Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

MICROWAVE AND ANTENNA LAB PRECAUTIONS

Precautionary measures to be taken by every staff and student working in the Microwave and
Antenna Lab:
High intensity and medium intensity microwave signals are very hazardous to human health.
Therefore, proper care is needed to conduct any experiments with Microwave benches. From the
instrument point of view, necessary care must be taken to operate and handle them smoothly and
gently, so that instruments serve for longer years to come.
1. Do not look continuously straight into a Horn Antenna, wave guide, Isolator, variable
attenuator, slotted line carriage, phase shifter or a frequency meter connected to a
microwave source or microwave bench with a microwave source.
2. While fixing the receiving horn antenna in antenna radiation pattern experiments with
transmitting antenna radiating do not look straight into the horn antenna.
3. The Repeller voltage knob of the power supply of Klystron microwave source should be in
its maximum position while switching ON or OFF the power supply.
4. Beam voltage should be kept slightly less than 280V and the beam current around 18-20mA
and NOT TO EXCEED 20mA.
5. While adjusting Repeller voltage for a higher mode, do not come down below 100V.
6. Bias voltage knob of the Gunn supply should be kept at minimum of zero volt position
while switching ON or OFF.
7. Do not exceed Gunn bias voltage of 8V in any experiment with Gunn diode.
8. All the faculty and students MUST wear LEATHER or CANVAS SHOE with a medium
thickness sole.
9. The Microwave and Antenna Lab MUST be absolutely dust free.

Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Measurement of Microwave power

2. Study of Circulator/Isolator.
3. Study of Directional coupler. Extraction of S-parameter.
4. Study of E-plane H-plane & Magic tee. Extraction of S-parameter.
5. Calibration of crystal detector.
6. Calibration of Variable waveguide attenuator.
7. Field intensity measurement of a Horn antenna.
8. Field intensity measurement of a Parabolic dish.
9. Measurement of phase shift for a ferrite phase shifter.
10. Measurement of dielectric strength.
11. Measurement of impedance using slotted line Assembly.
12. Three point method of obtaining equivalent circuit parameters.

Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

Expt. No. 1
Microwave Power measurement

Aim:
To determine the output power of a thermistor drive and to calculate its VSWR and calibrations of
variable attenuators

Components required:
Klystron power supply, Klystron oscillator, variable attenuator frequency meter, thermistor drive,
power meter

Theory:
Power is defined as the quality of energy dissipated or stored per unit time. The range of microwave
power is divided into 3 categories
Low power (less than 10 mW)
Medium Power (from 10mW to 10 W)
High power (greater than 10 W)
The average power is measured while propagation in a transmission media and is defined by T time
period of the lowest frequency
The most convenient unit of power at microwaves is dBm. The microwave power meter consists of
a power sensor which converts the wave power to heat energy. The corresponding temperature rise
provides a change in the electrical parameters resulting in output current. The sensors used for
power measurements are Schottky barrier diode borometer and thermocouple.

Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

Block diagram:
Klystron
Power
Supply

Reflex
Klystron
Oscillator

Isolat
or

Variable
Attenuat
or

Frequenc
y meter

Crystal
detector

CRO

Procedure:
1. The set up is as shown in the block diagram.
2. Take care of all components are mechanically aligned and firmly screwed. Switch on the
cooling fan.
3. With repeller voltage maximum and beam voltage minimum, switch on the klystron power
supply. Wait until current raises to 10 or 12 mA. Observe the signal at the output. If it is not
a square wave, reduce the repeller voltage until maximum square wave is reached. Note
down the repeller voltage.
4. Turn the frequency meter knob to observe the dip in output and measure the frequency of
operation.
Detune the frequency meter after measuring the frequency.
5. Repeat the above step for different values of repeller voltage until 3 modes are observed.
Tabulate the readings and plot graphs of frequency v/s repeller voltage and output voltage
v/s repeller voltage.
Tabular column:
Repeller voltage (in V)

Output voltage (in V)

Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

Frequency (in GHz)

Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

For each mode, calculate
n+
Transit time t on=

3
4

f on

where n= mode number fon= mode start frequency

Electronic tuning sensitivity =

Electronic tuning range =

f 1f 2
V R 1V R 2

|f 2f 1|

Graph:

f in
GHz

VR in
V

CRO
outp
ut
in V
VR in V

Result: The power measurement using Klystron power supply is carried out and the graph is
Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

verified by plotting the measured values.

