mô phỏng

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
BI GING
M PHNG H THNG TRUYN THNG

KHOA VIN THNG 1
Tc gi: TS. Nguyn c Nhn
H NI 07-2014
LI M U
Trong s pht trin nhanh chng cc h thng vin thng cng vi s pht trin mnh
m ca cc h thng my tnh, ngy nay m phng tr thnh mt cng c khng th thiu
trong qu trnh nghin cu pht trin h thng cng nh trong qu trnh thit k v trin khai
h thng. Do vy cun bi ging M phng h thng truyn thng c vit nhm cung
cp cho sinh vin nhng kin thc b ch lin quan n mn hc. Ti liu gm 6 chng vi
cc ni dung c bn nh sau:
Chng 1: Trnh by tng quan v k thut m phng bao gm phng php lun,
cc vn v m hnh ha v vai tr ca m phng trong thit k h thng.
Chng 2: Gii thiu v MATLAB gip sinh vin nm c vn c bn trong vic

s dng MATLAB lm cng c tnh ton trong k thut ni chung v trong m phng
h thng truyn thng cc chng sau.
Chng 3: Gii thiu v Simulink, mt cng c trong MATLAB c s dng m

phng da trn m hnh hay s khi, thun tin cho vic m phng h thng.
Chng 4: M phng qu trnh thu pht tn hiu bao gm cc vn c bn v tn

hiu trong m phng, m phng cc qu trnh c bn thc hin ti b pht v b thu
trong mt h thng truyn thng.
Chng 5: M phng knh thng tin bao gm phng php thc hin m phng
cc knh c bn ni chung n cc knh thng tin c th nh knh hu tuyn v knh
v tuyn.
Chng 6: c tnh tham s v hiu nng h thng gip sinh vin nm c cc vn

c bn v c tnh trong thng k, c bit l trong nh gi hiu nng h thng.
Chng ti hy vng rng cun bi ging s l ti liu tham kho hu ch cho sinh vin
chuyn ngnh vin thng v nhng ngi quan tm. Tuy nhin gip sinh vin nm bt
nhng vn c bn nht ca k thut m phng h thng truyn thng i hi ngi hc
phi c nhng kin thc tng hp ca cc mn hc c s khc m khng phi thuc mc tiu
v ni dung chnh ca mn hc ny. y cng l phin bn u tin c vit trong thi gian
ngn do vy s khng trnh khi nhng sai st. Chng ti rt mong nhn c kin ng
gp ca cc qu thy c, cc bn sinh vin v nhng ngi quan tm hon thin hn cun
ti liu ny.
Tc gi
TS. Nguyn c Nhn
ii
MC LC
Chng 1 Tng quan v k thut m phng
1.1 Gii thiu chung
1.2 Phng php lun m phng
1.2.1 M hnh ha bi ton
1.2.2 Tnh a mt trong m phng
1.3 Cc khi nim c bn v m hnh ha
1.3.1 M hnh ha h thng
10
1.3.2 M hnh ha thnh phn chc nng
11
1.3.3 M hnh ha qu trnh ngu nhin
11
1.3.4 M hnh ha h thng gi nh
12
1.4 K thut nh gi hiu nng
13
1.5 Sai s trong m phng
14
1.5.1 Sai s trong m hnh ha h thng
14
1.5.2 Sai s trong m hnh ha linh kin
15
1.5.3 Sai s trong m hnh ha qu trnh ngu nhin
16
1.5.4 Sai s x l
17
1.6 Vai tr m phng trong thit k h thng truyn thng
17
1.7 Tng kt chng
21
Cu hi/bi tp chng 1
21
Chng 2 Gii thiu v MATLAB
22
2.1 Gii thiu chung
22
2.2 Cc cu trc c bn trong MATLAB
23
2.2.1 Cc bin MATLAB
23
2.2.2 Cc php tnh s hc
27
2.2.3 Cc php tnh logic v quan h
31
2.2.4 Cc hm ton hc
33
2.2.5 Cc hm ha
35
iii
2.2.6 Cc hot ng I/O
43
2.3 Thao tc ma trn v vect
44
2.4 Lp trnh trong MATLAB
47
2.4.1 Cc th tc MATLAB
47
2.4.2 Cc hm con MATLAB
49
2.4.3 Cu trc ngn ng MATLAB
50
2.4.4 Hm eval
54
2.4.5 iu khin hm
55
2.5 MATLAB Editor v Debugger
56
2.5.1 Cc chc nng Editor
56
2.5.2 Cc chc nng Debugger
57
2.6 Mt s phng php s s dng MATLAB
58
2.6.1 Phng php tm nghim
58
2.6.2 Phng php tch phn
59
2.6.3 Phng php gii phng trnh vi phn
61
2.7 Tng kt chng
68
Cu hi/bi tp chng 2
69
Chng 3 Gii thiu v Simulink
72
3.1 Gii thiu chung
72
3.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca Simulink
73
3.2.1 Xy dng s khi Simulink
73
3.2.2 Tham s ha cc khi Simulink
74
3.2.3 M phng bng Simulink
76
3.3 Gii phng trnh vi phn bng Simulink
77
3.4 n gin ha h thng Simulink
81
3.5 Tng tc vi MATLAB
83
3.5.1 Truyn cc bin gia Simulink v MATLAB
83
3.5.2 Lp li cc m phng Simulink trong MATLAB
83
3.5.3 Truyn cc bin thng qua cc bin ton cc
85
3.6 Tng kt chng
85
iv
Cu hi/bi tp chng 3
86
Chng 4 M phng tn hiu v qu trnh thu pht
87
4.1 Gii thiu
87
4.1.1 M hnh m phng tn hiu bng gc v thng di
88
4.1.2 Qu trnh ly mu v ni suy
91
4.1.3 Khai trin Fourier
96
4.2 M phng ngun tn hiu
98
4.2.1 Ngun tn hiu tng t
98
4.2.2 Ngun tn hiu s
100
4.2.3 Ngun tn hiu ngu nhin
101
4.3 M ha
106
4.3.1 M ha ngun
106
4.3.2 M ng truyn
109
4.3.3 M ha knh
113
4.4 iu ch v gii iu ch
116
4.4.1 iu ch tn hiu tng t
116
4.4.2 iu ch tn hiu s
119
4.4.3 Qu trnh thu v gii iu ch
122
4.5 Qu trnh lc
127
4.5.1 Lc to dng ph
127
4.5.2 Lc to dng xung
129
4.5.3 Cc b lc phi hp
132
4.6 Qu trnh ng b
136
4.6.1 Qu trnh ng b trong m phng
136
4.6.2 M phng mch vng kha pha (PLL)
140
4.7 Tng kt chng
142
Chng 5 M phng knh thng tin
145
5.1 Gii thiu chung
145
5.2 M hnh knh AWGN
148
5.3 Cc m hnh knh thng tin c th
152
v
5.3.1 Knh hu tuyn v ng dn sng
152
5.3.2 Knh v tuyn
153
5.3.3 Knh pha inh a ng
157
5.3.4 Knh ri rc
162
5.4 Tng kt chng
168
Cu hi/bi tp chng 5
168
Chng 6 c tnh cc tham s v nh gi hiu nng
170
6.1 c tnh cc tham s
170
6.1.1 c tnh mc sng trung bnh
170
6.1.2 c tnh cng sut trung bnh
171
6.1.3 c tnh ph
172
6.2 c tnh t s SNR
174
6.3 nh gi hiu nng h thng
176
6.3.1 Phng php Monte-Carlo
177
6.3.2 Phng php bn gii tch
182
6.3.3 Cc phng php khc
183
6.3.4 Mt s v d m phng h thng vin thng
184
6.4 Tng kt chng
187
Cu hi/bi tp chng 6
187
Ti liu tham kho
188
Ph lc A
189
vi
DANH SCH THUT NG VIT TT
Thut ng ting Anh

A
ADC
AM
AMI
ASK
AWGN
B
BER
D
DFT
DPSK
DSB
DSP
E
erp
F
FIR
FM
FSK
H
HDL
HMM
I
I/O
IDFT
IIR
IS
ISI
N
NRZ
O
OFDM
Thut ng ting Vit
Amplitude Modulation
Alternate Mark Inversion
Amplitude Shift Keying
Additive White Gaussian Noise
Chuyn i tn hiu tng t

sang s
iu ch bin
o du m
Kha dch bin
Nhiu Gauss trng cng
Bit Errors Rate
Tc li
Discrete Fourier Transform

Differential Phase Shift Keying
Double Side Band
Digital Signal Processing
Khai trin Fourier ri rc

Kha dch pha vi sai
iu ch bin kp
X l tn hiu s
equivalent random process
Qu trnh ngu nhin tng

ng
Finite Impulse Response

Frequency Modulation
Frequency Shift Keying
p ng xung hu hn
iu ch tn s
Kha dch tn
Hardware Description Language

Hiden Markov Model
Ngn ng c t phn cng

M hnh Markov n
Input/Output
Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform
Infinite Impulse Response
Important Sampling
Inter-Symbol Interference
Vo/Ra
Khai trin Fourier ri rc o
p ng xung v hn
Ly mu quan trng
Giao thoa gia cc k hiu
Non-Return-to-Zero
Khng tr v khng
Orthogonal Frequency Division
Ghp knh phn chia theo tn
Analog to Digital Conversion
vii
P
PCM
PET
PLL
PM
PSD
PSK
Q
QA
QAM
QPSK
R
RNG
RZ
S
SER
SNR
SSB
T
TDL
V
VSB
Multiplexing
s trc giao
Pulse Code Modulation

Performance Evaluation Technique
Phase Locked Loop
Phase Modulation
Power Spectral Density
Phase Shift Keying
iu ch xung m
K thut c tnh hiu nng
Mch vng kha pha
iu ch pha
Mt ph cng sut
Kha dch pha
Quasi-Analytical
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
Bn gii tch
iu ch bin cu phng
Kha dch pha cu phng
Random Number Generator

Return-to-Zero
B to s ngu nhin
Tr v khng
Symbol Error Rate

Signal to Noise Ratio
Single Side Band
Tc li k hiu
T s tn hiu trn nhiu
iu ch n bin
Tributary Delay Line
ng tr nhnh
Vestigial Side Band
iu ch rt bin
viii
Chng 1 Tng quan v k thut m phng
M phng ngy ny c mt trong nhiu lnh vc khoa hc k thut c bit

trong thit k h thng truyn thng. Ni dung chng ny s trnh by nhng vn
tng quan v c bn nht trong k thut m phng ni chung v trong m phng
h thng truyn thng ni ring.
1.1 Gii thiu chung

Trong nhng thp k qua cc h thng truyn thng v k thut x l tn
hiu ngy cng tng nhanh chng v mc phc tp. Trong sut thi gian ny s
ni ln cc loi cng ngh mi lin quan n phn cng tc cao v chi ph r hn
trong x l tn hiu s, cng ngh quang si, cc linh kin mch tch hp c tc
ng mnh m n vic trin khai cc h thng truyn thng. Trong khi s pht
trin v mc phc tp ca h thng truyn thng tng ln theo thi gian v n
lc i hi cho qu trnh phn tch v thit k, th s cn thit a cc cng ngh
mi vo cc sn phm thng mi nhanh chng cng i hi rng thit k c
hon thnh ng thi gian, hiu qu v chi ph v khng mt nhiu cng sc. Cc
nhu cu ny c th c p ng ch bng cch s dng cc cng c thit k v
phn tch mnh m c tr gip bi my tnh.
Mt lot cc k thut tr gip bi my tnh c pht trin trong nhiu
nm qua h tr trong qu trnh m hnh ha, phn tch v thit k cc h thng
truyn thng. Cc k thut c tr gip bi my tnh ny nm hai loi c bn:
tip cn da trn cng thc m my tnh c s dng c tnh cc cng
thc phc tp v tip cn da trn m phng m my tnh c s dng m
phng cc dng sng hoc tn hiu truyn qua h thng.
Hiu nng ca cc h thng truyn thng c th c nh gi bng vic s
dng cc tnh ton da trn cng thc, m phng dng sng hoc bng o kim v
ch to mu th.
Cc k thut da trn cng thc da vo cc m hnh c n gin ha
cung cp ci nhn su v mi quan h gia cc tham s thit k v hiu nng h
1
thng v chng rt hu ch trong cc giai on u ca qu trnh thit k cho vic

khm ph khng gian thit k m rng. Tuy nhin ngoi tr cc trng hp qu n
gin v l tng ha th n rt kh nh gi hiu nng ca cc h thng truyn
thng phc tp ch bng cc k thut gii tch vi chnh xc cn cho qu trnh
thit k chi tit hn.
nh gi hiu nng da trn cc php o kim thu c t cc mu thit k
th phn cng tt nhin l mt phng php chnh xc v ng tin cy, hu ch
trong cc giai on sau ca thit k khi cc la chn thit k c gii hn trong
mt tp nh. Tip cn ny nhn chung l rt tn km v mt nhiu thi gian v
khng linh hot. N r rng l khng kh thi s dng tip cn ny trong giai
on u chu trnh thit k khi s lng cc la chn thit k ln.
Bng tip cn da trn m phng nh gi hiu nng, cc h thng c th
c m hnh ha gn nh bt k mc chi tit mong mun no v khng gian
thit k c th c khai thc c th v chi tit hn bng cc tip cn da trn cng
thc hoc o kim. Da trn m phng ta cng c th kt hp cc m hnh thc
nghim v ton hc mt cch d dng v kt hp cc c tnh o c ca cc linh
kin v cc tn hiu thc vo trong phn tch v thit k. Cc dng sng c m
phng cng c th c s dng nh l tn hiu o th cho vic kim tra chc nng
hot ng ca phn cng.
Thc s, mt tip cn da trn m phng c th c s dng to ra mt
mi trng ch to mu th nhanh chng cho vic phn tch v thit k cc h thng
x l tn hiu v truyn thng, mt mi trng trong cc m hnh phn mm c
th c kt hp vi d liu phn cng v cc tn hiu thc to ra cc mu thit
k khng li tit kim chi ph v thi gian.
Nhc im c bn ca tip cn m phng l ti tnh ton ln ci c th
c gim thiu bng s la chn cn thn cc k thut m hnh ha v m phng.
1.2 Phng php lun m phng

1.2.1 M hnh ha bi ton
Mc ch cui cng ca m phng l phng to li cc c tnh ca mt h
thng vt l thc t thng qua tnh ton da trn my tnh. Mt bi ton m phng
n gin nht thng bao gm bn bc c bn sau:
nh x mt bi ton cho thnh mt m hnh m phng, ycng l

bc quan trng nht ca bi ton m phng. Bc ny c th c xem
l bc m hnh ha chuyn mt m hnh vt l thc thnh m hnh
ton hc.
Phn gii bi ton tng th thnh mt tp cc bi ton nh hn. Vic phn

chia ny cng l cch n gin ha bi ton xy dng m bo tnh
kh thi trong tnh ton.
La chn mt tp cc k thut ph hp v m hnh ha, m phng v c

tnh v p dng chng gii cc bi ton con c phn chia. Cc k
thut gii c s dng tnh ton tm nghim thng qua h thng my
tnh.
Kt hp cc kt qu ca cc bi ton con cung cp nghim cho bi

ton tng th xc nh ban u.
Mt h thng truyn thng thc t nhn chung qu phc tp c th m t

v m phng n mt cch ton b. Do vy n rt cn thit n gin ha mt s
mt ca bi ton m phng gip d dng hn cho vic tnh ton. Ngoi vic phn
chia bi ton tng th thnh cc bi ton nh hn, th vic chuyn t bi ton ln
hn thnh dng n gin hn c xem nh l thc hin th nghim c iu kin l
cng cn thit. Xt dng sng u ra Vt ca mt h thng ti thi im ri rc t theo
dng Vt = g(), trong g l hm truyn ca h thng v = (z1, z2, , zK) l tp
cc qu trnh u vo (ri rc thi gian). Chc nng ca mt m phng ni chung l
to ra mt chui gi tr {Vt} i vi t = kTs, k = 1, 2,, vi Ts l chu k ly
mu. Chui ny s c x l theo kiu thu c i lng hiu nng hoc
thng tin ph hp khc. Mt th nghim c iu kin s to ra Vt = g() trong
= (z1, , zk, zk+1 = k+1, , zK = K). l k qu trnh u tin c m phng

trong khi cc qu trnh cn li c duy tr ti cc gi tr c nh to ra th
nghim n gin hn. Cc gi tr ny c th c t bng 0 tng ng vi vic
b qua cc qu trnh ny. Mt dng iu kin khc l n gin ha bn thn h
thng. S n gin ha ny c th bao gm mt s m t mt hot ng vi
phc tp c rt gn hoc b qu hon ton mt hoc nhiu hot ng. Kt hp
t iu kin ln h thng v ln cc qu trnh u vo, h thng c n gin ha
bi g, th nghim m phng c m t bi Vt = g(). Mc ch cui cng ca
qu trnh n gin ha l m bo kh nng tnh ton trong qu trnh m phng.
Tuy nhin qu trnh ny c thc hin bng cc php gn ng cng c ngha rng
c s sai lch gia m hnh v h thng thc t.
Hnh 1-1 (a) Thit b vt l v cc m hnh, (b) Cc nh hng phc tp ca m hnh.
C hai kiu m hnh m ta cn xem xt: m hnh gii tch v m hnh m

phng v c hai u l s tru tng ca mt linh kin hay h thng vt l nh cho
thy trong hnh 1-1a. Linh kin vt l c th l mt phn t mch nh mt in tr
hoc mt phn h nh mt mch vng kha pha, m n cng c th l mt h thng
truyn thng. Bc u tin v cng l quan trng nht trong qu trnh m hnh ha
l nhn ra c cc thuc tnh v cc c tnh hot ng ca thit b vt l c m
t trong m hnh. Cc m hnh gii tch in hnh thuc cc dng phng trnh hoc
h phng trnh xc nh quan h u vo u ra ca thit b vt l. Cc phng
trnh ny ch l s m t mt phn ca thit b c m hnh ha v ch mt s mt
xc nh ca thit b c m hnh ha. Thm na cc phng trnh nh ngha thit
b thng ch chnh xc trn mt di gii hn cc tham s (in p, dng, tn s).
M hnh m phng lun l mt tp cc gii thut thc hin tnh ton nghim s ca
cc phng trnh nh ngha m hnh gii tch. Cc k thut phn tch s v x l
tn hiu s l nhng cng c c s dng pht trin cc gii thut ny. Cc m
hnh c cc mc tru tng khc nhau v tng ln khi dch chuyn t thit b vt l
ti m hnh gii tch v cui cng l m hnh m phng. S tng mc tru tng l
kt qu ca cc gi nh v cc gn ng c a ra khi i t thit b vt l ln m
hnh gii tch v m hnh m phng.
Mt vn cn lu trong bi ton m phng l s nh hng ca mc
phc tp ca m hnh. Cc m hnh n gin cho php thc hin nhanh hn cc m
hnh phc tp hn. Tuy nhin cc m hnh n gin c th khng m t mt cch
y cc thuc tnh quan trng ca thit b do m phng c th thu c kt
qu c sai s ln. Nh vy c s b tr gia chnh xc ca m hnh v thi gian
4
chy m phng nh cho thy trong hnh 1-1b. Mt m phng trong thc t c
thit k tt m bo vng hot ng ti u cung cp chnh xc v tc thc
hin hp l. Tuy nhin ty thuc vo mc ch m phng m trong mt s trng
hp i hi mc chnh xc cao, ni cch khc mc phc tp m hnh phi
p ng yu cu, do vy thi gian chay m phng lu l kh trnh khi.
1.2.2 Tnh a mt trong m phng

