns), w h i c h m i g h t ,
a d c a p . 5,
fr.
De sectis
tiones
Com-
5 r a 3 5 ~ 4 2 ( p p . 5 7 - 5 8 P r i t c h e t t = Heroph.
g r a p h s 8 [ i 9 8 i ] , p . 9 2 = Heroph.
see A l e x a n d e r o f A p h r o d i s i a s , Naturales
[note
10 a b o v e ] , fr. 1 7 A ) ; J o h n o f A l e x a n d r i a
mentaria
(Heroph.
[ n o t e 1 0 a b o v e ] f r . 6 3 a , p . 1 8 7 ; Erasist.
1.7 ( v o l . 8, p . 6 6 K . ) . F o r a n
20
Heroph.
( n o t e 1 0 a b o v e ) , p p . 3 6 5 (fr. 1 9 3 ) ,
3 1 8 - 2 2 (frr. 1 4 1 , i 4 3 a - c ) , 2 5 5 - 6 2 , 297, 3 1 1 ;
von
cf. also p p . 4 6 5 - 6 7 , 4 6 9 - 7 0 ( f r r . 2 8 0 , 2 8 4 :
Festschrift
zur 4 9 . Versammlung
l a t e r H e r o p h i l e a n s a n d Stoics o n f a c u l t i e s ) .
Philologen
und Scbulmdnner
Staden
deutscher
(Basel 1 9 0 7 ) ,
p p . 4 4 8 - 7 2 , o n p . 4 6 3 ( = Heroph.
21
G . E . R . L l o y d , The Revolutions
of
Heroph.,
p p . 2 8 2 - 8 3 , 3 9 2 , a n d , o n pulse frequency a n d
and
M y s t i f i c a t i o n " ) . C f . P. P e l l e g r i n , " Q u a n t i t e et
fever, p p . 2 8 3 - 8 5 , 3 0 2 - 4 , 3 3 6 , 3 3 9 , 3 5 4 - 5 6
(fr. 1 8 3 ) , 3 7 7 - 7 8 ( f r r . 2 1 1 , 2 1 5 ) , 3 8 0 - 8 3
e d . , Maladie
(frr. 2 i 7 a - b , 2 2 2 ) .
tualisation.
et maladies:
Melanges
Histoire
et
en I'honneur
concep
de
Mirko
E c o l e P r a t i q u e des H a u t e s E t u d e s , i v
Grmek,
28
s e c t i o n , Sciences h i s t o r i q u e s et p h i l o l o g i q u e s , V :
Hautes
etudes
medievales
70
et modernes,
O n p h a r a o n i c w a t e r c l o c k s a n d t i m i n g devices,
see O . N e u g e b a u e r a n d R . A . P a r k e r ,
Astronomical
(Geneva 1 9 9 2 ) , p p . 1 5 1 - 6 9 .
Egyptian
v o l . 3 (Providence, R . I . ,
Texts,
22
[note 10
a b o v e ] , f r . 1 8 2 , p p . 3 5 3 - 5 4 ) . See also
Wisdom
Zeitmessung
See G . V . L e f t w i c h , " A n c i e n t C o n c e p t i o n s o f
( B e r l i n 1 9 2 0 ) , p p . 6 f f . , 6 o f f . O n K t e s i b i o s , see
diss., P r i n c e t o n U n i v . , 1 9 8 7 ) .
(note 9 above),
Technik
Paulys
s u r e m e n t (size, w e i g h t , v o l u m e , etc.) a n d q u a n
Altertumswissenschaft,
t i f i c a t i o n , see n o t e s 2 6 - 3 0 b e l o w , a n d
Real-Encyclopadie,
3 0 1 , 3 0 5 , 3 2 4 - 2 . 5 (fr. 1 4 6 ) , 3 4 4 - ^ 1 , 365
c o l s . 9 9 2 - 1 0 8 0 , esp. 1 0 5 2 - 5 4 ; D r a c h m a n n ,
p p . i 6 f f . ; M . C . P. S c h m i d t , Die
der antiken
d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n , see also i b i d . , p . 3 2 6
Agypter,
and Heron
der Medizin
29
V i t r u v i u s De architectura
7 vols, i n 9 (Berlin 1 9 5 4 - 1 9 6 2 ) ,
horologiorum
ex aqua
. . .
conparationes
explicuit,
9 . 8 . 4 ) suggests t h a t he is s i n g l i n g o u t f o r de
S m i t h p a p y r u s , Case 1 ) .
s c r i p t i o n o n l y o n e o f several K t e s i b i a n w a t e r
c l o c k s . T h e merkhet,
C f . L . P e a r s o n , e d . , Aristoxenus,
{Elem..
e m h e t ( c o u r t a s t r o n o m e r t o A m e n h o t e p 1), also
2 . 2 0 - 2 2 , 25), 2 2 - 2 7 ,
2 8 , 3 2 - 3 5 , 5 4 - 5 5 , 6 1 , 6 4 - 7 0 ; Heroph.
or alabaster, water c l o c k
Elementa
2 . 1 0 - 1 2 ) , 1 2 - 1 7 {Elem.
is s a i d t o h a v e been d e s i g n e d t o m a r k t h e h o u r s
(note
1 0 a b o v e ) , p p . 2 7 3 - 8 5 (esp. 2 7 8 - 8 0 ) , 3 5 6 ,
o f t h e n i g h t at a n y season (see n o t e 28 a b o v e ) .
392-93.
Quaestiones
medicinales
dota
et Graecolatina,
Graeca
to Survive
under
Siege
22.24-25)
l i k e w i s e describes a c l e p s y d r a t h a t is a d j u s t a b l e
F o r t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f r h y t h m , see p s . - S o r a n u s
1 8 7 0 ) , p . 2 6 5 = Heroph.
f o r t h e seasonal l e n g t h e n i n g a n d s h o r t e n i n g o f
Anec-
n i g h t s . A n i g h t c l o c k (cbpokoyiov
v o l . 2 (Berlin
A t h e n a e u s Deipnosophistae
p p . 2 7 3 , 2 7 6 - 8 3 . O n the
4.174c; H . Diels,
p u l s e at d i f f e r e n t stages o f l i f e , see R u f u s o f
Ephesos(?), Synopsis
preussischen
de pulsibus
4, i n C. D a -
(Paris 1 8 7 9 ) , p p . 2 2 3 - 2 5 = Heroph.,
Berlin,
der
phil.-hist. K l .
(1915), pp. 8 2 4 - 3 0 .
d'Ephese
Heroph.,
vehemence,
pp. 2 7 3 - 7 5 , 2 8 4 - 8 6 , 3 2 7 - 2 8 , 352.-54,
30
V i t r u v i u s De architectura
aut in columna
in diem
singulis
F o r H e r o p h i l o s ' s c l e p s y d r a , see M a r c e l l i n u s
1 1 , i n H . Schone, " M a r k e l l i n o s '
egrediens
totum.
cuneorum
diebus
9 . 8 . 6 : In his
aut parastatica
crescentias
356-59-
De pulsibus
Akademie,
pp. 3 5 0 -
PP- 3 3 5 - 3 8 , 3 4 0 - 4 2 , 3 4 ^ - 4 9 , 3 5 4 - 6 i ,
3 9 1 - 9 3 ; o n p u l s e speed, size, a n d
of
vvKTepivov)
t h e c l e p s y d r a t y p e is also a s c r i b e d t o P l a t o : see
(note 10 above),
r e m b e r g a n d C . E . R u e l l e , eds., Rufus
27
9 . 8 . 4 - 7 , esp. 9 . 8 . 6 .
der
v o l . 4 . 1 , p p . 1 (Ebers p a p y r u s ) , 1 7 2 ( E d w i n
Rhythmica
Entstehung
Wasseruhr
(note 9 above), p p . 1 8 8 - 8 9 .
See, e.g., H . G r a p o w , H . v o n D e i n e s , a n d
alten
Philon
(note 7 above),
Ktesibios,
quali
Paulys
v o l . 8.1 ( S t u t t g a r t 1 9 1 2 ) ,
(fr. 1 9 3 ) , 375 ( f r r . 2 0 6 , 2 0 7 ) , 3 9 1 - 9 3 . 4 2 . 1 - 2 4
W . W e s t e n d o r f , Grundriss
26
classischen
Heroph.
(fr. 1 4 9 . 5 - 7 ) ; cf. i b i d . , p . 1 9 .
25
der
v o l . 8.2 ( S t u t t g a r t
tative
24
Real-Encyclopadie
autem
describun-
ab imo uirgula
Quarum
adiectus
et mensibus
horae
breuitates
sigaut
aut exemptus
perficere
cogit:
in
"In
these [ c l o c k s ] t h e h o u r s are d r a w n e i t h e r o n a
c o l u m n o r o n a p i l a s t e r , a n d a figurine ascend
i n g f r o m the b o t t o m indicates w i t h a r o d the
101
102
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
h o u r s f o r a w h o l e day. A n d t h e a d d i t i o n o r
f r r . 5 2 - 5 3 . C f . i b i d . , p p . 1 1 5 - 3 7 ; R . J. H a n k i n -
r e m o v a l o f w e d g e s forces i t t o effect t h e s h o r t
nesses o r increases o f [ t h e d u r a t i o n ] o n i n d i v i d
(1990):
35
194-215.
35
and
H e r o p h i l o s ' s p o s i t i o n reflects t h e g r o w i n g G r e e k
concern w i t h theories of scientific m e t h o d i n the
o t h e r predecessors (see n o t e s 2 7 - 2 9 a b o v e ) . F o r
t h i r d c e n t u r y B . C . T h e E m p i r i c i s t s seem t o have
r e c o n s t r u c t i o n s o f K t e s i b i o s ' s w a t e r c l o c k , see
been t h e first g r o u p w h o s e a d h e r e n t s d e f i n e d
D i e l s , Antike
themselves i n terms o f a m e t h o d o l o g i c a l a n d
(note 9 above), p p . 2 0 4 -
Technik
1 1 ( f i g . 7 1 ) ; J. S o u b i r a n , Vitruve,
ture,
De
ix (Paris 1 9 6 9 ) , p p . 2 7 2 - 8 7
livre
f u r t h e r l i t . ) ; F. G r a n g e r , e d . , Vitruvius
Varchitec
e p i s t e m o l o g i c a l m o d e l {ijuLTretpCa a n d its s u b
(with
d i v i s i o n s ) r a t h e r t h a n after a f o u n d i n g f a t h e r
on
Archi
( H i p p o c r a t i c , S o c r a t i c ) o r after a p l a c e o r s t r u c
tecture,
( n o t e 28 a b o v e ) , c o l s . 2 4 2 9 - 3 1 . See also
W . S c h m i d t , e d . , Heronis
1: Pneumatica
Alexandri
n o m e n c l a t i v e m o v e , t o o , reflects t h e i n c r e a s i n g
opera,
col.
p r e o c c u p a t i o n w i t h m e t h o d . See J. B a r n e s et a l . ,
(Leipzig 1899),
et automata
pp. 4 5 6 - 5 7 ( H e r o n , f r o m Proclus),
eds., Science
506-7
lenistic
and Speculation:
Theory
Studies
( f r o m P a p p u s ) ; T i t t e l ( n o t e 28 a b o v e ) , esp.
R . J. H a n k i n s o n , e d . , Method,
Metaphysics:
Studies
c l o c k s , w h i c h reflects at least s o m e t e c h n i c a l
cient
= Apeiron
(note 10 above), p p .
Arabic
Science
in
Hel
(Cambridge 1982);
and Practice
Medicine
and
in the Philosophy
of
22.2 (1988);
An
Heroph.
115-37.
( A l e p p o 1 9 8 1 ) , p . 1 3 ; cf.
Water-clocks
i d e m , On the Construction
of
Water-clocks
36
(London 1976).
G . E. R. L l o y d , " A N o t e o n Erasistratus of
C e o s , " Journal
of Hellenic
95 (1975):
Studies
1 7 2 - 7 5 ; P. M . Fraser, " T h e C a r e e r o f E r a s i s t r a
31
Cassius I a t r o s o p h i s t a Problemata
e d . , Physici
et medici
Graeci
t u s , " Rendiconti
1 , i n J. I d e l e r ,
( B e r l i n 1 8 4 1 ) , p . 1 4 4 = Heroph.
Classe
Lombardo,
5 1 8 - 3 7 ; W . D . S m i t h , The Hippocratic
(note 10
Tradi
( I t h a c a , N . Y . , 1 9 7 9 ) , p p . 1 9 0 , 1 9 5 . See
a b o v e ) , f r . 2 3 6 ( p p . 4 1 1 - 1 2 ) . Cassius s t a r t s o u t
tion
by a t t r i b u t i n g this v i e w t o "the
also R . F u c h s , " L e b t e E r a s i s t r a t o s i n A l e x a n
(Heroph.
Herophileans"
d r i a ? " Rheinisches
f r . 2 3 6 . 2 ) , b u t he t h e n p r o c e e d s t o
N . F . 52 ( 1 8 9 7 ) :
Museum,
3 7 7 - 9 0 ; F. S u s e m i h l , " C h r y s i p p u s v o n K n i d o s
N . F . 56
u n d E r a s i s t r a t o s , " Rheinisches
plaies c i r c u l a i r e s guerissent-elles d i f f i c i l e m e n t ?
U n n o u v e a u t e m o i g n a g e i n e d i t (Scorialensis
der A r z t e N i k i a s , E r a s i s t r a t o s , M e t r o d o r u n d
F i n 1 2 , f o l . 4 2 0 V ) , " i n Maladie
et
C h r y s i p p o s , " Hermes
maladies
(note 2 1 above), p p . 9 5 - 1 0 8 .
O n p u l l i n g (eXKecv, efyeXKeiv,
natura
sanguis
schaft,
VS. pushing
OXKTJ)
29 ( 1 8 9 4 ) : 1 6 1 - 7 0 ;
System
in Ancient
Greek
and the
Medicine
1 9 7 3 ) , p p . 1 7 7 - 7 8 ; Erasist.
[ n o t e 1 2 a b o v e ] , p . 1 7 6 = Heroph.
pp. 1 7 - 2 2 .
[note 10
a b o v e ] , f r . 1 4 5 a ) ; i d e m , De pulsuum
4 . 6 ( v o l . 8, p . 7 3 3 K . = Heroph.
H . D i e l s , e d . , Doxographi
p . 6 3 9 ( = Heroph.
cita 4 . 2 2 (Moralia
37
(note 10 above),
I a m i n c l i n e d t o agree w i t h P. G r e e n ,
to Actium
103, in
(Berlin 1879),
Graeci
Vascular
(Oxford
differentiis
fr. 144);
philosopha
Real-
Altertumswissen-
C . R . S. H a r r i s , The Heart
An
8 (vol. 4,
contineatur
der classischen
p s . - G a l e n De historia
Museum,
32
del Istituto
d i l e t t e r e e scienze m o r a l i e s t o r i c h e , 103 ( 1 9 6 9 ) :
vol. 1
minores,
Pla-
(Berkeley 1 9 9 0 ) , p . 4 9 0 :
Alexander
"Erasistra
tus w o r k e d i n A n t i o c h as w e l l as A l e x a n d r i a "
( a l t h o u g h m y assessment o f t h e h i s t o r i c a l v a l u e
of the evidence concerning Erasistratos a n d
903F-904B).
S t r a t o n i k e has b e c o m e m o r e c o m p l e x a n d re
33
G a l e n De procatarcticis
causis
1 6 . 1 9 7 - 2 0 4 ( C M G [ n o t e 1 2 a b o v e ] , Suppl.
p p . 4 1 - 4 2 B a r d o n g ) = Heroph.
13.162-64,
2,
s h o w n e l s e w h e r e ) . See Suda,
E . 2 8 9 6 , s.v.
t r a t u s (11, p p . 4 0 2 - 3 A d l e r ) ; G e o r g i u s
(note 10
Ecloga
chronographica
520.13-17 (Olymp.
1 3 0 . 2 ; p . 3 3 0 M o s s h a m m e r ) ; Scholia
34
A n o n y m u s Londinensis 2 1 . 1 8 - 3 2 =
(note 10 above), fr. 50a; Galen
medendi
= Heroph.
Heroph.
a d Idyll,
Heroph.
3 8 ; A p p i a n Historia
in
The-
M a x i m u s , 5.7. e x t . 1 ; P l u t a r c h , Vit.
Methodus
2.5 ( v o l . 1 0 , p . 1 0 7 K . [ n o t e 1 2 a b o v e ]
f r . 5 0 b ) . O n e x p e r i e n c e , see
ocritum,
Erasis
Syncellus
romana:
Syriac.
Demetrius
59-61,
3 0 8 - 2 7 . A m o n g E r a s i s t r a t o s ' s associates a n d
von
41
Staden
O n p a t h o l o g i c a l d i s s e c t i o n , see C a e l i u s A u r e
is i d e n t i f i e d as b e i n g f r o m Seleucia, b e c a m e a n
l i a n u s Tardae
5.8.111 =
A n t i o c h o s i n ( P o l y b i o s 5.56 a n d 5 . 5 8 ) , w h e r e a s
p r a e f . 2 (see n o t e 38 a b o v e ) . O n E r a s i s t r a t o s ' s
e x p e r i m e n t s , see H a r r i s ( n o t e 3 6 a b o v e ) ,
p p . 2 2 4 , 3 7 8 - 8 8 ; H . v o n Staden, " E x p e r i m e n t
i n t h e A l e x a n d r i a n s p h e r e . A p o l l o n i o s seems
letin
passiones
of the Institute
of Classical
Erasist.
Gynaecia
Bul
22
Studies
t o be t h e first f o l l o w e r o f E r a s i s t r a t o s t o have
( 1 9 7 5 ) : 1 7 8 - 9 9 ; Furley a n d W i l k i e (note 12
above), p p . 4 7 - 5 7 (by W i l k i e ) .
d r i a n u n d e r t a k i n g : see G a l e n De pulsuum
dif-
4 . 2 a n d 4 . 1 7 ( v o l . 8, p p . 7 1 9 , 7 5 9 - 6 1
ferentiis
K . [ n o t e 12 a b o v e ] ) ; Heroph.
42
(note 10 above),
P s . - G a l e n Introductio
5 (vol. 14,
siue medicus
p . 6 8 4 K . [ n o t e 12 a b o v e ] ) .
pp. 2 6 7 - 8 8 , 3 2 2 - 6 1 , 4 4 6 - 4 9 , 462.-65,
5 6 0 - 6 3 . Erasistratos's brother, K l e o p h a n t o s ,
43
p e r h a p s p r a c t i c e d i n A l e x a n d r i a : G a l e n In
Hippocratis
(vol.
Epidemiarum
1 7 A , p . 6 0 3 K . ; CMG
37;
2.4
111 comment.
See F u r l e y a n d W i l k i e ( n o t e 1 2 a b o v e ) , p p . 2 6 Erasist.
(note 10 above), p p . 3 1 - 4 6 ; v o n
S t a d e n ( n o t e 18 a b o v e ) ; H a r r i s ( n o t e 3 6 a b o v e ) ,
[note 12 above],
pp. 1 9 5 - 2 3 2 .
renum
et uesicae
44
4.1 (Darem-
affectionibus
CMG
p . 1 2 8 . 5 Sideras). T h e i r f a t h e r , K l e o m b r o -
a b o v e ] , esp. 6 4 9 . 1 7 = Erasist.
[note 10 a b o v e ] ,
fr. 4 9 A ) ; G a l e n De naturalibus
facultatibus
t o s , m i g h t have been i n A n t i o c h as t h e p h y s i
I . 1 6 , 2 . 1 ( v o l . 2 , p p . 6 0 - 6 7 , 75 K . ; Scripta
c i a n o f Seleukos 1 N i k a t o r (cf. P l i n y
nora
historia
Naturalis
7 . 1 2 3 a n d 2 9 . 5 ) , as w a s m a i n t a i n e d o n
purgantium
Hermes
mi
[ n o t e 1 7 a b o v e ] , v o l . 3, p p . 1 4 5 - 5 0 ,
H e l m r e i c h = Erasist.
155
medicamentorum
I I , p . 3 2 8 K . = Erasist.
De
2 (vol.
facultate
f r . 9 3 ) ; G a l e n An
in
arteriis
p p . 3 7 1 , 3 8 2 on K l e o p h a n t o s ) . C h r y s i p p o s , a
p. 7 0 9 K . ; F u r l e y a n d W i l k i e [note 12 above],
p . 1 5 0 = Erasist.
differentiis
sanguis
V i n d i c i a n Gynaecia
p r a e f . 2 ( = Heroph.
1 0 a b o v e ] , f r r . 5 a n d 6 4 = Erasist.
5 . 2 . 5 0 ( = Erasist.
frr.
[note
2 (vol. 4,
contineatur
f r . 1 0 9 ) ; G a l e n De
pulsuum
4 . 2 ( v o l . 8, p . 7 0 3 K . =
sectione
Erasist.
aduersus
3 (vol. 1 1 , pp. 1 5 3 - 5 6 K . =
EraErasist.
1 9 8 , 2 1 2 ) . See a l s o n o t e 4 9 b e l o w .
[note 10
a b o v e ] , f r . 1 7 B ) ; C a e l i u s A u r e l i a n u s Tardae
siones
natura
fr. 1 1 0 ) ; G a l e n De uenae
sistratum
38
administra-
7.16 ( v o l . 2, p p . 6 4 8 - 4 9 K . [note 12
tionibus
pas-
fr. 267).
45
E r a s i s t r a t o s a n d his f o l l o w e r s d i s t i n g u i s h be
t w e e n " m a s s e d v o i d " (KEVOV
ddpoov,
KEVOS
Suda,
E . 2 8 9 6 , s.v. E r a s i s t r a t o s (11, p p . 4 0 2 - 3
historia
mathematicos
pEja,
o n the one h a n d ,
S t e p h a n u s o f B y z a n t i u m Ethnica,
p . 335
t h r o u g h o u t b o d i e s " : G a l e n De naturalibus
M e i n e k e ; S t o b a e u s Anthologium
cultatibus
(vol.
siue medicus
[ n o t e 2 6 a b o v e ] , p p . 1 8 4 - 8 5 ) = Erasist.
et Platonis
(vol.
(note
Hippocratis
6 . 6 . 4 - 1 1 , 6.6.19, 7 . 3 . 6 - 1 3 ,
5, p p . 5 4 8 - 5 0 , 5 5 2 , 6 0 2 - 4 ,
K . [ n o t e 1 2 a b o v e ] = CMG
7.8.12
646-47
[ n o t e 12 a b o v e ] ,
f r r . 2 0 1 , 2 8 9 , 4 2 A . See also n o t e s 4 2 ,
47 below.
minora
fa
95-99
[ n o t e 17
a b o v e ] , v o l . 3, p p . 1 5 5 - 5 6 , 1 7 0 - 7 3 H e l m r e i c h
1 0 a b o v e ) , f r . 3 9 ; G a l e n De placitis
fipaxv)
2 . 1 , 2.6 ( v o l . 2 , p p . 7 5 - 7 6 ,
K . [ n o t e 1 2 a b o v e ] ; Scripta
= Erasist.
R u f u s ( ? ) , Anat.
at s h o r t i n t e r v a l s (Kara
(trapicr-
1 . 2 5 8 ; D i o g e n e s L a e r t i u s 5.57 a n d 7 . 1 8 6 ;
H e n s e ) ; p s . - G a l e n Introductio
40
ivapyEs),
[note 10 above], f r r . 9 5 , 9 6 , 1 3 6 ,
ddpoov,
for "massed" or
KEVOV),
"dissem
or
apparently became a
t e c h n i c a l e x p r e s s i o n , also i n m e c h a n i c s ; i t is
conspicuous, for example, i n the p r o o e m i u m t o
H e r o n ' s Pneumatica
1 (1, p p . 4 . 3 - 4 ,
6.12-14,
103
104
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
i n Pneum.
p . 4 6 . 3 - 4 S c h m i d t ) . See also n o t e s 4 6 ,
f r r . 8 4 , 1 0 3 - 4 ) ; G a l e n De locis
55-56
( v o l . 8, p . 3 1 6 K . = Erasist.
b e l o w . H . D i e l s , " U b e r das p h y s i k a l i s c h e S y s t e m
des S t r a t o , " Sitzungsberichte
der Akademie
der
p p . 1 0 1 - 2 7 , esp. p p . 1 0 5 - 1 7 ( r e p r . i n D i e l s ,
1 0 8 , 1 1 2 ) ; C a e l i u s A u r e l i a n u s Celeres
Kleine
2 . 3 4 . 1 8 0 ( = Erasist.
Berlin,
Schriften
zur Geschichte
der
antiken
ed. W . B u r k e r t [ H i l d e s h e i m 1 9 6 9 I ,
Philosophie,
suum
passiones
Depul-
4 . 1 7 ( v o l . 8, p . 7 5 9 K . =
differentiis
Era
sist. f r . 2 0 5 ) ; G a l e n De placitis
Platonis
m e c h a n i c i a n s , b u t D i e l s m a d e o v e r c o n f i d e n t use
o f H e r o n t o r e c o n s t r u c t S t r a t o . See L . R e p i c i ,
Erasist.
e Vanima:
Saggi su Stratone
di
50
Straton
von
v o l . 5,
des Aristoteles,
CMG
fr. 201).
de Ctesibica
aquam
(Basel 1 9 5 0 ) , f r r . 5 4 -
Lampsakos
et
6 . 6 . 4 - 1 1 ( v o l . 5, p p . 5 4 8 - 5 0 K . ;
V i t r u v i u s De architectura
nunc
Hippocratis
Lamp-
saco
educit,
in radicibus
quae
monstrare.
modioli
fiunt
tantes,
T h e o r y i n Heraclides of Pontus,"
R o s e ) ] figura similiter
Mnemosyne,
10.7.1:
machina
habentes
fistulas
Insequitur
in
altitudinem
Ea sit ex aere.
Cuius
gemelli
dis-
furcillae
paulum
(del.
[sunt
cohaerentes,
in
medium
4 t h ser. 18 ( 1 9 6 5 ) , p p . 1 2 6 - 4 3 ; . B . G o t t -
catinum
give a n i n d i c a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e m a c h i n e o f
Proceedings
K t e s i b i o s , w h i c h raises w a t e r t o a h e i g h t . I t
sophical
of the Leeds
Society
Literary
of Pontus
Philo
Theory
See G a l e n De naturalibus
H e l m r e i c h ; Erasist.
h a v i n g [ o u t l e t ] t u b e s i n t h e f o r m o f a f o r k ; these
of
t u b e s are a t t a c h e d t o t h e m [ i . e . , t o e a c h o f t h e
cylinders] i n a similar way, a n d the tubes c o n
149-60.
2.1
facultatibus
[ n o t e 17 a b o v e ] , v o l . 3, p p .
minora
Cosmic
" N o w we proceed to
concurrentes:
( O x f o r d 1 9 9 0 ) , p p . 9,
of Bithynia
1 2 - 1 4 , 49? 5 6 , 5 8 - 5 9 ; D . J. F u r l e y ,
Problems
127-
( O x f o r d 1980),
p . 1 4 3 ; J. T . V a l l a n c e , The Lost
Asclepiades
and
1 1 ( 1 9 6 5 ) : 9 5 - 1 8 2 , esp.
4 1 ; i d e m , Heraclides
47
frr. 106,
La natura
46
De
2 . 1 , 2 . 1 0 , 5.1 ( v o l . 4 , p p . 4 7 4 -
usu respirationis
phil.-hist. K l . (1893),
Wissenschaften,
5.3
affectis
Scripta
I b i d . : In quo
naribus
155-56
locati;
[note 10 above], f r r . 9 5 ,
catino
fistularum
fiunt
asses in
coagmentatione
qui praeobturantes
patiuntur
superioribus
subtili
foramina
( a d d . R o s e ) > quod
<redire
con-
narium
catinum
tus: spiritu
a s i m i l a r d e v i c e , see H e r o n Pneumatica
i n t o t h e space f r o m w h i c h t h e a i r h a d been
r e m o v e d . See also P h i l o n o f B y z a n t i u m De
geniis
(the c o d i c e s r e a d
in
spiri-
is F r a G i o c o n d o ' s e m e n d a t i o n ) . F o r
1.28
p p . x x x i i i , x x x v w i t h fig. 2 9 a ) .
in-
spiritualibus
Heronis
est expressum
non
spiritu
Alexandrini
52
v o l . 1 [Leipzig
Opera,
Pneumat-
De caelo paraphr.
4.5,
Plato
C f . Erasist.,
p l i c i u s In Aristotelis
4 0 , 4 4 , 49 above.
comment.
et
D e L a c y = Erasist.
Hippocratis
nis 6 . 6 . 4 - 1 1 ( v o l . 5, p p . 5 4 8 - 5 0 K . [ n o t e 1 2
4.5, ad
p p . 2 3 - 2 6 , 3 6 - 4 3 . See a l s o n o t e s
3 i 2 b 2 (p. 7 2 3 . 1 8 - 3 6 H e i b e r g ) .
48
lar P u z z l e s " ( n o t e 18 a b o v e ) .
49
53
V i t r u v i u s 1 0 . 7 . 1 - 3 . See n o t e s 5 0 - 5 1 a b o v e .
54
See n o t e s 4 5 - 4 6 a b o v e .
See n o t e s 4 4 a n d 4 9 ; v o n S t a d e n , " C a r d i o v a s c u
See n o t e s 4 0 a n d 4 3 - 4 4 a b o v e , a n d G a l e n
in arteriis
natura
sanguis
An
8.4-5
contineatur
sist.
micis
administrationibus
p p . 6 2 4 , 6 4 6 K . = Erasist.
De
usu partium
Era
anato-
7 . 1 1 , 7.16 ( v o l . 2,
frr. 202, 52); Galen
6 . 1 2 , 7.8 ( v o l . 3, p p . 4 6 5 ,
5 3 7 - 4 0 K . ; i , p. 339 Helmreich =
Erasist.
55
H e r o n Pneumatica
p r o o e m i u m , v o l . 1,
pp. 8.23-10.13,
16.10-16, 20.24-25,
25 S c h m i d t . C f . P h i l o n o f B y z a n t i u m
nica Syntaxis
26.23Mecha-
von
56
H e r o n Pneumatica
2. 1 7 - 1 8 (1, p p .
xographi
250-54
tiones
Schmidt).
p. 618); ps.-Galen
Graeci ,
x
medicae
Staden
Defini-
9 5 ( v o l . 1 9 , p . 3 7 9 K . ; SVF,
v o l . 2, f r . 113 3 ) ; C l e m e n t o f A l e x a n d r i a
57
G a l e n De naturalibus
( v o l . 2, p p . 7 8 , 9 1 K . [ n o t e 12 a b o v e ] ;
minora
Stro-
5 . 1 4 . 1 0 0 . 4 ( S V F , v o l . 2 , f r . 1 1 3 4 ) . See
mateis
2 . 2 , 2.4
facultatibus
also SVF, v o l . 2, f r r . 1 1 3 5 - 3 9 .
Scripta
[ n o t e 17 a b o v e ] , v o l . 3, p p . 1 5 7 , 1 6 7
H e l m r e i c h ) ; Erasist.
65
( n o t e 10 a b o v e ) , f r . 8 1 .
O l y m p i o d o r o s In Platonis
1 2 . 1 ; for
Gorgiam
G a l e n De naturalibus
minora
[ n o t e 17 a b o v e ] , v o l . 3, p p . 1 5 7 , 1 5 9 - 6 0 H e l m
r e i c h ) ; Erasist.
v o l . 1, fr. 7 3 .
2 . 2 , 3 ( v o l . 2,
facultatibus
p p . 7 8 , 8 1 K . [ n o t e 12 a b o v e ] ; Scripta
66
SVF ( n o t e 6 4 a b o v e ) , v o l . 1 , f r . 7 3 .
( n o t e 10 a b o v e ) , f r . 7 9 . See a l s o
G a l e n De venae
sectione
adversus
Erasistratum
4 ( v o l . 1 1 , p p . 1 5 7 - 5 8 K . = Erasist.
67
fr. 80):
E . g . , A r i s t o t l e Meteorologica
2.2.194321-22
Physica
" Y o u [ E r a s i s t r a t o s ] m a r v e l at n a t u r e as b e i n g at
i d e m , Poetica
o n c e c a p a b l e o f techne
i d e m , Protrepticus
t h o u g h t (irpovoriTiKiq)
and of fore
(TEXVLKTJ)
for l i v i n g beings."
G a l e n De usu partium
[ n o t e 12 a b o v e ] ; 1, p . 2 3 1 H e l m r e i c h =
L i t t r e ; CMG
3
60
G a l e n De naturalibus
[note
minora
68
17 a b o v e ] , v o l . 3, p . 165 H e l m r e i c h ) .
G a l e n De naturalibus
8Joly/Byl).
A r i s t o t l e De partibus
69
Ibid., 3.2.66338-11.
70
T h e o p h m s t o s Metaphysics
[note
minora
17 a b o v e ] , v o l . 3, p . 1 6 7 H e l m r e i c h =
Erasist.
Theophrastus,
Quaestiones
= Erasist.