Expt. No. 2
Study of Circulator/Isolator

Aim: To study the properties of Circulator.

Components required: Klystron power supply, klystron oscillator, variable attenuator & isolator,
matched termination, CRO and accessories.
Theory: A circulator is a multiport ferrite device which make use of Faraday rotation through ferrite.
A circulator has a minimum of three ports. Commonly used circulators are either 4 ports or 3 ports
circulators.
A circulator has a peculiar property that each terminal is connected only to the next clockwise
terminal ie port1 is connected to port2 but not to port3 and port4. Port2 is connected to port3 only but
not to port4 and port1 and so on.
The main applications of such a circulators are in connection with multiple isolation in tunnel diode
amplifiers and parametric amplifiers. They are also as duplexers in radar systems.
Three port circulators can also be constructed by placing the ferrite exactly at the centre. The
diameter and height of the ferrite and the strength of DC magnetic field are so designed to provide
1200 faraday rotation . Due to this the power fed at port1 come out of port2 only. Power into port2
comes out of port3 only and finally power into port3 comes out of port1 only. Three port circulators
are also sometimes called Y- circulator or WYE circulator. As port1 is connected to port2, port2 to
port3 and port3 to port1, we have the scattering coefficients s12=s23=s31=1. Thus for a perfectly
matched, lossless, non-reciprocal Y- circulators, the scattering matrix is given by
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Klystron Power Supply

Reflex Klystron Oscillator

Variable Attenuator
Frequency Meter
Circulator/Isolator
Tunable Detector
Isolator

Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

CRO

Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

Procedure:
1. Setup the microwave test bench as shown in the figure without circulator/isolator.
2. With repeller voltage maximum, beam voltage minimum, switch on the power supply. Wait until
current raises to 10 to12ma. Observe the signal at the output. If it is not a square wave reduce the
repeller voltage until a maximum square wave is reached until output voltage is V1.
3. Setup the bench with circulator as in fig and measure output voltage V2 at port 2 with input at
port 1. In case of circulator, connect the other port with a matched termination. Note down the
output voltage as V2. Calculate insertion loss using
Insertion Loss=20 log (V1/V2).
4. Experiment set up is as shown in figure with input at port2 and output at port1. Note down the
output voltage as V3. Calculate isolation loss using
Isolation = 20 log (V1/V3)

Tabular Column
i/p
port

o/p port

2
3
1
3
1
2

2
3

CRO o/p (v)

S ij =

Pj
Pi

Result: The isolation loss, Insertion loss of circulator are obtained practically
Isolation loss =
Insertion loss =

Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

Expt. No: 3
Study of Directional coupler. Extraction of S-parameter.

Aim: To determine the S matrix of a Directional coupler and measure Isolation, Insertion loss,
Directivity.

Apparatus required: Klystron Power supply, Klystron tube, Isolator, Variable Attenuator,
Frequency meter, Directional coupler, Detector, Matched Terminal, CRO

Theory:
A directional coupler is a four port passive device commonly used for coupling a known fraction of
microwave power to a port (coupled port) in the auxiliary line while flowing from input port to
output port in the main line.
The remaining port is ideally isolated port and matched terminated.
There are three basic types of directional couplers
1. Multi aperture waveguide type
2. A coupled coaxial or strip or microstrip line.
3. Branch line couplers.
A theory of the waveguide coupler was first established by 'Bethe' , using a single hole in a common
broad wall of two rectangular waveguides commonly known as Bethe hole directional coupler.
Practical waveguide directional coupler are multi hole coupler in which the desired coupling
response vs frequency can be achieved by proper selection of number of holes and sizes of holes.
Waveguide couplers are forward couplers since the coupled power in the ancillary guide flows in
same direction as input power in main guide whereas coaxial strip and micro strip couplers are
backward couplers because the coupled energy travels in opposite direction of input energy flow.
The performance of directional coupler is measures in terms of basic parameters:
1. Coupling (C)
2. Transmission loss (T)/Insertion loss (I)
3. Directivitity (D)
Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

These are definined as
Insertion loss I=20 log(V1/V2)
Coupling factor C=20 log (V1/V3)
Directivity D=20 log (V1/V4)
The waveguide directional coupler commonly consists of two waveguides coupled together through
one Bethe hole. A number of small openings in a common broad wall