Trc nhng nm 1970 bi ton m phng thng c gii quyt theo cch
thin v dng c bit. Phng php lun pht trin m phng v cc ngun li
xut hin trong mi chng trnh m phng khng c hiu mt cch y . Hn
20 nm qua, cng ng nghin cu to ra mt khi lng ln kin thc, to ra
phng php lun pht trin m phng cng nh vic thng nht v l thuyt
gii quyt nhiu vn ny sinh trong qu trnh trin khai chng trnh m phng.
Theo , vic dng m phng nh l cng c phn tch cn thit hiu v hiu su
sc nhm trin khai m phng c tin cy. Xy dng ln khi lng kin thc ny
i hi phi tch hp t nhiu kin thc trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau. Mc d
cha c thu o nhng 9 lnh vc nghin cu quan trng nh hng n qu
trnh nghin cu v m phng c m t hnh 1-2. Ta xt ngn gn 9 lnh vc
ny nhm r hn v mi quan h ca chng vi khoa hc m phng.
Hnh 1-2 Cc lnh vc nh hng ln nghin cu m phng cc h thng truyn thng
Cc khi nim v l thuyt h thng tuyn tnh cho ta cc k thut xc

nh cc quan h vo/ ra ca h thng tuyn tnh, cho php trnh by m hnh h
thng trong min thi gian dng hm p ng xung kim h thng v min tn s
dng hm truyn t h thng cng nh vic xy dng nn tng cho nhiu vn .
Hin nhin, kin thc l thuyt truyn thng l rt quan trng. Cu trc h
thng, c tnh hot ng ca cc phn h (b gii iu ch, b cn bng, chi tit
ha cc m hnh knh) phi c hiu r trc khi trin khai m phng. Khi s
dng m phng xc nh cc gi tr ca tham s h thng, cn phi lu n di
gi tr ca n c ngha thc t trc khi trin khai m phng. Cn phi c nhng
hiu bit su sc v c tnh h thng m bo hot ng m phng chnh xc v
kt qu hp l.
Cc cng c ca x l tn hiu s (DSP) c dng trin khai cc gii
thut, t xy dng m hnh m phng h thng truyn thng. M hnh m phng
ny thng bao gm mt s php ly xp x ri rc ca cc phn t h thng lin
tc, do vy cn c kin thc v x l tn hiu s hiu v nh gi bn cht ca
cc php ly xp x ny. Thc t, mi khi chc nng trong m hnh m phng l
mt hot ng DSP, v vy cc cng c ca DSP cho ta cc k thut thc hin m
phng.
Gii tch s c quan h cht ch vi DSP, nhng c cp tch bit v n
l phn kin thc c hn. Nhiu k thut kinh in nh phn tch s, ni suy a
thc, k thut fit th u c ngun gc trong gii tch s.
Cc khi nim v xc sut cng l nn tng cn bn cho m phng. Vic
nh gi hiu nng h thng truyn thng thng c biu din trong cc thut
ng xc sut. V d khi cp xc sut li bit hay xc sut li k hiu trong h
thng truyn thng s; khi xt bi ton ng b, ta quan tm xc sut li pha vt
qu mt mc cho trc. L thuyt xc sut c bn cho ta khi nim v bin ngu
nhin v hm mt xc sut. Kin thc v hm mt xc sut cho php tnh ton
cc i lng nh cp phn trn. Kt qu ca m phng thng l mt bin
ngu nhin v phng sai ca bin ngu nhin l mt i lng o chnh xc
thng k ca m phng.
Trong nhiu trng hp, cc dng sng tn hiu v tp m c x l bi m
phng c coi l cc hm mu ca mt qu trnh ngu nhin. S pht trin cc
thut ton to dng sng c cc thuc tnh thng k ph hp s i hi kin thc
qu trnh ngu nhin c bn. L thuyt qu trnh ngu nhin cho ta cc cng c
m t cc qu trnh ny trong min thi gian (hm t tng quan), v trong min tn
s (mt ph cng sut). Nhiu ng dng khc ca l thuyt qu trnh ngu nhin
cng s c cp trong ni dung bi ging.
Mt vi khi nim c bn v l thuyt s cung cp cc cng c trin khai
cc b to s ngu nhin. Cc b to s ngu nhin ny l cc khi c bn ca b
to dng sng biu din cc chui s, dng sng tp m, pha inh tn hiu, nhiu
ngu nhin.
Khi nim c bn v khoa hc my tnh cng s c ch trong m phng. V
d nh di t m, nh dng t m c dng biu din cc mu tn hiu s
nh hng n tnh chnh xc ca m phng. Vic chn ngn ng lp trnh cng
quan trng khi trin khai cc b m phng thng mi. B nh kh dng, t chc
b nh s nh hng cch thc d liu v cc lnh c chuyn qua gia cc phn
t ca m phng. Cc yu cu v nng lc v ha s xc nh dng sng c
hin th nh th no v s nh hng qu trnh truyn ti m chng trnh m
phng t my tnh ny n my tnh khc.
Cc cng c v khi nim v l thuyt c tnh cho php nh lng tnh
hiu qu ca kt qu m phng. Nh cp, kt qu m phng ngu nhin l
mt bin ngu nhin. Mi khi thc hin m phng s to ra mt gi tr ca bin
ngu nhin v bin ngu nhin ny to thnh b c tnh cho i lng cn c
c tnh. Mt cch tng qut, l thuyt c tnh cho ta cc cng c gii tch cn
thit nh gi mc kh tin ca cc kt qu m phng.
1.3 Cc khi nim c bn v m hnh ha

Theo ngha rng, thut ng h thng truyn thng m ch n mt mng
truyn thng ton cu, h thng v tinh a tnh, h thng truyn dn quang hoc
mt modem tch hp sn trong mt my tnh c nhn. Mt cch nhn phn cp
thng c s dng m t cc h thng truyn thng nh cho thy trong hnh
1-3. Mc nh trong m t ny l mt mng truyn thng c to bi cc nt mng
kt ni vi nhau qua cc tuyn thng tin hoc cc h thng truyn dn nh c m
t trong lp di. Mt tuyn truyn dn li c hnh thnh t cc phn t nh cc
b iu ch, cc b m ha, cc b lc, cc b khuych i v cc thnh phn khc
thc hin cc hot ng x l tn hiu. Cc phn t ny c th l cc mch in
tng t, cc mch s hoc mt thut ton thc thi trn mt b x l tn hiu s
(DSP) kh lp trnh. Chi tit ca cc phn t ny c m t lp di cng ca
phn cp.
7
Hnh 1-3 Cu trc phn cp trong m phng
Mt lot cc k thut m phng khc nhau c s dng nh gi hiu

nng ca cc lp khc nhau. Ti mc mng, lung cc gi v cc bn tin trn mng
c m phng bng vic s dng mt b m phng cc s kin ri rc v cc i
lng hiu nng nh thng lng mng, thi gian p ng v hiu sut s dng ti
nguyn c c tnh nh l mt hm ca cc tham s mng nh tc x l, kch
c b m ti nt mng v dung lng tuyn. Cc m phng mng c s dng
thit lp cc c tnh cho cc b x l, cc giao thc v cc tuyn truyn dn.
Cc h thng truyn thng gii quyt vic truyn dn cc dng sng mang
thng tin trn cc kiu knh thng tin khc nhau (khng gian t do, cp ng, si
quang,,..). i vi cc h thng truyn dn s, hiu nng ca tuyn thng tin c
o theo c tnh li bt, v hiu nng tc li thng c c tnh bng k thut
m phng dng sng qua m hnh ca cc khi chc nng. Khc vi m phng
mng c s dng thit lp cc c tnh ca tuyn, th m phng mc h thng
c s dng kim tra rng thit k tuyn p ng c cc c tnh ny. Cc
tham s thu c t m phng mc h thng c chuyn sang cho b m phng
mc mng kim tra hiu nng mng.
Lp di cng trong hnh 1-3 lin quan n hot ng ca cc thnh phn
nh cc b lc v cc b cn bng s dng hoc cng ngh tng t hoc cng
ngh s. Cc b m phng mch nh Spice hoc b m phng s nh HDL
(Hardware Description Language) c s dng m phng, kim tra chc nng
8
hot ng v c tnh ca cc thnh phn linh kin. M phng mc h thng thit

lp cc c tnh cho vic thc thi hon tt v m phng mc mch thc thi c
s dng cung cp cc m hnh c tnh (v d: hm truyn t ca mt b lc)
cho mc h thng.
Trong phm vi gii hn ni dung, bi ging ny s tp trung vo m phng
h thng truyn thng s dng k thut m phng dng sng.
Nhn chung v bn cht m hnh cng chnh xc th mc m t n cng
chi tit. S m t h thng c phn chia theo mc chi tit khc nhau. Cch m
t h thng mt cch trc quan thng c thc hin thng qua mt s khi.
Mi khi trong s c th c trin khai v c m t bi mt s cc khi
con khc kt ni vi nhau trong bn thn khi . Qu trnh ny c th tip tc c
thc hin cho n khi khng th rt gn xung thnh cc khi con c na. Kt
qu ca vic khai trin s khi c th c biu din trc quan qua s dng
cy vi cc nhnh lin tip c trng cho cc mc chi tit tng dn ln nh cho
thy trong hnh 1-4. Cu trc ny cng cho thy tnh phn cp trong vic thc thi
phn mm v cho c vic qun l mc phc tp ca m hnh ha. Cy phn cp
tng dn theo dng ln ngc vi pha trn l cc m hnh mc cao v i dn xung
l cc m hnh mc thp. Mc chi tit s tng dn t trn xung di. Mt m
hnh mc thp c xem nh l mt phn c phn chia ra t m hnh mc cao
hn bao hm mt s m t st hn vi mc vt l.
Hnh 1-4 Cu trc phn cp trong m hnh ha
Hnh 1-5 M t m hnh ha phn cp h thng truyn thng.
S phn cp c th c minh chng r nh m t h thng truyn thng cho

trong hnh 1-5. N cng cho thy r rng mc phc tp tn ti c hai chiu: theo
mc phn cp (chiu dc) v ti mi mc (chiu ngang). Mc trn cng c xem
l mc h thng gm cc khi chc nng thc hin mt x l xc nh trong h
thng. Mi khi chc nng mc h thng cng c th c m t chi tit hn
mc di gi l mc phn h. Qu trnh phn chia chi tit c th tip tc xung
mc cc thnh phn linh kin. Tng ng vi cu trc phn cp ny bi ton m
hnh ha cng c phn chia thnh ba kiu m hnh ha l: m hnh ha h
thng, m hnh ha cc thnh phn linh kin v m hnh ha qu trnh.
1.3.1 M hnh ha h thng

Mt h thng y l mt tuyn truyn dn c m t mc cao nht bng
s khi kt ni cc phn h hay h thng con. Vn m hnh ha h thng l
mt vn v cu hnh theo ngha s khi m phng v cng st vi thc t th
m hnh h thng cng chnh xc. Nh cp, m hnh mc cao nht c th cn
c s dng cho m phng gim ti tnh ton. Tuy nhin, bt k mc no
trong cy phn cp u c th gim mc phc tp m hnh ha bng cch ch s
10
dng mt tp con cc khi ti mc . y l dng rt gn mc phc tp thng

c s dng mc m hnh ha h thng, iu ny mun ni rng mt s cc
phn h c th c b qua khi m phng hoc c m t theo kiu n gin
ha. V d trong mt s trng hp m phng h thng nh m t trong hnh 1-5
cc khi m ha ngun thc hin chuyn i tn hiu tng t sang s (ADC) c th
c b qua m s dng lun ngun tn hiu s u vo.
Nh vy ni chung iu ng mong mun l m phng s khi c rt
gn nhiu nht c th t quan im tnh ton hiu qu v vic rt gn nh vy c
th hon ton chp nhn c trong nhiu trng hp. Ni cch khc mc gn
ng trong mt s trng hp m phng l khng th trnh khi.
1.3.2 M hnh ha thnh phn chc nng

Mt thnh phn linh kin y n gin l mt khi chc nng mc phn
h c nhng tnh cht m nh thit k h thng mong mun. T quan im tnh
ton, m hnh linh kin l tng c th din t duy nht mc phn h ca cy cu
trc m hnh ha. Kiu m t m hnh cc thnh phn linh kin c th c th hin
qua mt phng trnh, mt tp phng trnh, mt thut ton hoc mt bng tra cu
d liu (lookup table). Tuy nhin trong m phng mc h thng, cc khi thnh
phn c th c m t n gin bng mt hm truyn t. C th v d nh mch
vng kha pha (PLL) trong khi khi phc sng mang c th c m t bng mt
phng trnh vi phn bc hai. Mt v d khc nh ngun laser trong b pht quang
c th c c trng bi cc phng trnh tc l mt h phng trnh vi phn.
Mt m hnh cc thnh phn linh kin tt cho php kho st chi tit cc c
tnh ca cc thnh phn linh kin ph thuc vo tt c cc tham s nh hng. Kt
qu kho st c th s c s dng xem xt cc nh hng ca cc thnh phn
linh kin trong m phng mc h thng.
1.3.3 M hnh ha qu trnh ngu nhin

Mt iu r rng rng cc tn hiu u vo v u ra ca cc h thng v cc
phn h l cc qu trnh ngu nhin mong mun (thng tin) v khng mong mun
(nhiu v giao thoa) v mc ch c bn ca m phng l tnh ton mc m
bo cht lng tn hiu mong mun. Do vy mc trung thc ca tnh ton ny
ph thuc vo mc cc qu trnh m phng c th sao chp cc tnh cht ca cc
qu trnh thc. Nhim v m hnh ha nhn chung l bt chc mt qu trnh
ngu nhin ti ngun sinh ra n, nn nu ta c cc m hnh cc khi chc nng tt
11
th cc qu trnh ny s tc ng ln tn hiu u vo sinh ra tn hiu u ra chnh

xc v hp l. Vic sao chp qu trnh ngu nhin c thc hin bi mt b to s
ngu nhin trong qu trnh m phng.
Mc d cc ngun tin v cc ngun nhiu c hai u l cc qu trnh ngu
nhin trong vn hnh, trong thit k v o kim h thng cc ngun tn hiu thng
c s dng hoc gi nh l cc tn hiu o th thng c tnh xc nh. V d
nh mt tn hiu o th c th l tn hiu hnh sin hoc mt chui s c cu trc sn
c to ra bi thanh ghi dch trong mt kt ni c th. Cc chui s ny thng
c gi l cc chui gi ngu nhin.
C mt kiu qu trnh ngu nhin khc m ta cn m hnh ha nhng khng
m t qu trnh nhiu hay thng tin, l mt knh ngu nhin nh knh pha inh.
y bi ton m hnh ha l p ng xung ca knh thng c gi nh bin
i ngu nhin theo thi gian.
Mt dng cu trc m hnh ha khc l m hnh qu trnh ngu nhin tng
ng (erp). tng m hnh ny nh sau: gi s rng qu trnh ngu nhin u
vo x(t) i qua n cc khi hay phn h ni tip nhau v xut hin ti u ra l qu
trnh y(t). Nu bng mt s cng c ta c th suy ra mt s c tnh ca qu trnh
ngu nhin y(t) th ton b qu trnh x l xy ra c th c rt gn hay n gin
ha bng cch tm v to ra mt chui ngu nhin sao chp y(t) m khng cn phi
x l x(t) qua n khi. Nh vy m hnh erp c th gip n gin ha qu trnh tnh
ton. Mt v d ng dng m hnh ny l m phng nhiu pha trong h thng truyn
thng.
1.3.4 M hnh ha h thng gi nh