63
3 {Moralia
prolis
7 . 1 (Moralia
convivales
Metaphysics
(Leiden 1933),
phraste,
Metaphysique
Theo-
(Psris 1 9 9 3 ) , p p . 1 8 - 2 2 ,
74-88.
698B-D)
fr. 114.
E . g . , P l a t o Timaeus
h i m , is a c r a f t s m a n u s i n g techne
u n i v e r s e (Srjjmuwpydg,
t o create the
2933, 4 i 7 > 4
7 5 b 7 ~ 8 ; pur)Xctvaop,ai,
I C
4 5'
T h e o p h m s t o s Metaphysics
9.1-4.10321-1232.
72
animalium
2 . i 4 - i 5 . 6 5 8 a n - b 2 6 ; J. G . L e n n o x , " T h e o
phrastus o n the L i m i t s of Teleology," i n
W . W . F o r t e n b a u g h , e d . , Theophrastus
3 4 C I , 3763, 40C2,
4 5 b 6 , 7 0 C 4 , 7 3 C 2 , 7 4 b 4 , 7 7 a 3 ; see also
/jLTqxavcbvTai
71
33<Ji; here t h e c o s m i c d e m i
u r g e h i m s e l f , l i k e t h e lesser g o d s w h o assist
T4 VU
X
i n a n a n a l o g y , 5oe6). F u r t h e r m o r e ,
Eresus:
On His Life
and
Work,
of
Rutgers Univer
sity Studies i n C l a s s i c s l H u m s n i t i e s , v o l . 2
is " t e c h n i c a l l y c r a f t e d "
J. C o o p e r , " A r i s t o t l e o n N a t u r a l T e l e o l o g y , "
(8e87]/nLovpyrj/jivrj
76d5~6), and
Language
and Logos
(Ith3C3, N . Y . , 1 9 8 2 ) ,
p p . 1 9 7 - 2 2 2 ; J. C o o p e r , " H y p o t h e t i c s l N e c e s
s i t y 3nd N s t u r s i T e l e o l o g y , " i n A . G o t t h e l f 3nd
TTvp, 5 9 3 5 - 6 ; cf. 4 7 3 6 , 4 6 e 4 ) .
J. G . L e n n o x , eds., Philosophical
H . v o n A r n i m , e d . , Stoicorum
menta
(hereafter SVF),
143-63;
i n M . C . N u s s b a u m 3nd M . S c h o f i e l d , eds.,
SeSrj/uuovpyrj/uLevos,
3 1 3 2 - 4 ; Sep/uut Srjjuuovpyrjdev,
64
see
495C)
( n o t e 10 a b o v e ) , f r . 8 3 . See i d e m ,
= Erasist.
9.2.1131-16;
3lso 4 . 2 . 7 3 1 9 - 2 2 . C f . M s r l e i n v s n R 3 3 l t e ,
[ n o t e 10 a b o v e ] , f r . 8 1 ) .
P l u t a r c h ( P ) , De amore
4.2.677312-
animalium
19.
2.4 ( v o l . 2,
facultatibus
p . 9 1 K . [ n o t e 12 a b o v e ] ; Scripta
62
1.11-16 ( v i , pp. 4 8 6 - 9 0
[ n o t e 12 a b o v e ] , 1.2.4, p p . 1 3 4 -
2 . 3 , 4 ( v o l . 2,
facultatibus
p . 88 K . [ n o t e 12 a b o v e ] ; Scripta
61
4.1.735; idem,
plantarum
treatise On Regimen
Erasist.
[ n o t e 10 a b o v e ] , f r . 8 2 ) .
i448b2o-27;
f r r . 1 3 - 1 4 Ross; p s . - A r i s t o t l e
6 0 ; i d e m , Metaphysics
De causis
4 . 1 5 ( v o l . 3, p . 3 1 5 K .
2.8.199311-20;
4 . i 4 4 8 b 4 ~ 9 and
5 . 3 9 6 b n - i 2 ; T h e o p h r a s t o s De
De mundo
lapidus
59
4 . 3 . 3 8 ^ 6 ; idem,
and
veterum
frag-
4 vols. (Leipzig 1 9 0 3 -
1 9 2 4 ) , v o l . 2, f r . 1 0 2 7 ( A e t i u s Placita
1.7.33);
totle's
Biology
Issues
in
Aris
of Metaphysics
30 (1976):
D i o g e n e s L a e r t i u s 7 . 1 5 6 (SVF, v o l . 2, f r . 7 7 4 ) ;
2 2 6 - 5 4 ( r e p r i n t e d i n Philosophical
C i c e r o De natura
deorum
fr. 1 7 1 ) ; G a l e n Methodus
2 . 5 7 (SVF, v o l . 1 ,
medendi
1.2 ( v o l . 10,
"Teleology a n d Necessity," i n
Issues
Philosophical
[above, this n o t e ] , p p . 2 7 5 - 9 0 ; W . K u l l -
p p . 1 5 - 1 6 K . [ n o t e 12 a b o v e ] = S V F , vol.. 2,
Issues
fr. 4 1 1 ) ; p s . - G a l e n Historia
philosopha
6 and 8
( v o l . 1 9 , p p . 2 4 6 , 2 5 2 K . [ n o t e 12 a b o v e ] ;
Do-
A r i s t o t l e , " i n A . G o t t h e l f , e d . , Aristotle
on
105
106
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
Nature
and Living
(Pittsburgh 1985),
Things
B o d y " ( n o t e 1 0 a b o v e ) , esp. p . 2 3 1 . C o n n e c
i n W . W . For-
t e n b a u g h a n d R . W . S h a r p i e s , eds.,
s o m e e a r l y A l e x a n d r i a n scientists are w e l l at
Theophras-
tested: k i n g s gave H e r o p h i l o s a n d E r a s i s t r a t o s
R u t g e r s U n i v e r s i t y Studies i n
tean Studies,
Classical H u m a n i t i e s , v o l . 3 ( N e w B r u n s w i c k ,
t a t i o n (Celsus Medicina
centes
homines
a regibus
uiuos
inciderint;
Erasist.
Teleologie
- K u l l m a n n , Die
in der aristotelischen
Sit-
Biologie,
z u n g s b e r i c h t e der H e i d e l b e r g e r A k a d e m i e der
Wissenschaften,
fr. 1 7 A ; Heroph.
[note 10 above],
s c r i b e d a p l a s t e r f o r a K i n g P t o l e m y w h o suf
passiones
zur
Wissen-
5 (1982): 2 5 - 3 9 ; G. Wohrle,
Methode
in seinen
5 . 2 . 5 0 = Erasist.
Tardae
botanischen
Schriften
no-
acceptos
fered f r o m g o u t (Caelius A u r e l i a n u s
Theophrasts
7 . 1 8 6 ) , as d i d H e r o p h i l o s ' s p u p i l A n d r e a s
( P o l y b i u s 5 . 8 1 . 1 - 7 ; see Heroph.,
t u s ' Metaphysics?"
Archiv
fur Geschichte
der
72 (1990): 1 8 2 - 2 1 3 .
Philosophie
P h i l a d e l p h o s (Orientis
Selectae
pp. 4 7 2 - 7 5 ) .
Graeci
Inscriptiones
2 4 ; see D i e l s , Antike
Technik
[note 9
a n d 4 6 a b o v e ; P. M . Fraser, Ptolemaic
Alexan
t h e t e m p l e at C a p e Z e p h y r i o n : H e d y l u s , i n
dria,
A t h e n a e u s Deipnosophistae
494,
A . S. F. G o w , The
611-12.
Epigrams
74
ex carcere
73
p r o o e m i u m 2 3 : qui
29.5
Hellenistic
( C a m b r i d g e 1 9 6 5 ) , v o l . 1,11.
1843-
(note 10 above),
historia
9 . 4 9 7 D - E ; cf.
Anthology:
O n T h e o p h r a s t o s a n d E r a s i s t r a t o s , see D i o
genes L a e r t i u s 5.57 = Erasist.
Greek
t h a t t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e t e c h n o l o g y o f ar
Erasist.
f r . 8; Sextus E m p i r i c u s Adversus
mathe-
maticos
1.258 = Erasist.
natu-
of the p r i n c i p l e o f c a l i b r a t i o n , w h i c h "the
ralibus
facultatibus
1 2 a b o v e ] ; Scripta
f r . 5; G a l e n De
minora
since t h e y o b t a i n e d , f o r t h e first t i m e , a b u n d a n t
[ n o t e 17 a b o v e ] ,
v o l . 3, p . 1 6 6 H e l m r e i c h = Erasist.
p r o d u c t i o n f u n d s (
f r . 6 ) . See
tory
a n d techne-friendly
"Erasistratus,
S t u d e n t o f T h e o p h r a s t u s ? " Bulletin
of the
poeica
His
[ = Mechanica
kings"
()
Syntaxis,
thanks
()
(Belo-
B o o k 4 ] , p . 50
T h e v e n o t = p . 1 0 8 M a r s d e n ) . Fraser ( n o t e 73
59 ( 1 9 8 5 ) : 5 1 5 - 1 7 .
of Medicine
to the p r o v i s i o n made by a m b i t i o u s
tech-
i n A l e x a n d r i a have succeeded i n d o i n g
nitai
2.5 ( v o l . 2 , p . 9 0 K . [ n o t e
a b o v e ) , v o l . 1 , c h a p . 6, a n d p p . 3 7 1 , 4 4 6 .
75
Aris
^ybS-^^dz;
Scientists o f t h i s p e r i o d also d i s p l a y d i s p a r a t e
m o r a l sensibilities. T h e E m p i r i c i s t s , f o r ex
ateleological m e c h a n i s m , also i n b i o l o g i c a l c o n
a m p l e , r e j e c t e d v i v i s e c t i o n as i m m o r a l a n d sci
t e x t s (e.g., A r i s t o t l e De generatione
animalium
2 . 6 . 7 4 2 b i 7 - 2 5 , 5 . 8 . 7 8 8 b 8 - 2 9 ; cf. A r i s t o t l e De
caelo
3 . 4 . 3 0 3 3 3 ^ 8 ; A r i s t o t l e De
et corruptione
Metaphysica
generatione
1.8.324^35-326b6; Aristotle
A . 4 . 9 8 5 b 4 ~ 2 2 ) . For Epicurus's
73-74,
Letter
to Pythocles
to
88, and
L u c r e t i u s 4 . 8 2 3 - 5 7 , 5 . 1 5 6 - 2 3 4 . F o r Stoic tele
o l o g y , see n o t e s 6 4 - 6 6 a b o v e a n d , e.g.,
SVF
77
N o e v i d e n c e e x p l i c i t l y c o n n e c t s e i t h e r Erasis
tratos or H e r o p h i l o s w i t h the A l e x a n d r i a n
M o u s e i o n as s u c h . B u t p a t r o n a g e c a n t a k e
m a n y f o r m s : see Heroph.
(note 10 above),
d i s s e c t i o n as h a v i n g n o c l i n i c a l v a l u e ) . See C e l
sus Medicina
prooemium 40-44;
Deichgraber
( n o t e 1 1 a b o v e ) , f r . 2 4 (esp. p . 1 0 5 . 2 3 - 2 9 ) ,
frr.
66-70.
109
McKenzie
NO
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
sur
(Copenhagen
Alexandrie
de la Ville et des
(Cairo 1921),
p i . 37.
FIG.
Zeitschrift
fur Erdkunde
zu
McKenzie
FIG.
India,
and
1802-1806,
III
112
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
of the John
Rylands
Library,
Manchester
39.2 (1957):
10
1 1
1 2
McKenzie
FIG.
Alexandria
(Bergamo 1922),
fig. 103.
glyphs.
13
14
113
114
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
7a
7b
7c
FIG.
7a-c
FIG.
9a
du Musee
greco-romain,
I 9 3 5 - I 9 3 9 , pl- 5
FIG.
9b
9b
9c
ofPetra.*
16
17
Annuaire
du Musee
greco-romain,
9c
du Musee
I 9 3 5 - I 9 3 9 , pl- 17-4-
greco-romain,
McKenzie
FIG.
10
FIG. 11
Type IV Alexandrian capita. Ca.
Archaologischer
12
du Musee
I I
I 2
greco-romain,
r e l i a b l y be dated t o w i t h i n a p p r o x i m a t e l y a q u a r t e r o f a century, i t is
generally clear w h e t h e r they are Ptolemaic o r R o m a n , d a t i n g t o the t h i r d
o r second c e n t u r y B . C . rather t h a n the first c e n t u r y A . D .
For e x a m p l e , T o m b 2 at M u s t a f a Pasha is dated t o a b o u t the
second c e n t u r y B . C . , based o n the evidence o f the coins, p o t t e r y , a n d
epigraphy. T o m b s 1 a n d 3 at M u s t a f a Pasha are close t o i t i n date. Based
o n a c o m p a r i s o n w i t h these, the g r o u p o f a r c h i t e c t u r a l fragments f r o m
the C h a n t i e r Finney, w h i c h was i n the area o f the palace quarter, m a y be
dated t o a b o u t the second c e n t u r y
B.C.
1 8
Capitals. T h e C o r i n t h i a n capitals s u r v i v i n g i n A l e x a n d r i a
f r o m the Ptolemaic p e r i o d f a l l i n t o a n u m b e r o f d i s t i n c t types. T h e first
three are related t o t h a t used o n the T h o l o s at E p i d a u r o s . L i k e i t (fig. 6 ) ,
the A l e x a n d r i a n ones have the helices s p r i n g i n g d i r e c t l y f r o m the c o l l a r
of acanthus leaves (fig. 7 a - c ) . By c o n t r a s t , the R o m a n " n o r m a l " C o
r i n t h i a n c a p i t a l is characterized b y the sheath called a c a u l i c u l u s , f r o m
w h i c h the helices a n d corner volutes s p r i n g together (fig. 8).
T h e A l e x a n d r i a n C o r i n t h i a n capitals were classified by R o n
czewski.
19
20
includes
2 2
21
but
23
2 4
and
115
116
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
13
15
14
FIG.
I 3
Underside of m o d i l l i o n cornice of
Alexandrian Corinthian order.
FIG.
Fragment of m o d i l l i o n cornice
2 5
14
E g y p t , as is s h o w n below.
Mew B a r o q u e S t r u c t u r a l Features. T h e fragments i n the
Musee greco-romain,
p l . 15.5.
FIG.
15
B.C.
2 6
T h e develop
27
FIG.
16
Triangular pediment.
du
1935-1939,
McKenzie
FIG.
17
18
I 8
FIG.
19
2 0
F I G . 20
Segmental
pediment.
I 9
20
117
118
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
2 1
Half-pediment. Hellenistic.
Alexandria, Graeco-Roman
Museum. F r o m P. Pensabene,
is f r o m C h a m b e r 2 o f T o m b 2 at Anfushy, w h i c h is p r o b a b l y late H e l
in Alessandria
lenistic (fig. 2 4 ) .
ellenistico-romano:
di A. Adriani,
e il mondo
Studi in onore
v o l . (Rome 1983),
pp. 9 1 - 1 1 9 , figs. 8, 9.
28
FIG.
22
Half-pediment. Hellenistic.
Alexandria, Graeco-Roman
Museum. F r o m H . von Hesberg,
" L o sviluppo delPordine corinzio
i n eta tardo-republicano," i n
decoratif
LArt
a Rome: A la fin de la
Republique
et au debut du
Princi-
of d e s i g n .
29
30
c o n f i r m i n g t h a t i t is a p p r o x i m a t e l y c o n t e m p o r a r y
31
32
3 3 , % 35
McKenzie
FIG.
23
e il mondo
Studi in onore
FIG.
24
FIG.
du Musee
1 9 4 0 - 1 9 5 0 , fig. 40.
25
33
B o t h structures consist o f an a r t i c u l a t e d fa
119
120
ARTS
OF
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
26a
Archaeological
Background
Problems,
and
Conservation
v o l . i (Warsaw r 9 9 i ) ,
p . 26, fig. 1 1 .
FIG.
26b
Archaeological
Background
Problems,
and
front cover.
34
o n these examples.
CoontDimyDty o f ADexairocllnaim Amchotectuire
M e a n w h i l e , at sites under the influence o f A l e x a n d r i a there is a s t r o n g
c o n t i n u i t y o f its architecture. T h e Palazzo delle C o l o n n e at Ptolemais i n
L i b y a has A l e x a n d r i a n C o r i n t h i a n c a p i t a l types as w e l l as b r o k e n p e d i
ments decorated w i t h A l e x a n d r i a n flat g r o o v e d m o d i l l i o n s .
35
Similarly, at
36
37
A.D.
3 8
D i s t i n c t i v e l y A l e x a n d r i a n architecture continues i n E g y p t i n t o
the late antique a n d early C h r i s t i a n periods i n the so-called C o p t i c a r c h i
tecture o f the E g y p t i a n Christians. These b r o k e n - p e d i m e n t niche heads
d o n o t survive outside E g y p t after the R o m a n p e r i o d .
M a n y examples o f these niche heads are f o u n d at the sites
a l o n g the N i l e (fig. 2 7 ) . Examples decorated w i t h square h o l l o w o r flat
g r o o v e d m o d i l l i o n s survive at A h n a s , O x y r h y n c h u s , A s h m u n e i n , a n d i n
situ i n the l i t t l e - k n o w n c h u r c h at D e i r e z - Z a w i a h . Such niche heads even
survived at B a w i t a n d S a q q a r a .
39
40
Conservation
v o l . 1 (Warsaw 1991),
McKenzie
FIG.
27
FIG.
28
4 1
w e n t t o the C o u n c i l o f Ephesos w i t h C y r i l o f A l e x a n d r i a . T h e n o t i c e a b l y
A l e x a n d r i a n a n d classical influence o n this architecture accords w i t h re
cent, m o r e detailed reevaluations o f the w r i t i n g s o f Shenute, w h i c h c o n
t a i n a greater k n o w l e d g e o f Greek c u l t u r e t h a n has p r e v i o u s l y been
appreciated.
42
121
122
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
4 4
T h e d e p i c t i o n o f A l e x a n d r i a n a r c h i t e c t u r a l m o t i f s occurs par
t i c u l a r l y o n gospel m a n u s c r i p t s , such as those o f the A r m e n i a n , Syriac,
a n d E t h i o p i a n churches, w h e r e the c i r c u l a r structure is related t o t h a t i n
the P o m p e i a n w a l l p a i n t i n g s , w i t h the tent r o o f c r o w n e d b y a c a p i t a l .
45
46
4 7
4 8
A U S T R A L I A
McKenzie
Notes
E . g . , M o s q u e o f S u l e y m a n i y e : J. M . R o g e r s ,
5 above), p. 228.
Journal
of Middle
7 1 - 8 6 , esp.
East
International
14 ( 1 9 8 2 ) :
Studies
I I
75-79-
Polish excavations w i t h g r i d m a r k e d : B. T k a
czow, "Badania nad 'mapa archeologiczna'
P. M . Fraser, Ptolemaic
vol. 1 (Ox
Alexandria,
Starcizytna
f o r d 1 9 7 2 ) , p . 8..
Aleksandria
w badaniach
polskich
( W a r s a w 1 9 7 7 ) , p p . 4 7 - 5 7 , fig. 4 . R o d z i e w i c z
3
M . el F a l a k i , Memoire
sur Vantique
Alexandrie
sur la t o p o g r a p h i e de la v i l l e a n t i q u e , " i n R . I I -
(Copenhagen 1872).
b e r t , e d . , Alexandrie
4
D . G . H o g a r t h a n d E . F. B e n s o n ,
Revue
"Report
the Archaeological
Exploration
Report
e s
deux
musulman
mondes
et de la
Medi-
4 6 . 4 ( 1 9 8 7 ) : 3 8 - 4 8 , esp. 4 5 ; W . A .
the
( L o n d o n 1895?),
Fund
terranee
Ex
of
entre
de I'occident
m a i c A l e x a n d r i a , " i n Alessandria
P-
e il
mondo
ellenistico-romano,
p p . 1 7 - 1 8 . I t s h o u l d be n o t e d t h a t H o g a r t h d i d
n o t have a c o p y o f el F a l a k i ' s p u b l i c a t i o n b u t a
6 9 , esp. 6 3 ; W . K o l a t a j , Imperial
"manuscript t r a n s l a t i o n " of it p r o v i d e d by A d
el-Dikka
(Warsaw
Baths
at
Kom
de I'Egypte,
vol.
1992).
m i r a l B l o o m f i e l d . Fraser ( n o t e 2 a b o v e ) , p . 1 3 .
12
5
R . A . T o m l i n s o n , From
Mycenae
tinople:
of the Ancient
The
Evolution
to
M . S a i n t - G e n i s , i n Description
5 (Paris), p p . 3 2 8 - 3 7 , p i . 3 9 . A , fig. 2; V a l e n t i a
Constan
City
Expedition
Ernst
Sieglin:
K6m-esch-Schukdfa,
6
E . g . , A . A d r i a n i , Repertorio
d'arte
von
1 9 - 2 0 , p i . X ; J. H . H u m p h r e y , Roman
dell'Egitto
C, v o l . 1 ( t e x t ) ( P a l e r m o
greco-romano
Die Nekropole
1963-
Circuses
505-13.
1 9 6 6 ) , fig. 1; B. T k a c z o w , r e p r o d u c e d i n
I3
[ 1 9 9 1 ] ) : 2 9 - 8 5 , fig. 8 2 ; W . H o e p f n e r
E . - L . S c h w a n d n e r , Haus
schen
Griechenland
und
Stadt
d'Alexandrie
and
im
28 ( 1 9 8 4 - 1 9 8 5
miscellanei
de la Societe
klassi-
rapis
( M u n i c h 1994), pp. 2 3 5 -
royale
d'archeologie
35 ( 1 9 4 2 ) : 1 2 4 - 6 1 ; i d e m ,
Temple
Discov
and Enclosure
of
Se
at Alexandria,
5 6 . See also n o t e 1 1 b e l o w .
( C a i r o 1 9 4 6 ) ; A . R o w e a n d B . R . Rees, " T h e
7
G r e a t S e r a p e u m o f A l e x a n d r i a , " Bulletin
27.
John
8
Rylands
Library,
Manchester
H . K i e p e r t , " Z u r T o p o g r a p h i e der a l t e n A l e x a n
S e r a p e u m i n A l e x a n d r i a " ( P h . D . diss., B e r l i n ,
Berlin
der Gesellschaft
fiir Erdkunde
d z i e w i c z , Les Habitations
d'Alexandrie
romains
Technische Universitat, 1 9 8 5 ) .
zu
14
W . H o e p f n e r , Zwei
the Red
and
Travels
Sea, Abyssinia
and
India,
Ceylon,
Egypt
de Geogr.
B a u s t e l l e , " Bulletin
to
d'archeologie
alexandrinischen
de la Societe
royale
8 (1905):
d'Alexandrie
1-6.
vol. 4 (London
1 8 1 1 ) ; r e p r o d u c e d i n G . J o n d e t , Atlas
de la Ville et des Ports
Mit
Ptolemaierbauten,
t e i l u n g e n des D e u t s c h e n A r c h a o l o g i s c h e n I n s t i -
tardives
H . Salt, i n G . V a l e n t i a , Voyages
Sultan,
"Das
7 ( 1 8 7 2 ) : 3 3 7 - 4 9 , P P - P- 3^4* p i - 5
m a p ; Sieglin's m a p is r e p r o d u c e d i n M . R o -
d'Alexandrie,
bistorique
Mem.
15
Soc.
J. S. M c K e n z i e , The Architecture
f o r d 1 9 9 0 ) , p p . 6 9 - 7 5 , pis-
of Petra
(Ox
199-2,18.
10
the
d r i a : N a c h M a h m u d Begs E n t d e c k u n g e n , "
Zeitschrift
of
39.2 (1957):
P. Pensabene, Elementi
architettonici
di
Ales
sandria
e x c e l l e n t s u m m a r y o f t h i s is g i v e n i n Pensabene
Damaszener
Mitteilungen
1 (1983):
269-77,
(Rome 1993). A n
A v e r a g e : F. E . Peters, " C i t y P l a n n i n g i n G r e c o -
(note 6 above).
123
124
ARTS
OF
17
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
M c K e n z i e ( n o t e 15 a b o v e ) , p p . 6 3 - 6 9 , 7 8 .
36
G. R. H . W r i g h t , "Architectural Fragments
f r o m t h e P e r i s t y l e , " i n J. H . H u m p h r e y , e d . ,
18
Apollonia:
M c K e n z i e ( n o t e 15 a b o v e ) , p . 6 9 .
pp.
19
K . R o n c z e w s k i , " L e s c h a p i t e a u x c o r i n t h i e n s et
varies d u musee g r e c o - r o m a i n
Bulletin
de la Societe
(1927):
royale
d'Alexandrie,"
37
d'archeologie
A t p r e s e n t t h e s u b j e c t o f a D . P h i l , thesis b y
P i p p a V a n d e r s t a r at t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f O x f o r d .
s u p p l e m e n t d u fascicule 2 2
d'Alexandrie,
3-36.
38
W . D a s z e w s k i et a l . , Marina
chaeological
20
(Tripoli 1976),
189-223.
M c K e n z i e ( n o t e 15 a b o v e ) , p p . 7 0 - 7 2 , p i s .
Problems,
i 9 9 ~ 2 0 3 d ; Pensabene ( n o t e 1 6 a b o v e ) , p i s . 2 6 ,
26-27.
Background
el-Alamein:
and
Ar
Conservation
2 7 , 28 e x c l u d i n g n o . 1 9 6 , p i . 2 9 .
39
21
E . g . , A h n a s : U . M o n n e r e t de V i l l a r d , La
2 0 4 ; Pensabene ( n o t e 1 6 a b o v e ) , p i . 3 7 e x c l u d
O x y r h y n c h u s : E . B r e c c i a , Le Musee
ing nos. 2 7 4 - 7 5 ,
romain
277.
Scul-
( M i l a n 1 9 2 3 ) , figs. 9 , 4 8 B ;
tura ad Ahnas
M c K e n z i e ( n o t e 15 a b o v e ) , p . 7 2 , p i s . 2 0 3 c -
d'Alexandrie
greco(Bergamo
1931-1932
M c K e n z i e ( n o t e 15 a b o v e ) , p . 7 2 , p i s . 2 0 5 -
A . M e g a w , a n d T . Skeat, Hermopolis
2 0 6 b ; Pensabene ( n o t e 16 a b o v e ) , p i . 35 e x c l u d
Ashmunein
i n g n o . 2 5 7 , p i . 36 nos.
D e i r e z - Z a w i a h : F. D u f e y , " U n g r o u p e de c i n q
263-68.
Magna:
( A l e x a n d r i a 1 9 5 9 ) , p i s . 2 5 . 2 , 3;
s o m m e t s - d e - n i c h e s c u l p t e s : Eglise d ' A b b a
23
M c K e n z i e ( n o t e 15 a b o v e ) , p p . 7 2 - 7 3 , p i . 2 0 7 ;
A t h a n a s i o s el A p o s t o l o s a D e i r e z - Z a w i a h , " i n
Pensabene ( n o t e 1 6 a b o v e ) , p i s . 3 9 - 4 1 .
24
Congres
Copte
du
M c K e n z i e ( n o t e 15 a b o v e ) , p . 7 3 , p i . 2 0 8 ; Pen
p p . 6 9 - 7 7 ; B a w i t : G . D u t h u i t , La
sabene ( n o t e 16 a b o v e ) , p i . 8 7 .
Copte
Sculpture
(Paris 1 9 3 1 ) , p i . 3 6 b ; S a q q a r a : J. E . Q u i -
b e l l , Excavations
25
1988,
at Saqqara
in,
1907-1908
M c K e n z i e ( n o t e 15 a b o v e ) , p p . 7 3 - 7 4 , p i s . 2 1 1 1 4 ; Pensabene ( n o t e 1 6 a b o v e ) , p i s . 9 2 - 9 9 , 1 0 1 .
40
26
M . L y t t e l t o n , Baroque
Architecture
in
Niches
sculpte
du
Convent
( C a i r o 1 9 7 6 ) , niches nos.
et frises
8 - 1 0 , 34, 42.
( L o n d o n 1974), p. 38.
Antiquity
P. A k e r m a n n , Le Decor
Blanc:
Classical
41
Basis f o r d a t e o f i n s c r i b e d l i n t e l , see M o n n e r e t
27
M c K e n z i e ( n o t e 15 a b o v e ) , p p . 8 7 - 9 2 .
28
has been l i t t l e d i s a g r e e m e n t a b o u t t h e d a t e o f
z u r B a u k u n s t A l e x a n d r i a s , " Jahrbuch
de V i l l a r d ( n o t e 39 a b o v e ) , p p . 1 8 - 2 2 . T h e r e
Deutschen
Arch'dologiscben
Instituts
des
dates g i v e n t o t h e n i c h e heads f r o m t h e f i f t h t o
86 ( 1 9 7 1 ) :
1 4 9 - 7 8 , esp. 1 7 2 .
29
E . W i l l et a l . , Iraq
biade
Hyrcan
al-Amir:
Le chateau
du
to-
42
H . N . T a k l a , St. Shenouda
His
(Paris 1 9 9 1 ) ; M c K e n z i e ( n o t e 15
Life
and Times
the
Archimandrite:
B . A . P e a r s o n a n d J. E . G o e h r i n g , eds.,
Roots
30
M c K e n z i e ( n o t e 15 a b o v e ) , p p .
33-53.
31
M c K e n z i e ( n o t e 15 a b o v e ) , p p . 8 5 - 1 0 1 .
32
M c K e n z i e ( n o t e 15 a b o v e ) , p . 9 4 , p i . 2 2 7 a .
of Egyptian
The
(Philadelphia
Christianity
1 9 8 6 ) : 5 1 - 8 1 , esp. 6 9 .
43
Oaks
Papers
26
( 1 9 7 2 ) : 4 3 - 9 1 , p i . 5.
33
L y t t e l t o n (note 26 above), p i . 1 9 1 .
34
35
G . Pesce, i7 "Palazzo
maide
di Cirenaica
delle
Colonne"
in
44
I b i d . , p i . 18.
45
P. U n d e r w o o d , " T h e F o u n t a i n o f L i f e , "
Tole-
barton
Oaks
Papers
Dum
5 (1950): 4 3 - 1 3 8 , pis. 3 4 -
38, 53-54-
28 a b o v e ) ; M c K e n z i e ( n o t e 15 a b o v e ) , p p . 7 5 77, pis.
219-233.
46
K . A . C . C r e s w e l l , Early
Muslim
Architecture,
McKenzie
2 n d edn., v o l . i ( O x f o r d 1969); R. L i n g ,
man
47
Painting
Ro
T h i s w i l l be p u b l i s h e d , a l o n g w i t h d e t a i l e d
v e r s i o n s o f a l l o f t h e aspects c o v e r e d i n t h i s
p a p e r , i n The Architecture
of
Alexandria
(forthcoming).
48
M . - H . R u t s c h o w s c a y a , Coptic
Fabrics
Antiquity
(Paris
Hellenism
discusses n o t o n l y t h e t a p e s t r y a n d its i m p l i c a
t i o n s b u t also l i t e r a t u r e i n E g y p t .
125
127
Onians
128
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
I n the
FIG.
i as
h o m e , m a n a n d w o m a n h a d considerable equality. M o s t i m p o r t a n t l y , i n
the field o f c u l t u r e , R o m a n s were h a p p y t o speak n o t o n l y their o w n l a n
guage, L a t i n , b u t Greek as w e l l . I n a l l this n o t o n l y were the R o m a n s the
opposite o f the Greeks b u t they were also just like the Egyptians. T h e
Egyptians a c k n o w l e d g e d dualities i n m a n y areas a n d above a l l i n b o t h
r e l i g i o n a n d p o l i t i c s . I n religious terms the Egyptians recognized t w o
w o r l d s , t h a t o f the l i v i n g a n d t h a t o f the dead, a n d they gave expression
t o this d i v i s i o n in cities o f the l i v i n g t o the east of the N i l e a n d cities o f
the dead t o the west. I n p o l i t i c s , t o o , the E g y p t i a n p h a r a o h was the r u l e r
of t w o lands, U p p e r E g y p t a n d L o w e r E g y p t , a n d t h a t d o u b l e k i n g d o m
was i n some measure reflected i n the pharaoh's m a r r i a g e often w i t h a sis
ter, w h o was i n m a n y ways his equal. W o m e n figure p r o m i n e n t l y i n state
reliefs, b o t h as spouses a n d as partners, a n d E g y p t i a n t o m b s are f u l l o f
statues of s y m m e t r i c a l couples. M o r e prosaically, the Egyptians also rec
ognized t w o equal r o o f silhouettes, the c u r v e d a n d the flat.
W h a t is the core o f the E g y p t i a n interest i n duality? T h e an
swer is h i n t e d at i n the d o u b l e c r o w n (fig. 2 ) . W o r n by the p h a r a o h f o r
nearly three t h o u s a n d years, the d o u b l e c r o w n was emblematic o f the
FIG.
d o u b l e k i n g d o m , t h a t o f the D e l t a , L o w e r E g y p t , a n d t h a t o f the N i l e
Egypt.