Block diagram:
Klystron
Power
Supply

Reflex
Klystron
Oscillator

Isolato
r

Variable
Attenuat
or

Frequenc
y Meter

Direction
al
coupler

Tunable
Detector

Matched
Load

Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Arrange the setup as per the block diagram without directional coupler.
Setup the microwave oscillations to get maximum amplitude
Now measure the supply voltage V1(Volts) with as observed in the CRO.
Now connect as per the setup using directional coupler and matched load
Measure the voltage when port 1 is input and port 2 is output. Match the other two ports.
Note down the output voltage as V2. Measure insertion loss using
Insertion loss I=20 log (V1/V2)
6. Measure the voltage when port 1 is input and port 3 is output. Match the other two ports.
Note down the output voltage as V3. Measure coupling loss using
Coupling factor C=20 log (V1/V3)
7. Measure the voltage when port 1 is input and port 4 is output. Match the other two ports.
Note down the output voltage as V4. Measure directivity using
Directivity D=20 log (V1/V4)

Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

Tabular Column
i/p
port

o/p port

2
3
1
3
1
2

2
3

CRO o/p (v)

S ij =

Pj
Pi

To find Sii:
i/p
port

Vmax (v)

vmin (v)

VSWR=

Sii=

Vmax
Vmin

VSWR1
VSWR+1

1
2
3
Insertion loss I=20 log(V1/V2)
Coupling factor C=20 log(V1/V3)
Directivity D=20 log(V1/V4)

Result: Experiment is conducted suitably and following parameters are calculated,

Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

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Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

Expt. No. 4a
Study of E-plane Tee/ H-plane Tee

Aim:
To conduct an experiment to determine S Matrix of E plane tee.

Apparatus required: Klystron Power supply, Klystron tube, Isolator, Variable Attenuator,
Frequency meter, E-plane tee, Detector, Matched Terminal, CRO

Theory:
Waveguide tees:
Waveguide tees are three port components. It is used to connect a branch or section of wave. This
guide transmission line for providing means of splitting and also of combining power in waveguide
system.
There are two basic types:
H plane Tee:
These are named according to the axis of the side arm which is parallel to E field or H field in the
collinear arms. Waveguide tees are poorly matched devices beacuse of the junction. To overcome
the effect adjustable matching reactance can be introduced by means of a tuning screw at centre.S
matrix for waveguide tee junction:

E plane Tee:
E plane tee junction is also called series junction. If two input waves are fed into port 1 and 2 of the
collinear arm the output wave at port 3 will be opposite in phase and subtractive, also called called
difference arm. All elements in diagonal of S matrix of E plane T junction cannot be matched to all
the three arms simultaneously.

Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

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Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
SETUP 1

Klystron Power Supply

Matched
Terminatio
n

Reflex Klystron Oscillator

Tee Junction
Variable Attenuator
Frequency Meter

Detector

Isolator

CRO

SETUP 2
Klystron
Power
Supply

Reflex
Klystron
oscillator

Isolato
r

CRO

Variable
Attenuat
or

Frequency
meter

Procedure:
Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

Matched
Terminatio
n

Slotted
line

Tee

section +
Detector

junction
Matched
Terminatio
n
12

Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

1. All microwave components as specified above are connected as per the block diagram
shown in setup 1.
2. Initially the beam voltage of reflex klystron supply is kept MINIMUM where as Repeller
voltage MAXIMUM.
3. The repeller voltage is varied in order to obtain microwave oscillations. This voltage is
adjusted such that steady oscillations are obtained and maximum amplitude is obtained for
that particular mode of oscillations.
4. The voltage Vin is noted without connecting or introducing the E plane tee.
5. Now include the E plane tee with port 1 as input, port 2 as output and port 3 matched
terminated. Note the value of output voltage. Next, output is taken at port 3 with port 2
matched terminated.
6. Repeat the procedure with port 2 and port 3 as inputs and take the outputs at the other two
ports.
7. To get S parameters S11, S22 and S33, include the slotted carriage as in setup 2. To get S 11,
match terminate the ports 2 and 3. By moving the slotted line carriage from load end to
source end, take down the values of Vmax and Vmin Find VSWR and Sii for all ports using the
formulae
Vmax
VSWR = Vmin
VSWR1
VSWR+1

Sii =

8. Verify the S matrix with the obtained output value.

Tabular column:
Pin = Vin =
i/p
port

o/p port

2
3
1
3
1
2

2
3

CRO o/p (v)