Trong mt s trng hp khng phi tt c cc thc th c m hnh ha
u c xc nh r rng trc. C th hu ht cc hot ng m phng c
thc hin tr gip qu trnh thit k mt h thng m cc c tnh ring bit ca
h thng ban u khng c bit v ch dn dn c xc nh mt cch r rng
hn theo qu trnh. Mt h thng mi c thit k c xem nh l mt h thng
gi nh.
Mt trong cc mt hu ch ca m phng l kh nng c tnh hiu nng ca
mt h thng mt cch chn thc trc khi n c xy dng trn thc t. Do vy
iu mong mun l c th nh hng qu trnh pht trin phn cng m bo mt
hiu nng xc nh. Vn then cht i vi qu trnh ny l hin thc ha s nh
12
hng ca bt k thnh phn thit b no c th c d on ch bng mt s tham

s quan trng c la chn tt. Mc d c tnh ca mt linh kin thnh phn c
th bin i bt k trong cu trc chi tit ca n thm ch sau khi cc tham s ni
trc c thit lp, th nhng bin i ny cn gy ra s thay i tng i nh v
hiu nng v cc tham s chnh c la chn c nh cc c tnh cn thit
ca linh kin. Do nu cc tham s ny c la chn nh l cc yu t iu
khin cho thit k phn cng v nhm chng thnh cc thng s k thut th mt h
thng gi nh c th c tng hp gn vi cc thng s ny, v hiu nng ca
mt h thng c hin thc ha c gn ng hoc c gii hn tt bi hiu
nng ca m hnh phn mm ca h thng gi nh.
1.4 K thut nh gi hiu nng

Mc tiu cui cng ca m phng l thu c mt c tnh mt s i lng
hiu nng mc h thng thng qua mt s k thut nh gi hiu nng. Mt k
thut nh gi hiu nng (PET) l mt tp cc cng c gii tch v cc gi nh c
p dng vi nhau trong mt gi phn mm m phng cho mc ch c tnh hiu
qu mt s php o hiu nng. i vi h thng truyn thng tng t, php o
hiu nng c bn l t s tn hiu trn nhiu u ra (SNR). Vi h thng truyn
thng s, php o hiu nng l t s li bit (BER). T s tn hiu trn nhiu cng l
php o hiu nng th cp trong cc h thng truyn dn s.
Trong cc k thut PET, phng php Monte-Carlo thng c s dng
c tnh BER. Tuy nhin cn ch thi gian chy m phng c th rt lu khi s
dng phng php ny. i lng o ca mt m phng Monte-Carlo (SNR hoc
BER) l mt bin ngu nhin. Thi gian chy m phng cng lu th cc quan st
cng st vi gi tr thc. Nh cp c mt s b tr gia thi gian chy v
chnh xc ca php o. Nu mt h thng c d nh c BER c 10-5 th khi
mt bt li c mong i quan st thy c mi 105 bits. thuyt phc c
rng BER thc s khong 10-5 th s khng ch quan st 1 li trong 105 bt.
m bo tin cy ca kt qu c tnh BER, s lng bt cn truyn i cn nm
trong di 10/p n 100/p vi p l BER thc. i vi p = 10-5 th 10/p tng ng vi
106 bt.
Trong trng hp vi p nh, s lng bt cn truyn ln lm cho thi gian
chy m phng rt lu v khng kh thi. Do vy c mt s PET khc nh s thay
th hoc bin i ca phng php Monte-Carlo. Trong h thng tuyn tnh, nhiu
Gauss c bit duy tr tnh Gauss. Kin thc ny cho php ta kt hp cc biu
13
thc gii tch vi m phng khng nhiu thu c cc c tnh BER rt hiu qu
nhanh hn nhiu phng php MC. S kt hp gia kin thc gii tich v k thut
m phng c gi l k thut bn gii tch (QA). Ngoi k thut QA, mt s k
thut c tnh khc cng c p dng gim thi gian chy m phng nh k
thut ly mu quan trng (IS) v k thut ngoi suy ui phn b. Vic la chn
PET ph hp cng s ph thuc vo nhiu yu t lin quan n tnh cht h thng
c m phng.
1.5 Sai s trong m phng

Tnh hu ch ca chy m phng lin h trc tip vi chnh xc ca n
tc cc kt qu m phng st vi cc c tnh ca h thng vt l thc c m
phng. Nhn chung chnh xc b gii hn bi hai loi sai s l sai s m hnh
ha tng ng vi cc kiu m hnh ha cp trn (m hnh ha h thng,
m hnh ha cc thnh phn linh kin v m hnh ha qu trnh ngu nhin) v sai
s x l v cc gii hn tnh ton v bn cht thc ca m phng. Hnh 1-6 cho bc
tranh tm tt cc ngun sai s ny.
Hnh 1-6 Cc ngun sai s trong m phng
1.5.1 Sai s trong m hnh ha h thng

Nu s khi m phng khng phi ng nguyn trng tc l c sp xp
theo cu hnh mt mt vi h thng thc, khi s khng trnh khi kt qu m
14
phng khng chnh xc hon ton vi c tnh ca h thng thc. L do s khi

m phng c th khng phi l bn sao chnh xc h thng thc l ct gim mc
phc tp t gim thi gian chy m phng. Tuy nhin s rt gn s khi
cn lu khng tc ng nhiu n tnh chn thc ca m hnh.
Mt tnh hung khc khi kt hp cu hnh c th khng chnh xc hon ton
l s loi b khi s khi m phng cc thnh phn ng gp nh n mo dng.
V d nh ta khng m hnh ha ng-ten trong mt m phng v mt ng-ten
thng c rng bng tn tng i rng so vi tn hiu i vo. Tng t, trong
cc ng dng thng tin v tinh bu kh quyn thng b b qua nh mt phn t
mo dng v c tnh hm truyn thng (nhng khng phi lun) trong sut vi tn
hiu. Do vy iu quan trng trong m hnh ha h thng l cn xc nh ng cc
thnh phn quan trng v loi b nhng thnh phn nh hng t n hiu nng
gim mc phc tp, tuy nhin s c sai s trong kt qu v cn m bo mc sai
s l khng ng k.
1.5.2 Sai s trong m hnh ha linh kin

Mt s sai s s c sinh ra t m hnh ha cc thnh phn linh kin. Ti
mc c bn nht ta khng th mong i mt m hnh c chn thc hon ho i
vi thnh phn thc, nhng c th c chn thc gn hon ho i vi mt m
hnh rt gn c l tng ha ca linh kin vt l. Trong phn tch mc tiu thc
t trong m phng l pht trin cc m hnh tt hay to ra li trong kt qu
cui cng nh c th chp nhn c.
Kt qu u ra m phng v thc t quan st v d nh trng hp b lc ni
chung lun c s khc nhau. Mt l do l bn thn cc php o vt l cng khng
hon ho. Nh vy cc c tnh vt l o c khng ging mt cch cn thit nh
cc c tnh tht. Mt l do khc l cc c tnh ca thnh phn linh kin khng th
khng i theo thi gian v c th do gi ha v phn ng khc nhau i vi cc
iu kin mi trng khc nhau.
N khng cn thit sao chp mt c tnh ca linh kin mt cch chi tit
nht c mt m hnh tt. N s ch cn thit sao chp cc c tnh ni bt
chnh v cc hiu ng gy ra mo dng ca linh kin. Kh khn tim tng chnh
nm m hnh ha cc b khuych i c nh. Tuy nhin n s rt kh c tnh
nh hng tch ly ca cc sai s m hnh ha trong mt chui cc khi kt ni vi
15
nhau. chnh l l do ti sao s thm nh bn thn m hnh ti cc mc m hnh

ha khc nhau phi c thc hin trong qu trnh m phng.
1.5.3 Sai s trong m hnh ha qu trnh ngu nhin

Mt ngun sai s tim tng na nm mc m cc m hnh cc qu trnh
ngu nhin khng m t chnh xc nh cc qu trnh thc. Cc qu trnh quan tm
thng l cc ngun tn hiu v cc ngun nhiu. Vic phng to mt qu trnh
ngu nhin c thc hin bi mt b to s ngu nhin sinh ra mt chui cc s
nh l mt tp mu. Nh vy i vi cc ngun tn hiu tng t nh ting ni, b
to s ngu nhin ging nh to ra mt tp cc mu thoi. Tuy vy cc k thut s
dng cho b to s ngu nhin c kh nng b gii hn sao chp tt c cc tnh
cht ca qu trnh ngu nhin. N thng ch c th sao chp hai tnh cht ca mt
qu trnh ngu nhin l mt xc sut bin bc mt v mt ph cng sut.
Nhng tnh cht ny ni chung l c th nm c cc tnh cht cn thit ca
mt qu trnh cho nhiu mc ch.
Cc m hnh ngun cho h thng s l cc bng mu t ri rc v c th c
nh. C hai trng hp m phng h thng vi u vo l tn hiu o th hoc l
mt ngun tn hiu thc. Trong trng hp u chui o th thng l chui gi
ngu nhin c di ln nht v c sinh ra t my tnh. Thm na c tnh hiu
nng s khng c sai s nu mt chui de Bruijn c di qm vi q l s lng k
hiu trong bng mu t v m l dung lng nh ca h thng c s dng v cc
k hiu c sinh ra mt cch c lp. Nu ngun thc khng sinh ra cc k hiu
mt cch c lp th m hnh ha ngun bng mt b to k hiu c lp c th
gy ra sai s v cc mu giao thoa gia cc k hiu s khng c phn b u. Sai
s c th nh hn hoc ln hn ph thuc vo cc mu no thng xuyn xut hin
hn. Nu ngun c bit c cc ph thuc th khi n cn c m hnh ha
phn nh cc tnh cht thc ca n. Cc ph thuc ny thng c m hnh ha
nh l cc my trng thi hu hn v nu m hnh c bit th n gin cn
thit kt hp n vo trong m phng.
i vi cc ngun nhiu trong h thng truyn thng c ba kiu thng c
quan tm l nhiu nhit, nhiu pha v nhiu n (nhiu xung kim). Nhiu nhit in
hnh c m hnh ha nh nhiu Gauss trng v cc b to nhiu Gauss hin nay
hon ton tt xem nh m phng nhiu nhit khng gy sai s. Tuy nhin
nhiu pha v tnh khng n nh b dao ng v nhiu n l cc qu trnh khng
phi lc no cng c bit r hon ton. Do vy cc b to s ngu nhin c s
16
dng m bo sao chp st nht c th vi qu trnh thc sai s sinh ra l nh

nht m bo tin cy.
1.5.4 Sai s x l
Cc sai s x l l v bn cht ca m phng v gii hn b nh, tc v
chnh xc ca my tnh.
Trc ht ta thy vic s dng c trng ri rc v thi gian cho cc dng
sng lin tc hoc m t ca cc b lc s dn ti sai s chng ph. Tuy nhin sai
s ny c th c tnh v c gii hn mc nh theo mong mun. V c bn
trch nhim ca ngi dng m phng l m bo tc ly mu ph hp gim
sai s gy ra n mc nh nht.
Mt vn gii hn na gy ra sai s c th thy khi m phng qu trnh lc
s dng phng php bt bin xung kim do phi rt gn p ng xung ca b lc.
iu ny s thy r rng i vi b lc IIR. C mt s b tr gia ln sai s,
di p ng xung c rt gn v ti tnh ton. Do cn lu sai s nm
mc nh chp nhn c bng vic tnh ton phn nng lng b b qua trong p
ng xung ch nn nh mc 1-2%.
Mt s kiu sai s x l khc cng cn lu trong m phng nh vic s
dng m hnh tng ng bng gc cho cc qu trnh thng di hay gii hn tc
ca my tnh khi chy m phng Monte-Carlo khng m bo lu. Do vy
ngoi m hnh ha th qu trnh x l tnh ton trong m phng cng cn xem xt
trnh cc li nghim trng c th xy ra trong kt qu u ra.
1.6 Vai tr m phng trong thit k h thng truyn thng

Trong th gii thc t ca qu trnh thit k v xy dng cc h thng truyn
thng, m phng tr thnh cng c h tr trong qu trnh ny. M phng khng
ch c s dng c tnh hiu nng v ti u tham s trong thit k m cn
c dng thit lp cc th tc kim tra v kim chun, cc d on tui th
cng nh nghin cu tnh bt thng sau khi h thng c trin khai trong thc t.
C phng php lun m phng v m hnh m phng u c s dng biu
din h thng ph thuc vo cc giai on khc nhau ca qu trnh thit k, trin
khai v vng i ca h thng. Phng php lun m phng cng s c kim
sot hoc nh hng bi qu trnh thit k tng th.
17
Hnh 1-7 Phng php lun thit k h thng truyn thng v vai tr ca m phng.
Qu trnh thit k mt h thng truyn thng phc tp c thc hin t

trn xung, ngc li thc thi phn cng thng t di ln. Theo , trong
thit k h thng ta bt u ti mc h thng (mc tru tng cao nht) v bt u
trin khai chi tit thit k t mc h thng, xung mc h thng con v cui cng l
mc thnh phn linh kin. Ti mc di cng chi tit ca cc b phn thit b c
nhn dng. Trong khi xy dng mt h thng cc thnh phn linh kin c ch to
trc, sau lp rp thnh cc h thng con v cui cng ton b h thng c
xy dng t cc h thng con. Trin khai m phng i theo cch tip cn t trn
xung vi bt u bng vic m phng mc h thng c mc tru tng cao tng
dn mc chi tit v cc m phng cc h thng con v cc thnh phn.
Qu trnh thit k h thng s tri qua cc giai on khc nhau v mi giai
on m phng u ng mt vai tr nht nh.
Qu trnh thit k mt h thng truyn thng bt u bng vic trnh by,
phn tch cc yu cu ngi dng v hiu nng mong mun gm: thng lng, t s
li, xc sut ngng hot ng, hn ch bng thng, cng sut, trng lng, phc
tp/chi ph, knh truyn trn h thng hot ng, v tui th trung bnh ca h
thng. Trn c s nhng yu cu ca ngi dng, k s h thng xut pht t
khi nim ban u v h thng nh: s iu ch, k thut m ha, cn bng nu
cn. Tp gi tr tham s gi l cc ch tiu k thut mc A nh cc mc cng sut,
bng thng, ch s iu ch cng c thit lp trong giai on khi u ca qu
18
trnh thit k. Mc ch ton din ti im ny l: (i) xc nh cu hnh h thng; (ii)

cc gi tr ca tham s cn p ng cc mc tiu hiu nng v tha mn nhng
rng buc thit k. Hiu nng h thng l mt hm ca SNR (tng ng Eb/No)
v mo tng gy ra bi tt c cc thnh phn trong tuyn truyn thng. SNR c
thit lp thng qua mt qu trnh gi l d tr tuyn l phn tnh ton cng sut xem
xt cc yu t nh: cng sut pht, h s khuych i ng ten, suy hao ng
truyn, khuych i cng sut, h s nhiu ca b khuych i v b lc. Trong khi
d tr tuyn khng phi l i lng quan tm chnh trong m phng, nhng n
thit lp mt di cc gi tr SNR hoc Eb/No trn m phng c thc hin
c tnh hiu nng.
Ngi thit k h thng bt u bng cu hnh ca h thng, cc ch tiu k
thut mc A v d tr tuyn ban u. D tr tuyn thng c biu din
dng bng tnh v dng cui cng trong d tr tuyn l Eb/N0 thc ti im ti hn
trong h thng sau khi tt c cc tn hao thc thi c tnh n. im ti hn ny
thng l u vo b thu. D tr tuyn c gi l kn hay cn bng nu tuyn
c Eb/N0 ln vi h s d phng an ton to ra hiu nng h thng chp nhn
c. Ti im ny trong qu trnh thit k, s o hiu nng c tnh ton t cc
cng thc xp x v cha c m phng. V tt c nhng tn hao thc thi c
tnh n trong Eb/N0 thc nn c th tnh BER theo cng thc cho h thng l
tng. Nu d tr tuyn khng kn hay khng cn bng th khi cc ch tiu k
thut mc A, cc tn hao thc thi v thm ch cu hnh h thng c thay i v
d tr tuyn c tnh ton li. V d bng thng ca b lc c th thay i, kch
thc ng ten c th tng ln v c tnh k thut h s tp m ca b khuych i
c th c lm thp i. Qu trnh ny s tip tc cho n khi d tr tuyn c
cn bng vi h s d tr thch hp.
Trn c s cu hnh h thng ban u, cc c tnh k thut mc A v d
tr tuyn, khi ny c coi l kn, cho php xy dng mt m hnh m phng
kim tra d tr tuyn v tinh chnh thit k. C th c tnh chnh xc cc php
o hiu nng v kim tra suy thoi hiu nng do thc thi khng l tng thng qua
cc m phng chi tit. Nu nhng phn b trong d tr tuyn c kim tra
thng qua m phng v d tr tuyn vn c kn th qu trnh thit k chuyn
sang giai on k tip m cha thit k chi tit, thc thi cc h thng con v
cc thnh phn. Nu d tr tuyn khng kn th mt s phn b mo, cu hnh h
thng v c tnh k thut mc A c th b thay i. Qu trnh lp cho n khi
19
d tr tuyn cn bng cung cp cc c tnh k thut cho pht trin phn cng (v
phn mm).
Thit k mt h thng truyn thng mi s lun cha mt s thut ton x l
tn hiu mi v cc cng ngh phn cng (phn mm) mi. Bt k cng ngh mi
lun c ri ro hoc tnh khng chc chn v hiu nng. Nu cng ngh mi c
a vo mt phn t quan trng ca mt h thng th trc ht thnh phn phi
c xy dng v kim tra trong cc iu kin thc t nhm kim tra hiu nng v
gim thiu ri ro. V ch vi thnh phn then cht c xy dng ti giai on u
ca tin trnh thit k nn khng th kim tra ton b h thng phn cng. Trong
tnh hung ny, m phng to ra mi trng kim tra tuyt vi v s dng m
phng t tn km hn nhiu so vi ch to mu th phn cng. Tt c cc thnh
phn v tn hiu c m phng vi cc c tnh o c ca thnh phn c a
vo trong m hnh m phng. V d, nu thnh phn s c kim tra l b khuych
i mi, th cc c tnh hm truyn t AM-AM v AM-PM ca n c o v cc
c tnh ny c a vo m hnh phi tuyn cho b khuych i . Sau m
phng ton b h thng kim tra hiu nng v d tr tuyn. Nu d tr
tuyn kn th vic pht trin phn cng tip tc cho thnh phn quan trng tip theo.
Nu khng th thit k li thnh phn, xy dng li v kim tra li hoc d tr
tuyn c sa i tnh n suy thoi ph gy ra do thnh phn (ngoi nhng g
c phn b trong d tr tuyn cho thnh phn ). Quy trnh ny c lp
li i vi cc thnh phn then cht khc.
Nh th tc c m t, ch to nguyn mu phn cng ca ton b h
thng bt u xut hin cng vi m hnh m phng km theo. M hnh m phng
by gi bao gm cc c tnh o c cho hu ht cc thnh phn trong m hnh.
Nhiu s o hiu nng cho ton h thng c th c thc hin trn nguyn mu
phn cng ny. Cc m phng song song cng c thc hin. Cc c tnh hiu
nng o c c th so snh vi cc kt qu m phng v ngc li. Cc m phng
cung cp nhng im chun kim tra v kt qu kim tra s kim nh m
phng. Kt qu cui cng ca qu trnh thit k ny l mt nguyn mu hon chnh
ca h thng, cho ta c s trin khai phin bn sn phm ca h thng. Ngoi ra,
m hnh m phng c kim nh c th c s dng d on tui th vi
tin cy cao.
Trong khi quy trnh trn dn n thit k m bo mc hiu nng cho trc
khi trin khai h thng th mt yu cu quan trng na phi c p ng cho hu
ht cc h thng, l hiu nng tui th. Nhiu h thng truyn thng nh v tinh, h
20
thng cp bin c mong i phi c tui th di (thng khong 10 nm hoc