FIG.
129
130
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
flexibility
FIG. 5
Onians
FIG.
131
132
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
i a s
FIG.
There i t was h a r m o n i o u s l y p a i r e d
Reconstruction of tent of
Ptolemy 11. T h i r d century B . C .
(after Studnizcka).
133
134
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
Onians
FIG.
10
II
135
136
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
F I G . 12
Basilica at Fano. Reconstruction
after Vitruvius.
ROMAN T O G A
F I G . 13
Greek tunic and Roman toga.
D r a w i n g by the author.
Onians
FIG.
14
m e n t a l p e d i m e n t t y p i c a l l y i n the m o r e i m p o r t a n t p o s i t i o n . T h e alterna
t i o n o f t r i a n g u l a r a n d segmental pediments is first f o u n d i n Vespasianic
structures, such as the E u m a c h i a b u i l d i n g at P o m p e i i , a n d i t is significant
t h a t at the same t i m e a n e w c a p i t a l type was i n v e n t e d c o m b i n i n g the
I o n i c a n d C o r i n t h i a n capitals as an e m b l e m of R o m a n d o m i n a t i o n over
the Greek w o r l d . T h e n e w c a p i t a l c o u l d be read as a h i e r o g l y p h m u c h
6
137
138
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
15
Onians
m e n t a l p e d i m e n t a n d u n f l u t e d c o l u m n as t h e i r o w n , they always r e m e m
bered t h e i r E g y p t i a n o r i g i n , as i f i n assertion t h a t i n t h e i r p r o u d e s t
a t t r i b u t e , they identified m o r e w i t h t h a t e n d u r i n g e m p i r e t h a n w i t h the
u p s t a r t u n r e l i a b i l i t y o f Greece.
We c a n n o t trace the f u l l story o f the earlier conflict o f a r c h i
t e c t u r a l f o r m a n d idea t h a t t o o k place i n Ptolemaic A l e x a n d r i a , b u t we
f i n d decisive t e s t i m o n y t o its existence i n the architecture o f R o m e .
W h a t e v e r t h e i r debt t o Greece i n terms o f d r y d e t a i l , the R o m a n s o w e d
m o r e t o the Egyptians i n terms o f t h e i r ideas a n d the larger features o f
style. T h e R o m a n use o f the d y n a m i c c u r v i n g f o r m s o f a r c h , v a u l t , u n
fluted
E N G L A N D
139
140
ARTS
OF
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
Notes
K a l l i x e i n o s is q u o t e d i n A t h e n a e u s
Colonne
J. M c K e n z i e , The Architecture
in
Tole-
Sapiens,
of Images
in the
fortis
et in se ipse totus
H o r . Sat.
rotundus,
(Oxford
ofPetra
75-77-
of Augustus
5
delle
1990), pp.
4
Deipno-
5.38-39.
sophistae
teres
atque
Protago
339ff.
J. O n i a n s , Bearers
Orders
in Antiquity,
of Meaning:
The
the Middle
Q u i n t i l i a n Inst.
Or.
Classical
Ages
Renaissance
7
Age
65-70.
and
the
41-44.
1 1 . z . 1 9 . See J. O n i a n s ,
of the Roman
and
Empire
Architectural
(Oxford
1990), p. 4.
8
in
Rome
141
Daszewski
142
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
Alexandria, Graeco-Roman
Museum. Photo by D . Johannes,
courtesy of the D A I , Cairo.
FIG.
D . Johannes.
Daszewski
executed i n vermiculatum
technique. B o t h mosaics
of Mosaics
from Egypt,
I suggested, based o n
representing
143
144
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
k n o w n t o us. T h e y have n o i c o n o g r a p h i c
Daszewski
b e l o n g t o the
10
1 2
(Canopus), M a a m u r a h ,
1 3
14
1 5
145
146
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
Mosaic, from M a a m u r a h -
the C i b a B u i l d i n g i n Basel, S w i t z e r l a n d , f r o m o b l i v i o n .
D A I , Cairo.
1 6
T h e piece sup
FIG.
17
1 8
Fragments o f a
aucupium,
o r b i r d - c a t c h i n g scene, s u r r o u n d i n g panels p r o b a b l y s h o w i n g
A r t e m i s , A p o l l o , a n d D a p h n e . T h e b i r d - c a t c h i n g m o t i f is rare i n Egyp
t i a n floor mosaics, as are figured representations. I t is n o t a p r o b l e m o f
b a d preservation, as has sometimes been suggested, b u t rather the result
of a deliberate choice o r taste. I t is r e m a r k a b l e t h a t apart f r o m a few
emblemata
Daszewski
FIG. 5
f r o m R o m a n A l e x a n d r i a . O n e o f t h e m depicts v a r i o u s b i r d s , a n o t h e r fish
(fig. 5), the t h i r d ( n o w lost) c o n t a i n e d a bust o f D i o n y s o s , a n d the f o u r t h
(also n o w lost) h a d a representation o f h u m a n f i g u r e s .
19
20
21
147
148
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
A L E X A N D R I A
FIG.
6a
6b
Daszewski
FIG.
FIG.
D i k k a , Alexandria. D r a w i n g by
149
150
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
9a
FIG.
FIG.
9b
Daszewski
FIG.
10
22
The
23
T h e t h i r d house
2 4
151
152
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
M o s a i c d e c o r a t i o n i n R o m a n A l e x a n d r i a m u s t have been
m u c h m o r e p o p u l a r t h a n h i t h e r t o suspected. W i t h i n a rela
tively small area o f K o m el D i k k a were f o u n d i n situ sixteen
tessellated floors, three opus sectile pavements, a n d hundreds
of s m a l l , loose fragments. One emblema
figured representation was also f o u n d .
2.
vermiculatum
with
2 5
3.
4.
5.
6.
G E R M A N Y
Daszewski
Notes
E . g . , A . A d r i a n i , Lezioni
sull'arte
alessandrina
der Ptolemer
11
Royal
at Mount
Sinai
of
Saint
(Ann A r b o r 1973),
p p . 1 1 - 2 0 , a n d i l l s . ; K . W e i t z m a n n , Studies
R . R . R . S m i t h , Hellenistic
G . H . F o r s y t h e et a l . , The Monastery
Catherine
Bild-
the Arts
Portraits
at Sinai
in
( O x f o r d 1 9 8 8 ) , p p . 86ff.
12
K . Y f a n t i d i s , " D i e P o l y c h r o m i e der H e l l e n i -
M u l t i c o l o r e d s h i e l d o f scales w i t h i n a s q u a r e
frame of bead-and-reel m o t i f , A l e x a n d r i a ,
p p . 96ft.
G r a e c o - R o m a n M u s e u m 8 4 7 0 ; see E . B r e c c i a ,
4
G . G r i m m , Die rmischen
Mumienmasken
Bulletin
aus
drie
( W i e s b a d e n 1 9 7 4 ) , p a s s i m ; K . Par-
gypten
lasca, Repertorio
d'arte
dell'Egitto
Serie B . , v o l s . 1 - 3 , Rittrati
romano,
(Palermo
de la Socit
Archologique
d'Alexan-
8 ( A l e x a n d r i a 1905): 105ft. p l . Y
e t
another
greco-
m o s a i c d i s p l a y s a s h i e l d o f i n t e r s e c t i n g circles
di
mummie
1969-1980).
and pi.
5
S e r a p e i o n heads: K y r i e l e i s ( n o t e 1 a b o v e ) ,
p p . 4 6 f t . a n d p . 1 7 1 , D 3, p i s . 3 4 , 3 5 ; p p . i o 6 f t . ,
14
a n d p . 1 8 2 , L 5, p i . 2 5 ; Kassel h e a d , i b i d . ,
p p . 98 and 180, K 1, p i . 83; M a r i e m o n t head,
i b i d . , p p . 9 9 a n d 1 8 1 , K 5, p i . 8 7 ; see also
m e n t e s u l l a r e g i o n e m a r e o t i c a , " Bulletin
Socit
Archologique
de la
4 (1902):
d'Alexandrie
80ft. a n d p l .
6
W . A . D a s z e w s k i , Corpus
Egypt,
of Mosaics
from
142-60,
15
T . Schreiber, Expedition
Ernst
vol. 1
Sieglin,
16
l i d e r s i n d n o c h j e t z t als d i c k e s c h w a r z e L i n i e n
K . P a r l a s c a , La mosaque
Grco-Romaine,
v o l . 2 (Paris 1 9 7 5 ) , p p . 3 6 3 - 6 8 , p l . H .
m a r k i e r t , d i e W i m p e r n f h r e n als k u r z e S t r i c h e
n a c h o b e n u n d u n t e n . D i e B r a u e n w a r e n als
17
F o r e x a m p l e , a fine, m u l t i c o l o r e d m o s a i c w i t h a
s h i e l d o f r a d i a t i n g scales f o u n d i n t h e r e g i o n o f
g e r a u h t e O b e r f l c h e b e w a h r t n o c h s t a r k e Reste
M o h a r e m Bey i n A l e x a n d r i a ,
der d u n k e l b r a u n e n I r i s , u n d a n S t i r n u n d S c h l -
M u s e u m 3 2 2 4 A ; see G . B o t t i , Le Muse
Romain
Graeco-Roman
Grco-
(Alexandria 1892-1898).
d'Alexandrie
a u f g e m a l t e n L o c k e n s t r h n e n . I n s b e s o n d e r e die
starke rote u n d schwarze Bemalung an M u n d ,
18
Nase u n d A u g e n p a r t i e h o b sich u r s p r n g l i c h
G . U g g e r i , i n Antinoe
(Rome
(1965-1968)
1 9 7 4 ) , PP- 1 2 5 - 2 8 , p i s . 5 7 - 6 0 .
g r e l l v o n der w e i e n O b e r f l c h e a b . D i e g e m a l t e n F o r m e n m s s e n d e n g a n z e n E i n d r u c k be-
19
herrscht haben."
F o r b i r d s , M . R o d z i e w i c z , Alexandrie,
nuaire
vol. 3
( W a r s a w 1 9 8 4 ) , p . 4 4 . For fish, A . A d r i a n i ,
D a s z e w s k i ( n o t e 6 a b o v e ) , p . 103 a n d p a s s i m .
du Muse
1935-1939
Grco-Romain
D i o n y s o s , M . D o n d e r e r , Die Mosaizisten
9
J. C l d a t , " F o u i l l e s C h e i k h Z o n d e , "
du service
des Antiquits
de l'Egypte
Annales
Antike
15 ( 1 9 1 5 ) :
lung
1 5 f t . ; P. H o f f m a n n , " D e r M o s a i k f u b o d e n v o n
with human
marche
turzeitschrift
3 (1969): 1 8 8 - 9 7 .
der
und soziale
Stel-
I s m a i l i a , " i n A r m a n t , Deutsch-Arabische
Kul-
An-
d'Alexandrie,
figures,
du service
d'Alexandrie
E . B r e c c i a , Rapport
du Muse
pendant
sur la
Grco-Romain
l'Exercice
1921-1912,
p . 4 ; i d e m ( n o t e 13 a b o v e ) , p . 56 n . 1 .
10
M . P i c c i r i l l o et a l . , I Mosaici
di Giordania,
exh.
cat. ( R e g i o n e L a z i o A s s e s s o r a t o a l l a C u l t u r a
1 9 8 6 ) , p p . 7 8 , 9 5 , 9 8 , esp.
117-27.
20
B a n q u e t Scene, A l e x a n d r i a ,
Graeco-Roman
M u s e u m 2 1 6 4 1 a n d 2 1 6 4 1 A , see E . B r e c c i a , Le
153
154
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
Muse
ALEXANDRIA
grco-romain
d'Alexandrie,
1925-1931,
p. 1 0 1 , p l . 52.193; A . Adriani, in
dell'arte
antica,
classica
e orientale,
Enciclopedia
voi. 1
du Service
des
Antiqui
13 ( 1 9 1 4 ) : 1 8 4 ; E . B r e c c i a ,
ts de l'Egypte
(Bergamo 1922),
ad Aegyptum
antica,
classica
Enciclope
voi. 3
e orientale,
a n d P. M a c K a y , Mendes,
Alexan
Meulenaere
voi. 2 (Warminster
. K i s s , " L e s f o u i l l e s p o l o n a i s e s e n E g y p t e et a u
S u d a n en 1 9 7 3 , " Africana
Bulletin
21 (1974):
2 3 o f f . , i l l . p . 2 3 1 ; M . R o d z i e w i c z , tudes
( n o t e 19 a b o v e ) , p p . 3 3 6 .
Alexandrie
22
et
Travaux
D . G . H o g a r t h a n d E . F. B e n s o n , " R e p o r t o n
Prospects o f Research i n A l e x a n d r i a w i t h N o t e
o n Excavations i n A l e x a n d r i a n Cemeteries,"
Egypt
port
Exploration
Fund,
Archaeological
i l l . o n p . 1 6 ; A . A d r i a n i , Repertorio
dell'Egitto
Re-
1894-1895
d'arte
Serie C , v o l s .
greco-romano,
1-2
( P a l e r m o 1 9 6 6 ) , p . 8 3 , n o . 4 4 A ; Parlasca ( n o t e
16 a b o v e ) , p . 3 6 6 a n d i l l .
23
24
( n o t e 19 a b o v e ) ,
pp. 5 0 - 5 2 .
25
Rmisch-Byzantinische
A k t e n des i n t e r n a t i o n a l e n S y m p o -
sions, 2 6 . - 3 0 . September 1 9 7 8 , T r i e r .
tiaca
Treverensia,
Aegyp-
v o l . 2, ed. G . G r i m m ,
H . H e i n e n , a n d E. W i n t e r ( M a i n z 1983),
pp. 1 6 1 - 6 5 , 3
1
155
Parlasca
56
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
ABB.
Holzsarg. Langseite A. M a l i b u ,
I a
ABB.
I b
Abb. i a .
Parlasca
ABB.
I c
ABB.
Id
157
158
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
seite (s. unten) besteht jede F l c h e aus einem einzigen Brett, das jeweils
aus der M i t t e des Stamms einer m c h t i g e n Libanonzeder h e r a u s g e s g t
ist. A u f diese Weise bestand das geringste R i s i k o , da sich das H o l z i m
Laufe der Z e i t verzieht. A u e r d e m befinden sich i n den langen B r e t t e r n
rechteckige B o h r u n g e n , i n die m i t erstaunlich sauberer F g u n g fnf bzw.
sechs lange Leisten aus H a r t h o l z eingezogen sind. D a d u r c h erzielte m a n
eine zustzliche Stabilitt. Diese Leisten sind i n den B r e t t e r n der L a n g
seite v o n u n t e n bis etwa 2/3 der H h e eingefgt. D e r D e c k e l weist eine
hnliche A r m i e r u n g auf; hier w u r d e n v o n jeder Seite aus sechs bzw. fnf
solcher Leisten i n a n n h e r n d gleicher L n g e eingezogen. Einer V e r w e r
fung des Holzes mute besonders b e i m D e c k e l vorgebeugt w e r d e n , u m
sein einwandfreies F u n k t i o n i e r e n bei spterem ffnung z u g e w h r l e i s t e n .
D e m V e r k l e m m e n i n den beiden Falzen w u r d e zustzlich entgegengewirkt
d u r c h eine geringe, m i t b l o e m Auge n i c h t w a h r n e h m b a r e V e r j n g u n g
des Bretts (die Breite betrgt an den Enden 25,0 bzw. 23,6 c m ) . Daraus
ergibt sich, da der D e c k e l v o n der l i n k e n Seite eingeschoben w u r d e .
D i e alten Bretter hatten teilweise lngere Risse, die d u r c h
L e i n w a n d s t r e i f e n kaschiert w u r d e n . Z u s t z l i c h mute eine Fehlstelle i m
D e c k e l d u r c h ein F l i c k s t c k geschlossen w e r d e n . D i e O b e r f l c h e erhielt
d a n n eine K r e i d e g r u n d i e r u n g fr die M a l e r e i . A u c h die Innenseiten w u r
den m i t einem K r e i d e b e r z u g versehen, u m ein Verziehen des Holzes i n
folge des T r o c k n e n s der ueren Schicht z u vermeiden. D e r B o d e n w a r
i n einer besonderen N u t eingefgt u n d zustzlich d u r c h E i s e n n g e l i n
v o r g e b o h r t e n L c h e r n m i t den senkrechten Teilen v e r b u n d e n .
D i e andere Langseite des Sargs ist d u r c h i h r e n schlichteren
D e k o r d e u t l i c h als R c k s e i t e charakterisiert ( A b b . i b ) . Sie w i r d geglie
dert d u r c h fnf Pilaster m i t k o r i n t h i s i e r e n d e n K a p i t e l l e n u n d B l a t t k e l c h
d e k o r a m unteren Ende. Basen sind n i c h t angegeben, ebensowenig ein
Sockelstreifen a u f der i n voller H h e erhaltenen W a n d u n g . D i e Boden
platte w a r , w i e bereits e r w h n t , i n eine N u t der Langseitenbretter einge
fgt. D e r architektonische C h a r a k t e r der M a l e r e i w i r d unterstrichen
d u r c h die v e r b i n d e n d e n A r k a d e n m i t M u s c h e l n i n den Bogenfeldern.
V i e l l e i c h t ist hier eine N i s c h e n g l i e d e r u n g gemeint, d o c h w u r d e n u r deren
oberer A b s c h l u einigermaen k o r r e k t wiedergegeben. D i e a n n h e r n d
quadratischen Felder d a r u n t e r enthalten n u r geometrische M u s t e r . D i a
gonale L i n i e n u n d breite, auf die Spitze gestellte Vierecke gliedern die
F l c h e i n kleine Q u a d r a t e u n d Dreiecke.
A l s V o r b i l d dieser K o m p o s i t i o n dienten vielleicht W a n d m a
lereien m i t derartiger G l i e d e r u n g , w e n n auch i n g y p t e n hierfr keine
entsprechenden Parallelen erhalten sind. A n S u l e n s a r k o p h a g e d a r f m a n
i n diesem Z u s a m m e n h a n g n i c h t denken; Reliefsarkophage w a r e n i m
L a n d e w e i t g e h e n d u n b e k a n n t ; auch i m p o r t i e r t e E x e m p l a r e sind i m I n
n e r n g y p t e n s n i c h t e i n m a l i n Resten nachzuweisen. D i e geometrischen
M u s t e r sind vielleicht als W e i t e r b i l d u n g v o n I n k r u s t a t i o n s m a l e r e i z u
P a r l a s c a
ABB.
le
Abb. i a .
159
160
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
ABB.
If
A l l e r d i n g s fehlt a m A n f a n g a m O r i g i n a l k e i n Buchstabe!
D e r B l i c k des K n a b e n f i x i e r t den Betrachter; seine aus
gestreckte Rechte ist j e d o c h einem der Pagen zugewendet, der die v o n
A m m o n i o s m i t spitzen F i n g e r n gehaltene flache Glasschale fllen soll.
Dieser u r a l t e , seit d e m 5. J a h r h u n d e r t v . C h r . belegte G e s t u s hat sich i m
5
Parlasca
des
Hearst M u s e u m of A n t h r o p o l o g y
6-20548.
10
Im
R a h m e n seiner A u s f h r u n g e n spielen M u m i e n p o r t r t s a u f L e i c h e n t c h
ern v o n A n t i n o o p o l i s eine gewisse R o l l e . Es ist deshalb vielleicht k e i n
Z u f a l l , da auch fr unseren S a r k o p h a g die H e r k u n f t aus O b e r g y p t e n
i n h o h e m M a e w a h r s c h e i n l i c h ist.
D i e Abmessungen der K o p f p a r t i e des S a r k o p h a g p o r t r t s
entsprechen u n g e f h r den M a e n spter M u m i e n b i l d n i s s e . Es liegt nahe,
161
162
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
ABB. 3
hier b e w u t e Z u s a m m e n h n g e z u v e r m u t e n . W a h r s c h e i n l i c h legte m a n
W e r t a u f die Wiedergabe des Portrts ohne die religisen I m p l i k a t i o n e n ,
w i e sie bei den paganen P o r t r t m u m i e n gegeben w a r e n . " E i n derartiger
Z u s a m m e n h a n g ist a m besten verstndlich i n einer Gegend, i n der auch
i n der spten Kaiserzeit die A u s s t a t t u n g v o n M u m i e n m i t gemalten B i l d
nissen blich w a r oder wenigstens gelegentlich v o r k a m .
I n A u s n a h m e f l l e n gab es auch auf paganen Sarkophagen
gemalte Portrts i m allgemeinen Sinne des W o r t e s . H i e r z u rechne i c h
n i c h t die flchtige Wiedergabe der Verstorbenen i m R a h m e n v o n T o t e n geleitszenen g y p t i s c h e r P r g u n g , bei denen die C h a r a k t e r i s i e r u n g als
Sterbliche a u f T r a c h t u n d Darstellungsweisefrontale K o p f w e n d u n g
b e s c h r n k t b l i e b . I m L o u v r e befindet sich die Schmalseite eines Sarko
phags aus der spten Kaiserzeit m i t d e m B r u s t b i l d eines K n a b e n i n
langrmeligem C h i t o n (Abb. 3 ) .
1 2
13
prtentisen
Parlasca
14
Dazu
15
16
17
163
64
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
ABB.
18
19
P a rIas c a
2 1
Hier
22
I m b r i g e n ist die W i e d e r g a b e v o n V e r s t o r b e n e n
2 3
2 4
665
166
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
ABB.
25
26
30
2 8
David L. Thompson
2 9
27
und ich
opinio
wurde
Parlasca
ABB.
M u m i e n p o r t r t aus Er-Rubayat
( g y p t e n ) . Ende des vierten
Jahrhunderts n.Chr. Temperafarbe
auf H o l z . H . : 28,2 cm. M a l i b u ,
J. Paul Getty M u s e u m 79.AP.129.
ABB.
Mumienportrt. Wien,
Kunsthistorisches M u s e u m x 432..
31
I n n e r h a l b dieses
3 2
bzw. i n E d i n b u r g h .
3 3
3 4
i m J. Paul G e t t y M u s e u m ( A b b . 6 ) ,
Wien (Abb. 7).
3 6
3 5
sowie ein J n g l i n g s p o r t r t i n
37
Frankfurt am Main
G E R M A N Y
167
168
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
Anmerkungen
I n v . 8 2 . A I . 7 6 ; W . B r a s h e a r , " A B y z a n t i n e Sale
o f L a n d , " / . Paul Getty
Museum
I I
11
Journal
D i e P o r t r a t m u m i e n s t e h e n i n der T r a d i t i o n der
p h a r a o n i s c h e n a n t h r o p o i d e n (besser: o s i r i s f o r -
( 1 9 8 3 ) : 1 6 1 - 6 8 . A b b . 1. 2. Das anpassende
F r a g m e n t b e f i n d e t s i c h als T e i l der S c h e n k u n g
12
n.Chr. datiert.
of the Collections
Museum,
( M a l i b u 1986
1 9 8 8 ) , 55 m i t A b b . ( n i c h t i n der
onore
di A. Adriani,
Studi
miscellanei
1 A ; ders., i n The
Ritratti
di studio
2 0 0 3 , A b b . a u f S. 2 0 0 5 o b e n , s.v.
= Repertorio
d'arte
Serie B , v o l . 3 ( R o m
greco-romano,
1 9 8 0 ) , 4 9 , N r . 6 0 1 , Taf. 1 4 3 . 1 .
in
=
28 ( 1 9 9 1 ) : 1 1 5 , 1 2 5 f . A b b .
I3
I n v . J E 6 8 8 2 5 ; P a r l a s c a , Mumienportrats
(a.O.
A n m . 6 ) , 2 1 1 , T a f . 5 3 . 4 ; N . P. S e v c e n k o , i n K .
(1991),
Encyclopedia
di mummie
delVEgitto
R o m , 2 6 - 2 7 N o v . 1984
Coptic
ro
(Wies
aus Agypten
Neuauflage
v o n 1 9 9 2 ) . K . P a r l a s c a , i n Giornate
Mumienmasken
Portraiture,
Aus-
C o p t i c ( t h i r d a n d f o u r t h centuries).
M u s e u m o f A r t , 1 9 7 9 ) , 55 i f . , N r . 4 9 6 , A b b .
3
14
und konservatori-
Princeps
und
Monarch
( D a r m s t a d t 1 9 8 2 ) , 6 4 , 4 5 1 A n m . 7 2 ( z u Cas-
schen M a E n a h m e n v e r d a n k e i c h M a y a E l s t o n .
sius D i o 5-1.16.5).
4
Diesen V o r s c h l a g m a c h t e Prof. D i a n a D e l i a
w a h r e n d der D i s k u s s i o n i m AnschlufS a n m e i n e n
15
I n v . J E 5 6 2 2 8 ; P a r l a s c a , i n Giornate
(a.O.
V o r t r a g . E i n e n verschriebenen(P) V a t e r s n a m e n
erwog auch G. W . Bowersock i n einem personlichen Gesprach.
5
B . B . S h e f t o n , i n Annates
Arahes
Syrienne
Archeologiques
2 1 ( 1 9 7 1 ) : i n , Taf.
16
17
T h . K l a u s e r , i n Jahrbuch
fiir Antike
und
Chri-
stentum
22.9-n.
3 ( i 9 6 0 ) : 5 i f f . ; ders., e b e n d a , 6 ( 1 9 6 3 ) : i 7 3 f .
6
K . P a r l a s c a , Mumienportrats
Denkmaler
und
verwandte
18
F. P r e i s i g k e , Namenbuch
chischen
Nachweisen).
griechischen
7
enthaltend
. . . Menschennamen,
Urkunden
alle
soweit
. . . Agyptens
grie-
sie in
sich
vor-
Phoebe A . Hearst M u s e u m of A n t h r o p o l o g y
finden
( H e i d e l b e r g 1 9 2 2 ) , Sp. 2 6 ; T h . H o p f n e r ,
I n v . 6 - 2 0 5 4 8 ; M a E e : 2 2 , 7 X 18 c m ; L a n g e des
Archiv
Orientdlni
G r i f f s : 6 3 , 5 c m . G r a b u n g B . P. G r e n f e l l u n d
cyclopedia,
A . S. H u n t 1 8 9 9 - 1 9 0 0 ; u n p u b l i z i e r t . P h o t o
Les
weiteren
15 ( 1 9 4 3 ) : 8; The
Coptic
En
Oasis
d'Egypte
Nachweisen.
A. Norick.
19
K . Parlasca, i n Roma
classica,
Handbook
265ff., A b b .
( P h i l a d e l p h i a ) v e r d a n k e , die d e n "sleeved c o a t "
20
e VEgitto
nelVanticbita
K a i r o 6 - 9 Feb. 1 9 8 9 ( R o m 1 9 9 2 ) ,
n-15.
Parlasca, Mumienportrats
m i t H i n w e i s a u f K . F r i i s J o h a n s e n , The
Grave-Reliefs
tion
Expedi
romischen
Welt,
und Niedergang
Period
Attic
(Kopen-
p o r i n i , e d . , Aufstieg
of the Classical
der
21
A u k t i o n s k a t a l o g Sotheby-Parke Bernet, N e w
Y o r k , N r . 3753, 2 M a i 1975, N r . 58, A b b .
578-741.
(57,2. X 4 1 , 9 c m ) .
10
Parlasca ( a . O . A n m . 6 ) , 2 2 1 , N r . 4 7 ; 2 2 3 ,
N r . 6 1 ( B e i t r a g e v o n W . de G r i i n e i s e n ) .
22
H . W r e d e , Consecratio
in formam
deorum
Parlasca
37
Dauer
und
Wan-
( M a i n z 1 9 8 5 ) , i o i f . (jeweils m i t weiterer
Literatur).
I n v . 7 2 . 6 0 , 37,5 X 3 1 c m ; B . V . B o t h m e r , i n The
Brooklyn
Museum
Annual
1972-1973:
Report,
t i o n de l ' E g y p t e a u x i v - v i
e
1 1 7 - 6 5 ; R . S. B a g n a l l , " C o m b a t o u v i d e :
Genehmigung v o n R. Fazzini.
C h r i s t i a n i s m e et p a g a n i s m e d a n s l ' E g y p t e r o -
M . Schede, Griechische
Antikenmuseums
und rmische
couche
dans
du vn
au iv
le Proche-Orient
e
siede
avant
Skulptur
(Berlin 1928),
(Istanbul)
3f., T a f . 5; J . - M D e n t z e r , La Motif
du
banquet
et le monde
J.-C.
grec
( R o m 1982),
da
s.O. A n m . 1 .
27
H . D r e r u p , Die Datierung
der
Mumienportrts
Bulletin
Mummy
Carolina
Museum
of
1 4 . 2 - 3 ( 1 9 8 0 ) : 7, 1 4 ; ders.
Portraits
Museum
( M a l i b u 1982), 10.
30
P a r l a s c a , Mumienportrts
31
D r e r u p (a.O. A n m . 27).
32
I n v . 7 9 . A P . 1 4 2 ; T h o m p s o n , Mummy
Portraits
( a . O . A n m . 2 9 ) , 5 7 , 6 6 , N r . 1 1 , F a r b t a f e l a u f S.
56.
33
I n v . 1 9 0 2 . 7 0 ; Parlasca ( a . O . A n m . 6 ) , 25;,
Farbtafel G.
34
I n v . A N E 1 6 3 0 ; P a r l a s c a , Ritratti
di
mummie
( a . O . A n m . 1 2 ) , 111, 6 6 , N r . 6 7 1 , T a f . 1 5 8 . 3 .
Das andere Portrt w i r d i m B a n d 4 meiner Pub l i k a t i o n vorgelegt.
35
36
sicles: Aspects
s o c i a u x et e t h n i q u e s , " Aegyptus
des
25
1 1 , m i t A b b . H i e r n a c h einer B . V . B o t h m e r
m a i n e t a r d i v e , " Ktema
24
unbercksichtigt.
I n v . X 4 3 2 ; M . Z a l o s c e r , Portrts
Wstensand
aus
dem
"typisch . . . Sonntagsmalerei"
(sie!).
68 ( 1 9 8 8 ) :
13 ( 1 9 8 8 ) [ 1 9 9 2 ] :
2 8 5 - 9 6 (jeweils m i t lterer L i t e r a t u r ) .
169
171
Pfrommer
To establish a h i s t o r i c a l b a c k g r o u n d f o r the d e s t r u c t i o n , i t
is interesting t o keep i n m i n d the g e o p o l i t i c a l s i t u a t i o n of the years i n
question. I n 246 B . C . the Seleucid A n t i o c h o s 11 Theos was m a r r i e d
t o Berenike Syra, the sister of the t h i r d Ptolemy. W h e n A n t i o c h o s d i e d at
Ephesos under obscure circumstances t h a t same year, his d i v o r c e d w i f e
L a o d i k e c l a i m e d the t h r o n e f o r her sons, whereas P t o l e m y 111 Euergetes
t r i e d t o preserve the rights of his sister Berenike Syra a n d her i n f a n t son.
T h e y o u n g Ptolemy, himself just e n t h r o n e d a few m o n t h s earlier, led his
armies against Seleucid Syria t o rescue his sister, w h o was besieged i n
A n t i o c h i a . B u t he a r r i v e d t o o late. B o t h m o t h e r a n d son h a d already
been m u r d e r e d by members o f Laodike's entourage.
C o n d e m n i n g this ruthless c r i m e , the cities o f Asia w e n t over
t o Euergetes, w h o at the same t i m e regained p o w e r over the coastal re
gions of Asia M i n o r a n d Thrace. I n a d d i t i o n , o n the famous i n s c r i p
t i o n at A d u l i s P t o l e m y i n Euergetes c l a i m e d p o w e r over a l m o s t a l l the
M i d d l e East, f r o m the M e d i t e r r a n e a n t o the borders o f I n d i a . As Justi3
fiction.
172
ARTS
OF
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIGS,
la, b
FIG.
1 0
J E 3 8 0 9 1 . Photo by D . Johannes,
courtesy of the D A I , Cairo, neg.
F12605.
Pfrommer
FIGS.
3a-d
FIGS.
4a, b
rated leaves o f the base calyxes o f the lotus flowers recall Greek lotus
types, a n d the l i t t l e bars beneath the flowers can o n l y be seen under the
l i t t l e "palmettes."
11
n a l " the t i n y decorative elements i n the interstices b e l o w the basic semiarches o f the f r i e z e .
12
T h e f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h A c h a e m e n i d t r a d i t i o n s is further d o c u
m e n t e d by the frieze o f s t r i d i n g lion-griffins. O n l y the heads t u r n e d en
face t o w a r d the v i s i t o r seem t o be a t r i b u t e t o the conventions o f Greek
art. T h e Bes masks i n perfect E g y p t i a n style i n the m i d d l e frieze are n o
surprise, given the provenance o f o u r vessel.
O u r s i l v e r s m i t h o b v i o u s l y h a d n o difficulties i n mastering the
n o n - E g y p t i a n type o f the incense burner, b u t the t e n d r i l o n the base o f
the vessel (fig. 4a) clearly betrays the craftsman as a n o n - G r e e k native.
