Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ဂါမဏီ - တတိယလိႈင္းေခတ္ ေျပာက္က်ားစစ္
ဂါမဏီ - တတိယလိႈင္းေခတ္ ေျပာက္က်ားစစ္
1? Ed0k ifbm (2001) ck wmvDbeftpd;k &+yKdusomG ;csed rf mS +rKd@ay:uae awmxJawmifxaJ &$@=uwJh t,fvu
f ikd 'f gawG&@J
xuf0ufavmuf[m atau-47 armif;jyefaoewfawGtjyif vufyaf wmh (vufqu
JG eG jf yLwm) awG ud,
k pf u
D ikd af qmifxm;=u
w,f? olw@kd ueG jf yLwmawG&@J zefom;jyifyk yf t
kH jzpf pufwifbm (11) &ufacgi;f aqmif rd[
k mruftmwm &J@ "mwfyu
kH w
kd ifxm;w,f?
wu,fawmh t,fvu
f ikd 'f g[m yx0De,fajruae qdik b
f me,fajrudk xd;k azmuf0ifa&mufwhJ urBmyh xrqH;k ajymufusm;tzG@J jzpfyg
w,f? vufqu
JG eG jf yLwmeJ@ 'DA'DG "D mwfjym;awGuo
kd ;kH +yD; olw@kd [m uGejf yLwmyd*k &rfawG a&;=uw,f? avhusiahf &;/ qufo,
G af &;/
AsL[mqGaJ &;eJ@ tpPvrfw&m;a[m-w&m;ema&;/ wenf;tm;jzifh tawG;tac:wnfaqmufa&;awGukd uGejf yLwmay:rSm aqmif&u
G f
=uw,f?
tD&wfEikd if u
H t,fvu
f ikd 'f g taocHA;kH cGo
J rm;awG/ wdu
k cf u
kd af &;orm;awG[m vdt
k yfwphJ pfoifwef;/ azmufcaJG &;oifwef;
awGukd tifwmeufay:rSmvky=f uw,f? &HyakH iGpak qmif;wm/ wyfom;opfpnf;H;k pkaqmif;wmwifru ppfAsL[mydik ;f aqG;aEG;wdik yf if
wm/ owif;tcsuftvufawG/ t=uH^m%fawG&,lwmudkvnf; tifwmeufay:rSmyJvkyf=uw,f? tifwmeufay:rSmqdk&if
b,furS taESmift
h ,Surf &Sb
d J trnfrod/ rsuEf mS rodtaetxm;eJ@ arGwaumifvkd av#mue/J av#mueJ v_y&f mS ;Edik w
f ,f?
tjyifavmurSm &efopl pfwyfawG od@k r[kwf ykvyd af wG&@J taESmift
h ,Su&f adS yrJh tifwmeuf rSmawmh 'gawGuakd &Smifvm$ ;Edik w
f ,f?
jyifyurBmrSm tpnf;ta0;vkyw
f t
hJ cg ae&mwckrmS ta&;}uD;acgi;f aqmifawGjzpfjzp/f tzG@J om;awGyjJ zpfjzpf pkpnf;Edik zf @kd vHjk cKHa&;udk
taotcsmpDpOf& wif;=uyf&w,f? 'gayrJh tifwmeufay:rSmawmh w,fvu
D eG zf &ifu
h kd pdwaf t;vufat;vkyv
f @kd &w,f? tcsed ef @J
ae&mjy\emawGukd tifwmeufu tawmf}u;D ajz&Si;f vdu
k Ef ikd +f yD jzpfw,f? 'gwifru wcgrrS awG@z;l =uwJh vlprd ;f awG&@J uvyfpnf;udk
tifwmeufay:rSmzG@J wm yd+k y;D vHjk cKHpw
d cf s&w,fv@kd qw
kd ,f? wa,mufuw
kd a,mufb,forl eS ;f rodv@kd b,fvrkd o
S wif;ayguEf ikd pf &m
r&Sb
d J tvkyv
f yk v
f @kd &w,fv@kd qw
kd ,f?