hn), trong khong thi gian ny hiu nng phi c m bo. Tt nhin, khng
th kim tra vng i thc t da trn nguyn mu phn cng. Trong khi cc th tc
kim tra vng i tng tc c pht trin, thc t thng dng m phng nh
gii php b sung kim tra vng i tng tc. Cc d on hiu nng tui th
dng m phng c thc hin bng s dng cc m hnh gi ha cho cc thnh
phn chnh ca h thng. Nu ta c m hnh m phng c kim chun cho
ton b h thng ti lc bt u vng i v cng c nhng m hnh c tnh tt ca
cc thnh phn nh hm thi gian th cc m hnh gi ha c th c thay th
trong m hnh bt u vng i t c cc s o hiu nng tui th cho h
thng. Nu hiu nng d on tui th l tha ng v d tr tuyn cui i l kn
vi h s d phng tha ng th vic thit k v thc thi h thng l hon thin.
Ngc li qu trnh phi lp li cho n khi t c hi t.
Tm tt cc bc then cht trong trnh t thit k v vai tr ca m phng
trong thit k cc h thng truyn thng c minh ha hnh 1-7.
1.7 Tng kt chng

Chng 1 cung cp nhng vn c bn nht lin quan n m phng ni
chung v m phng h thng truyn thng ni ring. Cc bc c bn thc hin
trong bi ton m phng v nhng vn n gin ha bi ton c trnh by.
Cu trc phn cp trong m phng v nhng vn v m hnh ha cng c bn
lun n. Cui cng vai tr ca m phng trong thit k h thng truyn thng
c phn tch gip ngi c hiu r hn vai tr ca mn hc ny.
Cu hi/bi tp chng 1
1/ Mt bi ton m phng c thc hin nh th no ?
2/ Trong xy dng bi ton m phng cn ch nhng vn g ?
3/ Vai tr ca m hnh phn cp trong m phng ?
4/ C cc kiu m hnh ha no? Ti sao m hnh ha qu trnh ngu nhin c
ngha quan trng trong m phng h thng truyn thng ?
5/ M phng c vai tr g trong thit k h thng truyn thng?
21
Chng 2 Gii thiu v MATLAB
Chng ny gii thiu mt cng c tnh ton trong k thut l MATLAB.

Ngoi nhng ni dung v cu trc c bn ca MATLAB gip sinh vin bit cch s
dng cho tnh ton, chng ny cng cn cung cp mt s phng php s v vn
dng MATLAB gii mt s bi ton hay gp trong k thut.
2.1 Gii thiu chung

MATLAB l mt cng c m phng v tnh ton s c pht trin nh mt
cng thng mi vi giao din thn thin vi ngi dng v cc th vin cc hm
s. Khc vi cc chng trnh tnh ton my tnh khc ci thng i hi cc cu
trc d liu phc tp dn ti c php phc tp theo i vi ngi dng, th
MATLAB ch lin quan n mt cu trc d liu n m tt c cc hot ng da
trn . Cu trc ny l mt trng s hay cn gi l ma trn, cng l l do m
chng trnh c tn MATLAB vit tt t MATrix LABoratory.
Hnh 2-1 Ca s giao din MATLAB
22
MATLAB cng l mt ngn ng dch cho php cc lnh c thc hin trc
tip v cho ra kt qu ngay, y cng l c im thun tin ca MATLAB so vi
cc ngn ng lp trnh khc. h tr cc php tnh ton dng biu tng ging
nh cc chng trnh MAPLE hay MATHEMATICA, mt b cng c symbolic
cng c b sung trong MATLAB k t phin bn 7.0.
2.2 Cc cu trc c bn trong MATLAB

2.2.1 Cc bin MATLAB
Mt bin MATLAB l mt i tng thuc v mt kiu d liu c th. Kiu
d liu c bn nht trong MATLAB l ma trn. Do vy mt bin MATLAB v c
bn l mt ma trn. Cc ma trn c th c hnh thnh t cc s thc hoc phc
cng nh cc k t (k t ASCII) lin quan n x l cc xu k t (string).
nh ngha bin MATLAB: Bin l mt dy k t thng bt u bng ch
ci c di ti a 31 k t v c phn bit ch hoa v ch thng c gn gi tr
theo c php sau:
Tn_bin = biu thc
V d:
>> x = 2.5
x =
2.5000
nh ngha mt vector v mt ma trn c thc hin vi cc gi tr ca cc

phn t cho trong ngoc vung [ ]. Cc gi tr ca cc phn t trn cng mt hng
c cch bi du cch (space) hoc bi du phy (,), cn gia cc hng s c
phn bit bng du chm phy (;).
V d: To mt vector hng v kt qu
>> v = [1 5 -3]
v =
1
-3
V d: To mt ma trn v kt qu
>> m = [3 1+2*i 2; 4 0 -5]
m =
23
3.0000
1.0000 + 2.0000i
4.0000
2.0000
-5.0000
Ch ma trn m cha mt phn t l s phc. Cc s phc c th c nh

ngha theo cch c trng i s s dng k hiu i v j lm s o. Nu khng c tn
bin c t th MATLAB t gn tn ans (answer) cho kt qu nh v d sau:
>> [2 3 4; 3 -1 0]
ans =
2.0000
3.0000
4.0000
4.0000
-1.0000
-5.0000
Qun l bin: Tt c cc bin c nh ngha s c lu gi trong

workspace ca MATLAB kim tra trng thi ca bin bt c lc no. Lnh
who s tr v cc tn bin c lu gi v lnh whos cung cp cc thng tin b
sung v cc bin.
>> who
Your variables are:
m
>> whos
Name
Size
2x3
v
x
Bytes
Class
Attributes
96
double
complex
1x3
24
double
1x1
double
Ca s workspace cng cho y cc thng tin v cc bin c lu gi

nh trong hnh 2-2. Bng vic kch p vo mt bin trong ca s ny s m ra mt
ca s variable editor v hin th cc ni dung ca cc bin theo kiu bng tnh
Excel nh cho thy trong hnh 2-3. Nhiu bin c th c m ng thi cng lc,
khi mt thanh cng c c m ra cho s la chn bin. Kch thc ca ma
trn, nh dng v cc g tr ca cc phn t trong ma trn c th c thay i
trong variable editor. iu ny s rt hu ch i vi cc ma trn kch thc ln.
24
Hnh 2-2 Giao din ca s workspace
Hnh 2-3 Giao din v m t ca mt ma trn trong variable editor.
Mt s cc bin khng cn s dng na, cch d dng nht xa chng l

s dng lnh clear nh v d sau:
>> clear m x
xa ton b cc bin c th s dng lnh clear hoc clear all. Cc hot

ng ny cng c th thc hin qua ca s workspace.
X l cc bin: Vi cu trc c bn l mt ma trn, cc phn t trong mt
bin MATLAB c th c thay i bng vic tr ti v tr phn t trong ma trn
qua ngoc n (n,m) vi n l ch s hng v m l ch s ct nh v d sau:
>> m(1,3) = 1
25
m =
3.0000
1.0000 + 2.0000i
4.0000
1.0000
-5.0000
Vic truy xut gi tr cc phn t trong ma trn cng c thc hin theo
cch tng t.
>> a = m(1,:)
a =
3.0000
1.0000 + 2.0000i
1.0000
Mt ma trn hay mt vector c th c m rng bng vic b sung thm

cc phn t hoc thu hp bng vic loi b cc phn t. Qu trnh m rng bng
cch thm hng nh v d sau:
>> m = [m; 1 2 3]
m =
3.0000
1.0000 + 2.0000i
1.0000
4.0000
-5.0000
1.0000
2.0000
3.0000
Vic b sung thm ct cng c thc hin theo cch tng t:

>> m = [m, [1; 2; 3]]
m =
3.0000
1.0000 + 2.0000i
1.0000
1.0000
4.0000
-5.0000
2.0000
1.0000
2.0000
3.0000
3.0000
hoc bng cch:

>> v = [1; 2; 3]
v =
1
2
3
>> m = [m, v]
m =
3.0000
1.0000 + 2.0000i
1.0000
1.0000
26
4.0000
-5.0000
2.0000
1.0000
2.0000
3.0000
3.0000
Cc hot ng xa bt hng hoc ct trong mt ma trn c thc hin bng

vic gn hng hoc ct cn xa bng mt vector trng [ ]. Hng hoc ct cn xa
c la chn qua ch s ca ma trn.
V d xa ct 2 trong ma trn m:
>> m(:,2)= []
m =
3
-5
V d xa hng u tin trong ma trn:

>> m(1,:)= []
m =
4
-5
y du hai chm (:) c ngha l ly gi tr ca tt c cc hng hoc ct ty

thuc v tr ca du trong ch s ma trn.
i vi cc ma trn hoc vector c kch c ln, kt qu u ra ti ca s lnh
thng gy s bt tin. chn vic hin th kt qu u ra trn ca s lnh ta c
th dng du chm phy (;) ti cui cu lnh trc khi thc hin. V d nh ngha
mt vector kch c ln gm cc s t 1 n 5000 vi khong cch 2 n v.
>> vt = 0:2:5000;
Lnh trn thc hin to ra mt di gi tr c th c thc hin theo c php

tng qut sau: tn_bin = a:del:b vi a, b l cc gi tr u v cui ca di gi
tr v del l gi tr c bc thay i. Du ; cui cu lnh s chn vic hin th kt
qu trn ca s lnh, nu khng s dng du ny kt qu c th c hin th ln
lt trn ca s bng lnh more on hoc tt chc nng ny bng lnh more off.
2.2.2 Cc php tnh s hc

Cc hot ng s hc (+, -, *, v.v.) trong MATLAB c thc hin n gin
v thun tin, gip ngi mi bt u d dng thc hin cc php tnh.
27
Cc php tnh ma trn: V cu trc d liu c bn ca MATLAB l ma trn

nn cc hot ng s hc c xem nh l cc php tnh ma trn. Do m cc quy
tc tnh ton trong ma trn cn phi c tun th. V d php nhn 2 ma trn phi
m bo s ct ma trn trc bng s hng ca ma trn sau. Nu iu kin khng
c tha mn php tnh khng thc hin c v s bo li. Mt ngoi l vi quy
tc xy ra ch nu mt trong cc bin l v hng hoc mt ma trn 1x1.
>> M = [1 2 3; 4 -1 2]
% To ma trn M 2x3
M =
1
-1
>> N = [1 2 -1; 4 -1 1; 2 0 1]
% To ma trn N 3x3
N =
1
-1
-1
>> V = M*N
% Th tnh php nhn M*N
V =
15
-3
>> W = N*M
% Th php nhn N*M
??? Error using ==> mtimes

Inner matrix dimensions must agree.
Cc php tnh theo tng phn t: Bn cnh cc php tnh ma trn, trong
nhiu trng hp c nhu cu thc hin cc php tnh i s tng ng cho tng
phn t. Cc php tnh theo tng phn t c xem nh cc php tnh trng hay
mng trong MATLAB c thc hin bng vic su dng du chm (.) trc ton t
thc hin. Tuy nhin hot ng ton hc i vi hai ma trn theo tng phn t i
hi hai ma trn c kch thc ging nhau.
>> M = [1 2 3; 4 -1 2]
% To ma trn M 2x3
M =
1
-1
28
>> N = [1 -1 0; 2 1 -1]
% To ma trn N 2x3
N =
1
-1
-1
>> M*N
% Nhn ma trn MxN
??? Error using ==> mtimes

Inner matrix dimensions must agree.
>> M.*N
% Nhn tng phn t
ans =
1
-2
-1
-2
Cc php tnh chia: Du chia c ngha c bit. Trong MATLAB c s

phn bit gia chia phi / v chia tri \. hiu r s khc bit xt trng hp cc
ma trn vung, php chia hai ma trn X = A/B c th xem nh l X = A.B-1 nu ma
trn o B-1 tn ti. i vi php chia tri X = A\B c th xem nh l X = A-1.B nu
A-1 tn ti.
>> A = [2 1; 1 1]
% To ma trn A 2x2
A =
2
>> B = [-1 1; 1 1]
% To ma trn B 2x2
B =
-1
1
% Tnh ma trn A-1
>> Ainv = inv(A)

Ainv =
1
-1
-1
2
% Tnh ma trn B-1
>> Binv = inv(B)

Binv =
-0.5000
0.5000
0.5000
0.5000
29
>> X1 = A/B
% Php chia phi
X1 =
-0.5000
0
1.5000
1.0000
>> X2 = A*Binv
% i chiu
X2 =
-0.5000
0
1.5000
1.0000
>> Y1 = A\B
% Php chia tri
Y1 =
-2.0000
-0.0000
3.0000
1.0000
>> Y2 = Ainv*B
% i chiu
Y2 =
-2
Mt trong nhng php chia c th p dng tm nghim cho bi ton h
phng trnh i s tuyn tnh trong k thut Ax b , nghim c xc nh qua
php chia tri x A \ b
>> A = [2 1; 1 1]
% To ma trn h s A
A =
2
>> b = [2; 1]
% Vector b
b =
2
1
>> x = A\b
% Tm nghim
x =
1.0000
0.0000
30
>> A*x
% Kim chng li
ans =
2.0000
1.0000
2.2.3 Cc php tnh logic v quan h

Cc hot ng logic da trn cc ton t trng v thu c cc gi tr logic
ng (true) hoc sai (false) c th hin bng gi tr 1 hoc 0 tng ng. V d
kim tra xem liu cc thnh phn ca hai ma trn c cng gi tr 0 (= gi tr logic
true) hay khng bng s dng ton t logic & (AND):
>> A = [1 -3; 0 0]
% To ma trn A
A =
1
-3
>> B = [0 5; 0 1]
% To ma trn B
B =
0
>> res = A&B
% Hot ng AND
res =
0
Ma trn kt qu res ch cha cc gi tr 1 v 0, gi tr 1 tng ng vi cc

thnh phn ca hai ma trn cng 0, nu khng s l 0. Ngoi ton t & cn c cc
ton t logic khc: OR (|), NOT (~) v XOR (xor).
Cc ton t quan h hay so snh cng lm vic theo kiu tng t ton t
logic. V d v kim tra liu cc thnh phn ma trn A ln hn cc thnh phn ma
trn B tng ng:
>> comp = A>B
% Hot ng so snh ln hn
comp =
1
0
31
Nh vy ch nhng phn t no tha mn iu kin s tr v kt qu logic 1