Figure 4 b provides a tentative " c o r r e c t i o n " of the artist's atrocious " m i s
s p e l l i n g " o f Greek decorative f o r m s .
13
173
174
ARTS
OF
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
Pfrommer
T h i s s t r o n g affiliation t o A c h a e m e n i d standards is n o t u n i q u e
t o T u k h e l - Q u a r m o u s . I f one lists, f o r e x a m p l e , the d r i n k i n g vessels o f
o u r treasure a n d parallels t h e m w i t h vessels f o u n d i n a n A c h a e m e n i d
necropolis at Deve H i i y i i k i n n o r t h e r n Syria, a cemetery o f the fifth a n d
early f o u r t h centuries at the latest, w e encounter a n a s t o u n d i n g situa
t i o n : f o r a l m o s t a l l the d r i n k i n g vessels f r o m T u k h e l - Q u a r m o u s w e can
FIG. 5
q u o t e A c h a e m e n i d - N e a r Eastern c o u n t e r p a r t s (fig. 5 ) .
1 4
From a typolog
15
1 6
D e p i c t e d is an E g y p t i a n atelier w i t h E g y p t i a n
17
1 8
19
175
176
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
FIG.
20
21
22
2 4
As models f o r helmets f r o m
Pfrommer
FIG.
25
Amsterdam, A l l a r d Pierson
Museum 7879.
26
2 7
a n d i t is w o r t h m e n t i o n i n g t h a t
28
177
178
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
the l u x u r y yacht
of Ptolemy i v . D r a w i n g by the
author.
FIG.
10
D r a w i n g by the
Pfrommer
FIG.
I I
29
l i t t l e is actually k n o w n a b o u t Ptole
(figs. 9, 1 0 ) .
30
thalamegos
as c o l o n n a d e d o n the
There we find
31
I f we c o m p a r e
32
3 3
34
the M a c e d o n i a n - t y p e facade is n o t h i n g m o r e t h a n a M a c e
35
3 6
T h e rather
37
38
T h e ques-
179
180
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
the m o m e n t , b u t i t s h o u l d be k e p t i n m i n d t h a t A l e x a n d r i a is still o u r
12
39
owner.
FIG.
I n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h G n a t h i a i m p o r t s , t w o p o i n t s deserve fur
13
4 0
T h e last p o i n t is clearly i l l u s t r a t e d by m a t e r i a l f r o m a C r e t a n t o m b
g r o u p (figs. 12, i 3 ) .
4 1
4 2
The
43
In
"pseudo-Gnathia"
4 4
A l e x a n d r i a as a
owner.
Pfrommer
FIG.
14
D i s t r i b u t i o n of Gnathia pottery
in the eastern Mediterranean.
A l e x a n d r i a h a d t r a d i t i o n a l l y close e c o n o m i c a f f i l i a t i o n s ,
45
a n d Crete,
46
47
181
182
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
i n g n o t w i t h p r o v i n c i a l w o r k s h o p s b u t w i t h p r o d u c t s f r o m t o p ateliers,
w o r k i n g i n an entirely Graeco-Hellenistic style. A snake bracelet, for ex
ample, one o f the m a j o r types o f Hellenistic jewelry, reveals at first
glance the already f a m i l i a r similarities between E g y p t (fig. 1 5 a )
the M a c e d o n i a n sphere o f influence (fig. 1 5 b ) .
49
4 8
and
Snake-type j e w e l r y de
5 0
51
16).
52
examples
54
55
56
FIGS.
I 5a-d
pfrommer
FIG.
I 6
FIG.
17
Double-snake bracelets. G o l d .
M a l i b u , The J. Paul Getty
Museum 92.AM.8.7.1-2.
FIG.
18
Antelope-head earrings. G o l d .
D i a m . : 2.0 c m . M a l i b u , The
J. Paul Getty M u s e u m 9 2 . A M . 8 . 3 .
183
184
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
19
5 7
58
A m o n g Hellenistic jewelry
59
lets is k n o w n f r o m a b r i l l i a n t fragment f r o m A s i a M i n o r ,
6 0
brace
a comparison
61
The
62
T h e Faiyum-Canosa g r o u p c o n
Pfrommer
FIG.
20
6 3
V a r i a t i o n s are l i m i t e d t o
2 1
G E R M A N Y
185
186
ARTS
OF
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
Notes
A faience p l a q u e b e a r i n g t h e n a m e o f P h i l i p A r -
T a r a n t o ( P f r o m m e r , Studien,
K T 52, p l . 32).
E . N a v i l l e , Mound
i n Egypt
Onias,
Extra
Volume
excavations:
Fund,
Memoir,
2 9 , 5 5 , p i s . 8 B , 1 7 . 8 . M . P f r o m m e r , Studien
alexandt'inischer
und grogriechischer
frhhellenistischer
Zeit,
Studien),
10
F i g u r e 3 a h e r e , f r o m Susa: R . de
Mecquenem,
L . L e B r e t o n , a n d M . R u t t o n , Mmoire
zu
mission
Toreutik
archologique
de la
30 (1947): 79,
en Iran
fig. 4 8 . F i g u r e 3c here is t a k e n f r o m a n A c h a e -
Archologische For-
s c h u n g e n 16 ( B e r l i n 1 9 8 7 ) (hereafter
207,
of
jth
1888/1889
pp. 3 6 - 3 8 ,
Pfrommer,
( T h r a c e ) . Sofia, A r c h a e o l o g i c a l M u s e u m 2 :
M . P f r o m m e r , Archologische
Mitteilungen
aus
t h e d e m o t i c i n s c r i p t i o n s o n t h e vessels, see
Iran
K . - T . Z a u z i c h , Enchoria
d e p i c t s t h e frieze o f a r h y t o n i n t h e N o r b e r t
21 (1994): 101-6.
23 ( 1 9 9 0 ) : 1 9 3 - 9 6 , fig. 1 . 1 . F i g u r e 3 d h e r e
S c h i m m e l c o l l e c t i o n ( i b i d . , p . 193 n . 1 8 , fig.
2
F o r t h e c o i n h o a r d , see P f r o m m e r ,
1.2, w i t h refs.).
Studien,
p. 142 n. 925.
II
3
F o r G r e e k friezes w i t h these N e a r E a s t e r n
A d u l i s is l o c a t e d close t o S u a k i n o n t h e R e d
Sea. F o r t h e i n s c r i p t i o n , see E . B e v a n ,
gen 3 7 ( 1 9 8 7 ) : 1 6 0 , p i s . 4 4 . 1 ; 4 5 . 1 ; 4 6 . 1 .
House
The
2 n d ed. (Chicago 1 9 6 8 ; i s t
of Ptolemy,
e d n . 1 9 2 7 ) , p p . 1 9 2 - 9 3 . P. M . Fraser,
maic
Ptole-
12
v o l . 1 ( O x f o r d 1 9 7 2 ) (here-
Alexandria,
1 1 1 0 : C . R e i n s b e r g , Studien
Toreutik,
zur
hellenistischen
9 ( H i l d e s h e i m 1 9 8 0 ) (hereafter R e i n s b e r g ,
Justinus 27.1.5fr.
dien),
5
Mitteilun-
F o r t h e t r e a s u r e , see P f r o m m e r , Studien,
Stu-
p p . 3 0 6 - 7 , n o s . 2 6 , 2 7 , figs. 3 6 , 3 7 ( w i t h
a d a t i n g a r o u n d 3 4 0 / 3 3 0 , w h i c h is t o o e a r l y ) .
pp.
1 4 2 - 5 9 . F o r t h e j e w e l r y , see M . P f r o m m e r ,
Untersuchungen
zur Chronologie
hochhellenistischen
frh-
und
13
Istanbuler
Goldschmucks,
F o r s c h u n g e n 3 7 ( T b i n g e n 1 9 9 0 ) (hereafter
s c r o l l a n d t h e helices is o f t e n e n c o u n t e r e d i n
P f r o m m e r , Goldschmuck),
r e d - f i g u r e d vase p a i n t i n g o f S o u t h I t a l y . See
p p . 2 0 8 - 9 , pis. 8 . 1 ,
2 ; 1 5 . i , 3; 1 9 . i , 2 ; 2 1 . 3 - 5 ; 2.3-1;
>
P. J a c o b s t h a l , Ornamente
( w i t h refs.).
griechischer
Vasen
144.b ( A p u l i a n
C a i r o , E g y p t i a n M u s e u m JE 3 8 0 8 9 / 9 0 : P f r o m -
h y d r i a i : B e r l i n , M u s e u m F. 3 2 9 0 / 3 2 9 1
and
m e r , Studien,
am-
p . 2 6 6 , K T K 2 , p i s . 2 , 3 (here
fig. i a ) . C a i r o , E g y p t i a n M u s e u m J E 3 8 0 8 8 / 9 1 :
P f r o m m e r , Studien,
c a n , o f c o u r s e , n o t be c o n f i n e d t o a single a r t i s -
p . 2 6 6 , K T K 3, p i s . 4 , 5
(here fig. i b ) .
For an A c h a e m e n i d t h y m i a t e r i o n w i t h the t y p i -
p a l m e t t e - t e n d r i l is d e r i v e d f r o m late C l a s s i c a l
prototypes.
l e n i s t i c t h y m i a t e r i o n i t s h o u l d be n o t e d t h a t t h e
7
see a n e x a m p l e i n N e w Y o r k , T h e M e t r o p o l i t a n
M u s e u m of A r t 1980.11.12: D . von Bothmer,
Bulletin
of The Metropolitan
Museum
of
14
F o r T u k h e l - Q u a r m o u s , see P f r o m m e r ,
Studien,
p i s . 1 0 , 1 4 , 2 5 . F o r D e v e H y k , see P. R . S.
Art
4 2 , n o . 1 ( 1 9 8 4 ) : 4 4 , n o . 6 8 , w i t h i l l . For the
M o o r e y , Cemeteries
at Deve
m i a t e r i a , see m y r e m a r k s i n P f r o m m e r ,
T. E. Lawrence
Studien,
British
pp. 2 5 - 4 1 .
Hyk,
of the First
near
and
Millennium
Carchemish,
C. L . Woolley
Archaeological
Reports,
Salvaged
in
B.c.
by
1913,
International
Series 89 ( O x f o r d 1 9 8 0 ) , p . 3 3 , fig. 6.
8
E . G a b r i c i , Monumenti
antichi
22 (1913):
6 5 7 - 5 8 , p i . 108.4.
15
See P f r o m m e r , Studien,
16
G . L e f b v r e , Le tombeau
pp.
152-55.
de Petosiris
I (Cairo
Pfrommer
1 9 2 4 ) , p p . 5 2 - 5 5 , p i . 8. S. N a k a t e n , i n
kon
PP17
Lexi-
25
See n o t e 2 0 a b o v e .
26
See Fraser, 1, p p . 2 0 2 - 3 , 2 1 5 - 1 6 ,
v o l . 4 (Wiesbaden 1982),
der Agyptologie,
995-9$-
F o r t h e A c h a e m e n i d deep b o w l o r A c h a e m e n i d
c u p , see P f r o m m e r , Studien,
27
18
and Roman
Gold
and Silver
(note
Plate
Q u a r l e s v a n U f f o r d , Bulletin
antieke
beschaving
66 [ 1 9 9 1 ] : 1 5 9 - 6 3 ) , a p r o b l e m t h a t w i l l be d i s
S y n i s t o r , " 1 2 . Trier er
cussed i n a n o t h e r c o n t e x t .
1992
i n A . B u l l o c h et a l . , eds., Images
and
C a i r o , E g y p t i a n M u s e u m JE 3 8 0 9 3 : P f r o m m e r ,
Self-definition
World
Winckelmannsprogramm
Ideologies:
(Berke
ley 1 9 9 5 ) , p . 35 (a n a t i v e E g y p t i a n s e r v i n g as a
pp. 1 5 6 - 5 8 , 266, K T K 1, p i . 1 ( w i t h
refs.).
P f r o m m e r , Studien,
28
pp. 7 5 - 9 1 , 142.
See P o l y b i u s 5 . 6 5 . F o r t h e rise o f t h e E g y p t i a n
e l e m e n t , M . R o s t o v t z e f f , Die
20
Anti-
q u e s t i o n e d i n a recent a r t i c l e ( L . B y v a n c k -
Studien,
19
Septentrionalis
qua 9 ( 1 9 3 4 ) : 2 2 1 - 3 0 , f i g . 2 . G a g s t e i g e r
A c h a e m e n i d d e r i v a t i o n established by D . E.
S t r o n g , Greek
A m s t e r d a m , A l l a r d Pierson M u s e u m 7 8 7 9 :
W . v o n B i s s i n g , Eurasia
pp. 4 2 - 7 4 . The
224-26.
F o r t h e casts, c o m p a r e R e i n s b e r g ,
F o r t h e h e l m e t s , see G . G a g s t e i g e r , Die
mdischen
Waffenmodelle
Welt: Gesellschaft
Studien.
und
b i n g e n 1 9 5 5 ) , p p . SS9~^ -
ptole-
hellenistische
vol. 2 (Tu
Wirtschaft,
Fraser, 1, p p . 6 0 - 6 1 .
Hildes-
aus Memphis,
29
Strabo 17.1.8.
30
1 9 9 3 ) . O n pages 2 5 - 4 7 a n d 7 6 G a g s t e i g e r c o n
nects t h e d e c o r a t i o n s p r i m a r i l y w i t h t h e M a c e
F o r m o d e r n r e c o n s t r u c t i o n s , see F. C a s p a r i ,
m y e a r l i e r s t a t e m e n t s t o see specific I t a l i a n c o n
Jabrbuch
n e c t i o n s . See M . P f r o m m e r ,
tuts
"GroEgriechischer
u n d m i t t e l i t a l i s c h e r E i n f l u E i n der
Deutschen
Archaologischen
Instituts
Klio
des
Archaologischen
des antiken
r t
posiums
314,
31
Berlin
Palaste,
P. M . Petsas, Ho taphos
the Hellenized
tions,
East:
J . Paul Getty
Catalogue
Museum
Sym
(Athens
of
Macedon
( A t h e n s 1 9 8 0 ) , p . 1 5 0 , fig. 8 0 ( c o l o r r e c o n
s t r u c t i o n ) . F o r t h e " M a c e d o n i a n l e d g e , " see
from
of the
des
ton Leukadion
L . D . L o u k o p o u l o s , eds., Philip
T h a t is even v a l i d f o r t h e S e l e u c i d sphere o f
i n f l u e n c e . See M . P f r o m m e r , Metalwork
Akten
(forthcoming).
1992
1 9 6 6 ) , p . 8 2 , fig. 2 9 . M . B . H a t z o p o u l o s a n d
n o s . 3, 1 0 , 1 1 - 1 3 , 4 2 , figs. 4 , 1 8 , 2 0 - 2 2 , 6 1 .
22
Seewesens,
p a l a t i a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , see
m y r e m a r k s i n Antike
p p . 2 9 4 , 197-99,,
Insti
Stu
Beiheft 32 ( 1 9 3 4 ; 2 n d ed. A a l e n 1 9 6 3 ) ,
pp. 2 0 - 5 3 . F
97 (1982):
Pfrommer,
"EinfluE").
See R e i n s b e r g , Studien,
des Deutschen
3 1 ( 1 9 1 6 ) : 1 - 7 4 , fig. 1 0 . A . K o s t e r ,
Rankenorna-
m e n t i k f r u h h e l l e n i s t i s c h e r Z e i t , " Jabrbuch
21
5.204d-2o6c.
H . L a u t e r , Die Architektur
Collec
(Malibu 1993).
des
Hellenismus
( D a r m s t a d t 1 9 8 6 ) , p p . 1 4 1 , 1 5 2 , fig. 4 4 . a ,
T h e s e c o m p l e x e s d o n o t c o n t a i n a single e x
p i . 4 8 , based o n V . H e e r m a n n , Studien
ample.
makedonischen
Palastarchitektur
zur
( P h . D . diss.,
H i l d e s h e i m , Pelizaeusmuseum
b e r g , Studien,
1146 a - f : Reins
P l s
X I
p p . 3 0 1 - 2 , n o . 1 6 , fig. 2 4 .
P f r o m m e r , " E i n f l u E , " 1 8 5 , f i g . 35 ( w i t h a d i s
32
Athenaeus
5.205d.
33
Fraser, 1, p p . 2 3 9 - 4 4 .
34
I n M a c e d o n i a n o i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z e d ruler c u l t ex
cussion of M a c e d o n i a n analogies).
24
For I t a l o - M a c e d o n i a n t e n d r i l decorations,
see
i s t e d . I t is s u f f i c i e n t t o r e c a l l h e r e t h e resistance
t o A l e x a n d e r ' s ideas f o r h i s p e r s o n a l d e i f i c a t i o n .
von
Kasan
lak ( R e c k l i n g h a u s e n 1 9 7 3 ) , p . 6 5 , p i . 1 9 . F o r
the p r i m a r i l y T h r a c i a n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of the
figural
zoff, C . H o c k e r , a n d L . Schneider,
scher
35
1985: 623, 6 4 2 - 4 3 .
175-
87.
Archaologi36
187
188
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
E . B r e c c i a , La necropoli
general
des antiquites
di Sciatbi,
Catalogue
egyptiennes
du
d'Alexandrie
43
B r e c c i a ( n o t e 3 6 a b o v e ) , p i . 8 2 , figs. 2 8 4 , 2 8 5 .
44
T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n is g i v e n a c c o r d i n g t o G r e e n
Musee
p i . 3 7 , fig. 4 6 , m e n t i o n e d i n p a s s i n g i n P f r o m
( n o t e 39 a b o v e ) . F o r A d u l i s , see n o t e 3 a b o v e .
politik
e r a l , see W . H u s s , Untersuchungen
37
( M a i n z 1964), pis. 1 1 ,
B a g n a l l , The Administration
17-
Possessions
38
W i t h s h o r t references: P f r o m m e r ,
"EinfluE,"
1 7 7 - 8 0 . I n detail: M . Pfrommer,
Chronolo-
gische
Uberlegungen
Holzsarkophagen
zu
45
fruhhellenistischen
n a t i o n a l K o l l o q u i u m s i n D e l p h i 1988
(forth
coming).
39
Aufien-
outside
of the
Ptolemaic
(Leyden 1976).
Egypt
I t is w o r t h m e n t i o n i n g t h a t s o m e t i m e s g o o d s
f r o m P t o l e m a i c Palestine r e a c h e d E g y p t b y w a y
A k t e n des i n t e r
aus Agypten.
zur
iv. ( M u n i c h 1 9 7 6 ) . R . S.
Ptolemaios'
o f R h o d e s : M . R o s t o v t z e f f , Die
hellenistische
Welt: Gesellschaft
vol. 1
und
F o r G n a t h i a f r a g m e n t s f r o m A l e x a n d r i a , see
46
Wirtschaft,
175-76.
F o r I t a n o s u n d e r t h e t h i r d P t o l e m y , see B a g n a l l
176
n . 2 8 0 ( w i t h f u r t h e r refs.). F o r t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n
of the Hellenistic
of G n a t h i a i n the western M e d i t e r r a n e a n ,
p . 2 4 5 . P. M . Fraser, Ptolemaic
J. R . G r e e n , i n A . C a m b i t o g l o u , e d . ,
in Honour
of Arthur
Dale
see
Studies
Mercenaries
(Cambridge
1935),
vol.
Alexandria,
3 ( O x f o r d 1 9 7 2 ) (hereafter Fraser, m ) , i n d e x ,
(Sydney
Trendall
World
s.v.
Crete.
1 9 7 9 ) , p p . 8 1 - 9 0 , pis. 2 0 - 2 2 .
40
F o r t h e p r o b l e m o f i m i t a t i o n s , see
47
F o r t h e j e w e l r y , see n o t e 5 a b o v e .
48
Pfrommer,
seum JE 3 8 0 7 8 ( C G 5 2 0 9 4 ) : P f r o m m e r ,
G r a e c o - R o m a n M u s e u m 1 6 0 3 4 ) , see
schmuck,
Pfrommer,
Gotter
e x h . cat. ( M a i n z 1 9 7 8 ) , n o . 1 0 8 ,
Pharaonen,
w i t h c o l o r i l l . ( w i t h refs.). F o r f u r t h e r
w i t h refs.).
Gnathia
i m i t a t i o n s , see t h e t o m b g r o u p f r o m C r e t e ( n o t e
49
41 below).
F r o m K r a l e v o : G . G i n e v , Sukrovisteto
Kralevo
E . B i e l e f e l d , Eine
Fundgruppe
Vasen in Deckfarbentechnik,
griechische,
rbmiscbe
132,
fiir
byzantinische
pp. 1 2 9 - 3 0 ,
3 5 1 , SR 4 1 , fig. 1 8 . 4 .
griechischer
Galerie
und
ot
(Sofia 1 9 8 3 ) , p p . 1 1 , 6 1 , figs. 1 7 , 1 8 .
P f r o m m e r , Goldschmuck,
41
Gold-
p p . 1 3 2 , 1 3 4 - 3 6 , 3 4 8 , SR 6, fig.
Kunst
50
unpublished
Collec
m a t e r i a l is i n a G e r m a n p r i v a t e c o l l e c t i o n ,
tion Helene
w h o s e o w n e r has g e n e r o u s l y p r o v i d e d t h e p h o
Stathatos:
Les bijoux
antiques,
t o g r a p h s . T h e m a j o r piece o f t h e g r o u p is i n
2 6 0 , 2 6 1 , fig. 7 0 , p i s . 4 6 , 4 7 . P f r o m m e r ,
schmuck,
7 1 . 9 7 : B i e l e f e l d , o p . c i t . , n o . 1 , figs, o n p p . 5, 9 ,
figs. 1 8 . 2 6 , 2 7 .
1 1 . P. C a l l a g h a n , Annual
at Athens
of the British
School
7 6 ( 1 9 8 1 ) : 6 3 - 6 4 , fig. 2 ( C r e t a n ) .
I d e m , i n Alessandria
e il mondo
ellenistico-
romano,
v o l . 3, Studi
e materiali
Gold
p p . 1 3 2 , 1 3 4 , 1 3 6 , 3 4 9 , SR 1 7 , 1 9 ,
51
pp.
135-37,
figs. 1 8 . 9 , 1 0 , 2 1 , 2 5 ; p i . 2 2 . 6 . F o r B a l a m u n ,
see P f r o m m e r , Goldschmuck,
p. 208, F K 4,
p i s . 1 4 . 4 , 5, 2 2 . 7 , 8 ( w i t h refs.). T o be a d d e d
p i . 1 2 4 . 5 , 8.
is a p a i r o f s i l v e r b r a c e l e t s f r o m t h e a r t m a r k e t ,
42
Reliefkeramik,
Archdologischen
Jahrbuch
b y ' s , L o n d o n , D e c . 14 a n d 1 5 , 1 9 8 1 , p . 6 9 ,
n o . 2 0 3 A , B , w i t h i l l . ) . F o r t h e sole e x c e p t i o n o f
Instituts,
E r g a n z u n g s h e f t 8 ( B e r l i n 1 9 0 9 ) , p . 7, p i . 1 .
t h e d o u b l e - s n a k e c o n c e p t o u t s i d e E g y p t , see a
H a d r a h y d r i a : R . Pagenstecher, Die
t i n y finger r i n g f r o m T a r a n t o i n B e r l i n , A n t i k e n -
dgyptische
dition
Sammlung
E. v. Sieglin,
Ernst
griechisch-
von Sieglin,
v o l . 2, p a r t 3 (Leipzig
1 9 1 3 ) , p . 4 6 , fig. 5 0 .
Expe
Goldschmuck,
Pfrommer
r a l c o u l d be i n t e r p r e t e d as a c l u e t o a P t o l e m a i c
57
c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e T a r a n t o h o a r d . I suggested
m a r k e t . O n e o f t h e t w o b r a c e l e t s is n o w i n
t h i s a l r e a d y i n Goldschmuck.
b r a c e l e t s i n M a l i b u , see n o t e 53 b e l o w . F o r
m u m m y m a s k s , see G . G r i m m , Die
b r a c e l e t s , see P f r o m m e r ,
Mumienmasken
rbmischen
pp. 1 1 5 - 1 8 .
(Wiesbaden 1974),
aus Agypten
antelope-head
Goldschmuck,
T h e same d e c o r a t i o n s h o w s a s o m e w h a t
N e w York, The M e t r o p o l i t a n M u s e u m of A r t
2 6 . 7 . 1 4 6 3 : P f r o m m e r , Goldschmuck,
s t y l i z e d heads f r o m t h e same h o a r d . T h e
pp. 76,
a f f i l i a t i o n a n d the t y p o l o g y o f t h e H e r a k l e s
m y t o t a l l y w r o n g d a t i n g o f a similarly deco
k n o t , see P f r o m m e r , Goldschmuck,
r a t e d s i l v e r b r a c e l e t w i t h g o a t heads f r o m E g y p
pp. 4 - 8 0 .
S n a k e bracelets: M a l i b u , T h e J. P a u l G e t t y M u
J E 4 1 0 3 7 , C G 5 2 5 8 7 ) : E . V e r n i e r , Bijoux
fevreries,
t r a t e t h i s b r a c e l e t a n d t h e e a r r i n g s (see b e l o w ,
egyptiennes
generously p r o v i d e d me w i t h photographs
schmuck,
and
Catalogue
generale
du Musee
des
du Caire
et or-
antiquites
(Cairo 1927),
Gold
p p . 1 1 4 , 3 4 5 n . 6 5 0 , T A 155 (late
slides o f t h e w h o l e h o a r d . I n h e r r e c e n t r e v i e w
s i x t h o r fifth c e n t u r y ) . T h e b r a c e l e t s h o u l d l i k e
o f m y Goldschmuck,
w i s e be p l a c e d i n t h e s e c o n d c e n t u r y . T h e same
Journal
St. G . M i l l e r
{American
is v a l i d p e r h a p s i n t h e case o f a g o a t - h e a d
9 7 [ 1 9 9 3 ] : 58 o f . )
of Archaeology
v i v i d l y q u e s t i o n e d a l m o s t a l l results o f m y s t u d y
d ' a r t et h i s t o i r e : P f r o m m e r ,
c i s m c o m p l e t e l y i n v a l i d . T h e set d i s p l a y s a l m o s t
Musee
Goldschmuck,
a l l t h e t y p o l o g i c a l features a n d even t h e re
g i o n a l preferences o f H e l l e n i s t i c j e w e l r y o f t h e
late t h i r d a n d e a r l y s e c o n d c e n t u r i e s
i n m y Goldschmuck.
59
described
S h o r t references s h o u l d be
P f r o m m e r , Goldschmuck,
see
1 1 8 , 3 3 2 - 3 3 , 3 4 0 , n o s . T A 6, 1 3 , 1 0 9 ,
of snake bracelets w i t h m e a n d e r i n g b u t n o t i n
i 6 - 3 3 , 4 7 , 53-
figs.
t e r t w i n e d b o d i e s o f t h e a n i m a l s ( f o r a n o t h e r de
t a i l see n o t e 5 1 a b o v e ) , t o t h e h e a v y
finger
60
Paris, L o u v r e : H . H o f f m a n n a n d P. F. D a v i d s o n ,
r i n g s , a n d even t o m i n o r d e t a i l s s u c h as t h e leaf-
Greek
Gold:
ander,
e x h . cat. ( B r o o k l y n M u s e u m 1 9 6 5 ) ,
p p . 1 4 7 - 5 1 , n o . 5 3 , figs. 5 3 a - f , c o l o r p l a t e i v .
preference f o r a n t e l o p e - h e a d
P f r o m m e r , Goldschmuck,
a n d b u l l - h e a d ear
r i n g s (see n o t e 55 b e l o w ) . E v e n t h e p o s s i b i l i t y
Jewelry
from
the Age of
Alex
3 3 2 , T A 6, fig. 1 6 . 4 7 . T h e t y p e is nevertheless
o f a " p r o p a g a n d i s t i c c o n n o t a t i o n " o f s o m e de
d i f f e r e n t , because t h e piece w a s o r i g i n a l l y c o m
t a i l s is c o r r o b o r a t e d b y t h e t e l l i n g features o f
p o s e d o f t w o p a r t s , each w i t h t w o a n i m a l
the M a l i b u h a i r n e t w i t h its A p h r o d i t e m e d a l l i o n
heads.
I 2
Museum
-> %
I 2
)>
Journal
n
21 [1993]:
Dionysiac masks,
61
unknown.
62
F o r t h e F a i y u m - C a n o s a g r o u p , see D . A h r e n s ,
a n d H e r a k l e s w e r e r e g a r d e d as d i v i n e a n c e s t o r s
Miinchner
( 1 9 6 8 ) : 2 3 2 - 3 3 , figs. 5, 6. P f r o m m e r ,
Jahrbiicher
der Bildenden
Kunst
19
Studien,
M a l i b u , T h e J. P a u l G e t t y M u s e u m 9 2 . A M . 8 . 6 .
55
M a l i b u , T h e J. P a u l G e t t y M u s e u m 9 2 . A M . 8 . 3 .
56
F o r t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n , see P f r o m m e r ,
63
schmuck,
Gold
p p . 1 7 1 - 7 2 , fig. 3 1 . F o r t h e
examples
Journal
of Glass
f r o m T u k h el- Q u a r m o u s i n O x f o r d , A s h m o l e a n
1 0 ( 1 9 6 8 ) : 2 3 - 2 5 , figs. 1 - 9 . P f r o m m e r ,
M u s e u m 1 9 2 6 . 1 0 5 - 7 , see P f r o m m e r ,
dien,
schmuck,
Gold
p p . 1 6 8 - 7 2 , O R 9, pis. 2 5 . 2 , 3 0 . 4 0 .
p . 2 6 4 , K B k 1 2 1 , 1 2 2 ( w i t h refs.).
Studies
Stu
189
191
Steven
Bianchi
alessandrina,
which
192
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
a n d glass i n l a y s .
1 0
cemeteries o f D o u c h
1 1
a n d by the Poles at M a r i n a e l - A l a m e i n
1 2
have n o t
B ia nchi
T h e p u b l i s h e d examples are so ba
1 3
14
15
16
w i t h the ex
1 7
18
1 9
du
statistically s m a l l , h e r e d i t a r y
20
elite
21
2 3
M a n y of these i n d i v i d u a l s were w e a l t h y a n d
w o r k e d w i t h i n h i g h l y centralized local a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s t h r o u g h w h i c h
they m i g h t m a x i m i z e their revenues.
24
26
25
As a result, one
27
28
W i t h i n such a c u l t u r a l
193
194
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
30
29
w i t h their a c c o m p a n y i n g stelae a n d
31
T h e manufacture of
as b o t h temple a n d funerary c l e r i c s .
32
3 3
34
This
36
37
One
r a n k i n g members o f
38
the interac
B i anc hi
186
B.C.,
3 9
of a h i g h priest at M e m p h i s .
4 0
H o w e v e r p r a g m a t i c these associations m a y
41
42
m e n t o f the C o p t i c language d e m o n s t r a t e .
43
These dialogues m u s t be
4 4
45
195
196
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
46
B.C.
4 7
48
T h e penchant f o r t r a n s l a t i n g p h a r a o n i c , E g y p t i a n concepts
i n t o A l e x a n d r i a n w o r k s o f art accelerated, however, d u r i n g the R o m a n
B ianchi
FIG.
5 0
51
T h i s a p p r o p r i a t i o n o f p h a r a o n i c religious tenets a n d t h e i r
subsequent t r a n s l a t i o n i n t o A l e x a n d r i a n visual images are sometimes
quite sophisticated, as Quaegebeur demonstrated i n his discussion o f
several stelae t h a t depict A t h e n a , the composite genie T u t u , a n d the
griffin (fig. 3 ) .
5 2
R e v i e w i n g p h a r a o n i c precedents, he demonstrated t h a t
53
54
55
197
198
ARTS
O F HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
Y O R K
B ianchi
Notes
of Glass
du Service
I I
des Antiquites
Annales
4 (1903):
de I'Egypte
F. D u n a n d et a l . , La necropole
(Oasis
10 ( 1 9 6 8 ) : 4 8 - 7 0 ,
Studies
10
Archeologique
45 ( 1 9 9 3 ) : 3 5 - 4 4 .
d'Alexandrie
2
de la Societe
de
Douch
de Kharga),
12
t i c u l a r t y p e o f glass.
E g y p t i a n M i s s i o n at M a r i n a e l - A l a m e i n i n
T h e B r o o k l y n M u s e u m 37.258 E: O l i v e r (note
ranean:
1 9 8 8 , " Polish
3
Archaeology
Reports
in the
Mediter
vol. 2 (1989-
1989-1990,
2 a b o v e ) : 6 8 ; R . S. B i a n c h i , i n R . A . F a z z i n i
et a l . , Ancient
e l - A l a m e i n 1 9 9 1 , " Polish
Egyptian
Art in the
Brooklyn
Mediterranean:
Museum
Reports
Archaeology
1991,
in
the
vol. 3 (1992):
2 9 - 3 8 . See a l s o t h e c o m m e n t s e l s e w h e r e i n t h i s
4
D . B . H a r d e n , Glass
1 9 8 7 ) , PP.
v o l u m e by J u d i t h M c K e n z i e a b o u t some o f the
(Milan
of the Caesars
a r c h i t e c t u r a l f r a g m e n t s r e c o v e r e d f r o m t h i s site.