urBmvH;k qdik &f m*s[
D 'fvy_ &f mS ;r_[m tifwmeufuae pDpOf!e =f um;aewJh jzpfpOf}u;D jzpfae+yv
D @kd tar&duef t=urf;zuf0g'
avhvmolyg&*lrsm;u oH;k oyf=uw,f? 'gayrJh 'g[m t,fuikd 'f gtzG@J u tuGi;f rJ@acgi;f aqmifwhJ v_y&f mS ;r_awmhr[kwb
f J trsK;d pHk
aom tzG@J i,fav;awG/ ta&;ay:wyGw
J ;kd uvyfpnf;awGu ydyk +kd y;D rsm;vmaew,f? 'gawGukd wurBmvH;k twdik ;f twmeJ@ vH;k 0ydwyf if
wm;qD;zd@k 'grrS [kwf odoo
d momavsmu
h somG ;apzd@k enf;ynmr&Sad o;ygb;l ? (911) ta&;tcif;aemufyikd ;f rSm tpPvmrftpGe;f
a&muf orm;awGe@J ywfoufw0hJ ufbq
f u
kd af wG wtm;wd;k yGm;vmygw,f? (1997) ckrmS tJovd0k ufbq
f u
kd f (12) cky&J &dS muae
'Duae@rmS awmh 0ufbq
f u
kd af ygi;f (4500) &Sad e+yDjzpfw,f? t,fvu
f ikd 'f g&@J t&D wfXmecG[
J m tcktcg ysr;f r#tm;jzifh w&ufukd
tifwmeufxw
k jf yefcsuu
f ;kd ckavmufxw
k af ew,f? tpPvmrftpGe;f a&mufawG&@J v_y&f mS ;r_vnfywfaeatmif t"duarmif;ESit
f m;
u bmoma&;t,l0g'eJ@tifwmeuf yJjzpfw,fv@kd pDtikd af tvufaxmuf!e =f um;a&;r; *|erf ufavmvif;u aumufcsucf s
w,f? tpPa&;okawoDwa,mufuawmh tifwmeuf[m *s[
D 'f&@J wHcg;zGiw
hf uUov
kd }f uD;jzpfae+yDv@kd qw
kd ,f?
wu,fawmh tifwmeufay:rSm tpPvmrftpGe;f a&mufawG pkrw
d yhJ pkH [
H m wjcm;aom oef&moef&mvdik ;f awG tifwmeuf
ay:pkpnf;=uwmawGe@J bmrSruGmygb;l ? wHqyd af cgi;f 0goem&Siaf wG 'grrS [kwf tqpfa&mifa&m*g&iS af wG tifwmeufay:rSm todik ;f
t0dik ;f zG@J ppk nf;=uwJyh pkH rH sK;d twdik ;f ygy?J Edik if eH ,ferd w
d af wGr&S/d vlrsK;d pktrSwt
f om;awGr&S/d b,fob
l ,f0greS ;f rod/ 'gayrJh b,fae&m
rqdv
k nf;oGm;Edik w
f hJ 'Dtifwmeuf[m 'Duae@t=urf;zuf0g'&J@pjH yKavmufwhJ =um;cHtajcwnf&mjzpfw,fv@kd &ef;'faumfyakd &;&Si;f u
t=urf;zuf0g'okawoD bkpaf [mhzrf if;uqdw
k ,f? tpPvmrfr'D ,
D mtzG@J wzG@J ud,
k w
f ikd u
f vnf; tifwmeuf[m*s[
D 'fukd ydrk kd
oGuv
f ufacsmarG@omG ;apw,fv@kd a=unmcJah o;w,f?
awmhbJ avjzwfuek w
f ,f? ('Dvrkd sK;d qmAmawGavjzwfomG ;wm tbl*&pftusO;f axmif ESyd pf ufr"_ mwfyakH wG tifwmeufrmS
wifw;kH uvnf; wcgjzpfcw
hJ ,f?)( 911) wH;k uvdk wurBmvH;k u rlqvifawG tkwaf tmfaomif;eif;jzpf/ =uufo;D ar$;ni;f xtm;&
aoG;uGuek w
f ,f? tifwmeufukd 'Dvt
kd oH;k csv@kd &ygvm;qd+k yD; t=urf;zuform;awG kww
f &uf^m%ftvif;ayguo
f mG ;=uw,f?
krd ,
D ekd @J *sL;vD;,ufyk &f iS af =umifh orD;&nf;pm;pHw
k aJG wG ud,
k u
hf ,
kd u
f ,
kd o
f wfao=uovdyk J yHpk w
H al cgi;f jzwfyaJG wGukd wjcm;tzG@J awGu
vdu
k v
f yk +f yD; tifwmeufrmS wif=uwmawG jzpfvmw,f? tJ't
D csed u
f p+yD; Zmum0Deh mrnf[m axmufco
H al wG=um;rSma&m/ &efol
bufrmS yg [d;k [d;k ausmo
f mG ;cJw
h ,f?