(true), nu khng tha mn s tr v kt qu logic 0 (false). Cc ton t quan h
khc bao gm v (theo c php MATLAB s l >= v <=), nh hn (<), bng
nhau (==) v khng bng nhau (~=).
bit c ht tt c cc ton t c bn trong MATLAB c th s dng
lnh tr gip trong ca s lnh help ops. Sau khi thc hin mt danh sch cc
ton t MATLAB s c lit k.
Vic s dng cc ton t quan h v logic c nhiu ngha trong m phng.
V d bi ton la chn cc thnh phn t mt vector c gi tr ln hn 2:
>> vect = [-2, 3, 0, 4, 5, 19, 22, 17, 1]
% To vector
vect =
-2
19
22
17
>> compvect = 2*ones(1, 9) % Hm ones to ma trn gi tr 1

compvect =
2
>> comp = vect>compvect
% To bin logic so snh
comp =
0
>> res = vect(comp) % Chn lc cc gi tr tha mn iu kin

res =
3
19
22
17
Nguyn tc chung cc vector v ma trn kt ni bi cc ton t quan h phi

c cng kch thc. Trong trng hp so snh ch vi mt gi tr, lnh thc hin c
th n gin hn:
>> comp = vect>2
comp =
0
Cc trng logic khng ch sinh ra t kt qu hot ng so snh m c th

cng c nh ngha trc tip theo cch sau:
% To bin trc tip
>> logiField1 = [true, true, false, true, false, true]
logiField1 =
32
>> numField = [1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1]
% To mng s
numField =
1
% Chuyn i sang trng logic

>> logiField2 = logical(numField)
logiField2 =
1
2.2.4 Cc hm ton hc
MATLAB c rt nhiu cc hm ton hc sn c trong cc th vin hm
(toolboxes). bit c cc hm tnh ton c bn c th s dng tr gip trong
ca s lnh qua lnh sau: help elfun. Kt qu thc hin s cho mt danh sch tn
cc hm ton c bn v m t ngn gn cc hm. Hot ng ca mt hm ton ln
mt vector hay ma trn c thc hin theo tng phn t.
V d tnh hm sine ca mt vector:
>> t = (0:1:5)
t =
0
>> s = sin(t)
s =
0
0.8415
0.9093
0.1411
-0.7568
-0.9589
Kt qu tr v ca hm cng cng kch thc vi tham s bin u vo.

ngha ca vic tnh ton cc hm ton hc dng vector hoc ma trn trong
MATLAB thy r trong cc m phng ln khi cho php thay th dng vng lp
trong lp trnh cc ngn ng khc. V d trong C++, thc hin chui tnh ton trn
i hi phi thc hin bi vng lp sau:
double s[6];
for(i=0; i<6; i++)
s[i] = sin(i);
bit thng tin v cch s dng cc hm mt cch trc tip, c th s dng

lnh tr gip: help <tn_hm>. V du:
>> help sin
33
SIN
Sine of argument in radians.
SIN(X) is the sine of the elements of X.
See also asin, sind.
Overloaded methods:
codistributed/sin
Reference page in Help browser
doc sin
Bn cnh cc hm ton c bn, cc hm ton c bit cn thit cho vic tnh

ton trong k thut cng c th c lit k bng vic s dng lnh help specfun v
help matfun.
Mt s v d sau cho thy vic s dng mt s hm c bn trong MATLAB.
V d xc nh bin v pha theo radian v theo ca mt vector s phc, y l
bi ton hay gp trong vic xc nh hm truyn t ca cc h thng tuyn tnh.
>> cnum = [1+j, j, 2*j, 3+j, 2-2*j, -j]% To vector s phc
cnum =
Columns 1 through 4
1.0000 + 1.0000i
3.0000 + 1.0000i
0 + 1.0000i
0 + 2.0000i
Columns 5 through 6
2.0000 - 2.0000i
>> magn=abs(cnum)
0 - 1.0000i
% Xc nh thnh phn bin
magn =
1.4142
1.0000
>> phase=angle(cnum)
2.0000
3.1623
2.8284
1.0000
% Xc nh thnh phn pha theo rad
phase =
0.7854
1.5708
1.5708
>> deg = angle(cnum)*360/(2*pi)
0.3218
-0.7854
-1.5708
% Chuyn i sang
deg =
45.0000
90.0000
90.0000
18.4349
-45.0000
-90.0000
Mt v d khc chuyn i cc gi tr tn hiu o dng in p sang dng

dB bi hm 20. log10 U vi U l tn hiu o.
34
>> meas = [25.5 16.3 18.0;...% To ma trn gi tr o in p

2.0 6.9 3.0; ...
0.05 4.9 1.1]
meas =
25.5000
16.3000
18.0000
2.0000
6.9000
3.0000
0.0500
4.9000
1.1000
>> dBmeas=20*log10(meas)
% Chuyn i sang h dB
dBmeas =
28.1308
24.2438
25.1055
6.0206
16.7770
9.5424
-26.0206
13.8039
0.8279
Trong v d trn khi mt lnh MATLAB qu di m mun vit tip dng

tip theo th c th s dng du ba chm () ti cui mi dng.
2.2.5 Cc hm ha
Mt trong nhng sc mnh ni bt ca MATLAB l kh nng biu din
ha trc quan cc kt qu tnh ton. MATLAB c sn cc hm ha n gin
nhng mnh m biu din cc th hai chiu (xy) v cc th ba chiu (xyz).
Mt s kho st tt c cc hm ha c th thu c bng lnh help
graph2d, help graph3d v help graphics trong ca s lnh.
th hai chiu: Hm ha s dng nhiu nht v quan trng nht l hm

plot. bit cch s dng hm v cung cp thm thng tin, s dng lnh tr gip
help plot. th ca mt hm c v da trn nguyn tc ni cc im c
c trng bi cp gi tr (x,y) li vi nhau. Do vy hai vector c yu cu v

mt th. Vector u tin c trng cho vector gi tr trc x v vector th hai c
trng cho vector gi tr trc y. Cc vector do phi c cng kch thc.
V d v th hm sine:
>> t = (0:1:5);
>> s = sin(t);
>> plot(t,s)
35
Kt qu c cho thy trong hnh 2-4 vi cc thuc tnh ch mc nh

nh ng mu xanh v lin nt. Cc thuc tnh th c th thay i theo mun
nh v d:
>> plot(t,s,'k*')
% V th dng im sao mu en
1
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.4
-0.6
-0.6
-0.8
-0.8
-1
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
-1
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
Hnh 2-4 V d v th s dng hm plot
Nhiu hm th cng c th c v ng thi hoc bng cch vit mi cp

vector x,y sau cp khc trong danh sch tham s, hoc khi cng vector x c s
dng th c th kt hp cc vector y thnh mt ma trn tng ng. V d v ba hm
th khc nhau trn cng mt hnh:
>> t = (0:0.01:2);
>> sinfct = sin(2*pi*5*t);
>> cosfct = 2*cos(2*pi*3*t);
>> expfct = exp(-2*t);
>> plot(t,[sinfct; cosfct; expfct])
Kt qu c cho thy trong hnh 2-5. Cc thuc tnh ca tng th c th thay i

theo mun theo lnh sau v kt qu thu c nh hnh 2-5:
>> plot(t,sinfct,'k-', t, cosfct, 'b--', t, expfct, 'm.')
36
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1
-1
-1.5
-1.5
-2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
-2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Hnh 2-5 V d v nhiu th s dng hm plot.
Bn cnh hm plot c s dng thng xuyn, MATLAB cn c mt s

hm v th 2D khc. Trong x l tn hiu hm stem thng c s dng c
trng cho tnh ri rc ca tn hiu. Hnh 2-6 cho thy kt qu s dng hm stem qua
v d di y:
>> t=(0:0.05:2);
>> cosfct=2*cos(2*pi*t);
>> stem(t,cosfct)
>> box
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Hnh 2-6 V d v th s dng hm stem.
Mt hm ph hp hin th cc tn hiu ri rc l hm stairs v tn hiu

dng bc thang. Hnh 2-7 cho thy kt qu s dng hm stairs qua lnh sau:
37
>> stairs(t,cosfct)
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Hnh 2-7 V d v th s dng hm stairs
MATLAB cng cung cp mt s hm b sung thm cc chc nng biu

din th ca hnh nh nh nhn cc trc bng cc hm xlabel, ylabel v
title, k li hnh bng hm grid, thay i nh c truc bng hm axis. Chui
lnh MATLAB sau cho v d v s dng cc hm b sung ny v kt qu cho thy

trong hnh 2-8 v 2-9.
>> t=(0:0.05:2);
>> cosfct=2*cos(2*pi*t);
>> plot(t,cosfct)
>> xlabel('time / s')
>> ylabel('Amplitude / V')
>> text (0.75,0,'\leftarrow zero crossing','FontSize',18)
>> title('A cosine voltage with frequency 1 Hz')
>> figure % m mt ca s hnh mi !
>> plot(t,cosfct)
>> xlabel('time / s')
>> ylabel('Amplitude / V')
>> grid % thit lp khung li th
>> axis([0, 0.5, 0, 2]) % biu din trong khong [0, 0.5],
% cn bin trong khong [0, 2]
>> title('Detail of the cosine voltage with frequency 1 Hz')
38
A cosine voltage with frequency 1 Hz

2
1.5
Amplitude / V
1
0.5
zero crossing
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
time / s
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Hnh 2-8 V d b sung thm cc thuc tnh cho th

Detail of the cosine voltage with frequency 1 Hz
2
1.8
1.6
Amplitude / V
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
time / s
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
Hnh 2-9 V d s dng hm axis thay i nh c th
Bn cnh x l th bng cc hm k trn, mt cch khc thun tin x

l v thay i cc thuc tnh ca th l vo menu Edit Figure
Properties, khi mt ca s Property Editor m ra nh mt thanh cng c
cho php thay i cc thuc tnh ty theo i tng (trc, ng, hnh) c la
chn. Mt cch m ca s Property Editor khc l la chn i tng v kch
p bng chut tri.
th ba chiu: C mt s hm v th ba chiu hay c s dng l hm
mesh, surf v contour. Trong v ba chiu mi im trn th c c trng
bi 3 gi tr (x,y,z), thng thng gi tr z c tnh da trn cp gi tr (x,y) bi
39
mt hm xc nh. Do vy v c y mt ba chiu ca mt hm cn phi

to ra t hp cc im li trn mt phng (x,y) trc khi tnh z.
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
2
0
-2
y-axis
-3
-2
-1
x-axis
Hnh 2-10 V d v th 3 chiu s dng hm mesh
V d v th hm f ( x, y) sinx 2 y 2 e 0.2x
y2
trong di gi tr mt (x,y)
[-3, 3]x[-3, 3] s dng hm mesh hoc surf. Chui lnh thc hin nh sau:
>> x=(-3:0.1:3); % To di gi tr theo chiu x
>> y=(-3:0.1:3)'; % To di gi tr theo chiu y
>> v=ones(length(x),1); % auxiliary vector
>> X=v*x; % To li t hp cc im ma trn X
>> Y=y*v'; % To li t hp cc im ma trn Y
>> % Tnh gi tr hm
>> f=sin(X.^2+Y.^2).*exp(-0.2*(X.^2+Y.^2));
>> mesh(x,y,f) % v bng hm mesh
>> mxf = max(max(f)); % xc nh gi tr cc i ca hm
>> mif = min(min(f)); % xc nh gi tr cc tiu ca hm
>> axis([-3,3,-3,3,mif,mxf])% hiu chnh cc trc
>> xlabel('x-axis'); % label axes
>> ylabel('y-axis');
40
>> figure % m hnh mi

>> surf(x,y,f) % v bng hm surf
>> axis([-3,3,-3,3,mif,mxf])% hiu chnh cc trc
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
2
0
-2
-3
y-axis
-2
-1
x-axis
Hnh 2-11 V d v th 3D s dng hm surf
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
2
0
-2
y-axis
-3
-2
-1
x-axis
Hnh 2-12 V d v th 3D s dng hm contour3
41
Mt hm hay s dng v cc ng ng mc trong khng gian ba chiu

l hm contour3. Hnh 2-12 cho thy th contour sau khi thc hin cc lnh
sau:
>> contour3(x,y,f,30) % v bng hm contour3
% vi 30 ng ng mc.
>> axis([-3,3,-3,3,mif,mxf])% adjust axes
Cc th con (Subplots): Bn cnh kh nng v cc th trong cc ca

s khc nhau th MATLAB cng c th v nhiu th trong cng mt ca s n.
Chc nng ny c th c thc hin bng s dng lnh subplot.
V d v bin v pha ca hm phc f (t ) t 2 e jt j t trn hai th trong
cng mt hnh:
>> t=(0:0.1:5);
>> f=(t.^2).*exp(j*t).*(j.^t); % Tnh hm.
>> subplot(211) % V th con trn
>> plot(t,abs(f))
>> subplot(212) % V th con di
>> plot(t,angle(f))
25
20
15
10
5
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
4
2
0
-2
-4
Hnh 2-13 V d v nhiu th phn chia trn cng mt hnh bng hm subplot
42
y lnh subplot thit lp cc trc th v tr thch hp, cc tham s

ca lnh subplot xc nh bao nhiu th c v theo chiu dc (s u tin) v
chiu ngang (s th hai). S th ba xc nh th th my s c thc hin theo
chiu t trn xung di v t tri qua phi.
Ngoi v nhiu th cng lc nh cho thy trong s dng hm plot, chc
nng v nhiu th ln nhau trong hnh c th c bt tt qua s dng lnh
hold on v hold off.
2.2.6 Cc hot ng I/O

Cc hot ng Input/Output lin quan n vic truyn d liu gia
MATLAB v cc tp bn ngoi. Hot ng ny l cn thit khi ta mun nhp d
liu thu c t bn ngoi vo MATLAB hoc truyn cc kt qu t MATLAB ti
cc ng dng khc.
Cc lnh load v save:
Lnh save thc hin lu ni dung cc bin trong workspace vo mt tp nh
phn c ui m rng .mat vi mt s c php c bn sau:
% Lu tt c cc bin trong workspace vo tp
>> save <tn_file>
>> save <tn_file>
x y
% Ch lu cc bin x v y vo tp
% Lu cc bin x v y vo tp vi ng dn xc nh theo
% nh dng ca phin bn MATLAB 6
>> save 'ng_dn\tn_file' x y -V6
Lnh load c d liu lu tp a vo workspace theo c php c bn

sau:
>> load <tn_file>
% c tt c cc bin lu trong tp
>> load <ng_dn\tn_file>

lu tp
x y
% Ch c cc bin x v y
Bn cnh nh dng tp .mat, cc nh dng khc v d nh ASCII cng c

th c lu s dng lnh save hoc c c s dng lnh load. bit thm
thng tin s dng cc lnh ny s dng lnh tr gip help save v help load.
Cc hot ng tng t cng c th c thc hin qua la chn menu File
Save Workspace As v File Import Data.
43
2.3 Thao tc ma trn v vect

C mt s lnh MATLAB ph bin c s dng iu khin ma trn.
Lnh help elmat s cho bit ton b danh sch cc lnh ny.
Mt s lnh to cc ma trn c bit:
>> M = zeros(2,2)
% To ma trn gi tr 0
M =
0
>> N = ones(3,2)
% To ma trn gi tr ton 1
N =
1
>> x1 = [1,2,3,4,5,6];
% To vector x1
>> v=zeros(length(x1),1)
thc vi x1
% Khi to vector ct cng kch
v =
0
0
0
0
0
0
Lnh eye to mt ma trn n v:

>> E5 = eye(5)
E5 =
1
1
44
Chiu di ca mt vector v kch thc ca mt ma trn c th c xc

nh qua s dng cc lnh length v size.
>> length(x1)
% Xc nh di vector x1
ans =
6
>> B = E5;
% Lu ma trn E5 vo B
>> B(:,2) = [ ] % Xa ct th 2
B =
1
>> [rows, columns] = size(B) % Xc nh kch thc ma trn B

rows =
5
columns =
4
Mt s kiu ma trn, bin c bit cng c lit k bi help elmat. Khi s

dng MATLAB trnh t tn bin trng vi cc bin c bit ny c th lm thay
i gi tr khi s dng.
Hot ng chuyn v ca mt ma trn hoc vector c th s dng ton t ' v
c t ngay sau ma trn cn c chuyn v.
>> M = [1 2; 3 -2; -1 4]
% To ma trn M 3x2
M =
1
-2
-1
>> N = M'
% Chuyn v ma trn M
N =
1
-1
45
-2
Tuy nhin cn ch khi i vi ma trn s phc khi thc hin ton t ' s c
lin hp phc.
>> M = [i 2; 3 -j]
% To ma trn M c s phc
M =
0 + 1.0000i
2.0000
3.0000
0 - 1.0000i
>> N = M'
% Ma trn chuyn v
N =
0 - 1.0000i
3.0000
2.0000
0 + 1.0000i
Mun trnh lin hp phc trong trng hp ny cn s dng du (.) trc

ton t:
>> K = M.'
K =
0 + 1.0000i
3.0000
2.0000
0 - 1.0000i
Chuyn i mt ma trn thnh mt vector ct qua s dng du hai chm (:):

>> M = [1 2; 3 -2; -1 4]
% To ma trn M
M =
1
-2
-1
>> mVec = M(:)

mVec =
1
3
-1
2
-2
4
46
Hm repmat c th c s dng sao chp lp li ma trn:

>> N = repmat(M,2,2)
% Sao chp ma trn M 4 ln
% theo sp xp 2x2
N =
1
-2
-2
-1
-1
-2
-2
-1
-1
Mt ton t hay c s dng trong lp trnh l ton t end, xc nh ch s

cui cng ca mt vector m khng cn gi tr c th.
>> yVec = [0, 3, -1, 0, 1, 99]
yVec =
0
-1
99
>> yVec(end+1:end+3) = [-1 -2 -3]

yVec =
0
-1
99
-1
-2
-3
2.4 Lp trnh trong MATLAB

MATLAB bn thn n cng l mt ngn ng lp trnh, iu ny c ngha
rng MATLAB gm cc cu trc ngn ng chng trnh nh cc vng lp v phn
nhnh v cung cp kh nng vit cc hm v cc th tc ging nh nhng ngn ng
lp trnh khc.
2.4.1 Cc th tc MATLAB
Lp trnh trong MATLAB cung cp cc tp cc tp lnh trong cc chui
lnh MATLAB c tp hp li thnh cc th tc n gin. Vic vit cc chui
lnh MATLAB c thc hin qua ca s lp trnh Editor c th c m ra khi
vo mc File New m-file v c lu vo trong mt tp di mt ci tn
c ui m rng .m (m-file) trong mt ng dn c th truy nhp ti MATLAB.
47
Chui cc lnh khi c th c thc hin trong ca s lnh chi bng mt

lnh tng ng vi tn m-file. trnh cc vn xung t xy ra, bt k tn lnh
c s dng trc khng nn c dng. kim tra xem liu tn lnh tn
ti hay cha c th s dng lnh tr gip help <tn> ca s lnh hoc s dng
hm exist <tn>.
V d th tc vit chng trnh MATLAB c cho thy trong hnh 2-14
cng vi giao din b Editor. Mt chui cc lnh c th thc hin ln lt ngoi
ca s lnh c tp hp vo mt tp v lu li vi tn tp l vidu1.m.
Hnh 2-14 V d vit chng trnh MATLAB trong ca s lp trnh Editor
Ti ca s lnh bng vic thc hin:

>> vidu1
chui lnh trong tp s c thc hin v cho kt qu ging nh hnh 2-5. Ti u

ca tp chng trnh, du % c s dng t trc cc ni dung ch gii ca
chng trnh. Cc ch gii l cn thit lm cho chng trnh r rng v lun c
trong lp trnh chuyn nghip. Cc ni dung ch gii u tp c th c c
48
ca s lnh bng lnh tr gip help, v d: help vidu1. Ch rng, khi chng
trnh thc hin, tt c cc bin c nh ngha trong tp u c bit trong
workspace.
2.4.2 Cc hm con MATLAB

Trong mt s trng hp linh hot trong tnh ton ngi s dng nh
ngha cc hm MATLAB (functions) hn l kt hp mt cch n gin cc lnh
trong tp chng trnh v cc hm c th truyn qua cc tham s.
Cu trc c bn ca mt hm trong m-file nh sau:
function [cc tham s u ra] = tn_hm(cc tham s u vo)
% Ghi ch gii hm
y cc tham s u vo v cc tham s u ra cch nhau bng du phy (,).