53-4-
T h e s u g g e s t i o n w a s first m a d e b y B . C o o k , " A
13
The Brooklyn
Annual
Graeco-Roman
10 ( 1 9 6 8 -
Stelae
from
Kom
Abou
Stelae
from
Upper
Egypt
b y P. C a l l a g h a n , " E x c a v a t i o n s at a S h r i n e o f
G l a u k o s , " Bulletin
deceased o n a k l i n e o f f e r i n g a l i b a t i o n , w h i c h is
Archaeology,
of the British
School
of
33 ( 1 9 7 8 ) : 1 0 - 3 0 . F o r a
Athens
s u m m a r y o f the e v i d e n c e l e a d i n g t o t h i s r e v i
s i o n i s t assessment f o r t h a t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , see
discussed e l s e w h e r e i n t h i s v o l u m e b y K l a u s
R . S. B i a n c h i , Cleopatra's
Parlasca.
Egypt:
Age of
the
e x h . cat. ( T h e B r o o k l y n M u s e u m
Ptolemies,
1988) , pp.
6
Museum
F. A . H o o p e r , Funerary
Billou
D a t e d H y d r a Vase i n t h e B r o o k l y n M u s e u m , "
14
226-27.
R . A . H i g g i n s , Tanagra
and the
Figurines
C . I . G r e e n , The Temple
Furniture
cred Animal
Necropolis
at North
1964-19-76
(Princeton 1986); N . H i m m e l m a n n ,
Alexandria
Kunst
don 1937), p i . x x x i x .
in der griechischen
Furniture
from
the
Sa
Saqqara,
(Lon
of Egypt
(Tubingen 1983).
15
7
Archaologischen
Instituts,
Scientiarum
Abteilung
Studies
25 ( 1 9 8 3 ) : 2 5 - 3 5 ,
i n Bulletin
of the Egyptological
New
5 (1:983): 9 - 2 9 .
York
Seminar
16
in
Academiae
15 ( 1 9 6 7 ) : 1 2 4 ;
Hungaricae
C . A n d r e w s , Ancient
Egyptian
(Lon
Jewellery
d o n 1 9 9 0 ) , p . 1 9 9 ; so, t o o , U . K a p l o n y - H e c k e l ,
and
of
Antiqua
D u n a n d et a l . ( n o t e 1 1 a b o v e ) , p i s . 6 0 , 6 1 .
35 ( 1 9 7 9 ) : 1 5 - 2 2 .
rize m y earlier a r g u m e n t s a p p e a r i n g b o t h i n
Journal
L . C a s t i g l i o n e , " K u n s t u n d Gesellschaft
r o m i s c h e n A g y p t e n , " Acta
des
und Altes
Testament
20 (1990):
1 7 5 - 8 2 ; a n d J. T a i t , " A D e m o t i c L i s t o f T e m p l e
s e u m o f A r t , D e p a r t m e n t a l Files, T o m b C a r d s
a n d C o u r t O c c u p a t i o n s : P. C a r l s b e r g 2 3 , " i n
H . J. T h i s s e n a n d K . - T . Z a u z i c h , eds.,
D o r o t h e a A r n o l d f o r g r a n t i n g m e access t o these
mata
r e c o r d s as I w o r k t o w a r d p r e p a r i n g a m a n u
deckens
s c r i p t f o r v o l u m e 3 t o c o m p l e t e t h e series b e g u n
p p . 2 1 1 - 3 3 . I n his l e c t u r e d u r i n g t h e s y m p o
b y W . H a y e s , The Scepter
of Egypt,
vol. 1 (New
Demotika:
zum
Festschrift
I J . Juni
1983
fur Erich
GramLud-
(Wiirzburg 1984),
s i u m M i c h a e l P f r o m m e r discussed several as
pects o f H e l l e n i s t i c G r e e k j e w e l r y , f o c u s i n g his
199
200
ARTS
OF
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
a t t e n t i o n o n a g r o u p n o w i n t h e J. P a u l G e t t y
and Friends
M u s e u m , 92.AM.8.
J. C . G o y o n , " P t o l e m a i c E g y p t : Priests a n d t h e
254-64;
The M e t r o p o l i t a n M u s e u m of A r t 2 6 . 7 . 1 4 5 4 -
p p . 2 9 - 4 0 . O f t e n t i m e s these same p r i e s t s i n t e r
1 4 7 4 , t w e n t y - o n e bracelets a n d armlets, r e p o r t
as a r g u e d b y D . J. C r a w f o r d , " P t o l e m y , P t a h a n d
C a r n a r v o n c o l l e c t i o n : M . R o s t o v t z e f f , The
cial and Economic
History
of the
A p i s i n H e l l e n i s t i c M e m p h i s , " i n D . J. C r a w
So
f o r d , J. Q u a e g e b e u r , a n d W . C l a r y s s e , eds.,
Hellenistic
World,
Studies
on Ptolemaic
Memphis
( = Studia
Hel-
lenistica
p i . X L V . 2 , 3, w h e r e t h e l o t is d a t e d , i n c o r r e c t l y
t o m y m i n d , t o t h e H e l l e n i s t i c p e r i o d ; see
T . G . H . James, Howard
Carter:
The Path
to
22
Tutankhamun
H . te V e l d e , " S o m e R e m a r k s o n t h e M y s t e r i o u s
L a n g u a g e o f t h e B a b o o n s , " i n J. K . K a m s t r a ,
t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s s u r r o u n d i n g its d i s c o v e r y . I
H . M i l d e , a n d K . W a g t e n d o n k , eds.,
u n d e r s t a n d t h a t t h e r e m a y be a d d i t i o n a l o b j e c t s
Symbols
fessor
t i o n i n H i g h c l e r e Castle i n the U n i t e d K i n g d o m .
casion
and Religion:
M. S. H. G. Heerma
A . E . S a m u e l , The Shifting
Interpretations
Sands
of Ptolemaic
of
23
PP19
Treverensia,
of
the
University
129-36.
H . de M e u l e n a e r e , " L e s strateges i n d i g e n e s d u
et a u d e b u t de 1'occupation r o m a i n e , "
degli
der
24
Den-
Studi
J. H . J o h n s o n , " T h e R o l e o f t h e E g y p t i a n P r i e s t
Egyptological
Studies
H . W . F a i r m a n , " N o t e s o n t h e A l p h a b e t i c Signs
A. Parker:
E m p l o y e d i n the H i e r o g l y p h i c Inscriptions of
78th
t h e T e m p l e o f E d f u , " Annales
1986), pp. 7 0 - 8 4 .
du Service
Rivista
34 (1959): 18.
Orientali
Antiquites
the Chair
at the
n o m e t e n t y r i t e a la fin de l ' e p o q u e p t o l e m a i q u e
vol. 2 (1983),
35-39-
deratexte
Pro
Oc
of Amsterdam
History:
from
Religions
to
Voss on the
(New York
Egypt
1 9 8 9 ) , p p . 9 , 3 6 , 3 9 , 4 0 , 4 8 ; J. D . T h o m a s ,
Aegyptiaca
of Ancient
Funerary
Dedicated
van
of His Retirement
History
18
Essays
des
Presented
Birthday,
in Honor
of
Richard
on the Occasion
December
of
His
(Hanover
10, 1983
43 ( 1 9 4 3 ) : 1 9 4 , P. D e r -
de VEgypte
c h a i n w a s t h e first c l e a r l y t o a r t i c u l a t e its p r i n
25
D e r c h a i n - U r t e i l (note 20 above), p p .
169-86;
c i p l e s : " U n m a n u e l de g e o g r a p h i e l i t u r g i q u e a
F. D a u m a s , " D u p h o n e m e a u s y m b o l e d a n s
E d f o u , " Chronique
73 ( 1 9 6 2 ) : 3 1 -
d'Egypte
6 5 . D e r c h a i n ' s l e a d has b e e n f o l l o w e d b y v i r t u
rier du CNRS
Cour-
a l l y a l l s u b s e q u e n t c o m m e n t a t o r s o n these
temple texts, inter alia, E. W i n t e r , "Weitere
26
Egypt,
1989), pp.
Agyptologische
4 6 ( 1 9 8 7 ) : 6 1 - 7 6 ; a n d m o r e re
c e n t l y E . V a s s i l i k a , Ptolemaic
(Leuven
Philae
M . - T . D e r c h a i n - U r t e i l , Priester
Die
Rezeption
Edfu
und
der Theologie
Dendera
Zeit
im
of Cyril
Great
Aldred,
i n press.
agyptischen
t i t a t , " i n J. O s i n g a n d E . K . N i e l s e n , eds.,
von
Heritage
Privatdokumenten
(Wiesbaden
J. A s s m a n n , " D e r T e m p e l d e r
S p a t z e i t als K a n o n i s i e r u n g k u l t u r e l l e r I d e n -
Tempel:
der Tempel
in den
aus ptolemaischer
pp. 158,
in Honor
5-17.
27
of Erik
1989),
of Ancient
Iversen
Egypt:
Studies
in
The
Honour
169-86.
28
21
of Ancient
Ahhandlungen
20
S. S a u n e r o n , The Priests
B i a n c h i (note 5 above), p p . 5 5 - 5 9 , f u r t h e r i n g
J. B a i n e s , " R e s t r i c t e d K n o w l e d g e , H i e r a r c h y ,
a n d D e c o r u m : M o d e r n Perceptions a n d A n c i e n t
L'ecriture
I n s t i t u t i o n s , " Journal
lecons
Center
in Egypt
of the American
Research
2 7 ( 1 9 9 0 ) : 2 1 - 2 3 ; H . te V e l d e ,
et Part de VEgypte
sur la paleographie
pharaoniques
et
ancienne:
Quatre
Vepigraphie
(Paris 1 9 8 6 ) .
"Scribes a n d L i t e r a c y i n A n c i e n t E g y p t , " i n
H . L . J. V a n s t i p h o u t et a l . , eds., Scripta
Signa
Vocis:
Scribes
Studies
and Languages
to ] . H. Hospers
about
Scripts,
in the Near
Scriptures,
East,
by His Pupils,
Presented
Colleagues
29
30
J o h n s o n (note 24 above).
A m s t e r d a m , A l l a r d Pierson M u s e u m 7 0 6 9 :
D . K u r t h , Der Sarg
der Teiiris:
Eine
Studie
B i anc hi
zum
Totenglauben
( = Aegyptiaca
im romerzeitlicben
Agypten
40
41
6) ( M a i n z a m
Treverensia
R h e i n 1 9 9 0 ) , f o r w h i c h he d e m o n s t r a t e s t h a t
the decorative and t e x t u a l components,
Revue
far
41 (1991): 9 - 3 0 .
d'Egyptologie
f r o m b e i n g a b e r r a n t a n d m i s u n d e r s t o o d as t h e y
are g e n e r a l l y p o r t r a y e d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e , are i n
42
N . L e w i s , Greeks
1986), pp.
in Ptolemaic
(Oxford
Egypt
104-23.
43
L a t e - P a g a n L a n g u a g e Synthesis i n E g y p t , "
t r a i t s ? , " i n J. H . J o h n s o n , e d . , Life
tiquities
cultural
Society:
Constantine
Egypt
and Beyond
from
in a
Multi
Cambyses
An
19 ( 1 9 8 9 ) : 9 0 - 9 1 .
to
(Chicago 1992),
44
U . Kaplony-Heckel, " Z u m
demotischen
pp. 5 7 - 6 2 .
B a u g r u b e n - G r a f f i t o v o m Satis-Tempel a u f
Archdologischen
E l e p h a n t i n e , " Mitteilungen
3I
Jour
of Egyptian
des
Instituts,
Deutschen
Abteilung
Kairo
43 ( 1 9 8 7 ) : 1 6 7 - 6 8 .
32
D e r c h a i n - U r t e i l (note 20 above), p p . 2 4 7 - 5 3 .
33
45
D a c k , et a l . , eds., The
ofio^-101
Dossier
Concerning
( = Collectanea
O s i r i s - A p i s i n p l a c e i n A l e x a n d r i a at t h e t i m e
Judean-Syrian-Egyptian
B.C.: A
Conflict
a "War
Multilinguistic
of
Hellenistica,
T h e r e is a g r o w i n g c o n s e n s u s t h a t A l e x a n d e r
the Great encountered an E g y p t i a n c u l t of
i n E. van't
D . J. T h o m p s o n , Memphis
Scepters"
under
the
Ptolemies
v o l . 1) (Brussels
1 9 8 9 ) , p . 8 5 , c i t i n g t h e classic w o r k o n t h i s
s u b j e c t b y J. Y o y o t t e , " B a k h t i s r e l i g i o n e g y p -
J. B i n g e n , G . C a m b i e r , a n d G . N a c h t e r g a e l ,
t i e n n e et c u l t u r e g r e c q u e a E d f o u , " i n i d e m , e d . ,
Le monde
Religions
en Egypte
(Brussels 1 9 7 5 ) , PP- 6 7 0 - 7 5 ; S. K . H e y o b ,
Colloque
de Strasbourg,
hellenistique
16-18
et
mai
romaine:
The
(Paris
1967
Cult
grec: Hommages
of Isis among
World
a Claire
Women
eds.,
Preaux
in the
Graeco-
( L e i d e n 1 9 7 5 ) , PP- 2 - 4 . I t h a n k
1969), pp. 1 2 7 - 4 1 .
Roman
t i o n . See, t o o , t h e c o m m e n t s o n t h i s p o i n t m a d e
Aegyptus
by L i l l y K a h i l elsewhere i n this v o l u m e .
55 ( 1 9 8 5 ) : 5 7 - 6 6 .
35
documenta
46
I b i d . , 6 4 ; see also n o t e 2 1 a b o v e .
R . S. B i a n c h i , " T h e C u l t u r a l T r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f
E g y p t as Suggested b y a G r o u p o f E n t h r o n e d
36
B i a n c h i ( n o t e 5 a b o v e ) , p p . 5 5 , 6 3 - 6 9 ; see also
n o t e 53 b e l o w , a n d t h e s u c c i n c t s u r v e y o f t h e
( n o t e 3 0 a b o v e ) , p p . 2 3 - 2 4 ; see Y o y o t t e ( n o t e
h i s t o r i o g r a p h y o f A l e x a n d r i a n C l a s s i c a l art h i s
33 a b o v e ) f o r a n o t h e r e x a m p l e o f t h i s same
t o r y by A n d r e w Stewart i n this v o l u m e .
p r a c t i c e b y t h e G r e e k s , w h i c h is a g a i n w i t h o u t
a p p a r e n t p a r a l l e l for the Egyptians.
37
L . Z a b k a r , Hymns
at
Phi-
lae ( H a n o v e r 1 9 8 8 ) , p p . 1 3 5 - 6 0 , f o r c r e a t i v e ,
47
C a i r o , T h e E g y p t i a n M u s e u m JE 4 4 0 4 8 :
Bianchi (note 4 6 above), pp. 15, 23.
n a t i v e E g y p t i a n h y m n s t o Isis at P h i l a e c o m
posed d u r i n g the Ptolemaic p e r i o d , w h i c h i n
s p i r e d t h e later Isis a r e t a l o g i e s o f t h e R o m a n
p e r i o d ; a n d S. S a u n e r o n , UEcriture
dans
les textes
d'Esna
48
B i a n c h i (note 46 above), p p . 1 5 - 2 6 .
figurative
( C a i r o 1 9 8 2 ) , f o r t h e ex
49
C a s t i g l i o n e ( n o t e 15 a b o v e ) : 3 1 , a l r e a d y p e r c e p
tively recognized this trend.
50
B e r l i n 9 9 5 6 : G . C l e r c , " I s i s - S o t h i s d a n s le
m o n d e r o m a i n , " i n M . B . de B o e r a n d T . A .
38
J. D . R a y , The Archive
of Hor
(London 1976),
p. 120.
E d r i d g e , eds., Hommages
a Maarten
maseren:
offert
Recueil
d'etudes
de la Serie Etudes
39
orientates
dans
] . Vermaseren
preliminaires
Vempire
a Voccasion
J.
Ver-
par les
aux
romain
de son
auteurs
religions
Maarten
soixantieme
201
202
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
le 7 Avril
anniversaire
1978,
v o l . 1 (Leiden
o r beginning o f the R o m a n p e r i o d , t o w h i c h
1 9 7 8 ) , p p . 2 4 7 - 8 1 . T h i s t h e m e is o f g r e a t a n
t i q u i t y i n p h a r a o n i c E g y p t ; see C . D e s r o c h e s -
" O p u s Sectile M o s a i c s f r o m A l e x a n d r i a a n d
N o b l e c o u r t , " Q u a t r e objets
M a r e o t i s , " Jahrbuch
protodynastiques
et des Musees
de France
du
tum,
2 (1979):
108-17.
51
52
de la Societe
francaise
d'Egyp-
122 (1991): 1 3 - 3 5 .
V i e n n a 5 0 7 7 : J. Q u a e g e b e u r , " D e l ' o r i g i n e
e g y p t i e n n e d u g r i f f o n N e m e s i s , " i n Visages
Destin
dans
les mythologies:
line Duchemin.
Colloque
Travaux
Melanges
et memoires:
du Chantilly,
1-2
du
Jacque
Actes
du
(Paris
mai 1980
1 9 8 3 ) , p p . 4 1 - 5 4 ; J. Q u a e g e b e u r , W . C l a r y s s e ,
and B. van Maele, "Athena, Neith, and Thoeris
i n G r e e k D o c u m e n t s , " Zeitschrift
fur
Papyrolo-
60 (1985): 2 1 7 - 3 2 . One
und
Christentum,
Jahrbuch
Erganzungsband
18 ( 1 9 9 1 ) : 2 6 - 3 5 .
53
of the Australian
Centre
2 (1991): 4 1 - 5 0 ; C. H o p e
for Egyptology
for Egyptology
of the
Australian
3 (1992): 4 1 - 4 9 ;
C . H o p e et a l . , " D a k h l e h O a s i s P r o j e c t : I s m a n t
e l - K h a r a b 1 9 9 1 - 1 9 9 2 , " Journal
for the Study
of Egyptian
of the
Antiquities
Society
19 ( 1 9 8 9 ) :
Treverensia
(1983): 5 7 - 6 0 .
55
consider the c o m m e n t s b y M . R o d z i e w i c z ,
ofPetra
(Oxford 1990),
decora
t i o n t o be " o f E g y p t i a n o r i g i n " a n d t h e a p p e a r
ance o f t h a t d e c o r a t i v e scheme i n t h i s c h a m b e r
t o be n o e a r l i e r t h a n t h e late H e l l e n i s t i c p e r i o d
Erganzungsband
fur Antike
und
Christen
18 ( 1 9 9 1 ) : 2 0 4 , p a s s i m .
203
Smith
theos
epi-
204
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
on e x t e r n a l a t t r i b u t e s . A t A l e x a n d r i a , o n coins f r o m Philadelphos t o
7
a n d drasterios,
FIG.
Alexandrian octadrachm of
P t o l e m y Philadelphos i n T h e o k r i t o s 1 7 .
Ptolemy i n ( 2 4 6 - 2 2 2 B . C . ) . G o l d .
10
12
Smith
14
T h e i r c o n t e x t is w e l l i l l u s t r a t e d by decrees o f the E g y p t i a n
w i t h o u t specifying w h i c h o n e .
15
Basileus
O t h e r s , however, reproduce
1 6
17
205
206
ARTS
OF
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
Head of Ptolemy v i ( 1 8 0 - 1 4 5
B . C . ) . M a r b l e . H . : 4 1 cm.
Alexandria, Graeco-Roman
F12679-12680.
FIG.
Head of Ptolemy v i ( 1 8 0 - 1 4 5
Smith
FIG.
Head of Ptolemy v i n ( 1 4 5 - 1 1 6
B . C . ) . M a r b l e . H . : 23.5 cm. Private
collection, on loan to Yale
University A r t Gallery, N e w
Haven. Photo: Sotheby's, Inc.
FIG.
Head of Ptolemy v i n ( 1 4 5 - 1 1 6
B . C . ) . D i o r i t e . H . : 51 c m . Brussels,
Musees Royaux d ' A r t et d'Histoire
E1839.
B.C.),
o n w h i c h he wears the ra
19
n o u n c e d p h y s i o g n o m i c a l p r o f i l e l a r g e nose, s m a l l p o u t i n g m o u t h ,
w e a k c h i n w i t h an impressive r o y a l bearing. T h i s c o i n gives the key t o
a series of related images, some t y p o l o g i c a l l y , some generically, related.
A s m a l l stucco head i n H i l d e s h e i m is a precise version of the
same p o r t r a i t t y p e ,
20
a n d an i m p o r t a n t m a r b l e head i n N e w H a v e n also
21
207
208
ARTS
OF
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
2 2
I t wears a d o u b l e c r o w n , s u p p o r t e d b e h i n d by a t a l l , b r o k e n back
VIII'S
p o r t r a i t type i n t o p h a r a o n i c f o r m a n d m a t e r i a l .
FIG.
Smith
FIG.
c o n t e m p o r a r y queen a n d at a case o f s y n t a c t i c a l l y a w k w a r d t r a n s l a t i o n .
A n i m p o r t a n t head i n V i e n n a (fig. 7 ) ,
2 3
24
T h i s r o y a l style is a
I-III,
w h o r u l e d o n behalf o f
o r t h r o u g h b o y kings a n d w e a k k i n g s .
L i k e the A l e x a n d r i a n p o r t r a i t s , the V i e n n a head wears d i a
d e m a n d Isis l o c k s , b u t i t has so heightened some featuresthe s t r o n g
d o u b l e c h i n , w i d e m o u t h , a n d masculine n a s o - l a b i a l f o l d s t h a t the
subtle balance o f the A l e x a n d r i a n type between t r a d i t i o n a l beauty a n d
executive capacity has been a l l b u t destroyed. T h e s c u l p t o r seems b o t h
t o have m i s u n d e r s t o o d a n d t o have m i s m a n a g e d the f o r m s o f a c o m p l e x
a n d u n u s u a l image.
A m o n g the later Ptolemies, i x - x i , whose p o r t r a i t s have been
m u c h studied i n recent years a n d considerably e x p a n d e d by n e w pieces,
25
209
210
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
27
29
30
E N G L A N D
Smith
Notes
H . K y r i e l e i s , Bildnisse
p i s . 8, 1 7 , 3 0 , 4 0 ; S m i t h ( n o t e 1 a b o v e ) , p p . 9 1 -
(Berlin
der Ptolemder
1 9 7 5 ) ; E . B r u n e l l e , Die Bildnisse
der
9 2 , pis. 7 5 . 3 - 1 1 .
Ptole-
( P h . D . diss., F r a n k f u r t 1 9 7 6 ) ;
mderinnen
R . R . R . S m i t h , Hellenistic
Royal
(Ox
Portraits
2 - 4 , probably from
M u c h m a t e r i a l also i n H . M a e h l e r a n d
J. H o r n b l o w e r , Hieronymos
Age
(Oxford
i d e o l o g y i n t h i s passage, cf. S m i t h ( n o t e 1
Cleopatra's
a b o v e ) , p . 5 2 . O n T h e o k r i t o s 17 = A u s t i n
e x h . cat. ( T h e
of the Ptolemies,
of Cardia
1 9 8 1 ) , p p . 6 7 - 7 1 . O n the reflection o f r o y a l
Agypten
( n o t e 5 a b o v e ) , p . 2 1 7 ; cf. Fraser, v o l . 1 ( n o t e 5
A . L i n f e r t , " N e u e P t o l e m a e r : P t o l e m a i o s 11.
above), p p .
u n d A r s i n o e 11.," Mitteilungen
Archaologischen
Instituts,
des
666-67.
Deutschen
Athenische
Abteilung
10
II
12
des Deutschen
Athenische
Mittei
Archaologischen
Insti
104 (1989):
Abteilung
159-63;
M . P r a n g e , " D a s B i l d n i s A r s i n o e s 11. P h i l a d e l
p h o s , 2 7 8 - 7 0 v . C h r . , " Mitteilungen
schen
Archaologischen
des
Instituts,
"private."
Deut
(1) C o i n s o f Q u e e n P h i l i s t i s at Syracuse:
Athenische
C . M . K r a a y a n d M . H i r m e r , Greek
105 ( 1 9 9 0 ) : 1 9 7 - 2 1 1 ; H . P. L a u f >
Abteilung
Mitteilun
Archaologischen
Ancient
Instituts,
106 (1991):
Abteilung
Coins
Coins
fig. 6 0 3 .
223-38.
(2) L i m e s t o n e f e m a l e h e a d f r o m A r s o s , C y p r u s :
2
K y r i e l e i s ( n o t e 1 a b o v e ) , p p . 2 0 , 8 2 , B 1 a n d J 2,
J. B . C o n n e l l y , Votive
p i s . 8.5, 6, 9 ; 7 2 . 4 ; S m i t h ( n o t e 1 a b o v e ) , p p .
tic Cyprus
4 4 , 9 1 , app. v m , n o . 9, p i . 70.6; N . H i m r n e l -
p i . 1 2 . T h e e x t e n t o f t h i s p h e n o m e n o n is
Sculpture
of
Hellenis
( N i c o s i a 1 9 8 8 ) , p . 3 6 , n o . 3,
best i l l u s t r a t e d b y t h e g r e a t n u m b e r o f " p r i
i n Festschrift
v o l . 1 (Istanbul 1989),
fur J . Inan,
l o g i c a l l i t e r a t u r e has, at one t i m e o r a n o t h e r ,
A r s i n o e ' s dikeras:
t h i s , cf. S m i t h ( n o t e 1 a b o v e ) , p p .
i d e n t i f i e d as A r s i n o e 11 o r B e r e n i k e 11. O n
3
Athenaeus 1 1 . 4 9 7 B - C .
89-90,
w i t h e x a m p l e s c i t e d at n o t e 2 4 .
4
O n r o y a l e l e p h a n t exuviae,
1 above):
cf. L a u b s c h e r ( n o t e
13
232-35.
B i a n c h i ( n o t e 1 a b o v e ) , p p . 5 5 - 8 0 , a n d o n cat.
nos. 2, 3 1 , 32, 35, 36, 38, 39, 4 2 - 4 7 , 52, 53.
Orientis
Graeci
Inscriptiones
Selectae,
M . M . A u s t i n , The Hellenistic
Alexander
to the Roman
of Ancient
Sources
World
Conquest:
p . 54 =
F o r e x a m p l e , o n t h e Brussels P t o l e m y v m (here
from
f i g . 6 ) : "Because t h e h e a d i n Brussels c o n f o r m s
its r e s e m b l a n c e t o i m a g e s o f a n y
Fragmente
6 3 1 , F 1, w i t h
Historiker,
P. M . Fraser, Ptolemaic
(Cambridge
in Translation
1 9 8 1 ) , p . 2 2 1 ; S a t y r o s , F. J a c o b y , Die
der griechischen
Selection
( p . 1 4 9 , cat. 5 3 ) .
(Oxford
Alexandria
1972), v o l . 1, pp. 2 0 2 - 3 ; l -
J P-
- 4814
B . V . B o t h m e r , Egyptian
Period
pi. 75.9.
t h e r b e l o w at n o t e 2 8 .
15
O n Seleucid r o y a l p o r t r a i t s , see n o w R . F l e i
Herrscherbildnisse
T h e r e is n o f u l l s t u d y o f t h i s m a t e r i a l . See
scher, Studien
zur Seleukidischen
Kunst,
Ptolemaic
r u l e r i n a H e l l e n i s t i c i d i o m m a y be g r a t u i t o u s "
52,
16
Late
1 0 , a n d D 5, 6; w i t h S m i t h ( n o t e
1 a b o v e ) , p p . 88-89
(Mainz 1991).
of the
See, f o r e x a m p l e , K y r i e l e i s ( n o t e 1 a b o v e ) , B 6,
8, 1 0 , C 1 - 7 ,
v o l . 1,
Sculpture
a n d app. v.
211
212
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
F 3, p i s . 49.2., 5 0 , 5 1 ; S m i t h ( n o t e 1 a b o v e ) ,
p . 9 3 , cat. 5 5 , p i s . 3 8 . 1 , 2 . C o i n : K y r i e l e i s
( 1 9 8 6 ) : 5 9 - 7 8 , at 7 0 - 7 8 .
Museum
14
Journal
17
26
G r a n i t e b u s t , A l e x a n d r i a P 1 2 0 7 2 : P. E . S t a n -
T h e p o r t r a i t o n the b e t t e r - k n o w n Phoenician
Journal
Egypt
of the American
Research
Center
in
2 9 ( 1 9 9 2 ) : 1 3 1 - 4 1 , figs, i a , b . A p h r o -
S m i t h [ n o t e 1 a b o v e ] , p i . 7 5 . 1 3 ) is p r o b a b l y o f
p p . 7 0 - 7 1 , H 3, p i s . 5 9 . 3 , 4 ; S m i t h ( n o t e 1
earlier, m o r e y o u t h f u l P h i l o m e t o r p o r t r a i t type,
a b o v e ) , p . 9 7 , cat. 6 1 , p i s . 4 1 . 1 - 3 . T h e r e seems
attested by the u n i q u e g o l d o c t o d r a c h m i n L o n
t o be a d i s t i n c t e c h o o f a c o m m o n i m a g e be
d o n : S m i t h ( n o t e 1 a b o v e ) , p . 93 ( w i t h l i t .
t w e e n these t w o p o r t r a i t s , n o t a b l y i n t h e s i m i l a r
f o r m u l a t i o n s o f t h e eyes a n d c h i n .
27
S m i t h ( n o t e 1 a b o v e ) , p . 9 3 , cat. 7 1 , p i . 4 6 . 2 .
18
a b o v e ) : 7 0 - 7 8 , figs. 6 a , d ; S m i t h ( n o t e 1 a b o v e ) ,
p . 9 6 , c a t . 5 9 , p i s . 4 0 . 1 , 2 . T h e s e heads w e r e
Alexandrian type.
(note 1 above), p. 9 4 , p i . 7 5 . 1 7 .
28
C a n o p u s : Orientis
Graeci
Inscriptiones
Selec-
20
K y r i e l e i s ( n o t e 1 a b o v e ) , p . 6 4 , G 1 , p i . 5 2 . 2 , 3.
tae, p . 5 6 = A u s t i n ( n o t e 5 a b o v e ) , p . 2 2 2 .
21
S m i t h ( n o t e 1 a b o v e ) , p p . 9 6 - 9 7 , 1 2 4 , cat.
p . 9 0 = A u s t i n ( n o t e 5 a b o v e ) , p . 2 2 7 . F o r es
R o s e t t a : Orientis
Graeci
Inscriptiones
Selectae,
5 8 , p i s . 3 9 . 3 , 4 t h e r e n o t e d as close t o
P t o l e m y v n i ( p . 9 6 ) , b u t c a t a l o g u e d as " a late
a n d c l e r g y , see esp. D . J. T h o m p s o n ,
P t o l e m y , p r o b a b l y P t o l e m y i x o r x . " I t seems
under
the Ptolemies
Memphis
a r t i c l e s b y J. Q u a e g e b e u r , h i s " C l e o p a t r a v i i
R . R . R . S m i t h , Hellenistic
(London
Sculpture
1991),%. 241.
t h e p r i e s t s : J.-C. G o y o n , " P t o l e m a i c E g y p t :
22
Priests a n d t h e T r a d i t i o n a l R e l i g i o n , " i n B i a n c h i
5 3 ; S m i t h ( n o t e 1 a b o v e ) , p p . 9 3 - 9 4 , cat. 7 3 ,
(note 1 above), p p . 2 9 - 3 9 .
p p . 1 4 8 - 4 9 , cat. 53 ( q u o t e d n o t e 13 a b o v e ) .
23
24
S m i t h ( n o t e 1 a b o v e ) , p p . 9 4 - 9 5 , cat. 7 4 ,
H e l l e n i s t i c M e m p h i s , " i n D . J. C r a w f o r d ,
pis. 4 8 . 1 , 2.
J. Q u a e g e b e u r , a n d W . C l a r y s s e , Studies
on
Ptolemaic
24
Memphis.
Studia
Hellenistica
( L o u v a i n 1 9 8 0 ) : p p . 1 - 4 2 , esp. 2 7 - 3 6 .