3? tD&wfEikd if u
H awmfveS yf ek u
f efre_ @J twl t=urf;zuf0g'[m wpwp}u;D xGm;aewm tm;vH;k todygb?J 'gayrJh 'Dt=urf;
zuf0g' }u;D xGm;us,jf yef@vmr_&@J aemufct
H a=umif;&if;xJrmS tar&duefqef@usiaf &;eJ@ tpPvmrftajccHbmoma&; oabmw&m;
awG/ 0g'a&;&mawG&@J pnf;H;k a&;aumif;r_a=umifw
h ifr[kwb
f J aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;acwf&@J yifrtajccHaphaqmfcsujf zpfwhJ aiGa=u;
tjrwftpGe;f &a&;uvnf; t"duusaeygw,f?
tcktcg tar&duefwyfawGe@J tD&wftpd;k &&J@vkH cHa&;wyfz@JG awGukd wdu
k cf u
kd rf a_ wG[m tifrweftjrwftpGe;f aumif;wJh
pD;yGm;a&;aps;uGu}f u;D vnf; jzpfaeyg+y?D 'Daps;uGu&f @J t"dua&mif;ukeyf pPn;f u AH;k awG/ azmufcaJG &;ypPn;f awGjzpf+y;D vkyif ef;u|r;f usirf _
tqifjh rifv
h w
S hJ AH;k vkyif ef;&Sirf sm;[m rdrw
d @kd &@J vyk if ef;udk tifwmeufuae a=umfjimaeygw,f?
AH;k ukr%
` D awG[m AH;k xkwv
f yk af &;0efxrf; (6) a,mufuae (10) a,muftxd &Sw
d wf+yD; a=umfjimvkyif ef;twGuf
uifr&morm;/ AG'D ,
D o
kd rm;awGuv
kd nf; tvkycf ef@xm;w,f? 'D AG'D ,
D o
kd rm;awG[m ae&maumif;aumif;awGuae+yD;awmh AH;k cGJ
wdu
k cf u
kd rf a_ wGukd AD'G ,
D rkd w
S w
f rf;du
k =f uw,f? du
k x
f m;wJAh 'DG ,
D rkd w
S w
f rf;udk tqifjh rifAh 'DG ,
D t
kd ,f'w
D if;aqmhz0f aJ wGe@J jyefwnf;jzwf/
tpPvmrf"rRocD si;f awG udu
k n
f aD tmifxnf+h yD;wJah emuf tpGe;f a&muftpPvmrfbmoma&;0ufbq
f u
kd af wGrmS wifxm;vdu
k w
f ,f?
'grrS [kwv
f nf; tD;ar;vfe@J jzef@+yD; a=umfjim=uw,f? aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;acwfrmS trsm;od=uwJt
h wdik ;f 'Da=umfjimAG'D ,
D akd cGawGukd
tifrwefqaJG qmifr&_ adS tmif uifr&mtwwfynm/ wnf;jzwfrt
_ wwfynm/ a=umfjimtwwfynmawG tpGr;f ukeo
f ;kH xm;=u
w,f?
'DA;kH cGrJ t
_ rsK;d rsK;d &J@rw
S w
f rf;AG'D ,
D akd wGukd awmfveS af &;tzG@J awG/ t=urf;zuftzG@J tpnf;awGu Edi_ ;f ,SO=f unfh +_ yD;aemuf
ud,
k f uduw
f hJ AH;k ukr%
` aD wGukd tvkyt
f yf=uw,f? tvkyt
f yf&mrSm wdu
k cf u
kd rf w
_ ckcsi;f twGuyf cJ ikd ;f wmjzpf+yD; aps;E_e;f uawmh
a':vm (300) uae (1000) txd&w
dS ,f?
AH;k wvH;k udk u|r;f u|r;f usiu
f siv
f yk w
f wfatmif ig;ESpaf vmuf oif=um;avhusizhf @kd vykd gw,f? prf;&if;vky&f if;eJ@ wpwptrSm;
awG uif;vm+yD; tpGr;f xufvmatmifvyk &f w,f? u|r;f oGm;+yDq&kd ifawmh tifwmeufay:wifvu
kd +f yD; 'Dynm&J@ toD;tyGiahf wG
wc%eJ@a0r#Eikd af tmifvyk v
f @kd &w,f? 'Denf;eJ@ (21) &mpk&@J wwd,v_id ;f enf;ynmtifwmeuf[m tar&duefppfwyfukd t}uD;
tus,'f u
k aQ y;aewJ/h tifrwefxad &mufatmifjrifwhJ w&m;r0ifaps;0dik ;f }uD;jzpfvmygapw,f?
tD&wfawmfveS af &;tzG@J awG[m rdrt
d zG@J u atmifjrifpmG wDxiG v
f u
kd Ef ikd w
f hJ AH;k cGeJ nf;topftqef;aumif;aumif;awG/
tajrmufq/H armfwmqHawG/ *ufpAf ;l awGe@J vrf;ab;AH;k axmifenf;awG/ qJvzf ;kH awGe@J ta0;uae AH;k cGw
J ehJ nf;opfenf;qef;awG
udv
k nf; AG'D ,
D kd u
dk +f y;D AG'D ,
D w
kd acGv;kH tD;ar;eJ@y@kd ynmjzef@=uw,f? tar&duef trSwf (3) jrif;pD;wyf&if;}u;D &J@ wyf&if;r; 'kAv
kd rf ; }u;D
a&mhpb
f a&mif;u olyek af wG[m usKyfw@kd uo
kd wfz@kd enf;awGukd wywfxufwywf ydk yd+k yD;awmh u|r;f vmaew,f/ ydk yd+k yD;awmh
tqifjh rifv
h maew,f vd@k ajymjyw,f? aumif;aumif;owfEikd af v aiGa=u;t&vnf; jrwfpeG ;f avjzpfw,f?