Nhng iu cn lu khi xy dng hm l tn hm v tn tp m-file phi ging
nhau, trong hm c th cha cc hm khc nhng cc hm con trong hm ch
c gi trong chnh n. Mi hm c khng gian lm vic ring nn khc vi th
tc trn cc bin c to ra trong hm l cc bin cc b v ch c ngha trong
khng gian lm vic ca hm. Nu hm mun s dng chung cc bin th bin
phi c khai bo l bin ton cc: global tn_bin.
Vic gi hm ca s lnh hay trong m-file c th thc hin theo cch sau:
>> [y1,y2,] = tn_hm(x1,x2,) hoc
>> tn_hm(x1,x2,)
vi x1, x2, l cc tham s cha gi tr tng ng vi cc tham s trong hm

c xy dng. Lu cc tham s u vo v u ra khi hm c gi ch c tc
dng bn trong hm . qun l s lng tham s u vo v u ra ca hm c
th s dng cc bin c bit nargin v nargout tng ng.
V d xy dng mt hm n gin vi cu trc:
[t,sinfct,cosfct,expfct] = vidu2(f1,f2,damp)
c cho thy trong hnh 2-15. Hm c lu cng vi tn tp l vidu2.m. Ngoi

ca s lnh vic gi hm c th thc hin nh:
>> [t,s1,c1,e1] = vidu2(3,5,2);
49
kt qu ti workspace cc bin t, s1, c1, e1 c to ra vi cc gi tr c

tnh bi hm t cc tham s u vo l cc gi tr nhp trc tip v th tng t
hnh 2-5.
Hnh 2-15 V d vit mt hm trong MATLAB
2.4.3 Cu trc ngn ng MATLAB

MATLAB cng l mt ngn ng lp trnh v nh vy n cng c cc cu
trc ngn ng chng trnh. bit c cc cu trc ngn ng trong MATLAB c
th s dng lnh tr gip help lang. Cn bit c thng tin chi tit ca mi
cu trc c th s dng lnh help <tn_cu_trc>. Mt s cu trc c bn s
c trnh by trong phn ny.
Cu lnh if: c cu trc c bn nh sau
if biu_thc1
cc_cu_lnh1
elseif biu_thc2
cc_cu_lnh2
50
else
cc_cu_lnh3
end
V d s dng cu lnh if vit mt hm so snh hai s A v B

function sosanh(A,B)
if A > B
disp('A
lon hon B');
elseif A == B
disp('A bang B');
else
disp('A nho hon B');
end
Hm c lu li vo tp vi tn sosanh.m v c th gi ngoi ca s lnh

>> sosanh(5,2)
A
lon hon B
Cu lnh for: dng cu trc lp c s dng khi bit s vng lp v c

cu trc c bn nh sau:
for bin = biu_thc
cu_lnh
...
cu_lnh
end
V d s dng cu lnh for tnh gi tr cc phn t trong ma trn A kch

thc 5x5 vi aij 1 i j 1
k = 5;
a = zeros(k,k)
% Khi to kch thc ma trn A
for m = 1:k
for n = 1:k
a(m,n) = 1/(m+n -1);
% Tnh gi tr cc phn t
end
end
51
disp('Ma tran A:');

disp(a);
Chng trnh c lu vo tp vi tn tinhmatran.m. Ngoi ca s lnh c th

gi chng trnh kim tra kt qu:
>> tinhmatran
Ma tran A:
1.0000
0.5000
0.3333
0.2500
0.2000
0.5000
0.3333
0.2500
0.2000
0.1667
0.3333
0.2500
0.2000
0.1667
0.1429
0.2500
0.2000
0.1667
0.1429
0.1250
0.2000
0.1667
0.1429
0.1250
0.1111
Cu lnh while: dng cu trc lp c s dng khi cha bit s vng lp

nhng c iu kin rng buc v c cu trc c bn nh sau:
while biu_thc
cc_cu_lnh
end
N
V d s dng cu lnh while tm N S k 2 1000

k 1
n = 1
s = 0;
while s < 1000
s = s + n^2;
n = n + 1;
end
disp('Gia tri tong S:');
disp(s);
disp('Gia tri n:');
disp(n-1);
Chng trnh c lu vo tp vi tn timn.m. Ngoi ca s lnh c th gi

chng trnh kim tra kt qu:
>> timn
Gia tri tong S:
1015
52
Gia tri N:
14
Cu lnh switch: c cu trc c bn nh sau

switch switch_biu_thc
case case_biu_thc
cu_lnh, ..., cu_lnh
case {case_biu_thc1, case_biu_thc2, ...}
cu_lnh, ..., cu_lnh
otherwise
cu_lnh, ..., cu_lnh
end
V d s dng cu lnh switch xem thi kha biu nh sau

t = input('Nhap vao ngay thu trong tuan: ');
switch t
case 2
'Toan, Van, Anh'
case 3
'Van, S?, Dia'
case 4
'Toan, Sinh, Ly'
case 5
'Hoa, Anh, Ly'
case 6
'Tin, Su, Toan'
case 7
'Anh, Van, Hoa'
otherwise
'Nghi hoc'
end
Chng trnh c lu vo tp vi tn thoikb.m. Ngoi ca s lnh c th gi

chng trnh kim tra kt qu:
>> thoikb
Nhap vao ngay thu trong tuan: 4
ans =
53
Toan, Sinh, Ly
2.4.4 Hm eval
Hm eval m ra mt s kh nng th v trong MATLAB trong vic nh
gi cc xu k t (string). Cc v d sau cho thy r hot ng ca hm eval.
>> clear
>> theCommands = ['x = 2.0;','y = 3.0;','z = x*y;','whos']
theCommands =
x = 2.0; y = 3.0; z = x*y; whos
>> eval(theCommands)
Name
Size
Bytes
Class
theCommands
1x31
62
1x1
double
1x1
double
1x1
double
Attributes
char
>> z
z =
6
Trong v d trn bin theCommands cha mt chui lnh MATLAB c nh

ngha nh mt xu k t. Xu k t ny c dch thnh chui lnh MATLAB qua
hm eval sau .
Thm mt v d v cch s dng hm eval:
>> x = 1/6;
>> digs = num2str(2);
>> post = num2str(7);
>> printcommand =
['fprintf(''%',digs,'.',post,'f\n'',',num2str(x),')'];
>> eval(printcommand)
0.1666700
Trong v d trn hm fprintf c s dng nh dng d liu vo mt tp

hoc ghi ln mn hnh gi tr mt s thp phn vi 7 s sau du phy. thc hin
hot ng ny c th s dng lnh n gin sau:
54
>> fprintf('%2.7'f\n', x)
Tuy nhin trong nhiu trng hp lnh thc hin dng xu k t do vy cn s

dng hm eval thc hin. V d trn cng cho thy hot ng ca mt s hm
chuyn i t nh dng gi tr s sang dng xu k t num2str. Bin
printcommand l mt bin k t.
2.4.5 iu khin hm
Trong mt s trng hp xc nh n ph hp hoc thm ch bt buc cc
hm c truyn ti cc hm khc qua danh sch cc tham s u vo. K thut ny
c ngha trong cc ng dng tnh ton s s dng MATLAB cho cc bi ton k
thut.
Trong MATLAB, cc hm c th c truyn ti cc hm MATLAB khc
trong danh sch cc tham s nh l cc iu khin (hay tr) hm. Mt iu khin
hm (function handle) tng ng vi mt con tr ti hm v cc kt qu khi du @
c t trc hm lin quan. Cc iu khin hm m t mt kiu d liu c th
trong MATLAB. Vic x l ca cc iu khin hm cng tri qua s thay i
nhiu t phin bn MATLAB 7 so vi cc phin bn trc. Cc iu khin hm gi
y c th c s dng theo cng mt cch ging nh hm.
Mt s v d n gin di y cho thy hot ng ca iu khin hm:
>> FH_Sin = @sin;
% nh ngha iu khin hm
>> value = sin(2)

value =
0.9093
>> value = FH_Sin(2)
% Tnh gi tr hm qua iu khin hm
value =
0.9093
Trong v d trn iu khin hm FH_Sin l mt con tr ch ra m hm sin. Nh vy

hm ny s c thc hin khi FH_Sin c gi.
i vi cc phin bn MATLAB trc, vic gi hm c thc hin qua s
tr gip ca hm feval nh sau:
>> value = feval(FH_Sin, 2)
value =
55
0.9093
Cc v d v s dng iu khin hm s cn c cho thy trong cc phn

tip theo khi gii cc bi ton trong k thut.
2.5 MATLAB Editor v Debugger

2.5.1 Cc chc nng Editor
Nh cp vic lp trnh trong MATLAB c thc hin trn ca s giao
din Editor c m qua mc File New hoc File - Open. Ca s ny
cng c m ra khi kch p vo tp m-file trong ca s qun l th mc
Current directory. Giao din ca Editor gm cc thnh phn c bn c cho
trong hnh 2-16.

Cc tham s ca ca s Editor c th c thit lp bng vic s dng
Preferences. Cc cell m t mt s ci tin quan trng, l cc phn c
phn cch bi mt dng ch thch bt u bng hai du %%. Con tr khi t trong
mt cell th cell s c lm ni bt ln. Do cc cell rt hu ch trong vic
xy dng v pht trin mt chng trnh. Bng vic s dng menu Cell hoc cc
thanh cng c cell, cc cell c th c nh gi. Ca s b Editor cng c th
c phn chia trong trng hp lm vic vi nhiu tp.
Hnh 2-16 Giao din ca s Editor

56
2.5.2 Cc chc nng Debugger

V c bn c hai li thng gp phi trong qu trnh pht trin chng trnh
l: cc li c php v cc li thi gian chy. Cc li c php thng d khc
phc v ngi lp trnh s c thng bo bng mt bn tin li thch hp. Cc li
thi gian chy trong mt chng trnh chnh xc v c php trong qu trnh thc
hin v biu hin hoc nh mt s kt thc chng trnh t ngt hoc cho kt qu
sai. Trong nhng trng hp ny n cn thit kim tra cn thn qu trnh chy ca
chng trnh khi thc hin. Nhim v ny c thc hin bi cng c g ri
(debugger) mt chng trnh cha cc im dng (breakpoints) ti cc v tr c th
m khi thc hin chng trnh ang c pht trin c th c tm dng kim
tra.
Vic t cc im breakpoint c th c thc hin thng qua thanh cng c
cho thy trong hnh 2-17 hoc vo menu Debug. Cc im breakpoint s hin th
nh nhng hnh trn mu ti v tr c thit lp nh cho thy trong hnh 2-17.
Cc im ny d dng c loi b bng cch bm tr chut trc tip vo v tr
im .
Hnh 2-17 Giao din b g ri debugger.
Bn cnh cng c debugger, cng c cc cng c khc h tr pht trin

chng trnh: nh kim tra m bng M-Lint v profiler. Cc cng c ny c th
c thc hin qua menu Tools.
57
2.6 Mt s phng php s s dng MATLAB

Cc ng dng quan trng nht ca MATLAB l gii cc bi ton k thut
bng phng php s. Trong phn ny mt s phng php s c bn s dng
MATLAB s c gii thiu.
2.6.1 Phng php tm nghim

Tm nghim ca phng trnh l mt trong nhng bi ton c bn trong k
thut. C mt s phng php tm nghim gn ng ca mt phng trnh nh
phng php chia na (bisection), phng php Newton, phng php ni suy,v.v.
Trong gii hn ni dung, phng php tm nghim n gin chia na c trnh
by nh mt v d v phng php tm nghim phng trnh gn ng.
Hnh 2-18 M t phng php chia na tm nghim phng trnh
Phng php chia na c p dng gii phng trnh f(x) = 0 i vi

bin thc x, trong f l mt hm lin tc trn mt khong [a, b]. Trong trng hp
ny khong [a, b] phi tha mn cha mt nghim cn tm hay ni cch khc f(a) v
f(b) tri du nhau. Gii thut ca phng php c thc hin nh sau:
-
Tnh im gia bng vic chia na khong tm nghim: c = (a + b)/2, v

tnh gi tr hm ti im gia f(c).
Kim tra xem nu f(c) nh trong phm vi cho php thi dng vng lp
v tr v nghim tm c x0 = c. Nu khng tip tc thc hin bc tip
theo.
58
Kim tra du ca f(c) v thay th a hoc b bng c m bo rng khong

[a, b] mi phi cha nghim.
Lp li cc bc cho n khi khong tm nghim nh hay sai s tng

i (b - a)/b < vi l sai s cho php.
Chng trnh MATLAB thc hin gii thut chia na tm nghim phng
trnh c cho trong v d di y.
%
%
a
b
V d v gii thut tm nghim dng pp chia na.

myfun(x) l hm cha phng trnh f(x) cn tm nghim
= 0; fa = myfun(a);
= 3; fb = myfun(b);
while (b-a)/b > eps

x = (a+b)/2;
fx = myfun(x);
if abs(fx) < eps
break;
else
if sign(fx) == sign(fa)
a = x; fa = fx;
else
b = x; fb = fx;
end
end
end
disp('Nghiem can tim:');
disp(x);
% Hm myfun
function y = myfun(x)
% Hm cn tm nghim
y = x.^3-2*x-5;
Trong MATLAB c mt s hm s dng cho mc ch tm nghim nh fzero vi

cch s dng n gin nh sau:
x = fzero(@myfun,x0), trong x0 l gi tr d on ban u.
Nu f(x) l mt a thc th c th s dng hm roots tm cc nghim ca a

thc theo cch sau:
x = roots(p) vi p l vector cha cc h s ca a thc.
2.6.2 Phng php tch phn

Tch phn s l php tnh tch phn gii hn sau bng phng php s:
b
I f ( x)dx
(2.1)
59
trong f(x) l hm ly tch phn v a v b c gi l gii hn di v trn ca

tch phn. ngha ton hc ca php tnh tch phn cho bit din tch b gii hn
bi ng cong f(x) trong khong [a, b] nh cho thy trong hnh 2-19. C mt s
phng php s c th c s dng tnh gn ng tch phn ny nh phng
php im gia (midpoint), phng php hnh thang v phng php Simpsons,
v.v.
Hnh 2-19 Tch phn gii hn (a) v phng php im gia tnh gn ng (b).
Trong gii hn ni dung, phng php im gia c trnh by nh mt v

d tnh gn ng tch phn. xc nh c cng thc tnh gn ng ca
phng php ny, khong ly tch phn a x b c chia thnh N on bng nhau
c rng l h vi h = (b - a)/N. t xj = a + (j 1/2)h vi j = 1, , N, v t fj =
f(xj) do fj l cc gi tr hm ca f(x) ti im gia ca cc on. Khi din tch
di ng cong f(x) gia a v b c tnh gn ng bi din tch ca N hnh ch
nht
b
j 1
j 1
f ( x)dx hf j h f j
(2.2)
Nh vy cng thc (2.2) c s dng tnh gn ng tch phn v chnh xc

ca php tch phn ph thuc vo rng mi on h hay s lng on N.
Mt hm tnh tch tch phn c xy dng trong MATLAB da trn
phng php im gia c cho trong on m di y trong hm s ly
tch phn c tr ti bng s dng iu khin hm:
60
% V d v tnh tch phn gii hn dng pp im gia.