S ij =

Pj
Pi

Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

13

Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

To find Sii:
i/p
port

Vmax (v)

vmin (v)

VSWR=

Sii=

Vmax
Vmin

VSWR1
VSWR+1

1
2
3

Theoretical S- matrix for H-plane tee =

Theoretical S- matrix for E-plane tee =

1/2 1/2 1/ 2
1/2 1/ 2 1/ 2
1 / 2 1/ 2
0

1 /2
1/2
1/ 2
1 /2
1/2
1/ 2
1 / 2 1/ 2
0

Result: Experiment is conducted suitably and s-matrix is verified.

Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

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Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

Expt. No. 4b
Magic Tee

Aim: To study the characteristics of a magic tee and verify results with S matrix.

Apparatus required: Klystron Power supply, Klystron tube, Isolator, Variable Attenuator,
Frequency meter, E-plane tee, Detector, Matched Terminal, and CRO

Theory:
A combination of E plane and H plane tees forms a hybrid Tee called a magic tee, having 4 ports.
Characteristics:
When all ports are terminated with matched load.
1. If two in phase waves of equal magnitude are fed into ports 1 and 2, the output at port 3 is
subtractive and hence zero and total output will appear additively at port 4. Hence port 3 is
called difference or E arm and port 4 is called sum or H arm.
2. A wave incident at port 3 ( E arm) divides equally between ports 1 and 2 but opposite in
phase with coupling to port 4 (H arm)
3. A wave incident at [port 4 (H arm) divides equally between ports 1 and 2 in phase with no
coupling to port 3.
4. A wave fed into one collinear port 1 or 2 will not appear in the other collinear ports 2 or 1.
Hence two collinear ports 1 and 2 are isolated from each other.
Applications:
The magic T has a number of applications in various microwave circuits such as:
E-H tuner for impedance matching.Balanced mixer in microwave super heterodyne receiver to
balance out local oscillator noise at IF amplifier input.Power combiner and Duplexer
In E H tuner both E and H arms are terminated with movable shorts which acts as E plane and H
plane stubs.
In a balance microwave mixer incoming signal is fed to E arms and local oscillator signal is fed to
H arms. These enter to collinear arms where diodes help in reduction of noise component and
transmission of informative signal.

Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

15

Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

In a duplexer circuit of a radar system a common antenna is connected to port 1 while the
transmitter and receiver are connected to isolate E and H arms and a dummy load is connected at
port 2.5% of the power transmitted is coupled to antenna and 50% of received power get into
receiver, remaining is absorbed in dummy load.

Block diagram:
Klystron Power Supply

Reflex Klystron Oscillator

Variable Attenuator
Frequency Meter

Magic Tee

Isolator

Detector

CRO

Procedure:
1. Arrange the setup as shown in block diagram.
2. Setup the microwave oscillations to get the maximum output. The voltage thus obtained =
Vi(V)
3. Now as per the setup shown in block diagram connect the magic tee.
4. Measure the output voltages to by providing input to one port and match terminating other
ports.
5. Tabulate the respective readings.
6. Verify the S matrix and observe the characteristics of magic tee.

Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

16

Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

Tabular Column
i/p
port

o/p port

2
3
4
1
3
4
1
2
4
1
2
3

2
3
4

CRO o/p (v)

S ij =

Pj
Pi

To find Sii:
i/p
port

Vmax (v)

vmin (v)

VSWR=

Sii=

Vmax
Vmin

VSWR1
VSWR+1

1
2
3
4

Theoretical S- matrix for Magic tee =

0
0
1/ 2 1/ 2
0
0
1/ 2 1/ 2
1 / 2 1/ 2
0
0
1 / 2 1/ 2
0
0

Result: Experiment is conducted suitably and s-matrix is verified.

Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

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Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

Expt No: 5
Calibration of Crystal Detector

Aim
1. To study the square law characteristics of crystal detector.
2. To calibrate the crystal detector.
Components required:
Microwave power supply, Microwave source, variable attenuator, crystal detector, Micro
ammeter (range 0-1000/5000mA) and CRO.
Theory:
A crystal detector uses the crystal diodes and exhibit non-linear square law characteristics.
Crystal diodes commonly used in microwave region of frequencies are point contact, Schottky
barrier and back diodes.
A crystal diode essentially consists of a fine gold-plated pointed tungsten wire made in the form of
spring that presses against the silicon wafer (p-type 1.6mm sq) suitably doped with impurities
making a rectifying contact. The crystal detector can also be used for demodulation.
Model Graph:

Voltage
(in V)
Current (

A)
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Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Crystal
detect
or

Klystro
n
power
supply

Klystron
Oscillator

Isolato
r

Attenuator

Micro
ammete
r

Hplane
Tee

Crystal
detect
or

CRO

Procedure:
1. Set up the microwave bench as shown in the block diagram.
2. Set up attenuator for minimum attenuation.
3. Connect crystal detector and observe the output in CRO.
4. Increase the attenuation in steps and tabulated the corresponding power as obtained in CRO
along with the current obtained in micro ammeter.
5. Plot the graph of voltage (V) vs current (I).

Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

19

Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

Tabular Column:
VR =

Attenuator reading in mm

o/p voltage in crystal diode

(in v)

Micro ammeter reading

current (in A)

Result: The square law characteristic of crystal detector is studied and the required graph of
voltage v/s current is plotted.

Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

20

Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

Expt. No.6
Calibration of Variable waveguide Attenuator
Aim:
To calibrate the variable attenuator.
Equipment required:
Microwave power source, tuned detector, standard waveguide section, variable attenuator to be
calibrated (test attenuator), CRO and cooling fan.
Theory:
Many a times to control microwave power at a given point, attenuators are used. They are also used
to increase the power range of sensitive instruments. The attenuators are fixed or variable. The
variable attenuators have to be calibrated to give exact attenuation at given position.
Block Diagram:
Klystr
on
Power
supply

Klystro
n
oscillat

Isolato
r

Standard
Attenuat
or

Frequenc
y Meter

Test
attenu
ator

Detecto
r

CRO

Procedure:
1. Arrange the equipment as shown in figure.
2. Follow the switching ON procedure of klystron diode source.
3. Let the voltage reading on the oscilloscope be V1 (without variable attenuator under test).
4. Connect the test attenuator.
5. Adjust the variable attenuator gauge and measure the voltage on CRO (V2).
6. Plot the variable attenuator reading v/s. attenuation loss in db.

Tabular Column:
Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

21

Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

V1=

Variable attenuator reading

(in mm)

CRO reading (in V)

Attenuation loss= 20
log(V1/V2)

Expected Graph:

Attenuati
on loss in
db

Test
attenuator
reading in

Result:
Calibration of variable attenuator is performed and the graph of test attenuator reading vs
attenuation loss in decibels is measured.

Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

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Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

Expt. No.7 & 8

Determination of Field Strength of Parabolic dish & Horn Antenna

Aim : To determine the field strength of Parabolic & Horn Antenna

Components required: Klystron power supply, Klystron oscillator, attenuator, frequency meter, horn
and parabolic antennas, tunable crystal detector, VSWR meter, CRO.
H-PLANE :
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Klystron
Power Supply
VSWR
Meter /
CRO

Klystron
Oscillator

Attenuato
r

Frequenc
y Meter

Tx

Rx

Antenna

Antenna

Tunable
Crystal
Detector

Minimum far field distance D between the antennas is given by

D=2L2/

Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

23

Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

E-PLANE:
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Klystron
Power Supply
VSWR
Meter /
CRO

Klystron
Oscillator

Attenuato
r

Frequenc
y Meter

Wave
guid
e 90
Twist

Wave
guid
e 90
Twist

Tx
Antenna

Tunable
Crystal
Detector

Rx
Antenna

Procedure:
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the figure initially for H plane horn antenna.
2. Set the zero position of the receiving antenna at which we get the maximum output.
3. Rotate the antenna in steps of 5 degrees both clockwise(right) and anticlockwise(left) and note
down the readings for output voltage.
4. Repeat the above procedure by connecting the90 0 waveguide twist and take the readings for Eplane of horn antenna.
5. Draw the polar plot and find the half power beamwidth(HPBW), Beamwidth between first
nulls(BWFN) and the directivity D.
6. Repeat the procedure by connecting parabolic antenna.

Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

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Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

Calculations:
Frequency f =
=c/f=
Far field distance S = 2D2/ =

Tabular column:
RIGHT
Pr
in G=
10 logG
V(E)
E
Emax

LEFT
Pr
in G=
10 logG
V(E)
E
Emax

0
5
10
15

45
Calculations:
Directivity D = 41253/HPBW2
GAIN G=KD
IF K=1
G=41253/HPBW2
Result: The experiment is conducted, Radiation pattern is plotted, and following results are obtained.

Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

25

Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

Expt. No. 9
Measurement of Phase shift for a ferrite phase shifter.

Aim: To measure phase shift of a ferrite phase shifter

Components required: Isolator, frequency meter variable attenuator slotted line tunable probe
phase shifter movable short VSWR meter cable and accessories.

Theory: A microwave phase shifter is a two port device which produces a variable shift in phase of
the incoming microwave signal. A lossless dielectric slab when placed inside the rectangular wave
guide produces a phase shift. In fact a differential phase change is produced due to the change of
wave velocity through the dielectric slab compared to that through the empty space inside the
microwave guide.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Klystron
Power
Supply

Reflex
Klystron
Oscillator

Isolator

Detector

Variable Attenuator
Frequency Meter
Slotted line section
Phase shifter

CRO

Movable
short

Procedure:
1).Keep the beam voltage in minimum position repeller voltage in maximum position.
2).Switch on the power supply.
Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

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Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

3) Adjust the modulating signal amplitude to get sufficient output from CRO.
4) Setup is rigged by applying a short. Adjust the phase shifter at 0 mm and move the slot line
carriage to get two minima and note down the readings as dmin1 and dmin2. Let D0= dmin2.
Find the guide wavelength g and cutoff wavelength c as
g = 2(dmin1 dmin2) cms.
5) Vary the phase shifter in steps of 1mm and observe the shift of minima and note down the
distances Di (in cms).
6) Phaseshift Ps in degrees = 2(D0- D1)180/ g
7) Plot a graph of Ps v/s Rotation on phase shifter
EXPECTED GRAPH

Phase shift
Ps( in deg)

Rotation P (in mm)

RESULT: Experiment is conducted suitably and phase shift of a ferrite phase shifter is plotted.

Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

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Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

Expt No. 10
Measurement of di-electric strength of a material
AIM:
To determine the dielectric constant of the given sample (Solids)
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Microwave power supply and source, Isolator, Variable attenuator, Frequency meter, Slotted line
carriage, Short circuit termination, Dielectric sample, Tuned detector and CRO.
Theory:
The dielectric constant can be real or imaginary.
Considering a solid sample of the given dielectric to be lossless and of length le, to be
loaded in a rectangular waveguide against short circuit that touches its wall. Dr and D are
respectively positions of 1st voltage minima of standing wave pattern when waveguide is unloaded
and loaded with dielectric.
Block Diagram:
Klystr
on
Power
supply

Klystro
n
oscillat

Isolato
r

Attenuat
or
Frequenc
y Meter

CRO

Precision
short without
dielectric
sample

Slot
line
Carriag
e

Precision
Short circuit
with dielectric
sample

Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

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Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

PROCEDURE:
1. Assemble the components as shown in the above block diagram.
2. Energize the microwave source and obtain suitable power level in the CRO.
3. Without connecting the dielectric sample in the slotted wave guide, measure and record the
positions of standing wave minima dmin1 and dmin2 starting from any arbitrary point.
4. Calculate g= 2*(dmin1-dmin2);
= 2/ g
5. Remove the short circuit carefully and insert the dielectric sample such that it is at the edge of the
short.
6. Measure and record the positions of first minima with Dielectric.
7. Choose a common reference point between dmin obtained with dielectric and without dielectric.
8. Let DR be the distance between the reference point and the dmin2 without dielectric.
9. Let D be the distance between the reference point and the dmin2 with dielectric.
tan [ ( l E + D RD ) ]

10. Calculate

E l E

tan X
X

11. Calculate the dielectric constant by the given formula.

2

ElE
+1
lE

(
)
( )
=
( 2ga ) +1
a

where X=

E lE

a=larger dimension of the waveguide=2.403cm

l E = width of the dielectric material
Observations:
Without Dielectric
dmin1=cm

Vmax =V

dmin2 =cm

Vmin= V

Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

29

Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

g= 2*(dmin1-dmin2);=cm
With Dielectric lE=.cm
dmin1=cm Vmax =V
dmin2 =cm Vmin= V

DR

dmin1

Ref

dmin2

dmin1

Ref

dmin2

RESULT:
The dielectric strength of a given material is found and the practical value is obtained.

Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

30

Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

Expt No.11
Measurement of Impedance using slotted line Assembly.

Aim: To measure the value of unknown Impedance using slotted line using and smith chart.
Components required: Klystron power supply, klystron oscillator, variable attenuator & slotted
waveguide.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Klystron Power Supply

Reflex Klystron Oscillator

Isolator

CRO

Slotted Line Section

Variable AttenuatorFrequency Meter

+ Detector
LOAD/SHORT

Procedure:
1. Keep the beam voltage in minimum position repeller voltage in maximum position.
2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Adjust the modulating signal amplitude to get sufficient output from CRO.
4. Setup is rigged by applying a short.
Measure dmin1 and dmin2
g = 2(dmin1 dmin2) cms.
Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

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Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

c = 2a
o = g c / [c2 + g2]1/2
5. At the center point take the reference as dmin(A).
6. setup(2) is rigged by replacing short by unknown load.
7. To find VSWR of any microwave component rig up setup(2).
8. The slotted line is varied to get a maximum output of CRO ie Vmax and corresponding to
that Vmin is noted down.
VSWR= Vmax / Vmin.
9. After finding VSWR , slotted line carriage point is moved to the reference point A and from that
point the next min dmin(c) towards the load is noted down and also the distance from the load is
calculated.
10. The distance in terms of wavelength is calculated as
Angular distance = dmin(a) dmin(c)/ g.

Smith Chart:
1
2

Draw the VSWR circle by the value determined from the unknown load connector.
Travel an angular distance of g wavelength on the constructed circle towards the load in the
anticlockwise direction. This leads to point p which has the co-ordinates Z L/Zo, the real part is
normalized resistance RL of the load and XL is the imaginary part of the load.

Result: The experiment is verified successfully

VSWR =
o =
f=
Zo =
Angular distance =
Load impedance =
Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

32

Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

Expt No.12
Three point method of obtaining equivalent circuit parameters
Aim:
To obtain equivalent circuit parameters of non-reciprocal two-port microwave devices by three
point method.
Equipments required:
Klystron power supply and oscillator, variable attenuator, frequency meter, slot line carriage, two
port device (phase shifter), crystal detector, CRO.
Theory:
Three-point method of measurement requires the measurement of reflection co-efficient of a twoport network when terminated by a matched termination, a short circuit and an open circuit. The
reflection co-efficient under these conditions is determined by measuring VSWR from the first
minimum distance for the input end of the load.
Block Diagram:
Klystr
on
Power
supply

Klystro
n
oscillat

Isolato
r

Attenuat
or
Frequenc
y Meter

CRO
Slot
line
carriag
e

Two
port
device

Precisio
n Short
Matched
terminatio
n
Open
circuit

Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

33

Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Using Klystron power supply, set up the waveform using detector.

Now replace the detector by SLC and terminate it with a precision short.
Measure the distance minimas and note down the maximum point say D0.
Now use a two-port device after SLC and terminate this two-port device with precision short
circuit, matched termination and open circuit and update the tabular column with their
respective readings measured.
5. To obtain dVmin1 and dVmin2 for each of the load, start from reference maximum point
D0; moving towards the load will give dVmin1 and moving towards the source will give
dVmin2. (Repeat the same for matched termination and open circuit also).
6. Calculate for the given formulas using the above values.

Calculations
Step 1: voltage output on CRO=

Step 2: When precision short is connected after SLC,

dVmin1=

cm

Vmax=

dVmin2=

cm

Vmin=

g= 2dVmin1-dVmin2=

cm

To obtain open circuit:=g/4=

cm

Tabular Column:
Termination
Precision short
Matched
termination
Open circuit

DR1=dVmin1

DR2=dVmin2

Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

Vmax

Vmin

VSWR=Vmax/Vmin

34

Microwave and Antenna Lab, 10TEL67

Formula:
1.
2.
3.
4.

=VSWR-1/VSWR+1
= 2K1(D0-DR2)+
K1=2/g
i= (cos+jsin)
im= || (cos+jsin)= || ej

Calculations:
1. S11=im1
2. S12=S21= 2(im1-im2)(im1-im3) / ( im2-im3)
3. S22= [(im1-im2) + (im1-im3)] / (im2-im3)

Result:
The three point method for an equivalent circuit is calculated using the formulas and the
required S-matrix is as given below.

Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, DBIT

35