30
w e r e m a d e i n e a c h n o m e . " T r a n s . : J. Q u a e g e
Instituts
des
beur, " D o c u m e n t s C o n c e r n i n g a C u l t o f A r s i n o e
Deutschen
82 (1967): 1 6 7 - 9 4 ;
P h i l a d e l p h o s at M e m p h i s , " Journal
of
Near
Eastern
n . 1 3 ; also i d e m , i n B i a n c h i ( n o t e 1 a b o v e ) ,
H . M a e h l e r a n d V . M . S t r o c k a , eds.,
ptolemdische
Agypten
Das
of the Institute
the University
of London
of Classical
Studies
30 (1983): 1-16;
Studies
3 0 ( 1 9 7 1 ) : 2 3 9 - 7 0 , esp. 2 4 2
of
tiones
Selectae,
Graeci
Inscrip
9 0 , l i n e 3 9 : " t h e statues s h a l l be
Smith
(tro-
T h e w o r d f o r " n a t i v e / E g y p t i a n " is re
Stone
The
s u r v i v i n g p o r t r a i t s s h o w h o w far t h e priests
w e r e w i l l i n g t o see t h i s o r d e r c o m p r o m i s e d .
3I
T h o m p s o n ( n o t e 28 a b o v e ) .
213
215
Norma
Jean
thanks
Paul
Bothmer
for preparing
Stanwick
completing
the
This
is
posthumously.
Bothmer
the
for publication
article
V.
article
and
for
notes.
published
B.C.),
216
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
K i n g Sety ( 1 3 0 6 - 1 2 9 0 B.C.),
from Abydos. Schist. H . : 21 cm.
Cairo, The Egyptian Museum
CG 7 5 1 . Photo courtesy of the
Institute of Fine Arts, N e w York
University.
FIG.
FIG.
M a l e head, provenance u n k n o w n .
Basalt. Second century B.C. H . :
20.2 cm. M u n i c h , Staatliche
Sammlung Agyptischer Kunst
GI.WAF 328.
FIG.
4
FIGS.
5a, b
Ptolemy v i Philometor
( 1 8 0 - 1 6 4 / 1 6 3 - 1 4 5 B.C.), from
the sea at Aegina. Granite.
H . : 62.5 cm. Athens, N a t i o n a l
Archaeological Museum ANE 108.
5b
B o t h m e r
FIG.
NME 73.
FIG.
M a l e head w i t h diadem,
provenance u n k n o w n , said to be
f r o m Dime. Granite. First century
B.C. H . : 34.5 cm. M u n i c h , Staatliche Sammlung Agyptischer Kunst
G l . 30.
FIG.
217
218
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
10
FIG.
II
(fig. 9 )
1 0
1 1
some o f t h e m , a l t h o u g h sculptured
1 2
13
N o t a l l of those
1 4
15
12
FIG.
1 6
as d o
u n k n o w n . Limestone. Ptolemaic
Period. H . : 13.7 cm. The B r o o k l y n
Museum 71.12, Charles E d w i n
W i l b o u r Fund.
Bothmer
FIG.
13
14
13
FIGS.
14
I 5a, b
I 5b
I 5a
1 7
makes its ap
16
c o l l e c t i o n (fig. i 6 ) .
1 8
private collection.
appear i n
19
219
220
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
17
18
FIG.
19
20
a private c o l l e c t i o n i n N e w Y o r k (fig. 1 7 ) .
2 0
I t represents a r o y a l y o u t h
2 1
of
dressed u p i n a kausia a n d d i a d e m .
22
23
I n Ptolemaic
B o t h m e r
FIG.
2 1
22
FIG.
23
8),
2 4
P t o l e m y v Epiphanes ( 2 0 5 - 1 8 0 B . C . ; fig. 1 9 ) ,
25
Euergetes 11 ( 1 7 0 - 1 6 3 / 1 4 5 = 116
B.C.)
26
T h e likeness o f Ptolemy x A l e x a n d e r 1
2 7
likeness o f N e k t a n e b o 1 ( 3 8 0 = 3 6 2
i n a small basalt head i n P a r i s .
29
B.C.).
2 8
I t is p r o b a b l y also t o be f o u n d
Sculpture
3 0
of
of R o m a n R e p u b l i c a n v e r i s m .
31
3 2
221
222
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
24
ALEXANDRIA
25
26
FIG.
24
25
26
27
27
28
28
B o t h m e r
29
FIG.
31
30
29
Agyptisches Museum r o 9 7 2 .
tures (fig. 2 4 )
FIG.
30
3 3
o f D y n a s t y x x v n ( 5 2 5 - 4 0 4 B . C . ) w i t h t w o Ptolemaic
3 4
3 5
(fig. 2 7 ) .
no. 34.
pensive m o o d (fig. 2 8 ) ,
FIG.
3 1
3 6
3 8
G l o o m a n d m e l a n c h o l y also emanate f r o m
(fig. 3 1 ) .
York, A n t i q u a r i u m , L t d .
40
3 9
earlier age. I t is the " m o o d " t h a t makes the likenesses of the Ptolemaic
Period differ f r o m those of the preceding periods, surely as a result o f
the Hellenistic presence.
W h a t is n e w i n E g y p t i a n sculpture o f the Ptolemaic age is
the b l e n d i n g o f the art o f b o t h nations, E g y p t i a n and Greek (fig. 3 2 ) ,
41
4 3
4 2
a n d the statue o f a r o y a l
B.C.),
in The Brooklyn M u
the latter also has the b a n d o f the Hellenistic r u l e r w i t h uraeus, his eyes
w i d e open, like those of A l e x a n d e r the Great, the m o u t h d i s d a i n f u l , the
w h o l e expressing the thoughtfulness a n d m e l a n c h o l y of the h u m a n face
t h a t came t o E g y p t w i t h the Greeks.
223
224
ARTS
OF
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
32
32
FIG.
33
34
34
33
Bothmer
225
I n c l o s i n g , i t m a y be useful t o m e n t i o n c e r t a i n features o f
E g y p t i a n statuary o f the Ptolemaic Period t h a t u n t i l f a i r l y recently were
often a n d w r o n g l y c i t e d as s h o w i n g Greek influence. A m o n g t h e m are:
1.
44
2.
3.
4.
5.
representation o f a p o t h e o s i s ;
6.
7.
8.
exuberant torso m o d e l i n g .
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
35
The Egyptian M u s e u m C G 2 7 4 3 1 .
B.C.),
they can be f o u n d
52
o n a schist
5 3
of Psamtik 1 ( 6 6 4 - 6 1 0
B.C.),
now in London.
5 4
A l i t t l e later, f r o m E g y p t ,
a l t h o u g h n o t s t r i c t l y E g y p t i a n , is a limestone k o r e f r o m M e m p h i s t h a t
has been a t t r i b u t e d t o the last q u a r t e r of the s i x t h c e n t u r y B . C . (fig. 3 5 ) .
5 5
B.C.),
has b o t h i n l a i d eyes a n d e y e b r o w s .
56
5 7
36
no.
11/794.
5 8
5 9
and it
226
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
Y O R K
B ot hm er
Notes
T h e f o r m e r figure: L . B o r c h a r d t , Statuen
und
Statuetten
im
Museum
General
du Caire
T h e a u t h o r is g r a t e f u l t o J a c k A . J o s e p h s o n f o r
von Konigen
und
Privatleuten
vol. 3 of
von Kairo,
des Antiquites
Catalogue
Egyptiennes
du
Musee
M u s e u m a n d C a r l a M a r c h i n i of the B r i t i s h M u s e u m
f o r t h e i r g e n e r o u s assistance i n s e c u r i n g
Journal
permissions
Research
Center
in
T h e l a t t e r figure: H . D e M e u l e n a r e a n d
erts a n d J e n n i R o d d a o f t h e I n s t i t u t e o f F i n e A r t s at
New
of the American
29 ( 1 9 9 2 ) : 1 2 1 - 2 2 n . 3 0 , fig. 2 6 .
Egypt
P. M a c K a y , Mendes,
p . 2 0 0 , n o . 7 4 , p i . 2 7 d . R . S. B i a n c h i , " T h e
W a r m e s t t h a n k s are d u e t o t h e c o l l e c t o r s a n d
E g y p t , " i n H . M a e h l e r a n d V . M . S t r o c k a , eds.,
Das
D o r e y a Said ( G r a e c o - R o m a n M u s e u m , A l e x a n d r i a ) ,
p p . 9 5 - 1 0 2 , discusses t h e d r a p e d m a l e
of the Ptolemaic p e r i o d .
ptolemdische
(Mainz 1978),
Agypten
figure
M u s e u m , Athens), D i e t r i c h W i l d u n g (Agyptisches
M u s e u m , Berlin), Christiana M o r i g i Govi (Museo
S. S c h o s k e a n d D . W i l d u n g , Agyptische
Kunst
Munch
Sammlung
Saleh ( T h e E g y p t i a n M u s e u m , C a i r o ) , A r i e l l e K o z l o f f
n i c h 1 9 8 5 ) , p p . 1 2 1 , 1 2 2 , 1 5 4 , cat. 8 6 , i l l . ;
en.
Cleopatra's
cat. 3 8 , i l l .
Katalog
Handbuch
Agyptischer
Kunst
zur
Staatlichen
Munchen
(Mu
(note 1 above), p p .
Egypt
133-34,
d ' a r t et d ' h i s t o i r e , G e n e v a ) , W . V . D a v i e s ( T h e B r i t i s h
M u s e u m , L o n d o n ) , R o s a l i n d H . Janssen (Petrie M u
ESLP
1 4 3 , 1 5 6 , 1 7 2 - 7 3 , 1 7 6 , cat. 1 3 2 , p i s . 1 2 3 - 2 4 ,
figs. 3 2 9 - 3 1 ; R . F a z z i n i et a l . , Ancient
t i s c h e r K u n s t , M u n i c h ) , Susan B . M a t h e s o n (Yale
1 9 8 8 ) , cat. 9 2 , i l l .
Egyp
(Brooklyn
Museum
son ( A n t i q u a r i u m , L t d . , N e w Y o r k ) , L e o n a r d Stern
(New
Paris), M a r e s i t a N o t a ( M u s e o Barracco, R o m e ) ,
cat. F 1 , p i . 4 7 . 1 - 3 ; R . R . R . S m i t h ,
Royal
Stockholm),
G r a z i a B r a v a r ( C i v i c i M u s e i d i S t o r i a ed A r t e , T r i
Portraits
Hellenistic
cat. 7 1 , p i . 4 6 . 2 .
este), M a r i s a R i g o n i ( M u s e o A r c h e o l o g i c o , V e n i c e ) .
7
1
B . V . B o t h m e r et a l . , Egyptian
Late
Period,
yoo
Sculpture
H . K y r i e l e i s , Bildnisse
En
(hereafter
der
Introduktion
ill.
Ptolemaer
der
G . Pesce, I I "Palazzo
delle colonne"
in
Tole-
spaten Ptolemaerbildnisse," i n H . M a e h t e r
maide
a n d V . M . S t r o c k a , eds., Das
figs. 9 7 - 9 9 ; R . S. B i a n c h i , " C o l l e c t i n g a n d
Agypten
ptolemdische
( M a i n z 1 9 7 8 ) , p p . 2 5 - 3 0 , figs. 3 6 - 5 1 .
R . S. B i a n c h i , Cleopatra's
Ptolemies,
Egypt:
Age of
di Cirenaica
the
the Cleveland
e x h . cat. ( T h e B r o o k l y n M u s e u m
144-51, ill.
1 9 8 8 ) (hereafter Cleopatra's
Museum
of Art
J. J o s e p h s o n s f o r t h c o m i n g s t u d y o n f o u r t h -
1 2 2 , 1 5 4 , cat. 8 5 , i l l . ; Cleopatra's
c e n t u r y - B . c . r o y a l p o r t r a i t u r e , Egyptian
a b o v e ) , p p . 8 4 - 8 5 , cat. 2, i l l .
Sculpture
of the Late
Period:
400-246
Royal
Egypt
(note 1
B.C.,
w i l l discuss h o w D y n a s t y x x x styles c a n be d i s
tinguished f r o m those o f the t h i r d - c e n t u r y
Ptolemies.
of
79 ( M a y 1 9 9 2 ) :
Egypt).
9
ESLP
the
(The B r o o k l y n M u s e u m i 9 6 0 )
ESLP).
of
10
ESLP
( n o t e 1 a b o v e ) , p p . 1 7 0 - 7 2 , 1 7 3 , cat.
1 3 1 , p i . 1 2 2 , figs. 3 2 7 - 2 8 ; D . W i l d u n g a n d
G . G r i m m , Gotter,
Pharaonen,
e x h . cat. (Essen,
V i l l a H i i g e l 1 9 7 8 ) , cat. 1 2 9 , i l l . ; B . V . B o t h m e r ,
227
228
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
A L E X A N D R I A
di "La Ricerca
Scientifica"
6 a b o v e ) , p p . 1 4 , 9 5 - 9 6 ; P. E . S t a n w i c k , " A
1 1 6 ( R o m e 1 9 8 8 ) : 4 7 - 6 5 , figs. 1 - 2 0 , esp. 6 3 .
I I
( n o t e 1 a b o v e ) , p p . 1 3 2 , 1 4 1 - 4 2 , cat.
ESLP
Research
Center
Journal
29
in Egypt
( 1 9 9 2 ) : 135 n . 16.
1 0 9 , p i . 1 0 1 , figs. 2 7 0 - 7 1 ; G . D . S c o t t i n , An
cient
Art at Yale ( N e w H a v e n 1 9 8 6 ) ,
Egyptian
20
p p . 1 6 5 - 6 7 , cat. 9 4 , i l l .
12
R . S. B i a n c h i , " A l e x a n d e r t h e G r e a t as a K a u s i a
D i a d e m a t o p h o r o s f r o m E g y p t , " i n The
Intellec
tual Heritage
to
K y r i e l e i s ( n o t e 1 a b o v e ) , p p . 7 5 , 1 7 7 , cat. H 1 9 ;
Ldszlo
C . G o v i et a l . , I I senso
the Occasion
dell'arte
nell'Antico
Kdkosy
Studies
by Friends
Presented
and Colleagues
of His 60th
Birthday
on
(Budapest
1 9 9 2 ) , p p . 6 9 - 7 5 , pis- n - 1 1 1 . A l t h o u g h B i a n c h i
e x h . cat. ( B o l o g n a , M u s e o C i v i c o 1 9 9 0 ) ,
Egitto,
of Egypt:
H e l l e n i s t i c d i a d e m , see S m i t h ( n o t e 6 a b o v e ) ,
t u r y B . C . , t h e r e is v e r y s t r o n g e v i d e n c e t o p l a c e
i t i n t h e first c e n t u r y B . C . , as m y a r g u m e n t s i n
pp. 3 4 - 3 8 .
Museum
21
N e w York, The M e t r o p o l i t a n M u s e u m of A r t
3 0 . 8 . 7 1 ; p r o v e n a n c e u n k n o w n . ESLP
12 ( 1 9 7 0 - 1 9 7 1 ) : 2 0 - 2 1 , i l l .
Annual
(note 1
a b o v e ) , p p . 1 6 2 , 1 7 9 , cat. 1 2 5 , p i . 1 1 6 ,
14
des Deutschen
Romische
figs.
313-14.
Archaologischen
77 (1970): 7 2 -
Abteilung
22
1 0 9 , p i s . 3 2 - 5 1 , esp. p . 9 1 n . 8 5 , p i . 4 6 . 1 ;
i n g o u t t h i s passage. T h e w e a r i n g o f t h e
G . G r i m m , Die romischen
i n t h e first c e n t u r y B . C . m a y h a v e been p a r t o f a
Mumienmasken
p i . 2 7 . 2 ; E . R u s s m a n n , Egyptian
Cairo
aus Agypten
and Luxor
Sculpture:
a n c e s t r y ; see C . B o h m , Imitatio
no. 9 1 , ill.
See ESLP
16
E . D r i o r t o n , Encyclopedie
Le Musee
du Caire
T h e r e is e x t e n s i v e l i t e r a t u r e o n t h e s u b j e c t
o f p o r t r a i t u r e . See, w i t h p r i o r b i b l i o g r a p h y ,
de
J. A s s m a n n , " D i e H i e r o g l y p h e M e n s c h : A g y p
4 7 , fig. 2 0 9 ; A . F a r i d , " G e n e r a l H a t h o r , D a u g h
t i s c h e P o r t r a t k u n s t , " Frankfurter
t e r o f S t r a t e g o s H j a r g s - P a k o m , " Revue
Zeitung,
tologie
im
(note 1 above), p p . 1 5 6 - 5 7 .
23
I'Art,
Alexandri
Hellenismus
15
kausia
d'Egyp-
Ancient
4 1 ( 1 9 9 0 ) : 57 n . 1 , 5 8 , 6 3 .
Allgemeine
28 M a r c h 1 9 8 7 ; D . Spanel,
Eyes:
Egyptian
Portraiture,
Through
e x h . cat.
B o t h m e r (note 10 above): 4 8 , 6 1 ;
Egypt
Orientalis
Cleopatra's
" D a s B i l d n i s i n d e r a g y p t i s c h e n K u n s t : Stile
Museum
u n d F u n k t i o n e n bildlicher Selbstdarstellung,"
c h a p . 6 i n i d e m , Stein
116, ill.
Gesellschaft
18
Bibliotheca
48 ( 1 9 9 1 ) : cols. 1 1 7 - 1 9 ; ] . A s s m a n n ,
U n p u b l i s h e d . F o r a d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e kausia,
im alten
und Zeit:
Agypten
Mensch
und
( M u n i c h 1991),
pp. 1 3 8 - 6 8 .
see
C. Saatsoglu-Paliadeli, "Aspects o f A n c i e n t
M a c e d o n i a n C o s t u m e , " Journal
Studies
113 ( 1 9 9 3 ) : 1 2 2 - 4 7 ,
of
figs.
Hellenic
24
1-5,
cat. 8 0 , p i . 4 9 . 6 .
F o r s o m e e x a m p l e s w i t h kausia,
t o s , Ta Sphragismata
tes Aitolikes
see P. A . P a n
Egypt
(note 1
Kallipoleos
Kongresses
fur
des
XIIL
Klassische
( M a i n z 1 9 9 0 ) , p i . 67c.
26
H . Kyrieleis a n d R . R. R. S m i t h also a t t r i b u t e
the head t o Ptolemy v n i : Kyrieleis (note 1
a b o v e ) , p p . 6 4 , 1 7 4 , c a t . G 2, p i s . 5 2 . 4 , 5 3 . 1 , 2;
S m i t h (note 6 above), p p . 87, 9 3 - 9 4 , 170,
cat. 7 3 , p i . 4 7 . 1 , 2 . R . S. B i a n c h i prefers t o see
Bothmer
t h e h e a d as a n i d e a l physkon
figs.
5 8 , fig. 6.
229
(note i above), p p . 1 4 8 - 4 9 ,
Egypt
34
H . S. K . B a k r y , 5000
ans d'art
egyptien,
exh.
p. 3 2 , cat. 8 6 .
p i . 7 5 . 1 7 ) , t h e v i e w t h a t t h e Brussels h e a d r e p r e
27
sents P t o l e m y v i n Euergetes 11 m u s t be c o r r e c t .
35
P a r l a s c a ( n o t e 1 a b o v e ) , p . 2 6 , fig. 3 9 .
36
B o t h m e r ( n o t e 1 0 a b o v e ) , p p . 5 9 , 6 2 , fig. 1 7 .
S. C u r t o , L'Egitto
e x h . cat. ( B o l o g n a ,
antico,
M u s e o C i v i c o 1 9 6 1 ) , p . 9 1 , cat. 7 7 , p i . 4 2 ,
28
M u n i c h , Staatliche S a m m l u n g A g y p t i s c h e r
fig. 7 7 . A d r i a n i ( n o t e 14 a b o v e ) , p p . 7 4 - 7 5
n . 7, p i s . 3 3 . 1 , 3 4 . 2 .
Bayerischen
Staates
37
Sammlung
W . Seipel, Gott,
Mensch,
Pharao,
e x h . cat.
( M u n i c h 1 9 6 6 ) , cat. 6 6 ;
p. 4 4 6 , cat. 1 8 3 , i l l .
28 ( 1 9 7 0 ) : 8 9 - 9 9 ,
5 - 7 . Parlasca ( n o t e 1 a b o v e ) , p . 2 6 , fig. 3 6 ,
38
B o t h m e r ( n o t e 1 0 a b o v e ) , p p . 5 0 , 5 9 , 6 2 , fig. 1 8 .
r e - a t t r i b u t e d the w o r k t o P t o l e m y x .
39
29
G . T r a v e r s a r i , Museo
Archeologico
di Venezia:
ritratti
p l a t e is e r r o n e o u s l y m a r k e d " 1 0 5 " ) ; A d r i a n i
i n ESLP
( n o t e 14 a b o v e ) , p . 7 6 , p i . 3 6 . 3 , 4 ; G o v i ( n o t e
12 a b o v e ) , p p . 1 9 9 - 2 0 0 , 2 0 2 , n o . 1 5 3 , i l l .
cat. 7 3 , p i . 6 9 , figs. 1 7 7 - 8 0 . C . A l d r e d , i n h i s
r e v i e w o f ESLP
(American
Journal
of
( R o m e 1 9 6 8 ) , p p . 1 1 3 - 1 4 , n o . 1 0 4 (the
Paris, M u s e e d u L o u v r e E. 8 0 6 1 ; provenance
Archaeol
ogy 66 [ 1 9 6 2 ] : 2 0 7 - 9 ) , a r g u e d t h a t t h e h e a d
40
U n p u b l i s h e d . ESLP
(note 1 above), p p . 1 8 0 - 8 1 ,
s h o u l d be p l a c e d i n t h e P t o l e m a i c P e r i o d a n d
discusses t h e use o f p a r t e d l i p s i n E g y p t i a n
suggested P t o l e m y v E p i p h a n e s . A l t h o u g h Par
lasca ( n o t e 1 a b o v e ) , p . 2 6 , successfully re
a t t r i b u t e d the w o r k t o P t o l e m y x ,
Cleopatra's
41
( n o t e 1 a b o v e ) , p . 1 4 3 , cat. 4 8 , i l l . ,
Egypt
a b o v e ) , p p . 8 7 , 9 3 , 1 6 9 , cat. 7 0 , p i . 4 6 . 1 ;
L o u v r e h e a d r e p r e s e n t e d N e c t a n e b o 1.
Cleopatra's
Egypt
(note 1 above), p p . 1 4 7 - 4 8 ,
cat. 52, i l l .
30
egyptolo-
42
A d r i a n i ( n o t e 14 a b o v e ) , p p . 8 6 - 8 7
103,
v o l . 4 (Paris 1 8 9 6 ) , p . 2 3 8 .
gique,
W . V . D a v i e s , Egyptian
31
A d r i a n i ( n o t e 14 a b o v e ) ; B o t h m e r ( n o t e 1 0
- ^4>
p i s . 4 3 . 1 , 4 4 . 4 ; T . G . H . James a n d
Sculpture
(Cambridge,
M a s s . , 1 9 8 3 ) , p p . 5 ^ - 5 7 , fig- 6 3 .
above), pp. 4 7 - 6 5 .
43
32
A . Page, Egyptian
from
the Petrie
Sculpture,
Collection
Archaic
to
ESLP
c a t . 1 3 5 , p i . 1 2 7 , figs. 3 3 8 - 3 9 ; K y r i e l e i s ( n o t e 1
Saite,
(Warminster 1976),
p . 9 4 , cat. 1 0 5 , i l l . Page m i s t a k e n l y a t t r i b u t e s
t h e s c u l p t u r e :o D y n a s t i e s x x v / x x v i ; see
44
45
B i a n c h i (note 3 above), p p . 9 7 - 9 8 .
46
B. V . B o t h m e r , " E g y p t i a n A n t i q u i t i e s , " i n
Antiquities
from
33
the Collection
of
Christos
G. Bastis
the Egyptological
S. B . S h u b e r t , " R e a l i s t i c C u r r e n t s i n P o r t r a i t
figs.
S c u l p t u r e o f t h e Saite a n d P e r s i a n P e r i o d s i n
E g y p t , " Journal
of the Society
Seminar
of
2 (1980): 9 - 3 1 ,
1-13.
of
J. V a n d i e r , Manuel
d'archeologie
utes t h e L o u v r e b u s t t o t h e f o u r t h c e n t u r y B.C.
v o l . 3, Les grandes
epoques:
1 9 5 8 ) , p p . 2 2 8 - 2 9 . v n , 2 3 1 . X I I I , pis. L X X V I . 2 ,
d a t e based o n t h e s t y l i s t i c a n d e p i g r a p h i c e v i
3, L x x v i i . 3 .
Egyptian
Antiquities
19 ( 1 9 8 9 ) : 3 7 - 3 8 , a t t r i b
d e n c e discussed i n ESLP
81-83,
i o
5>
I X
(note 1 above), p p . 7 1 ,
8 , 134? 1 4 0 , c a t . 6 7 , p i s . 6 4 , 6 5 ,
47
egyptienne,
La statuaire
(Paris
230
ARTS
OF
48
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
59
20 (1970): 3 7 - 4 8 ,
See, f o r e x a m p l e , t w o late s i x t h - c e n t u r y - B . c .
k o r a i i l l u s t r a t e d i n R i c h t e r ( n o t e 55 a b o v e ) ,
VI-XIII.
figs. 3 5 8 - 6 7 ( A t h e n s , A c r o p o l i s M u s e u m 5 9 8
a n d 6 8 2 , respectively); a n d the goddess Eirene
49
J. V a n d i e r , " T r o i s statues e g y p t i e n n e s a u M u s e e
d u L o u v r e , " La Revue
du Louvre
11 (1961): 2 4 7 - 5 4 ,
de France
et des
figs.
musees
5-9.
50
51
B i a n c h i (note 3 above), p . 9 9 .
Cleopatra's
Egypt
1 9 9 0 ) , figs. 4 8 5 - 8 7 -
ESLP
52
The
of
Egyptian
4 6 ( i 9 6 0 ) : 3 - 1 1 , pis. i - v i ;
Archaeology
H . K . Jacquet-Gordon,
"The Inscriptions of
t h e P h i l a d e l p h i a - C a i r o Statue o f O s o r k o n 11,"
Journal
of Egyptian
46 (i960):
Archaeology
1 2 - 2 3 , pis. V I I - V I I I ; K . M y s l i e w i e c ,
Portraiture
Royal
x x i - x x x (Mainz
of the Dynasties
Nubia
in Antiquity:
The
Arts
v o l . 2, exh.
cat. ( T h e B r o o k l y n M u s e u m 1 9 7 8 ) , p . 1 7 0 ,
cat. 8 0 , i l l .
54
L o n d o n , British M u s e u m E A 23050. H . De
M e u l e n a e r e , Le surnom
55
egyptien
a la
Basse
Epoque
G . M . A . R i c h t e r , Korai
fig. 5 4 0 , n o . 1 7 0 .
56
ESLP
( n o t e 1 a b o v e ) , p p . 6 5 , 1 0 5 - 7 , cat. 8 4 , p i . 8 0 ,
figs.
57
107-9.
(note 1 above),
p p . 1 5 8 , 1 7 0 ( e r r o n e o u s l y l i s t e d as R o m e ,
M u s e o B a r r a c c o 2 9 ) ; G . C a r e d d u , Museo
racco
di Scultura
Antica:
La collezione
Baregizia
( R o m e 1 9 8 5 ) , p p . 3 8 - 3 9 , cat. 4 3 , fig. 4 3 a - c .
58
9 (1949):
1 3 8 - 4 1 ; E . J. W a l t e r s , " A t t i c G r a v e Reliefs
T h a t Represent W o m e n i n the Dress o f Isis,"
Hesperia,
p . 1 2 ; Cleopatra's
Egypt
An Exploration,
Greek
231
Stewart
Mitteilungen
of 1 8 8 5 ,
232
ARTS
OF
HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
des
Archaologischen
Athenische
Abteilung
10
(1885), p i . 10.
FIG.
Athenische
(1885), p i . 12.
des
Archaologischen
Abteilung
10
Stewart
flourish,
R o m a n o - C a m p a n i a n a r c h i t e c t u r e , sculpture, a n d p a i n t i n g a n d even
characterized the H o u s e o f the F a u n i n P o m p e i i as t h o r o u g h l y A l e x a n
d r i a n i n style a n d d e c o r a t i o n i n c l u d i n g , o f course, the A l e x a n d e r M o
saic a n d the N i l o t i c landscape t h a t f r o n t e d i t .
Excessive t h o u g h some o f this was, i t s h o u l d n o t lead us t o
o v e r l o o k Schreiber's e x t r a o r d i n a r y o r i g i n a l i t y . I f anyone were t o ask me
t o c o m p i l e an a n t h o l o g y o f the t w e n t y m o s t i n f l u e n t i a l articles i n the
field, this article w o u l d definitely be a m o n g t h e m . W r i t t e n at a t i m e w h e n
m o s t w o r k o n ancient a r t was p o s i t i v i s t i n the extreme, i t has m u c h t o
teach us. O n the one h a n d , its evocative i n t e g r a t i o n o f p o l i t i c a l a n d social
h i s t o r y , l i t e r a t u r e , a n d a r t is b o t h p o w e r f u l a n d s t r i k i n g l y m o d e r n , b u t ,
o n the other, its n a r r o w f a c t u a l basis made its w h o l e thesis dangerously
unstable a n d p r o n e t o s p i n o u t o f c o n t r o l .
O v e r the n e x t q u a r t e r century, i t proceeded t o d o just t h a t , as
Schreiber proceeded t o pile m o r e a n d m o r e u p o n i t . Soon he h a d added
the H e l l e n i s t i c a n d R o m a n landscape reliefs, w a l l e n c r u s t a t i o n i n c o l o r e d
m a r b l e a n d its plaster i m i t a t i o n s , m o s t i f n o t a l l G r a e c o - R o m a n em
bossed m e t a l w o r k , a n d even m a n y p o r t r a i t s o f A l e x a n d e r the Great t o
the achievements o f the A l e x a n d r i a n s c h o o l . M a n y o f the w o r k s he i n 8
233
234
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
10
I n 1897,
11
B u t w i t h this par
13
So b y the o u t b r e a k o f W o r l d W a r 1,
14
Stewart
FIG.
1 6
R e l y i n g u p o n w o r k s a c t u a l l y f o u n d i n E g y p t , Lawrence n o t e d
t h a t the t e r m " A l e x a n d r i a n " was overly n a r r o w , f o r t a k e n l i t e r a l l y i t ex
c l u d e d m a t e r i a l f r o m the chora.
17
H e t h e n traced f o u r m a i n phases i n
235
236
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
1 9
20
N o s h y also c o n c l u d e d t h a t each c o m m u n i t y
21
Yet t h o u g h Noshy's
2 2
2 3
H e accepted the
delVarte
antica,
classica
e orientate.
24
I n i t , he refined
Stewart
FIG.
Diva-
25
H e t o o k A l e x a n d r i a n p r i m a c y i n the grotesque
237
238
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
26
A l t h o u g h A d r i a n i p r o c l a i m e d h i m s e l f a moderate a n d ex
p l i c i t l y disclaimed any t h o u g h t s o f reverting t o turn-of-the-century p a n A l e x a n d r i a n i s m , his sympathies are clear. T h o u g h he o b v i o u s l y believed,
l i k e Schreiber, t h a t c o s m o p o l i t a n i s m was the essence o f A l e x a n d r i a n art,
just as i t was the essence o f A l e x a n d r i a n society, the incoherence o f his
s u m m a t i o n is t e l l i n g , for i t p o i n t s t o a peculiar d i l e m m a . Those w h o be
lieve i n a " f e r v i d a n d f e c u n d " A l e x a n d r i a , t o use A d r i a n i ' s o w n w o r d s ,
f i n d themselves o v e r w h e l m e d by the chaotic diversity o f the far-flung
m a t e r i a l c o n f r o n t i n g t h e m , w h i l e the m i n i m a l i s t s have far less t r o u b l e i n
characterizing an A l e x a n d r i a n style b u t can o n l y disparage i t once they
have done so. Together, they suggest t h a t t o l o o k for an overarching, i m
p o r t a n t , a n d a u t h e n t i c a l l y Ptolemaic style is t o pursue a mirage a n d t h a t
the answer lies elsewhere.
I n his article, A d r i a n i called f o r renewed investigation of i n d i
v i d u a l genres a n d groups o f m o n u m e n t s , a process t h a t he h i m s e l f d i d
m u c h t o f u r t h e r w i t h his Repertorio
delVArte
delVEgitto
greco-romano.
28
29
Stewart
genre l o o k e d t o Greek a r t at a l l .
3 0
So as the c o l o n i z i n g West g r a d u a l l y
31
Perhaps i t is t i m e t o a d d Praxitelean-
239
240
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
the Supplementum
Prosopographia
Ptolemaica
epigraphicum
Graecum,
Graeci
ins crip
tiones
a n d p a r t o f the
3 2
O n e e x p l a n a t i o n is t h a t a l t h o u g h P t o l e m y Soter gave A l e x a n
d r i a a t i t u l a r independence i n the f o r m of a c o u n c i l a n d an assembly, i n
reality the c i t y was his o w n possession. Perhaps, t h e n , the mechanisms
of social exchange t h a t generated m u c h H e l l e n i s t i c private p o r t r a i t u r e
i n the independent o r quasi-independent poleisprivate
benefactions
of the k i n g .