function [integral] = midpoint(a, b, F, N)
% Function midpoint
% v d cch dng: integ = midpoint(0, 2, @myfun, 10)
h=(b-a)/N;
integral = F(a+h/2);
% rng mi on (c bc)
% F ti on u tin
for k=2:N
xi = a + (k-1/2)*h;
% Tnh im gia mi on
integral = integral+F(xi);
end;
integral = integral*h;
% Chun ha theo h
Trong th vin ca MATLAB, c mt s hm s dng tnh tch phn v

d hm quad v trapz:
I = quad(f,a,b) % thc hin tch phn hm f trong [a, b]
Z = trapz(X,Y)
% tnh gn ng tch phn ca Y theo X
2.6.3 Phng php gii phng trnh vi phn

Trong bi ton m hnh ha, mt h thng thng c m t bi mt
phng trnh vi phn. Cc tham s ca m hnh s l hm ca thi gian y(t), gm c
vn tc dy/dt v gia tc d2y/dt2. Trong trng hp hu ht cc m hnh ng biu
din bng cc phng trnh vi phn bc hai c th c rt gn v thnh cc
phng trnh vi phn bc mt.
Trong cc ng dng k thut, mt phng trnh vi phn thng (ODE) bc
mt thng thy trong bi ton gi tr ban u, tc tham s y c gi tr c th y0 ti
v tr ban u x0 (hoc ti thi im ban u t0). Cc gi tr ca y ti cc v tr khc
(hoc ti cc thi im khc sau ) c xc nh t iu kin ban u qua phng
trnh ODE bc mt. Mt cch tng qut, bi ton ODE bc mt c m t y
bi
y ( x0 ) y 0
(2.3)
d
y ( x ) f x, y ( x )
dx
(2.4)
Hm f c th l mt hm tuyn tnh hoc phi tuyn ca bin c lp x v tham s

ph thuc y. C mt s phng php s gii cc ODE bc mt.
Phng php Euler: Cch tip cn n gin nht cho gii bi ton ODE
bng phng php s c da trn php tnh gn ng o hm
61
y( x h) y( x) hy(1) ( x)
(2.5)
Nu x1 = x0 + h th o hm t phng trnh vi phn c thay th trong cng thc

sai phn hu hn c
y1 y0 hf ( x0 , y0 )
(2.6)
tnh gn ng y(x1) = y(x0 + h). Tng t, y(x2) = y(x1 + h) = y(x0 + 2h) c th tnh
gn ng bng
y2 y1 hf ( x1 , y1 )
(2.7)
Mt cch tng qut:

yn1 yn hf ( xn , yn )
(2.8)
vi n = 0, 1, 2, trong yn+1 l php tnh gn ng cho y(xn+1) v xn+1 = x0 +

(n+1)h. Phng php Euler c th xem l phng php tnh gn ng ng cong
y(x) bng mt a gic m cnh u tin chnh l tip tuyn ca ng cong ti x0.
Hnh 2-20 M t phng php Euler

% V d v gii thut gii ODE dng pp Euler.
% Fdot hm vi phn cn gii
x(1) = x0;
% Gi tr ban u
y(1) = y0;
% Nghim ban u
for k = 2:N
% N S lng bc tnh
x(k) = x(k-1) + h;
y(k) = y(k-1)+Fdot(x(k-1),y(k-1))*h; % Tnh im k tip
end;
62
Phng php Euler bin i: Do phng php Euler tnh nghim ca im

tip theo da vo dc ca im trc nn hn ch v chnh xc. ci
thin chnh xc, mt phng php Euler bin i c s dng c tnh
nghim k tip da trn dc ti im gia mi khong tnh bng cch tnh dc
trung bnh gia hai im xn v xn+1 nh m t trong hnh 2-21. Tuy nhin do nghim
ti im k tip cha bit nn cn phi tnh gi tr d on hay tm thi bng
phng php Euler da trn gi tr im hin ti
yn1 yn hf ( xn , yn )
(2.9)
S dng gi tr d on ny c tnh dc trung bnh gia hai im tnh

nghim cui cng yn+1 theo cng thc sau
y n 1 y n
h
f ( x n , y n ) f ( x n 1 , y n1 )
2
(2.10)
Hnh 2-21 M t phng php Euler bin i
Nh vy gii thut tnh nghim ODE bng phng php Euler bin i
c thc hin theo hai bc: bc 1 l tnh nghim d on bng phng php
Euler, bc 2 l tnh nghim k tip da trn cng thc Euler bin i (2.10). on
m gii thut ca phng php Euler bin i thc hin trong MATLAB c cho
di y.
63
% V d v gii thut gii ODE dng pp Euler bin i.

% fdot l hm phng trnh vi phn cn tm nghim
x(1) = x0;
y(1) = y0;
for k=2:N
x(k) = x(k-1) + h;
ytemp = y(k-1)+fdot(x(k-1),y(k-1))*h; % Tnh nghim d on
% Tnh nghim im tip theo
y(k) = y(k-1)+h*(fdot(x(k-1),y(k-1))+fdot(x(k),ytemp))/2;
end;
Phng php Runge-Kutta: Bao gm mt h phng php Runge-Kutta

tnh nghim gn ng. Cch tip cn ca phng php R-K cng da trn c tnh
dc ca nhiu im ci thin chnh xc khi c tnh nghim k tip. Mt
cch tng qut phng php R-K nghim k tip c xc nh bi
S
y n1 y n bi k i
(2.11)
i 1
trong
k1 hf xn , yn ,
k 2 hf xn c2 h, yn a21k1 ,
(2.12)
k S hf xn cS h, yn aS1k1 aS 2 k 2 ... aS ,S 1k S 1 ,
y S xc nh s tng tnh ton hay bc ca phng php, ma trn cc h s aij

(cho 1 j < i S) c gi l ma trn Runge-Kutta, bi (cho i = 1, 2, , S) v ci (cho
i = 2, 3, , S) l cc trng s v cc im nt. Cc h s thng c quan h
S
bi 1 v
i 1
i 1
a
j 1
ij
ci . Ty thuc vo gi tr c th ca S v cc h s tng ng ta
c cc phng php Runge-Kutta khc nhau.

-
Phng php Runge-Kutta bc 2: Khi S = 2 ta c phng php R-K bc

2. Vi b1 = b2 = v c2 = a21 = 1 ta c cng thc tnh nghim ging vi
phng php Euler bin i. Vi b1 = 0, b2 = 1 v c2 = a21 = ta c cng
thc tnh nghim gn ng theo phng php im gia. Cc h s khc
cng hay c s dng nh b1 = , b2 = v c2 = a21 = 2/3.

3. Mt v d c th phng php R-K bc 3 c cc h s b1 = 2/8, b2 = b3
= 3/8 v c2 = c3 = a21 = a32 = 2/3, a31 = 0.
64

4. Cc h s c th cho phng php R-K bc 4 l b1 = b4 = 1/6, b2 = b3 =
1/3 v c2 = c3 = , c4 = 1, a21 = a32 = , a43 = 1 v a31 = a41 = a42 = 0. C
th
y n 1 y n
1
k1 2k 2 2k 3 k 4
6
(2.13)
vi
k1 hf xn , yn ,
k 2 hf xn 12 h, yn 12 k1 ,
(2.14)
k3 hf xn 12 h, yn 12 k 2 ,
k 4 hf xn h, yn k3 ,
Nh vy da trn cc cng thc tnh nghim gn ng trong cc phng

php Runge-Kutta, cc gii thut d dng c thc hin trong MATLAB.
Trong MATLAB cng sn c cc hm s dng gii cc phng trnh vi
phn ODE c cho trong bng di y:
Cch s dng c bn cc hm ny nh sau:

[T,Y] = solver(odefun,tspan,y0)
y solver l tn hm s dng gii, odefun l tn hm ODE cn gii, tspan

l khong gi tr gii ODE, y0 l gi tr ban u.
V d : [t,y] = ode45(@myfun,[0 3],0);
V d 2.1: V d gii phng trnh vi phn ODE bc 1 y(t ) ay(t ) r vi
iu kin ban u y(0) = y0 bng phng php Euler ti cc kch c bc tnh khc
65
r
a
nhau. Bit nghim gii tch ca phng trnh ny l y(t ) y0 e at
r
s dng
a
nh gi chnh xc ca phng php. Cho r = 1, a = 1 v y0 = 0, phng trnh

trn c gii bng phng php Euler c cho trong on m di y v kt
qu cho thy trong hnh 2-22:
% V d v gii ODE bc 1 dng pp Euler.
clear, clf % Xa cc bin v hnh v c
a=1;r=1;y0=0; tf=2;
t = [0:0.01:tf]; yt=1-exp(-a*t);
% tnh nghim gii tch
plot(t,yt,'k'), hold on
% v ng cong gii tch
N = [8 4 2]; hs = tf./N;
% tnh c bc
y(1) = y0;
for itr = 1:3 % lp cho cc c bc khc nhau h = 1/8,1/4,1/2
klast = N(itr); h = hs(itr); y(1)=y0;
for k = 1:klast
y(k + 1) = (1 - a*h)*y(k) +h*r; % cng thc Euler
plot([k - 1 k]*h,[y(k) y(k+1)],'b',k*h,y(k+1),'ro') % v kqu
if k<4,
pause;
end
end
end
Hnh 2-22 Kt qu gii phng trnh vi phn cho trong v d 2.1.
V d 2.2: S dng hm ode23 gii bi ton dao ng con lc c m t

bi phng trnh vi phn bc hai sau:
g
(t ) . sin (t ) , vi g = 9,81 m/s2
l
(2.15)
y (t) l gc ca con lc c di l to thnh ti thi im t so vi v tr cn

bng ca n (xem hnh 2-23). gii phng trnh (2.15) i hi cn hai iu kin
ban u
66
(0)
,
(0)
(0)
xc nh v tr bt u ( lch) ca con lc v vn tc ban u ca n. Phng trnh

(2.15) cn c chuyn i thnh h phng trnh vi phn bc 1 trc khi p dng
phng php s gii. Vic chuyn i c thc hin bng cch t:
1 (t ) (t )
2 (t ) (t )
Khi phng trnh (2.15) c vit li theo dng:

1(t ) 2 (t )
2 (t ) . sin 1 (t )
g
l
(2.16)
vi iu kin ban u
( 0) 1 ( 0 )
,

(0) 2 (0)
(0)
Hnh 2-23 Bi ton dao ng con lc.
Trc khi s dng hm gii phng trnh vi phn, mt hm c xy dng

vi tn tp pendde.m m t h phng trnh vi phn dng vector nh sau:
% nh ngha hm m t h phng trnh vi phn bc 1 dng vector.
function [alphadot] = pendde(t,alpha)
% nh ngha cc hng s
l = 10;
% di con lc
g = 9.81;
% gia tc trng trng m/s
% Khi to
alphadot = [0;0];
% M t h phng trnh vi phn
alphadot(1) = alpha(2);
alphadot(2) = -(g/l)*sin(alpha(1));
67
Sau c th gi hm ode23 gii h phng trnh vi iu kin ban u cho l
(0) = /4 v (0) = 0 trong khong [0, 20] nh sau:

>> [t,solution]=ode23(@pendde,[0 20],[pi/4, 0]);
>> plot(t,solution(:,1),'r',t,solution(:,2),'b:');
Nghim tm c tr v trong bin solution l mt ma trn gm 2 ct trong

ct 1 cha nghim ca phng trnh cn gii ((t)), cn ct 2 cha o hm ca n
((t)) theo ng cu trc c nh ngha trong hm pendde.m. Kt qu bi ton
c cho thy trong hnh 2-24.
Hnh 2-24 Kt qu gii phng trnh vi phn bc 2 trong v d 2.2.
2.7 Tng kt chng

Chng ny gii thiu cc cu trc c bn ca MATLAB bao gm cc
kiu bin, cc php tnh da trn vector v ma trn. Vic xy dng chng trnh
MATLAB c cu trc c bn nh cc ngn ng lp trnh khc, nhng n gin v
d dng thc hin hn. Ngi s dng cng d dng xy dng th vin cc hm
tnh ton theo mc ch ring. Vi mc ch s dng MATLAB nh mt cng c
tnh ton trong k thut nn mt s phng php s gii cc bi ton hay gp
trong k thut nh tm nghim, tnh tch phn v gii phng trnh vi phn thng.
Nhng phng php s ny khng ch gip sinh vin c t duy v phng php tnh
da trn my tnh ma cng rt quan trng trong m phng h thng truyn thng.
68
Cu hi/bi tp chng 2
1/ To cc vect v ma trn trong MATLAB vi cc bin:
2/ Khai trin ma trn M thnh ma trn V 6x6:
Xa hng 2 v ct 3 t ma trn V
To vect z t hng 4 ca ma trn V
Bin i gi tr ti V(4,2) thnh j+5
3/ Dng hot ng ma trn bin i t ma trn A thnh ma trn C
4/ Cho ma trn:
S dng cc ton t quan h chuyn i cc s hng trong ma trn c gi tr > 10

v < -10 bng 0.
5/ Tnh gi tr ca tn hiu:
vi vect thi gian t 0 n 10 c c bc 0,1.

69
6/ Cho vect tn s:
v cc hm truyn ca
mt b tch phn v ca mt phn t tr thi gian bc 1 tng ng:
thng gp trong x l tn hiu v k thut iu khin. Hy v th bin ca

cc hm truyn ny trn 2 hnh ring bit. S dng cc hm semilogx, semilogy v
loglog thay i kt qu biu din th theo cc kiu trc khc nhau. Xc nh
kiu biu din no l tt nht.
7/ Tnh v v hm x2 + y2 trong di [-2,2]x[-1,1] s dng li c c bc 0,2 theo
chiu x v 0,1 theo chiu y.
8/ V hnh cu c bn knh R = 3.
9/ Vit mt chng trnh MATLAB c tn circle_prog.m thc hin cc hot
ng sau: v ng trn c bn knh r = 3, tr v cc kt qu tnh chu vi v din tch
hnh trn.(Hint: s dng lnh axis equal hin th th tt hn).
10/ Thay i chng trnh trn hin th kt qu vi 5 s sau du phy. (Hint: c
th dng lnh sprintf).
11/ Cho mt hm f(x) = x3/3+4x2+x-6 trong di -1<x<3. Vit chng trnh tm
nghim phng trnh trn bng phng php bisection vi s dng 2 d on ban
u ti x = 0 v x = 3.
(S dng lnh input cho php nhp gi tr cc tham s u vo t bn phm khi
chy chng trnh)
12/ Vit m chng trnh s dng vng lp tnh tch phn:
bng phng php midpoint vi s lng im N = 100.

13/ Vit m chng trnh s dng vng lp while tnh gn ng
phng php Newton dng h thc quy:
2 da trn
Qu trnh lp thc hin cho n khi xn thay i ch 0.0001.
70
14/ Vit chng trnh tm nghim ptr vi phn: y (t ) ay(t ) r vi a = 1, r = 1 v

y(0) = 0 bng phng php Euler bin i vi c bc h = 0.25. Xc nh sai s so
vi nghim gii tch ti 2 thi im t = 1 v t = 2.
15/ Tng t bi tp 14 nhng s dng phng php RK bc 3.
16/ Tng t bi tp 14 nhng s dng phng php RK bc 4.
17/ Cho s mch RC hnh di:
in p u ra ca h thng tun theo ptr vi phn tuyn tnh:
Hy vit chng trnh tm nghim ca ptr ny trong khong [0, 1] s bng phng
php RK bc 4, bit C = 4.7F v R = 10 k. Hm u1(t) l hm bc n v. Sau
so snh kt qu vi nghim thu c bng vic s dng lnh ode45.
71
Chng 3 Gii thiu v Simulink
Vi s pht trin mnh trong lnh vc m phng h thng, MATLAB a

ra mt b cng c m phng Simulink thun tin cho vic m phng cc h thng
ng. Chng ny s gii thiu nhng c im c bn nht ca Simulink gip sinh
vin hiu v p dng vo m phng cc h thng n gin t c th pht trin
m phng cho cc h thng phc tp hn.
3.1 Gii thiu chung

Simulink l mt cng c m phng cc h thng ng vi giao din
ha trc quan c pht trin c bit cho mc ch ny. Trong mi trng
MATLAB, Simulink l mt b cng c MATLAB nhng khc vi cc b cng c
khc c v giao din v k thut lp trnh lin quan n n.
Trong cc h thng ng, cc qu trnh ph thuc thi gian tuyn tnh hoc
phi tuyn u c th c m t bng cc phng trnh vi phn. Bn cnh cc h
thng ny cng c m t qua s khi nh v d cho trong hnh 3-1. Simulink
da trn kiu m t ny v mt giao din ha c s dng chuyn i mt
s khi thnh m hnh Simulink v m phng hot ng ca h thng. Do vy
s dng hiu qu Simulink i hi ngi dng c kin thc tt v cng ngh
iu khin v l thuyt h thng.
Hnh 3-1 M t mt h thng ng bng s khi
Simulink cho php m phng h thng da trn s khi tm nghim

phng trnh vi phn m t n. Ni cch khc mt phng trnh vi phn c th
c chuyn i thnh mt s khi gii bng Simulink.
72
3.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca Simulink

Chng trnh Simulink c th c khi to bng lnh simulink hoc lnh
open_system(simulink.mld) trong ca s lnh MATLAB. Sau khi thc
hin mt ca s trnh duyt th vin cc khi chc nng sn c trong Simulink ci

thng c hin th dng biu tng.
Hnh 3-2 Ca s giao din trnh duyt th vin cc khi chc nng ca Simulink
Th vin cc khi chc nng c t chc thnh cc nhm chc nng cho
mc ch m phng khc nhau. Trong lnh vc m phng h thng truyn thng,
ngoi th vin cc khi th vin chung Simulink cc th vin hay c s dng
l Communications Blockset, Signal Processing Blockset v RF
Blockset.
3.2.1 Xy dng s khi Simulink

xy dng h thng m phng bng vic s dng th vin cc khi chc
nng, trc ht cn m mt ca s mi bng vic la chn File New Model
trong ca s trnh duyt Simulink. Cng c th m m hnh c sn bng vic la
73
chn File Open. M hnh mi c lu li di mt tn ph hp vi ui m

rng mdl (mdl=model) bng vic la chn File Save As.
Xy dng mt h thng ly tch phn lm v d lu trong tn tp
test1.mdl. Trc ht ly khi ngun sng hnh sine Sine Wave lm ngun tn
hiu t th vin Sources bng cch ko khi vo ca s m hnh c m.