AH;k aps;uGuw
f ifru tcktcg AG'D ,
D akd cGaps;uGuv
f nf; us,jf yef@}uD;xGm;aeygw,f? tar&duefwyfawGukd AH;k cGw
J u
kd cf u
kd w
f hJ
AG'D ,
D akd wGwifr[kwb
f J vufajzmifah oewform;awG&@J wdu
k cf u
dk rf a_ wGuykd g AG'D ,
D kd u
kd +f yD; jyefa&mif;=uw,f? 'Dvkd AG'D ,
D kd u
kd w
f m
tuket
f usvnf;odyrf rsm;/ tar&duef od@k r[kwf tD&wftpd;k &vHk cHa&;awGu zrf;rdr,ft
h E &W m,fvnf;enf;awmh aoewfe@J
acsmif;ypfz@kd rufv;kH jzpfaeygw,f?
4? (20) &mpktpydkif;wHk;u ruUqDudkawmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif yefcsKdAD;vm;qDudk tar&duefkyf&Siform;awGoGm;+yD;
tar&duefy&dowftwGuf 0g'jzef@z@kd ky&f iS f u
kd &f mrSm du
k u
f iG ;f vdt
k yfcsuef @J uu
kd af tmif vufawG@wu
kd yf aJG wGwu
kd af y;cJ&h wmu
p+yD; urBmrSmokyrf eS v
f x
l q
k ufqaH &;0g'jzef@vyk if ef; pwifcw
hJ ,f? tckvnf; t,fuidk 'f gawGu tD&wfuwdu
k yf aJG wG/ zrf;xm;ol
rsm;udk acgi;f jzwfowfaeyHak wG/ taocHA;kH cGo
J rm;rsm; oifwef;wufaeyHak wG/ taocHomG ;wJAh ;kH cGo
J rm;rsm;&J@ twKy`wadW wG/ taocH
AH;k cGrJ v
_ uf&mawGukd AD',
D kd u
kd +f y;D 0ufbq
f u
kd w
f ifxm;w,f? rdrw
d @kd tzG@J &@J pGr;f aqmifcsuw
f ikd ;f udk AD',
D rkd w
S w
f rf;wif+y;D tifwmeufrmS
wifw,f? ppfqifa&;pDrcH suq
f yJG akH wG/ wdu
k u
f u
G }f uKdwifjyifqifyakH wGuv
kd nf; xyfwvJvx
J w
k v
f i$ jhf yvd@k tar&duefawG rcHcsrd cHom
jzpf&w,f? t,fuikd 'f g[m jzpfpOfawGukd tcsed ef @J wajy;nD tifwmeufay:wifz@kd oufoufu&kd nf&,
G +f y;D wdu
k cf u
kd rf a_ wG/ t=urf;zuf
r_awG aqmif&u
G af eyHak yguaf ew,f? tcktcg tD&wfrmS olyek af wGuwdu
k cf u
kd rf w
_ ckvyk w
f ikd ;f tJ'w
Dh u
kd yf jJG zpfpOfukd tifwmeufwifz@kd
AD',
D kd u
kd u
f ;l wm tjrJvyk w
f ,f? wu,fph pfajrjyifrmS b,favmufyEJ ikd Ef ikd f tifwmeufay:ra&muf&if H;_ wmyJv@kd awmifajym=u
w,f?
'Denf;awGe@J tD&wf&@J v;l vGe@f p aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;[m tar&duefppfom;awG&@J toufawGukd ac,
G al eygawmhw,f? urBm
rSm tar&duefu t"du&yfct
H m;ay;aewJh aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;eJ@ tdik w
f D wwd,v_id ;f enf;ynmawGu tar&duefukd aemufayguf
ayguaf ewm[m uH=urRm&J@oa&mfcsuv
f @kd yJ qd&k ygvrd rhf ,f? tifwmeufaus;Zl;a=umifh wdu
k cf sicf u
kd cf sipf w
d w
f ufuGvmwJv
h il ,f
awG[m tD&wfukd pGe@f pm;vma&muf+y;D aemufxyfvil ,fawG pdw"f mwfwufuv
G mapzd@k wvSnw
hf jyeftoH;k awmfc=H u/ taocH=u
w,f? 'Dvekd @J tD&wfawmfveS af &;rD;awmufukd r+idr;f pwrf; qufvufxeG ;f nda e=uygw,f?
(&nf ! e f ; ?
*gr%d