3 3
Clearly,
3 4
it
Stewart
5a
36
5b
Athena, legend A L E X A N D R O U .
in the Hellenistic
Age, he p o i n t s t o
38
241
242
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
Together, they f u n c t i o n as i n t e r l o c k i n g v i s u a l m e t a p h o r s , i n v i t i n g us t o
c o m p a r e Alexander's powers w i t h those o f Herakles a n d the gods, t o
speculate u p o n Alexander's u n i q u e p o s i t i o n i n the cosmos. T h e i m p e t u s ,
as Kyrieleis has seen, m a y come f r o m the E g y p t i a n practice o f investing
kings w i t h m u l t i p l e a t t r i b u t e s .
39
4 0
Soter also i n t r o d u c e d this practice o f w h a t one m i g h t call syncretistic s y m b o l i s m i n t o sculpture i n the r o u n d . A series o f replicas s h o w
A l e x a n d e r d i a d e m e d a n d w e a r i n g a l o n g chlamys-shaped aegis, w h i c h
n o t o n l y again recalls his father, Zeus, b u t also clearly alludes t o the c i t y
of A l e x a n d r i a , w h i c h was shaped like a chlamys. I n his r i g h t h a n d he
h e l d a scepter, i n his left, p r o b a b l y the P a l l a d i o n .
41
42
4 3
44
T h e s y m b o l i s m is c o m p l e x
Stewart
45
46
I t seems t o me t h a t w e w o u l d d o w e l l t o spend m o r e t i m e o n
these p e c u l i a r l y A l e x a n d r i a n p r o d u c t s , f o r t h e i r v a r i e t y a n d inventive
ness are t r u l y astonishing. Questions t h a t beg t o be addressed include
the f o l l o w i n g : W h a t k i n d s of allegory a n d s y m b o l i s m are we l o o k i n g at,
a n d w h a t is the r e l a t i o n between them? W h a t f u n c t i o n s d i d they serve?
H o w d o r e a l i t y a n d fantasy i n t e r a c t a n d t o w h a t effect? W h a t overlap, i f
any, is there between genres? W h a t l i n k s , i f any, exist w i t h A l e x a n d r i a n
literature? W h a t degree o f engagement, i f any, is there w i t h native E g y p
t i a n c u l t u r e a n d its t h o u g h t patterns? W h a t i m p a c t , i f any, d i d these
p r o d u c t s have o n the w i d e r w o r l d o r u p o n the art of Rome?
O f course, I have m e n t i o n e d o n l y a few selected examples of
the genre. O t h e r A l e x a n d r i a n allegories i n c l u d e at least t w o m o r e by
Apelles, the sculptures o f the Serapeion at M e m p h i s , a n d a p a r t i c u l a r l y
tasteless p i c t u r e described by A e l i a n . " P t o l e m y P h i l o p a t o r , " he says,
" f o u n d e d a temple t o H o m e r a n d set u p a fine c u l t image o f h i m there.
I n a circle a r o u n d the image he placed the cities w h o l a i d c l a i m t o the
poet. G a l a t o n the p a i n t e r t h e n p a i n t e d a p i c t u r e of H o m e r t h r o w i n g u p ,
a n d a l l the other poets g u l p i n g d o w n his v o m i t . "
4 7
University of California
B E R K E L E Y ,
C A L I F O R N I A
243
244
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
Notes
lenistische
w h o a t t e n d e d a p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h i s p a p e r at B e r k e l e y
o n 14 M a r c h 1 9 9 3 f o r t h e i r h e l p f u l c o m m e n t s , p a r
der Wissenschaften
R i c h a r d N e e r , Teresa P e y t o n , a n d H a r v e y S t a h l ; f u r
Der
t h e r assistance o n p a r t i c u l a r p o i n t s w a s k i n d l y p r o
(Leipzig 1 8 8 9 - 1 8 9 4 ) ;
Reliefbilder
Abhandlun-
Sdchsischen
Gesellschaft
14.5 ( L e i p z i g 1 8 9 4 ) ; i d e m ,
Gallierkopf
des Museums
in Gize
b i l d e r u n d die a u g u s t e i s c h e K u n s t , "
o f f a c t a n d o f i n t e r p r e t a t i o n are, o f c o u r s e , m y o w n .
des Deutschen
Archdologischen
H . B r u n n , Geschichte
der griechischen
nis Alexanders
Kunstler,
Kairo
Jahrbuch
11
Instituts
( 1 8 9 6 ) : 7 8 - 1 0 1 ; i d e m , Studien
1
bei
des Grossen:
uber
das
Bild-
Ein Beitrag
zur
(Leipzig 1903);
v o l . 1 (1st e d . , S t u t t g a r t 1 8 5 2 ; 2 n d ed., S t u t t g a r t
alexandrinischen
1 8 8 9 ) , p . 5 9 5 ; J. O v e r b e c k , Geschichte
i d e m , " U b e r d e n C h a r a k t e r der
alexandrinische
K u n s t , " Actes
archeologique
chischen
der
grie
v o l . 2 ( 3 r d ed., L e i p z i g 1 8 8 2 ) ,
Plastik,
p . 1 9 9 ; L . M . M i t c h e l l , A History
of
du lie Congres
( C a i r o 1 9 0 9 ) . F o r a n u p d a t e o n Schreiber's
Ancient
Sculpture
Hellenismus
T h e pages t h a t f o l l o w d o n o t p r e t e n d t o give a
Schreiber's Hellenistische
of the British
"pan-Alexandrian"
School
Reliefbilder"
Papers
42 (1974): 2 7 - 4 5 .
at Rome
d e b a t e , s t i l l less o f t h e s c h o l a r s h i p o n A l e x a n
d r i a n a r t per se; e x t e n s i v e b i b s , w i l l be f o u n d i n
A . A d r i a n i , Enciclopedia
delVarte
antica,
clas-
v o l . 1 ( R o m e 1 9 5 8 ) , s.v. A l e s -
sica e orientale,
E . C o u r b a u d , Le Bas-relief
tions
romain
p . 2 5 1 ; W . W e i s s b a c h , Impressionismus:
u n d O k z i d e n t i n der K u n s t A l e x a n d r i e n s , " i n
Problem
G. G r i m m , H . Heinen, and E. W i n t e r ,
zeit ( B e r l i n 1 9 1 0 ) , p p .
drien:
Kulturbegegnungen
im Schmelztiegel
dreier
einer
Alexan-
in the Hellenistic
pp. 3 0 0 - 3 0 1 ,
Age
der Malerei
in der Antike
Ein
und der
Neu-
9-15.
Jahrtausende
mediterranen
Groszstadt
10
( M a i n z 1 9 8 1 ) , p p . 2 2 - 2 5 ; a n d J. J. P o l l i t t ,
Art
representa
B i b l i o t h e q u e des Ecoles f r a n -
historiques,
(Cambridge
F. W i c k h o f f , i n t r o d u c t i o n t o Die Wiener
sis ( V i e n n a 1 8 9 5 ) , p p .
Gene
17-20.
1986),
316-17.
11
E . A . G a r d n e r , A Handbook
of Greek
Sculpture
(1st e d . , L o n d o n 1 8 9 6 - 1 8 9 7 ; 2 n d e d . , L o n d o n
2
T . S c h r e i b e r , i n Mitteilungen
Archdologischen
10 ( 1 8 8 5 ) :
des
Instituts,
1 9 1 5 ) , p p . 4 7 5 - 7 6 . O n p . 4 7 9 , f o r e x a m p l e , he
Deutschen
Athenische
Abteilung
t h e l a n d s c a p e reliefs w e r e R o m a n b u t w e a k l y
380-400.
Ibid.: 386.
N . H i m m e l m a n n , Alexandria
mus
in der griechischen
und der
Kunst
Realis-
12
(Tubingen 1983),
p. 2 1 .
School
gefundenV
Forschungen
zum
Ein
Pergamonaltar
eine
of the British
School
c e n t w o r k o n t h e l a t t e r , see . H . F o w l e r ,
Jahrhundert
Hellenistic
(Berlin 1986),
Aesthetic
kotten
aus Agypten:
und Schreiber
391-99.
The
( M a d i s o n 1989), p . 66 n . 1.
Terra-
Die Sammlungen
Sieglin
formity
World
d r i n a , " Bullettino
logica
esp.
comunale
della
di Roma
Commissione
25 ( 1 8 9 7 ) :
and Disability
110-42,
T . S c h r e i b e r , Die
Wiener
Palazzo
( L e i p z i g 1 8 8 8 ) ; i d e m , Die
Brunnenreliefs
De
Graeco-Roman
105-22.
13
138-40.
Grimani
in the
archeo-
de la Societe
8
10
at Athens
( 1 9 0 3 - 1 9 0 4 ) : 1 0 3 - 1 4 . F o r a b i b . o f m o r e re
ganze
p. 60.
6
of
(1902-1903):
2 1 1 - 4 2 , esp. 2 2 8 - 2 9 ; " G r o t e s q u e s a n d t h e E v i l
E y e , " Annual
at Athens
archeologique
Bulletin
d'Alexandrie
13
( 1 9 1 0 ) : 1 6 2 - 7 5 ; see m o s t r e c e n t l y A . B a d a w y ,
aus
hel-
Gazette
Stewart
24
set. 3 . 6 6 ( 1 9 6 5 ) : 1 8 9 - 9 8 ; V .
des beaux-arts
D a s e n , Dwarves
in Ancient
Egypt
and
Greece
( O x f o r d 1 9 9 3 ) ; a n d Fischer ( n o t e 12 a b o v e ) .
25
14
in antiken
del Museo
intorno
ad una
coppa
(Rome
di Alessandria
1 9 5 9 ) ; o n t h e d a t e o f t h e c u p , see C . R o l l e y ,
Pelizausmuseum,
Gipsabgussen,
A . A d r i a n i , Divagazioni
paesistica
Silber-
Greek
H i l d e s h e i m , Wissenschaftliche Veroffentlichung
( L o n d o n 1986), p. 214.
Bronzes
1 ( 1 9 1 1 ) ; R . Pagenstecher, " A l e x a n d r i n i s c h e
S t u d i e n , " a n d i d e m , " U b e r das
landschaftliche
R e l i e f b e i d e n G r i e c h e n , " Sitzungsbericbte
Heidelberger
Phil.-Hist.
Akademie
der
26
Wissenschaften,
27
Klasse,
der
B . R . B r o w n , Ptolemaic
and the Alexandrian
1 9 5 7 ) ; H . K y r i e l e i s , Die Bildnisse
p u s o f P t o l e m a i c c o i n s also a p p e a r e d d u r i n g
maier
kratous
saics
der
from
Roman
Period,
andrinischer
zur Chronologie
hochhellenistischen
alex-
Toreutik
Zeit
Untersuchungen
179-80.
zur
und grossgriechischer
friih hellenistischer
(1925): 1 7 9 - 9 0 .
Early
Aegyptiaca Treverensia 3
E g y p t , " Journal
11
Mo
and
( M a i n z 1 9 8 5 ) ; M . P f r o m m e r , Studien
Archaeology
Ptole-
of Ancient
v o l . 1 , Hellenistic
Egypt,
Mosaics
a b o v e ) ; W . D a s z e w s k i , Corpus
tou
ton Ptoiemaion,
and
(Cambridge, Mass.,
n o . 1. T h e f i r s t , a n d so far o n l y , p u b l i s h e d c o r
these years: J. N . S v o r o n o s , Ta nomismata
15
Paintings
Style
friih-
und
Istanbuler
Goldschmucks,
16
Ibid.:
17
leis, H i m m e l m a n n , a n d P f r o m m e r a l l base t h e i r
G i i n t e r G r i m m : G r i m m ( n o t e 1 a b o v e ) , p . 18
n a n c e . O n t h e t o m b p a i n t i n g s as a n c e s t o r s o f
nuance Lawrence's
t h e P o m p e i a n S e c o n d Style, see A . R o u v e r e t ,
Forschungen 37 (Berlin 1 9 9 0 ) t h o u g h K y r i e
observation).
Histoire
18
et imaginaire
de la peinture
ancienne,
R e c e n t l y , K y r i e l e i s has a r g u e d t h a t these t w o
h e a d s , b o t h f r o m t h e S e r a p e i o n , p r o b a b l y be
de R o m e , 2 7 4 ( R o m e 1 9 8 9 ) , p p . 1 9 0 - 2 0 1 .
l o n g o v e r h a l f a c e n t u r y later. T h e y a p p a r e n t l y
f o r m e d a g r o u p w i t h a Serapis a n d so are l i k e l y
28
C f . t h e p r e s e n t w r i t e r ' s r e m a r k s i n Attika:
t o be P t o l e m y i:v P h i l o p a t o r a n d A r s i n o e i n ,
ies in Athenian
i n c o r p o r a t e d w i t h h i m after R a p h i a i n 2 1 7 :
eis Mnemen
Nikolaou
Sculpture:
1990), %s.
An Exploration
Stud
of the Hellenistic
Age
Stele:
Kontoleontos
29
( A t h e n s 1 9 8 0 ) , p p . 3 8 3 - 8 7 ; cf. A . S t e w a r t ,
Greek
Sculpture
126-28;
(New Haven
756-58.
30
B . V . B o t h m e r , Egyptian
Late
Period:
yoo
Sculpture
of
the
e x h . cat.
19
L a w r e n c e ( n o t e 15 a b o v e ) , p . 1 9 0 .
( T h e B r o o k l y n M u s e u m i 9 6 0 ) ; R . S. B i a n c h i ,
20
B . A s h m o l e , i n J. D . Beazley a n d B . A s h m o l e ,
R . S. B i a n c h i , Cleopatra's
Sculpture
and Painting
p . 7 0 ; I . N o s h y , The Arts
Ptolemies,
( O x f o r d 1932),
in Ptolemaic
Egypt:
Age of
the
e x h . cat. ( T h e B r o o k l y n M u s e u m
1988), pp. 5 5 - 8 0 .
Egypt
H a d r a vases: r e a t t r i b u t e d t o C r e t e b y P. J.
I b i d . , p . 1 0 1 , r e g a r d i n g t h e m as r a c i s t c a r i
catures.
A l e x a n d r i a , " i n Alessandria
I b i d . , p . 1 4 6 , m a k i n g i t clear t h a t he f o u n d s u c h
Adriani,
w o r k h i g h l y distasteful.
R o u g h b r o n z e s : see t h e c r i t i q u e s b y R o l l e y
V . P o u l s e n , " G a b es eine A l e x a n d r i n i s c h e
A . K o z l o f f a n d D . G . M i t t e n , eds., The
K u n s t ? " From
Delight:
ellenistico-romano:
22
Studi
e il
in onore
Ptolemaic
mondo
di
Achille
( n o t e 25 a b o v e ) , p . 2 1 7 , a n d M . T r u e , i n
23
Carlsberg
pp.
1-52.
the Collections
Glyptotek
of the
Ny
2 (Copenhagen 1939),
The Human
Figure
Gods
in Classical
Bronze,
e x h . cat. ( T h e C l e v e l a n d M u s e u m 1 9 8 8 ) ,
pp. 126, 1 3 1 , 1 3 5 - 3 6 . Impressionism: demol
ished by B r o w n (note 27 above), p p . 9 0 - 9 2 ;
245
246
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
J. J. P o l l i t t , The Ancient
View
40
Art
( n o t e 2 7 a b o v e ) , p p . 1 0 4 a n d 2 2 5 argues t h a t
Tempel
f o u r t h - c e n t u r y skiagraphia
32
of Greek
des Sanktuars
von Luxor,
Alexanders
und
des Grossen
im
Deutsches Archaologisches
g e n 1 6 ( C a i r o 1 9 8 4 ) ; S t e w a r t ( n o t e 39 a b o v e ) ,
d r o n i k o s , Vergina
p p . 1 7 3 - 7 8 , figs. 5 3 - 5 4 .
( A t h e n s 1 9 8 4 ) , figs. 5 7 - 7 1 .
T h e n u m e r o u s p o r t r a i t s o f D i o d o r o s Pasparos
41
O n t h e t y p e , see S t e w a r t ( n o t e 39 a b o v e ) ,
at P e r g a m o n are t h e e x c e p t i o n s t h a t p r o v e t h e
r u l e , f o r these w e r e e r e c t e d d u r i n g t h e M i t h r a -
see D i o d . 1 7 . 5 2 ; S t r a b o 1 7 . 7 9 2 ; P l i n . NH
d a t i c W a r s , a g e n e r a t i o n after A t t a l o s i n w i l l e d
P l u t . Alex.
5.62;
26.8.
h i s k i n g d o m t o R o m e : cf. S t e w a r t ( n o t e 18
a b o v e ) , p p . 5 1 - 5 2 , fig. 8 7 2 .
42
H . Kyrieleis,
Antike
33
Orientis
Graeci
inscriptiones
Plastik
43
Orientis
Graeci
inscriptiones
EPMHX KAIOP02,"
12 (Berlin 1 9 7 3 ) : 1 3 3 - 6 0 .
nos. 1 6 -
selectae,
1 8 , 2 1 , 2 8 , 2 9 , etc.
34
"KA0AIIEP
ster); c o m m e n t s , S t e w a r t ( n o t e 39 a b o v e ) ,
nos. 19,
selectae,
Progym-
25 ( L i b a n i u s v o l . 7, p p . 5 3 0 - 3 1 Foer-
pp. 2 4 3 - 4 6 .
3 0 , 3 2 , etc.; cf. K y r i e l e i s ( n o t e 2 7 a b o v e ) ,
PP- I 4 3 - 5 0 44
35
K a l l i x e i n o s o f R h o d e s , Peri Alexandreias
frag.
L a w r e n c e ( n o t e 15 a b o v e ) , p . 1 8 7 ; K y r i e l e i s
2 . 1 9 8 - 2 1 4 ( A t h e n . 5 . 2 o i d - e = F. J a c o b y ,
Fragmente
e r t s o n , A History
of Greek
Art
1975), p p . 5 2 2 - 2 4 ; R. R. R. Smith,
Royal
Hellenistic
Hellenistic
45
Portraits
Sculpture
Philadelphos
46
P l u t . Ant.
37
627 F2).
Historiker,
27.
S t e w a r t ( n o t e 39 a b o v e ) , p p . 2 5 2 - 6 0 ; cf.
E . E . R i c e , The Grand
36
der griechischen
(Cambridge
Procession
of
Ptolemy
F o r t h e t w o m o s t r e c e n t suggestions a n d ex
h a u s t i v e b i b . , see E . J. D w y e r , " T h e T e m p o r a l
in the
A l l e g o r y o f t h e Tazza F a r n e s e , " a n d J. P o l l i n i ,
Hellenistic
Age ( L o n d o n 1 9 7 9 ) , c h . 3; o n t h e C a l u m n y , see
m o s t r e c e n t l y J . - M . M a s s i n g , Du texte
deunt
La Calumnie
d'Apelle
et son
Vintage:
Archaeology
iconographie
Ancient
and Allegory
Art ( L o n d o n 1 9 3 9 ) w i t h , m o s t r e c e n t l y ,
and
Art ( C a m b r i d g e 1 9 9 5 ) ,
pp. 1 3 0 - 7 4 .
38
See R o u v e r e t ( n o t e 2 7 a b o v e ) , p p . 3 4 5 a n d 3 5 3
f o r t h e s u g g e s t i o n t h a t A p e l l e s m a y have been
the p r i m e m o v e r here.
39
of Power:
Politics
Alexander's
Image
and
Hel
(Berkeley 1993), p p . 2 3 1 - 3 3 .
Imperatore
American
Re-
Journal
of
96 (1993): 2 5 5 - 8 2 , 2 8 3 - 3 0 0 ,
in
Event
Regnal'"
respectively.
( S t r a s b o u r g 1 9 9 0 ) . O n G r e e k a l l e g o r y i n gen
e r a l , see esp. R . H i n k s , Myth
Saturnia
Theory:
47
A e l . VH 1 3 . 2 1 ; also s c h o l . L u c . Charon
7; cf.
247
Arielle
Kozloff
U l t i m a t e l y , b o t h the i d e n t i f i c a t i o n a n d the a p p r e c i a t i o n of
A l e x a n d r i a n style m a y lie i n w h a t is a n d is n o t E g y p t i a n a b o u t i t . We
m i g h t begin w i t h the style o f the c i t y itself, w h i c h was f o u n d e d by A l e x
ander the Great after his c o r o n a t i o n as Egypt's p h a r a o h i n the t r a d i t i o n a l
c a p i t a l , M e m p h i s , s o u t h o f A l e x a n d r i a . I n t h a t ceremony, A l e x a n d e r
was e n d o w e d w i t h a l l the a p p r o p r i a t e a n d t r a d i t i o n a l N i l o t i c titles a n d
n o m e n c l a t u r e K i n g o f U p p e r a n d L o w e r E g y p t , M e r y a m e n Setepenra,
Son of the Sun G o d , A r k s a n d r e s . A l e x a n d r i a ' s design has been described
4
248
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
was
10
11
was i n g o o d E g y p t i a n t r a d i t i o n a n d
12
FIG.
13
14
1 5
A n d so,
Kozloff
1 6
249
250
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
o f an
i n d i v i d u a l p h a r a o h was o f p a r a m o u n t i m p o r t a n c e . A p o r t r a i t o f p h a r a o h
was a receptacle o f the divine essence, a n d i t needed t o be recognizable
t o f u n c t i o n c o r r e c t l y . T h e p o r t r a i t , w h i c h I define as the discernible
17
1 8
19
2 0
I n the
21
t i o n o f the t i m e .
F o l l o w i n g a p a t h begun b y his father, P t o l e m y 11 achieved a
r o y a l m o n o p o l y i n E g y p t i a n currency b y r e d u c i n g the weights o f g o l d
a n d silver coins s t r u c k i n E g y p t f o r use i n A l e x a n d r i a , b y e x c l u d i n g for
eign coins f r o m the E g y p t i a n m a r k e t ,
22
a n d eventually by m i n t i n g f o r use
23
Kozloff
FIG.
2 4
Egypt,
the m i l l e n n i a - o l d E g y p t i a n t r a d i t i o n of private p o r t r a i t u r e .
25
I n general,
251
252
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
a n d f u l l (fig. 4 ) .
2 6
27
2 8
T h e other d e t a i l is the a w k w a r d p o s i t i o n
FIG.
s o m e w h a t a w k w a r d t o a post-Renaissance eye.
Headless statue of a w o m a n ,
29
are the
Kozloff
FIG.
"Queen vase" w i t h p o r t r a i t
of Berenike n , probably from
Alexandria. Faience. 2 4 6 - 2 2 2 B.C.
H : 22.2 cm. N e w York, Barbara
and Lawrence Fleischman
collection.
FIG. 5
Grave stela for N i c o . Limestone.
M i d - t h i r d century B.C. Cairo, The
Egyptian M u s e u m .
253
254
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
30
31
Egyptian motifs,
32
Kozloff
FIG.
B.C.
3 3
Delight,
34
36
255
256
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
37
D i d the t e r r a c o t t a -
t h i r d a n d second centuries B . C . ?
Clearly, the Ptolemaic e c o n o m y was based o n e x p o r t i n g as
m u c h as possible a n d o n i m p o r t i n g as l i t t l e as possible. I f the manufac
t u r e o f silver vessels a n d bronze statuettes can be t i e d t o the economic
p o l i c y o f the Ptolemies, t h e n very possibly the issue raised earlier a b o u t
the p o o r q u a l i t y o f stone sculpture i n the r o u n d a n d i n relief stems f r o m
this p o l i c y as w e l l . T h e i m p o r t a t i o n o f fine m a r b l e sculpture o r even r a w ,
u n c a r v e d m a r b l e w o u l d n o t have served the Ptolemaic e c o n o m y w e l l .
Bryaxis's m o n u m e n t a l Serapis, i m p o r t e d perhaps before the p o l i c y was
i n place, w o u l d have been one o f the rare exceptions t o the r u l e .
T h i s p o l i c y w o u l d also e x p l a i n w h y corrections were made i n
gesso a n d plaster t o the m a r b l e sculpture t h a t does exist. I t was s i m p l y
t o o expensive t o t h r o w o u t mistakes a n d t o start over w i t h a n e w b l o c k .
I t also explains w h y so m u c h E g y p t i a n limestone was used i n A l e x a n d r i a ,
even t h o u g h the E g y p t i a n t r a d i t i o n was t o use limestone o n l y i n funerary
contexts. L o c a l E g y p t i a n stone was cheap, since i t w o u l d have been
b o u g h t w i t h g r a i n o r Ptolemaic bronze. M o r e o v e r , one c o u l d imagine
t h a t the c o l o r e d stones d i d n o t appeal t o the Greeks, even t h o u g h they
d i d eventually capture the R o m a n fancy.
T h e p r o t e c t i o n i s t economic p o l i c y of the Ptolemies was n o t
new. I t was perhaps invented by, a n d c e r t a i n l y h a d been p r a c t i c e d f o r
m i l l e n n i a by, p h a r a o h s o f the past, even the wealthiest ones such as
A m e n h o t e p i n . H e i m p o r t e d very l i t t l e f r o m a b r o a d , even silver, a l
t h o u g h he h a d m o r e t h a n one r o y a l f a t h e r - i n - l a w i n the East, w h e r e sil
ver was f o u n d . For the m o s t p a r t , A m e n h o t e p i n a n d other pharaohs
used the materials t o w h i c h they h a d e c o n o m i c a l access a n d w h i c h they
p r o b a b l y preferred aestheticallyelectrum a n d g o l d , f o r e x a m p l e a n d
o n w h i c h they m a i n t a i n e d a r o y a l m o n o p o l y .
T h e bronze-statuette i n d u s t r y d i d seem t o blossom i n E g y p t
again late i n the second c e n t u r y B . C . W e start seeing figures o f dwarves,
Hellenistic-style H o r u s boys w e a r i n g d o u b l e c r o w n s a n d c a r r y i n g c o r n u
copia,
38
Kozloff
3 9
40
257
258
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
FIG.
O H I O
Kozloff
Notes
I w o u l d l i k e t o t h a n k B i r i Fay, Betsy M . B r y a n ,
I I
See D i o d o r u s Siculus 1 7 . 5 2 ; S t r a b o
17.1.6-10
( 7 9 1 - 9 5 ) for descriptions of A l e x a n d r i a .
L a w r e n c e M . B e r m a n , a n d J o h n Ross f o r p r o
v i d i n g photographs or for helping me o b t a i n
12
them.
(Cam
Age
E . M . F o r s t e r , Alexandria:
A History
K a l l i x e i n o s ' s a c c o u n t o f P t o l e m y n's f e s t i v a l
and a
p a v i l i o n and procession.
i n t r o d u c t i o n by L . D u r r e l l ( N e w York
Guide,
13
Herodotos
2.149-50.
14
J u s t b e f o r e c o m i n g t o E g y p t , A l e x a n d e r suffered
R e l i g i o n ; a t t e m p t s o c c u r , b u t t h e y are n o t n o
table a n d o n the w h o l e the c i t y f o l l o w s the gen
eral Hellenistic tendencies o f the t i m e . "
l o c a l r i d i c u l e at T y r e f o r t h e m a s s i v e efforts
i n v o l v e d i n his c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a n e a r t h - m o l e
m i l i t a r y s t r u c t u r e . See G r e e n ( n o t e 6 a b o v e ) ,
i n A . R K o z l o f f a n d D . G . M i t t e n , eds.,
pp. 2 5 2 - 5 4 .
Gods
Delight:
Figure
in
Classical
e x h . cat. ( T h e C l e v e l a n d M u s e u m o f
Bronze,
The Human
The
15
R . O . F a u l k n e r , i n C . A n d r e w s , e d . , The
A r t 1 9 8 8 ) , n o . 2 0 , p p . 1 2 8 - 3 1 . See e n t r y f o r
cient
previous bib.
1 9 9 0 ) , p . 36-
16
Were
Book
of the Dead
I n v . n o . 1, i a 3 0 0 0 . See Aus
mern
( L o n d o n 1 9 9 0 ) , esp. p p . 4 0 - 4 1
Egyptian
Eurasiens:
Meisterwerke
An
(Austin
den
Schatzkam-
antiker
Kunst,
e x h . cat. ( K u n s t h a u s Z u r i c h 1 9 9 3 ) , p p . 1 9 0 - 9 1 .
E . J. O w e n s , The
World
and
See B r y a n ( n o t e 1 0 a b o v e ) , p . 1 2 7 .
Roman
18
G i s e l a R i c h t e r ' s assessment o f E g y p t i a n p o r t r a i
t u r e as s p o r a d i c c r e a t i o n s , c o m p l e t e l y f o r m u l a i c ,
R G r e e n , Alexander
A Historical
of Macedon,
Biography
B.C.:
356-323
a n d i n d i f f e r e n t t o t h e features o f a specific p e r
s o n , as s t a t e d i n G . M . A . R i c h t e r , The
of the Greeks,
Portraits
a b r . a n d rev. b y R . R . R . S m i t h
( I t h a c a , N . Y . , 1 9 8 4 ) , p . 3 5 , m u s t be p u t aside.
T h e a u t h o r refers t h e r e a d e r t o B r y a n ( n o t e 10
8
9
above).
19
T h e l i g h t e s t s t o n e used w o u l d h a v e been t h e
s a n d s t o n e o f t e m p l e w a l l r e l i e f s . E v e n t h i s is
p a r t i a l e x p l o r a t i o n has r e v e a l e d t h e e n c l o s u r e o f
a g o l d e n b r o w n , several shades d a r k e r t h a n
t h e vast T e m p l e o f P t a h a n d a n avenue l e a d i n g
finds o f D y n a s t y x x v i a n d D y n a s t y x x x , t h e l a t
p a i n t e d , t h e male's s k i n r e d , a n d t h e female's
ter d a t i n g t o the f o u r t h c e n t u r y B . C .
s k i n y e l l o w . T h i s a l s o c o u l d have d i s p l e a s e d
the
G r e e k s , w h o left t h e m a r b l e s k i n o f t h e i r o w n
10
W e p r o b a b l y k n o w less a b o u t M e m p h i s ' s d e s i g n
p a i n t e d statues u n p a i n t e d .
20
O . M o r k h o l m , i n P. G r i e r s o n a n d U . W e s t e r -
t e m p l e s a n d l o n g p r o c e s s i o n a l w a y s , is c o m p a r
m a r k , eds., Early
the Accession
Apamea
p r o c e s s i o n a l w a y s even t o d a y . See B . M . B r y a n ,
i n A . P. K o z l o f f a n d B . M . B r y a n , eds.,
Dazzling
Sun: Amenhotep
HI and His
Memphis,
(336-188
Coinage
to the Peace
from
of
B.C.) ( C a m b r i d g e 1 9 9 1 ) ,
Egypt's
World,
21
e x h . cat. ( T h e C l e v e l a n d M u s e u m o f A r t 1 9 9 2 ) ,
p p . 7 3 - 1 1 5 ; D . G . Jeffreys, The Survey
Hellenistic
of Alexander
of
22
259
260
ARTS
OF HELLENISTIC
ALEXANDRIA
23
24
R . S. B i a n c h i , i n R . A . F a z z i n i et a l . ,
silver f r o m Tell e l - M a s k h u t a ( P i t h o m ) , n o w i n
Brooklyn.
Egypt:
Cleopatra's
e x h . cat. ( T h e
34
35
36
B r o o k l y n M u s e u m 1 9 8 8 ) , p . 1 4 0 , cat. n o . 4 5 .
25
B i a n c h i (note 24 above).
26
See D . B . T h o m p s o n , Ptolemaic
Portraits
in Faience:
Aspects
Oinochoai
of the
and
see A . P. K o z l o f f , i n K o z l o f f a n d B r y a n ( n o t e 1 0
Ruler-Cult
37
t h a t o n l y t h r e e o f h e r g r o u p are r e c o g n i z a b l e as
i n d i v i d u a l i z e d p o r t r a i t s ; see i b i d . , p . 8 1 .
38
27
Alexander
in Hellenistic
to Cleopatra
p . 16,5. B . S. R i d g w a y , Hellenistic
v o l . 1 , The Styles
Egypt
pp. 132--36.
Sculpture,
B.C. ( M a d i s o n
of ca. 331-200
1990), p. 364.
28
H . Schafer, i n E . B r u n n e r - T r a u t , e d . ,
ciples
figs.
of Egyptian
Art
Prin
40
F o r f u l l d i s c u s s i o n o f t y p e a n d b i b . , see B i a n c h i
(note 24 above), nos. 1 1 2 - 1 4 , p p . 2 2 0 - 2 2 ;
a n d m o r e recently, D . Said, "Tanagra Ladies:
T h e Tanagra C o l l e c t i o n (of the A l e x a n d r i a
M u s e u m ) , " Franco
Maria
Ricci
57 ( A u g u s t
1992): 1 3 1 - 4 4 .
30
P o m e r o y ( n o t e 2 7 a b o v e ) , p . 4 2 , discusses t h e
H e l l e n i s t i c idea t h a t h o n o r i n g wives h o n o r s
t h e i r h u s b a n d s as w e l l .
3I
See H . H o f f m a n n a n d P. F. D a v i d s o n ,
Gold:
Jewelry
from
Greek
exh.
cat. ( M u s e u m o f Fine A r t s , B o s t o n , 1 9 6 6 ) ,
n o . 6 4 ( b r a c e l e t w i t h Isis b u s t ) , p p . 1 7 3 - 7 4 , f o r
h i s t o r y a n d b i b . ; a l s o , S. C u r t o a n d A . R o c c a t i ,
Tesori
dei Faraoni,
e x h . cat. (Palazzo D u c a l e ,
V e n i c e , 1 9 8 4 ) , n o s . 6 2 - 6 7 ( c o l o r i l l s , o f pec
t o r a l , t w o bracelets, three statuettes), p p . 1 8 5 89; also P o l l i t t (note 12 above), p . 255 ( r h y t o n
and bowl).
32
V e r y s i m i l a r i n s t y l e t o t h i s find are s m a l l c l o i
sonne animals i n the Walters A r t Gallery, Balti
m o r e , a n d i n the M u s e u m o f Fine A r t s , B o s t o n .
See A . P. K o z l o f f , " A N e w Species o f A n i m a l
F i g u r e s f r o m A l e x a n d r i a , " American
Archaeology
33
Greek
Journal
of
80 (1976): 1 8 3 - 8 5 .
See A . O l i v e r , Silver
and Roman
- 5>
2
( O x f o r d 1974), p. 139,
1 1 9 , 1 2 0 a , 1 2 1 ; p . 1 4 0 , figs. 1 2 2 , 1 2 3 .
D . F. G r o s e , The Toledo
Ancient
29
pp. 151-53-
800 Years
e x h . cat. ( T o l e d o
M u s e u m o f A r t 1 9 7 7 ) , n o . 1 1 , p . 4 1 ; see a l s o
n o s . 7 , 8, p p . 3 2 - 3 4 , f o r f o u r t h - c e n t u r y - B . c .
of
Glass
Museum
of Art:
Early
( N e w Y o r k 1 9 8 9 ) , p . 1 1 0 . See
263
Bowersock
w r i t t e n i n 1 9 1 6 as the b e g i n n i n g o f a n e w p o e m , a n d they go as f o l l o w s :
M y imagination takes me n o w
not to Alexandria of the Ptolemies,
but of the fifth and sixth century
I love its every f o r m and moment.
N i n e years later, i n revising his p o e m , Cavafy changed the c h r o n o l o g i c a l
frame t o the s i x t h a n d the seventh centuries, d o w n t o w h a t he called the
a r r i v a l of "the p o w e r f u l A r a b i s m "
(0 Kparaidg
'Apafiicr/uLOs).
Cavafy was
264
CONTINUING
INFLUENCE
OF
ALEXANDRIA
Bowersock
10
omnium
civitatum)
12
13
spirant),
(quodam
i n A l e x a n d r i a , n o r was h a r m o n y
265
266
CONTINUING
INFLUENCE
OF
ALEXANDRIA
1 4
15
B u t her death
16
18
1 7
p r o b a b l y the
Dionysiaca
D i o s k o r o s o f A p h r o d i t o i n the s i x t h c e n t u r y .
19
Genuine p o l y t h e i s m i n
Bowersock
20
of Isidore
of Severus by Zacharias
by Damascius. I n b o t h o f
of
Severus,
21
w e n t o n an e x p e d i t i o n t o the o u t s k i r t s o f the c i t y t o i n t i m i d a t e a n d
f o r c i b l y d i s r u p t a pagan c o m m u n i t y . Zacharias described this ungener
ous m i s s i o n i n d e t a i l . We hear o f the h i e r o g l y p h i c i n s c r i p t i o n s o n the
w a l l s o f the house o f the pagans a n d o f the i n t e r i o r w a l l t h a t was b u i l t
u p t o conceal the idols. T h e C h r i s t i a n m i l i t a n t s b r o k e i n t o the h i d i n g
place o f the pagan gods a n d discovered b o t h the idols themselvesim
ages of E g y p t i a n deities, n o t Greek onesand an altar covered w i t h
b l o o d . I n an excess o f pious zeal, Severus a n d his friends destroyed v i r
t u a l l y a l l these objects a n d d i d their best t o convert the pagans o f the
village as w e l l as t o p r o p u p the w a v e r i n g sentiments o f those C h r i s
tians w h o h a d some l i n g e r i n g belief i n the p o w e r o f idols. O n Easter
Sunday m o r n i n g
all the people of Alexandria at the time of mass were made to
hear thousands of imprecations against H o r a p o l l o n . A n d they
cried out that he should no longer be called H o r a p o l l o n but
Psychapollon"he w h o destroys souls" . . . the patriarch of
G o d made k n o w n to everybody i n his sermon the description of
267
268
CONTINUING
INFLUENCE
OF
ALEXANDRIA
the idols that we had taken out, w h a t they were made of, and
their number. As a result the people were inflamed and brought
together all the idols of pagan gods, wherever they could be
f o u n d i n the baths or i n the housesand they put them on a
pile and set fire to them.
B u t the Christians o f A l e x a n d r i a were n o t a l l destructive b u l
lies. Indeed i t is n o t altogether clear w h e t h e r raids o f the k i n d described
i n the Life
T h e y appear
22
T h e y are
2 3
2 4
the A l e x a n d r i a n Greens a n d
Bowersock
25
of John
the
26
27
F r o m a C h a l c e d o n i a n a n d C o n s t a n t i n o p o l i t a n perspective the
c o n t i n u i n g a n i m o s i t y of M o n o p h y s i t e A l e x a n d r i a t o the central govern
m e n t h a d played i n t o the conqueror's hands. I n any case, the A r a b c o n
q u e s t w h a t Cavafy called "the p o w e r f u l A r a b i s m " a b r u p t l y h a l t e d
t h a t c o m p l e x c u l t u r e , e m b r a c i n g b o t h Greek a n d E g y p t i a n t r a d i t i o n s ,
t h a t h a d been the g l o r y of A l e x a n d r i a even i n its darkest days at the end
of the t h i r d century. Cavafy h i m s e l f is the best p r o o f t h a t i t never dis
appeared altogether. Late a n t i q u i t y h a d seen a n e w v i t a l i t y at A l e x a n d r i a
t h r o u g h its patriarchs, its N e o p l a t o n i s t a n d C h r i s t i a n philosophers, its
269
270
CONTINUING
INFLUENCE
OF
ALEXANDRIA
2 8
I n the t i t l e Cavafy e q u i p p e d
/ue
29
N E W
J E R S E Y
Bowersock
Notes
R . L a v a g n i n i , " S e i t e n u o v e poesie b i z a n t i n e d i
C o s t a n t i n o K a v a f l s , " Rivista
di studi
Historical
25 (1988): 2 1 7 - 8 1 , f o r t h e p r e s e n t
neoellenici
t e x t 2 7 6 - 7 7 :
I
bizantini
'
" .
p e u m l i b r a r i e s . " N o t necessarily: t h e t e x t is
t r o u b l e d here, b u t the p l u r a l
Strabo 17.1. 6 - , 7 9
D i o P r u s . Orat.
I -
bybliothecae
is n o t i n d o u b t , n o r t h a t these l i b r a r i e s
fuerunt
2
American
97 (1992): 1 4 4 9 - 1 4 6 7 .
Review
w e r e in t h e S e r a p e i o n (in quo). T h e n u m e r a l
5 C
duo i s , h o w e v e r , i n d o u b t .
The Roman
World
of Dio Chrysostom
13
(Cam
A m m . M a r c . 22.16.17-18.
b r i d g e , M a s s . 1978), p p . 3 6 - 4 4 . See m o s t r e
14
F o r t h e d a t e , see n o w t h e f u l l d i s c u s s i o n b y
T . D . B a r n e s i n h i s r e v i e w o f J. F. M a t t h e w s ' s
Prusa's R h o d i a n a n d A l e x a n d r i a n O r a t i o n s , "
41 (1992): 4 0 7 - 1 9 ( f o r a T r a j a n i c
w o r k o n A m m i a n u s , Classical
(1993): 6 1 - 6 2 . A s a r e s u l t o f Barnes's a r g u
m e n t s , I w i t h d r a w m y e a r l i e r s u p p o r t f o r 392.
o f t h e A l e x a n d r i a n s , " Historia
42 (1993): 8 2 -
103 ( f o r a V e s p a s i a n i c d a t e a n d d e p r e c i a t i n g t h e
15
4
5
88
Philology
P h i l o in Flaccurn
8 5.
A s n o t e d i n G . W . B o w e r s o c k , Greek
ists in the Roman
of the Last
Pagans
( C a m b r i d g e , M a s s . 1990), p p . 8 5 - 9 0 .
Soph
16
( O x f o r d 1969),
Empire
C f . G . W . B o w e r s o c k , Hellenism
in Late
An
( A n n A r b o r a n d C a m b r i d g e 1990),
tiquity
pp. 20-21.
p p . 6 0 - 6 1 . S t i l l i m p o r t a n t is J. M a s p e r o ,
O n t h e P l a t o n i s m o f C l e m e n t a n d O r i g e n , see
Bulletin
H . C h a d w i c k , Early
orientale
" H o r a p o l l o n et l a f i n d u p a g a n i s m e e g y p t i e n , "
6
Classical
Christian
Thought
and the
de Caire
frangais
d'archeologie
11 (1914): 1 6 4 - 9 5 .
( O x f o r d 1966), p p . 3 1 - 9 4 .
Tradition
de ITnstitut
17
( L o n d o n 1977), p p . 3 8 0 - 8 3 .
Platonists
Cassius D i o 7 8 . 2 2 - 2 3 ; H e r o d i a n 4 . 9 . 4 - 8 ;
Historia
Chron.
Augusta,
6.2-3; Malalas
Carac.
4.590.
18
P. C h u v i n , " N o n n o s de P a n o p o l i s e n t r e p a g a
n i s m e et c h r i s t i a n i s m e , " Bulletin
A m m . M a r c . 2.2.16.15. C f . Scriptores
Augustae,
Quadriga
M a l a l a s Chron.
Historiae
tion
3.1.
4.601; J o h n o f N i k i o u 77.1-6
19
Bude
L . M a c C o u l l , Dioscorus
Work
K . P. K a v a f i s ,
Guillaume
de
VAssocia
45 (1986): 3 8 7 - 9 6 , a n d
also W i l l e r s ( n o t e 17 a b o v e ) .
(Charles).
10
Helveticum
49 (1992.): 4 - 5
(1919-1933),
ed.
20
G . P. Savidis ( A t h e n s 1991), p p . 3 4 - 3 5 . T h e
of Aphrodito:
His
( B e r k e l e y 1988).
A t t h e age o f n i n e t e e n , o n 23 J u n e 1882, C a v a f y
w e n t t o Constantinople w i t h his mother twelve
lines q u o t e d c o m e f r o m t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e
p o e m : "
t i a n s " at A l e x a n d r i a . C a v a f y b e g a n a n E n g l i s h -
Svd
"
l a n g u a g e d i a r y e n t i t l e d Constantinopoliad
Epic,
an
w h i c h w i l l be e d i t e d a n d p u b l i s h e d b y
Diana Haas.
I I
A m m . M a r c . 22.16.7.
21
Z a c h . Vit. Seven,
12
22
E . g . , Z a c h . Vit. Seven,
p p . 1 6 a n d 22 ( K u g e n e r ) .
p . 12 ( K u g e n e r ) , pyl-
271
272
CONTINUING
INFLUENCE
OF
ALEXANDRIA
pwnw.
A l s o n o t e p . 2 6 : tgm'
pwnw
hw dmtqr'
dpylw-
c a l l e d [ray/ma]
o f the
<f)L\6irovoL).
23
See R . H . C h a r l e s , The
690 A.D.),
Coptic
Chronicle
Bishop
of John
(c.
(London
ofNikiu
1916), p. iv.
24
A . C a m e r o n , Circus
at Rome
25
and
Factions:
Z . B o r k o w s k i , Alexandrie,
des factions
Blues
(Oxford
Byzantium
and
Greens
1976).
v o l . 2,
Inscriptions
a Alexandrie
yevvecoraTcov
B o r k o w s k i believes t h a t t h e use o f
f o r fortissimus
yevvaLOTaros
i n p a p y r i proves that a m i l i t a r y
a c t i o n is r e c o r d e d h e r e .
26
L e o n t i u s o f N e a p o l i s , Life
of John
the
Almoner
de
Chypre,
6 . 1 - 2 ( A . J. F e s t u g i e r e , Vie de Jean
'E7ri
dit I'Aumdnier):
61 Wepaai
awv,
TTJV
TrXr/Bovs
TCOV
^kXegavSpeiav
Tpocjycbv
COLS
TCOV
Uep-
KaTaXa/jL^avovroq
Kal aTevcocrecos
TOV TToraphv
KOI
Tov
e/c
(frevyovrcov
rod iv ay
alx/JMXdiTevcrav
with 11.8-12,
iTrpeSevaavXvpCav,
d/wBr/Tov
TOVTOV
dveXOopreg
TTOXXT)<;
Kara
avvr/Beiav
yevopevrjg.
27
John of N i k i o u 1 2 1 . 1 0 - 1 1 (Charles).
28
K . P. K a v a f i s , T\oi7)iona
(1897-1918),
G . P. S a v i d i s , e d . ( A t h e n s 1 9 9 1 ) , p . 8 4 .
29
8ev <f)6pcre
XtKcXCa
TTOXV.
ireBave.
WLKOCTL
kirra
irepiirrcjo-eL,
xpovtb,
arr/v
273
L.
Udovitch
a l - D i n al-Shayyal.
during
the Islamic
Era, Shayyal p r o
d u r i n g the
274
CONTINUING
INFLUENCE
OF
ALEXANDRIA
pilation of its scholars and notables, has come down to us. ShayyaTs ex
tensive search in medieval Arab bibliographic sources (for example, Ibn
Nadim's Fibrist
al-zunun)
city,
U dovitch
Urnar refused repeated requests by the future caliph M u a w i yah, at that time his military commander in Syria, for permission to raid
the island of Cyprus. In his futile attempt to persuade the caliph Umar,
Mu awiyah maintained that the Byzantine-held outposts on Cyprus were
so close to the Muslim-held Syrian coast that the Muslims could hear
c
275
276
CONTINUING
INFLUENCE
OF
ALEXANDRIA
recognition of the fact that "the Arabs were not skilled in navigation and
seafaring," skills that their adversaries at that timethe Byzantines and
7
al-jazariyya
Syria, Egypt, and N o r t h Africa not only were vulnerable but were actu
ally attacked frequently by Christian raiding parties. Muslim policy was
reactive. Flurries of naval activity, as occurred in Egypt, for example,
during the reign of the Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil ( 8 4 7 - 8 6 1 ) or
c
sader presence in the Levant for approximately two centuries not only
reinforced Muslim wariness of the sea but gave rise in the eastern Medi
terranean to a distinct aversion on the part of Muslim powers to naval
confrontations. Beginning w i t h Saladin in the late twelfth century and
culminating in the period of Mamluk rule (ca. 1 2 5 0 - 1 5 1 7 ) , the attitude
of indifference toward the sea turned into one that David Ayalon has
aptly characterized as "decidedly negative." Indeed, the Mamluks em
barked upon a systematic policy of destroying the fortifications of the
cities and towns of the Syro-Palestinian coast, thereby denying to any
Udovitch
10
for town planning, Ibn Khaldun offers the following advice and analysis:
In connection with coastal towns situated on the sea, one must
see to it that they are situated on a mountain or amidst a people
sufficiently numerous to come to the support of the town when
an enemy attacks it. The reason for this is that a town that is
near the sea but does not have within its area tribes who share
its group feeling, or is not situated in rugged mountain territory,
is in danger of being attacked at night by surprise. Its enemies
can easily attack it with a fleet and do harm to it. They can be
sure that the city has no one to call to its support and that the
urban population, accustomed to tranquility, has become depen
dent on others for its protection and does not know how to
fight. Among cities of this type, for instance, are Alexandria
in the East, and Tripoli, Bone, and Sale in the West. . . . Alexan
dria was designated a "border city" (tbaghr) by the Abbasids,
c
tacks against Alexandria could be made from the sea. Such fears
were justified in the case of Alexandria because of its exposed sit
uation. This situation was probably the reason why Alexandria
and Tripoli were attacked by the enemy in Islamic times on nu
merous occasions.
11
12
277
278
CONTINUING
INFLUENCE
OF
ALEXANDRIA
Udovitch
work to exchange them into local tender and hold the money thus ob
tained until my arrival."
14
279
280
CONTINUING
INFLUENCE
OF
ALEXANDRIA
17
One should definitely not infer from these examples that large
and significant commercial transactions w i t h European and other foreign
merchants never took place in Alexandria. They did, and the genizah
texts testify to many such occurrences. I n the latter half of the eleventh
century and during the twelfth century the demand emanating from Eu
rope was quite powerful, and foreign merchants coming to Egypt were
voracious in their eagerness to acquire merchandise for their home mar
kets wherever they could find goods. The commercial correspondence of
the genizah, however, leaves no doubt that, w i t h the possible exception
of raw silk, Alexandria was distinctly a secondary supply marketone
might even say, a distant secondwhen compared to Fustat-Cairo.
Prices for such staples of the trans-Mediterranean trade as
pepper, silk, and sal ammoniac were apparently higher in Alexandria
than in Fustat.
18
in Fustat, to the exclusion of Alexandria, that the "wholesale," largevolume market for these goods was located.
The narrower choice of goods and their limited availability
on the Alexandrian markets extended beyond the major commodities of
Mediterranean trade. Ordinary commodities for daily life such as shoes,
certain kinds of clothing, parchment, ink, and implements of different
sorts were regularly acquired by Alexandrians in the bazaars of Fustat.
Apparently they were not available in such variety and quality in Alex
andria. A refrain in many genizah letters from Alexandria, referring to
their markets, is "Nothing is worthwhile buying here."
19
This phrase
ounces of ink to be bought in Fustat "from the Persian at the gate of the
mosque."
20
frequent commuter between that city and Fustat and was, as this passage
indicates, intimately familiar w i t h the markets of the capital city. For
merchants like Ibrahim, Alexandria was functionally very much akin to
a suburb of Cairo.
The supply of goods Alexandrian merchants kept in stock
does not seem to have been very large. One genizah letter reports that
during a Muslim festival, no decent item of clothing was available in the
town since everything had been sold out.
21
Udovitch
281
282
CONTINUING
INFLUENCE
OF
ALEXANDRIA
24
ad
Aegyptum:
ad Aegyptum
was
Udovitch
the city and of the region. While in some instances Greek and Coptic
bilingualism lingered for some time, Arabic quickly achieved the status
of the common medium of exchange. W i t h a new common language
came a new shared social and intellectual culture. The religious transfor
mation progressed more slowly. It appears that it was not until sometime
in the eleventh century that a majority of Egyptians adopted Islam.
As far as we know, Alexandria was no different from the rest
of Egypt in this respect. In its diversity, in its slow movement toward islamization, it conformed to the general trends discernible in the rest of
Egypt. Thus, with the coming of Islam, Alexandria moved definitively
from being by Egypt to becoming permanently in and of Egypt. It re
mained so throughout the Middle Ages, throughout the pre-modern
period, and even throughout its fascinating cosmopolitan phase in the
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. I believe that it is safe to con
clude that the change the city experienced in the seventh century was
irrevocable and that Alexandria forevermore w i l l be in and o f Egypt.
Princeton University
P R I N C E T O N ,
N E W
J E R S E Y
283
284
C O N T I N U I N G
I N F L U E N C E
OF
A L E X A N D R I A
Notes
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Goitein (note
23
24
Goitein (note
50-55-
pp.
I I
39-
Ibid.
See, for example, the Egyptian chronicler AlMaqrizi's compact and perceptive summary of
the naval history of the Islamic world up to his
time (fifteenth century) in his Al-mawa iz walitihr bi-dhikr al-khitat wal-athr, vol. 2 (Buc
laq
9
10
A . H . 1 2 7 0 ) , pp.
189-97.
Ibid., p. 1 9 .
See D . Ayalon, "The Mamluks and Naval
PowerA Phase of the Struggle between Islam
and Christian Europe," in Proceedings of the
Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities,
vol. 1 , no. 8 ( 1 9 6 5 ) . This brief, lucid paper is a
seminal contribution to our understanding of
medieval Islamic attitudes toward naval mat
ters. Although Ayalon focuses on Egypt between
12
12
above), pp.
above), pp.
224-28.
285-90.
285
Ghoneim
286
CONTINUING
INFLUENCE
OF
ALEXANDRIA
an exten
sion of their own homeland. It was the beginning of the long process of
integration whereby Alexandria, historically isolated from the rest of
Egypt, was to become the nation's second city.
The most potent symbol of that integration was perhaps the
cutting of the Mahmoudiya Canal. Alexandria was at last to be linked
w i t h its Egyptian hinterland. A n d the canal, providing a channel for
trade, an improved water supply, and the potential to increase the area
of arable land through increased irrigation, was to provide the founda
tion for the modern development of the city.
and
place without any doubt preferable to all other cities in Egypt. I n some
respects . . . it could even hold up in comparison w i t h the ports of Italy
and France."
G honeim
13
Ismail, too, left his monuments, not least among them the
287
288
CONTINUING
INFLUENCE
OF
ALEXANDRIA
Nouzha Public Gardens. It was during Ismail's reign that "the Europeans
became not only part of Alexandrian society but also partners in the mu
nicipal administration. The police force included 50 foreigners, the ma
jority of them Swiss." But it is important to remember that the real
nature of the bilateral relations between European governments and
Egypt during Ismail's reign was less geared toward mutual cooperation
than toward European economic domination. Van Bemlen, a Dutch
judge sitting on the Mixed Court of Alexandria, realized this when he
characterized such relations as being aimed solely at the implementation
of a European policy whose objective was to protect the interests of
European governments and their citizens resident in Egypt. The policy
was, he concluded, utterly selfish, since it barely took Egyptian interests
into account.
15
16
G honeim
tory of feelings, of responses that are not necessarily directed toward the
city as it was: rather they encompass a place that had, to some extent,
become the victim of its own mythology.
In assessing the cultural impact of Alexandria's foreign com
munities, it is perhaps most convenient to look at the practical ramifica
tions of the foreign presence first and then to move on to the various
Active accounts of the city.
From its earliest days Alexandria had been linked, both prac
tically and imaginatively, w i t h Greece (the city was, after all, founded by
Alexander the Great). It was therefore hardly surprising that the Greek
community should be among the largest and most influential of the for
eign groups inhabiting the city. Their influence had been noticeable in a
number of spheres, not least in the field of education. In addition to es
tablishing primary and secondary schools, they also founded an evening
school specializing in the study of foreign languages. Serving the Greek
community was an active publishing industry. Daily and weekly news
papers were produced in Greek, together w i t h less frequent periodicals.
20
22
Egiziano;
23
289
290
CONTINUING
INFLUENCE
OF
ALEXANDRIA
24
Although far less well integrated socially, the British, too, left
an overwhelming impact on the city. They displayed a tendency to "keep
themselves to themselves," a characteristic that marked the experience
of British colonialism for many countries. Nevertheless, they did estab
25
26
27
Ghoneim
291
292
CONTINUING
INFLUENCE
OF
ALEXANDRIA
it is a dream,
that your ear was mistaken.
D o not condescend to such empty hopes,
like a man for long prepared, like a brave man,
like to the man w h o was w o r t h y of such a city,
go to the w i n d o w firmly,
and listen w i t h emotion,
but not w i t h the prayers and complaints of the coward
(Ah! supreme rapture!)
Listen to the notes, to the exquisite instruments
of the mystic choir,
and b i d farewell to her, to Alexandria w h o m y o u are losing.
31
( 1 9 5 7 ) , Balthazar
( 1 9 5 8 ) , Mountolive
Quartet.
(1958),
T h e massive
and
Pharil-
A History
and a Guide,
which
32
Ghoneim
and Pharillon,
Mail.
Again the book is organized around the Cavafian conceit that Alexandria
now is merely an amalgam of its past. The first part of the book,
Pharos,
33
34
in decay. Alexandria was for him always a poor replacement for the
Greece he loved.
Capitally, what is this city of ours? What is resumed in the
word Alexandria? In a flash my mind's eye shows me a thousand
dust-tormented streets. Flies and beggars own it todayand
those who enjoy an intermediate existence between either.
So opens Justine,
35
36
293
294
CONTINUING
INFLUENCE
OF
ALEXANDRIA
cally demonized in the British press. Hardly surprising then that Durrell's
Alexandria
Quartet
after all, does Durrell do but demonize the city? I f in the past Alexandria
had been culturally promiscuous, she was now little better than a whore.
It is the image of the prostitute that dominates Durrell's depiction of the
city in which he was forced to live. It is a place imagined, and it is i m
portant to remember that the first volume of the quartet appeared a full
decade after Durrell had abandoned the city. In her study of Durrell's
Quartet,
Mona Anis hits on a key point when she writes that any ac
count of the novels should "take into consideration, besides the artistic
value of the Quartet,
Egypt as a means of defying the reality of the end of the British Empire
and the Suez w a r . "
37
38
39
Ghoneim
one-nights eye
I've rested
Upon the abandoned gardens
she alit
like a dove
Inside the air
of a noontide
that was a single swoon
I picked her
oranges and jasmine.
40
41
43
295
296
CONTINUING
INFLUENCE
OF
ALEXANDRIA
Quran has played in spreading, preserving, and reviving the Arabic lan
guage and culture. Other Egyptian qualities assimilated from the trea
sures of Arab heritage are epitomized in the glorification of manliness,
w i t h its significant characteristiccourageand its sharp sense of hu
mor. A l l these attributes have been absorbed and reshaped in an Egyp
tian mold unique in itself.
44
Ghoneim
46
297
298
CONTINUING
INFLUENCE
OF
ALEXANDRIA
social and cultural projects whose informing elements were anything but
traditional. M e n such as Imam Mohammed Abdu were promoting lib
eral religious reforms, and the Alexandrian Qassim Amin was initiating
the call for the emancipation of women.
The press was instrumental in articulating this new sense of a
cohesive national culture. Alexandria was particularly well served in this
respect. Between 1873
published.
49
a n
d 9 9
x
and Lebanese immigrants, people such as the Takla brothers, Selim and
Bishara, who founded Al-Ahram
wal Tabkeet
Al-Taif.
so
51
53
G honeim
55
The above was written about Mahmoud Said and his view of
the organic relationship between culture and the people. In many ways,
it may serve as a paradigm for both Said and Nagui since what is being
articulated in both artists' work (by Nagui in paintings such as "The
School of Alexandria" and "The Procession of Isis," and by Said in
"The Alexandrian Women," "Girls from Bahari," "The Family," "The
Town," and "Bathing Girls") is less the development of the image of a
specific place than the delineation of an Egyptian character.
Foreign Cultural Relations
C A I R O
299
300
CONTINUING
INFLUENCE
OF
ALEXANDRIA
Notes
L . S. E l - H a m a m s y , " T h e A s s e r t i o n o f E g y p t i a n
19
Identity:
Cultural
Continuities
and
20
(Palo A l t o , Calif., 1 9 7 5 ) , p . 2 8 3 .
Change
n a k a k i s , eds., Alexandrie
2
dele ephemere
t i o n t o t h e M o d e r n A g e , " i n G . L . Steen, e d . ,
identite
Alexandria:
1860-1960,
de convivialite:
Un
mo
Communautes
et
(Paris 1 9 9 2 ) , p p . 8 4 - 8 5 .
cosmopolite
(Milan
1992), p. 115.
21
Ibid.
22
pp. 8 4 - 8 5 .
verte a u m o n d e , " i n R. Ilbert a n d E. Yannakak i s , eds., Alexandrie
ephemere
identite
1860-1960,
de convivialite:
Un
23
Communautes
1860-1960,
et
(Paris 1 9 9 2 ) , p . 1 2 .
cosmopolite
A . L a z a r e v , " I t a l i e n , i t a l i a n i t e et f a s c i s m e , " i n
R . I l b e r t a n d E . Y a n n a k a k i s , eds.,
modele
Un modele
lite: Communautes
Alexandrie
ephemere
et identite
de
convivia
cosmopolite
(Paris 1 9 9 2 ) , p p . 9 3 - 9 7 5
Ibid., p. 14.
24
25
H . M . Sobhy, " A l - M o a t h i r a t A l - O u r o u b e y y a
26
27
28
J. L . P i n c h i n , Alexandria
Abr AWOusour
Al-Iskan
(Alexandria 1973),
p. 350.
and
8
Ibid., p. 349.
29
Cavafy
Still:
Forster,
G . K e c h a g i o g l o u , " C . P. C a v a f y a n d M o d e r n
Greek Orientalism i n Literature," i n
Kavafis
10
11
A . A . R a m a d a n , " A l - I s k a n d a r e y y a fi A l - O u s o u r
Durrell,
International
Symposium,
First
Cairo and
Alexandria 1991.
30
P i n c h i n ( n o t e 28 a b o v e ) , p . 5 5 .
Q u o t e d i n E . M . F o r s t e r , Alexandria:
and a Guide
12
13
14
History
G. Valassopoulo.
a n d E . Y a n n a k a k i s , eds., Alexandrie
1960,
Un modele
Communautes
15
ephemere
et identite
de
1860-
32
33
J. R o d e n b e c k , " L i t e r a r y A l e x a n d r i a , " i n
Today
convivialite:
cosmopolite
Monthly
34
35
Ibid.: 66.
L . D u r r e l l , The Alexandria
Balthazar,
17
R a m a d a n (note 11 above), p p . 2 5 - 2 6 .
Sobhy (note 7 above), p p . 3 8 0 - 8 1 .
Mountolive,
Quartet:
Clea
Justine,
(London 1991),
p. 17.
36
M . Saad E l - D i n a n d J. C r o m e r , Under
Spell:
18
Cairo
(Paris
1992), p. 22.
16
Magazine
The Influence
of Egypt
on Writers
Egypt's
in
G h onei m
English
from
the Eighteenth
Century
(London
1991), p. 197.
37
Quartet"
( P h . D . diss., Essex
University, 1976).
38
R o d e n b e c k ( n o t e 33 a b o v e ) :
62-63.
39
R o d e n b e c k ( n o t e 33 a b o v e ) : 6 3 .
40
R o d e n b e c k ( n o t e 33 a b o v e ) :
41
R o d e n b e c k ( n o t e 33 a b o v e ) : 6 4 .
42
E l - H a m a m s y (note 1 above), p. 2 9 8 .
43
E l - H a m a m s y (note 1 above), p . 3 0 2 .
44
E l - H a m a m s y (note 1 above), p p .
299-303.
45
E l - H a m a m s y (note 1 above), p p .
299-303.
46
M . M . El-Sourougy, " M o g t a m a a A l - I s k a n -
63-64.
dareyya W a A l - H a r a k a A l - W a t a n e y y a , " i n
Mogta'maa
Al-Iskandareyya
Abr
Al Ousour
J
M . Z a y i d , " T h e O r i g i n s o f the L i b e r a l C o n s t i
t u t i o n a l P a r t y i n E g y p t , " i n P. M . H o l t , e d . ,
Political
and Social
Change
in Modern
Egypt
49
M . Z . E l - A s h m a w y , Al-Adab
Hayat
50
Wa Keyam
Al-
Al-Mo'asera
N . Youssef, Aalam
Mina
Al-'lskandareyya
52
53
M . M i t w a l l y , " A l - M o u s i k a r A l - S h e i k h Sayed
D a r w i s h W a A l H a r a k a A l - W a t a n e y y a , " i n Al-
54
55
Zikra
Al-Mi'awayya
Sayed
Darwish,
Al-Mousikar
( C a i r o 1 9 9 2 ) , p . 7.
Youssef ( n o t e 5 0 a b o v e ) , p p . 3 3 7 - 4 0 .
K . Saad, Bairam
Al-Misreyya
56
Li-Milad
1892-1992
Al-Tunsy:
A sifa
E . E l - D i n N a g u i b , The Dawn
ern Painting
min
Al-'Hara
5-6.
of Egyptian
Mod
301
302
P t o l e m y I Soter
305-282
B.C.
285-282
B.C.
P t o l e m y n Philadelphos
282-246
B.C.
P t o l e m y i n Euergetes i
246-222
B.C.
Ptolemy i v Philopator
222-205
P t o l e m y v Epiphanes
205-180
Ptolemy v i Philometor
180-164
a n d P t o l e m y n Philadelphos
163-145
1 4 5 B.C.
P t o l e m y v i n Euergetes n
170-163
- -
B.C.
B.C.
B.C.
145-116
B.C.
P t o l e m y i x Soter n
I 1 6 - I O 7
B.C.
Ptolemy x Alexander I
IO7-88
P t o l e m y i x Soter n
8 8 - 8 0
Ptolemy x i Alexander n
8 0 B.C.
80-55
B.C.
5 5 - 5 1
B.C.
5I-3O
B.C.
and Ptolemy x i n
51-47
B.C.
and Ptolemy x i v
4 7 - 4 4
B.C.
a n d P t o l e m y Caesarion
4 4 - 3 0
B.C.
Cleopatra v n
and
B.C.
and
B.C.
B.C.
and