Tip theo tch phn tn hiu, ly khi Integrator t th vin Continuous,
sau kt ni u ra ca khi ngun vi u vo khi tch phn bng s dng
chut. Khi tch phn c biu tng
1
s
v lin quan n khai trin Laplace ca qu
trnh tch phn. Hu ht cc khi chc nng tuyn tnh c m t bi khai trin
Laplace hoc khai trin z (i vi tn hiu ri rc). hin th tn hiu v kt qu
tch phn trn cng mt ca s, khi ghp knh Mux t th vin Signal Routing
c s dng v khi Scope t th vin Sinks c la chn hin th. Tn hiu
ngun v u ra khi tch phn c kt ni vi 2 u vo khi ghp knh v u ra
sau ni vi u vo khi Scope. M hnh sau khi kt ni c giao din nh trong
hnh 3-3.
Hnh 3-3 M hnh v d h thng tch phn test1.mdl
3.2.2 Tham s ha cc khi Simulink

thc hin chy m hnh m phng Simulink trc ht cc tham s ca
cc khi s dng trong m hnh cn c thit lp chnh xc. thc hin tt bc
ny i hi ngi s dng phi hiu r h thng ang m phng v cc tham s lin
quan.
Thit lp tham s cho khi chc nng c thc hin bng vic kch p
khi chc nng v giao din thit lp tham s s c hin ra nh cho thy v d
74
trong hnh 3-4. Cc gi tr ph hp ca cc tham s s c nhp vo trc tip hoc

la chn cc thuc tnh ph hp sn c trong giao din thit lp ca khi. Ly v d
m hnh test1.mdl, cc tham s khi ngun sine c th c thit lp gm tn s,
bin v pha ban u ca tn hiu sine. Tuy nhin c mt la chn quan trng cn
ch l kiu tn hiu Time based hoc Sample based. V h thng tch phn xy
dng cho tn hiu lin tc nn cn la chn Time based cho ph hp. Ring i vi
khi Scope thit lp tham s cn la chn biu tng Parameters trn ca s
hin th m giao din thit lp nh cho thy trong hnh 3-5. Ti ca s ny s
lng th hin th v lu d liu kt qu d dng c thit lp.
Hnh 3-4 Cc ca s thit lp tham s cho cc khi chc nng trong m hnh
Ngoi ra, cc thng tin v m hnh dng vn bn cng d dng thm vo

bng cch kch p trn ca s m hnh. Tng t tn cc khi chc nng trong m
hnh cng c th thay i theo mun.
75
Hnh 3-5 Ca s thit lp tham s trn khi Scope
Hnh 3-6 Ca s thit lp tham s m phng ca m hnh
3.2.3 M phng bng Simulink

Cc tham s m phng ca m hnh c thit lp qua la chn menu
Simulation Configuration Parameters m ca s nh cho thy trong
76
hnh 3-6. Cc thit lp c bn cho m hnh l la chn cc tham s cho b gii

phng trnh vi phn v thi gian chy m phng. ch mc nh thi gian m
phng c xc nh t 0 n 10 giy. Ngoi ra mc Data Import/Export cho
php thit lp v qun l vic truy xut d liu kt qu trn ca s qun l bin
workspace.
M phng c thc hin bng la chn lnh menu Simulation start
hoc kch trc tip biu tng hnh tam gic trn thanh cng c. Khi chy m phng
kt qu s c hin th trn khi Scope. Do cc kt qu c lu vo bin
S_test1_signals nh thit lp tham s cho khi Scope nn c th s dng
v th kt qu trong MATLAB nh on lnh cho di y. Kt qu c cho

trong hnh 3-7.
Hnh 3-7 Kt qu c v trong MATLAB
3.3 Gii phng trnh vi phn bng Simulink

Cc phng trnh vi phn c th c gii trong MATLAB nh trnh by
trong Chng 2. Tuy nhin i vi cc phng trnh vi phn phc tp vic s dng
Simulink gii tr nn n gin v d dng hn. Nguyn tc chung ca gii
77
phng trnh vi phn bng Simulink l cn chuyn i phng trnh vi phn thnh
mt h thng ng v c m t bng s khi.
B ly tch phn
khi to ti 0
B ly tch phn
khi to ti 1
Hnh 3-8 K thut tch phn tm y(t)
hiu r cch thc hin gii phng trnh vi phn bng Simulink ta hy xt
mt v d n gin l mt bi ton phng trnh vi phn bc hai nh sau
y (t ) y(t ), vi y(0) 1, y (0) 0,
(3.1)
Nghim ca phng trnh vi phn ny c th c gii d dng v ta c

y(t ) cos(t )
(3.2)
gii phng trnh (3.1) bng Simulink ta c th s dng k thut ly tch phn
cc o hm ca nghim mong mun bng b tch phn trong Simulink nh cho
thy trong hnh 3-8. Cc b ly tch phn s phi c khi to tng ng vi cc
gi tr ban u m u bi cho, c th l b tch phn u tin c t l 0 v gi tr
tn hiu u ra y (t ) ti thi im 0 (bt u ca m phng) phi l 0 theo iu kin
ban u. B tch phn th hai c t l 1 v gi tr tn hiu u ra y(t) cn l 1 ti
thi im 0 theo iu kin ban u. Tuy nhin xy dng m hnh thc hin theo
ng phng trnh vi phn (3.1) ta cn kt ni u ra b tch phn th hai vi u
vo b tch phn u tin c i sang du m. Vic chuyn du m ca u ra y(t)
c thc hin bng vic s dng khi khuych i Gain trong th vin Math
Operations vi h s khuych i bng -1. Hot ng ny tng ng vi vic tn
hiu u vo c nhn vi h s -1 chuyn i du. hin th kt qu khi
Scope s c s dng vi u vo c kt ni vi u ra b tch phn th hai.
M hnh Simulink hon chnh gii phng trnh (3.1) c cho thy trong hnh
3-9. Sau khi chy m hnh Simulink kt qu hin th trn th khi Scope l ng
cosine ging nh nghim chnh xc ca phng trnh (Hnh 3-10).
78
Hnh 3-9 M hnh Simulink gii phng trnh vi phn (3.1)
Hnh 3-10 Kt qu gii phng trnh bng Simulink trn khi Scope
hiu r cch thc hin gii phng trnh vi phn bng Simulink, mt s
v d cc phng trnh vi phn khc nhau c cho di y.
V d 3.1: Gii phng trnh vi phn y (t ) y(t ) vi iu kin ban u y(0) = 1. M
hnh Simulink v kt qu gii phng trnh c cho trong hnh 3-11.
79
Hnh 3-11 (a) M hnh Simulink v (b) kt qu gii phng trnh vi phn trong v d 3.1
V d 3.2: Gii phng trnh vi phn y(t ) e t 2 y(t ) vi iu kin ban u y(0) =
1 v y(0) = 0. M hnh Simulink v kt qu gii phng trnh c cho trong hnh
3-12.
Hnh 3-12 (a) M hnh Simulink v (b) kt qu gii phng trnh vi phn trong v d 3.2
80
3.4 n gin ha h thng Simulink

Trong Simulink c mt s cch gip n gin ha h thng Simulink c
bit i vi nhng m hnh c phc tp cao. Thm na cc cch ny cng gip
vic qun l v phn cp sp xp h thng mt cch tt hn.
3.4.1 Khi Fcn

Trong m hnh h thng Simulink cc hot ng tnh ton i s c th c
thc hin d dng bng vic s dng
Hnh 3-13 Khi Fcn v giao din thit lp tham s cho khi
Khi s dng khi Fcn cn ch rng tn hiu u vo ca khi lun c

gi l u m khng cn quan tm n c th c k hiu nh th no trong h thng.
81
Tn hiu u vo c th l mt i lng v hng hoc vector. Nu nhiu tn hiu

phi c a vo mt khi th chng c th c kt hp li trc thnh mt tn
hiu vector bng vic s dng khi Mux. Vi cc tn hiu u vo vector, cc thnh
phn c xc nh bng vic nh ch s u(1), u(2), trong khi. Tn hiu u ra
lun l mt i lng v hng.
3.4.2 Xy dng cc phn h (Subsystem)

Trong cc m hnh c ln vic s dng cc khi Fcn s gp hn ch trong
vic n gin ha m hnh. Mt cch gip n gin ha m hnh Simulink mt cch
hiu qu l xy dng cc phn h kt hp mt s khi chc nng vi nhau vo
thnh mt khi.
nhm mt s khi chc nng vo thnh mt phn h, cc khi chc nng
v c ng kt ni gia cc khi cn c la chn. Sau khi la chn, chn
menu Edit Create subsystem to ra phn h. Bc ny cng c th thc
hin bng cch bm chut phi v la chn Create subsystem. Ly m hnh v
d cho hnh 3-12, cc khi tnh ton php cng, nhn (Gain) v hm e m s
c la chn to ra mt subsystem nh cho thy hnh 3-14. Khi kch p
vo khi subsystem, mt ca s m hnh tch bit s c m cho thy m hnh
bn trong khi subsystem.
Hnh 3-14 Xy dng phn h Subsystem n gin ha m hnh Simulink
Mt cch khc to ra khi Subsystem bng cch ly khi Subsystem t

th vin Ports&Subsystems. Kch p vo khi m ca s m hnh v c th
xy dng m hnh cho khi subsystem trong ca s ny. Khi khi subsystem c
to ra, cc khi cng u vo In1 v u ra Out1 cng c thm vo m hnh.
Cc khi ny cng c th ly t th vin Sources v Sinks tng ng. S lng
cng u vo v u ra ty thuc vo m hnh phn h xy dng.
Vic xy dng cc subsystem cho php t chc h thng Simulink dng
phn cp cho m hnh m phng nh cp trong chng 1 mt cch d dng. Vic
82
duyt t cc subsystem mc di ln m hnh h thng chnh c th thc hin qua

nt biu tng hnh mi tn trn thanh cng c. Trong mt s trng hp cc
subsystem cng cn to giao din thit lp tham s ging nh cc khi chc nng
c bn khc. to giao din thit lp tham s cho khi subsystem, la chn menu
Edit Mask subsystem. Khi cc khi subsystem c xy dng, cc khi ny
c th c tp hp li thnh mt th vin cho mc ch ring ca ngi s

dng v c s dng ging nh cc th vin khc trong Simulink.
3.5 Tng tc vi MATLAB

3.5.1 Truyn cc bin gia Simulink v MATLAB
Vic truyn cc bin gia Simulink v MATLAB c ngha trong nhiu
trng hp kt ni cc chng trnh v chc nng x l gia MATLAB v
Simulink. C nhiu cch thc hin truyn cc bin trong Simulink vi
MATLAB:
-
S dng khi To Workspace trong th vin Sinks, mt tn bin c th

c thit lp to ra trong MATLAB sau khi chy m phng. Cc d
liu c ghi trong bin ty thuc vo kt ni u vo ca khi trong m
hnh Simulink.
Trong thit lp tham s cu hnh Simulink: vo cc tn bin ph hp

trong khi tham s mc Data Imporrt/Export - Save to
Workspace.
S dng phn thit lp tham s trong khi Scope/Data History nh

cp trong phn 3.2.
Ngoi ra cc bin s dng trong chng trnh Simulink c th c nh

ngha trong MATLAB bng vic vit mt chng trnh m-file. Khi cc tn bin v
gi tr ca bin c nh ngha trc th cc bin ny c th c s dng thay cho
cc gi tr c th trong phn thit lp tham s cho cc khi trong m hnh. Nh vy
vic thay i gi tr cho cc bin c th thc hin qua chng trnh MATLAB thay
cho vic thit lp tng khi ca Simulink.
3.5.2 Lp li cc m phng Simulink trong MATLAB

Trong nhiu trng hp mt m phng Simulink ph thuc mt s lng ln
cc tham s. Do vy n s rt hu ch khi bin i mt hoc nhiu tham s thit
83
lp s ph thuc h thng c m phng ln cc tham s ny. Vic kho st ny

c th c thc hin t ng qua MATLAB.
Gi chng trinh Simulink qua MATLAB: vic gi ny c th c thc
hin ngoi ca s lnh hoc trong mt chng trnh MATLAB qua s dng hm
sim. Thm na c ch ny c s dng gi mt chng trnh m phng
Simulink t MATLAB m khng cn phi khi to Simulink cho php tc thc
hin nhanh hn. Cch s dng c bn hm sim c cho thy qua c php sau:
>> [t,x,y] = sim('system',[starttime, endtime]);
Tham s 'system' l tn ca h thng Simulink c thc hin, vector tham s

[starttime, endtime] xc nh thi im bt u v kt thc ca m phng.
Vector tr v [t,x,y] xut hin theo cng trt t trong ca s tham s Simulink
ti mc Data Import/Export Save to workspace.
Thit lp cc tham s Simulink bng hm set_param cho php nh ngha
cc tham s ca h thng bn ngoi chng trnh. C php c bn ca hm
>> set_param('obj','parameter1',value1,'parameter2',);
trong 'obj' l tn mt h thng hoc tn khi c ng dn. Mt s v d s

dng hm set_param c cho di y:
>> set_param('vdp','Solver','ode15s','StopTime','3000'); thit lp cc
tham s b gii v thi gian dng m phng ca h thng vdp.

>> set_param('vdp/Mu','Gain','1000'); thit lp tham s h s khuych i
ca khi Mu trong h thng vdp l 1000.

Ngc li gi tr cc tham s ca cc khi v ca h thng c th c ly
qua s dng hm get_param qua c php di y:
>> pars = get_param('obj','parameter');
>> cgain = get_param('vdp/Gain','Gain'); ly gi tr tham s khuych
i hin ti ca khi Gain trong h thng vdp v gn vo bin cgain.

Qu trnh lp li m phng Simulink trong MATLAB c thc hin bng
cch gi chng trnh Simulink trong vng lp for. Ti mi vng lp cc tham s
c th c thit lp li qua s dng hm set_param. V d v lp li m phng
Simulink cho trong on m MATLAB di y.
84
% V d v qu trnh lp li m phng Simulink

for i=1:iterations
% Set the block parameters with set_param
% for each new iteration.
reciprocalmass = num2str(1/M(i));
set_param('s_denon3/invm','Gain',reciprocalmass);
b = num2str(B(i));
set_param('s_denon3/Factorb','Gain',b);
c = num2str(Fc);
set_param('s_denon3/Factorc','Gain',c);
[t,x,y] = sim('s_denon3', [0,tm]);
Y = [Y,y];
end;
3.5.3 Truyn cc bin thng qua cc bin ton cc

Mt kh nng na lin lc gia cc hm MATLAB v Simulink l khai
bo cc tham s hay bin ton cc. Cch khai bo n gin l:
global x y z p1 a2 ...
Nu khai bo ny c thm vo trong hm MATLAB th cc bin ny cng c th

c s dng da trn truyn cc tham s cho Simulink c s dng trong h
thng m phng.
Kh nng ny thc s rt thun tin nhng n che giu mt s mi nguy. V
c bn trnh cc nh hng khng mong mun trong tt c cc ngn ng lp
trnh bc cao bao gm c MATLAB, cc bin ton cc ch nn c s dng trong
cc trng hp cp thit. Di cc iu kin thng thng vic s dng chng nn
trnh.
3.6 Tng kt chng

Chng ny cung cp nhng c im c bn ca b cng c Simulink s
dng m phng cc h thng ng. Thng qua cc v d gii phng trnh vi
phn cch xy dng m hnh m phng trong Simulink c gii thiu. Cch n
gin ha m hnh v cch thc t chc m hnh dng phn cp cng c trnh by.
Kt ni gia MATLAB v Simulink cng l c im quan trng kt hp c kh
nng tnh ton trong MATLAB vi xy dng m phng da trn m hnh trong
Simulink. Cc kin thc c bn ny gip ngi hc tip tc pht trin k nng s
dng cc th vin trong Simulink m phng cho cc h thng c th nh h
thng truyn thng.
85
Cu hi/bi tp chng 3
1/ Thit k mt h thng Simulink gii bi ton gi tr ban u:
Chy v so snh kt qu vi nghim chnh xc.

Bin i h thng m phng mt hm nhiu lon (v bn phi 0) c xc
nh l e-t
2/ Gii bi ton gi tr ban u:
bng mt h thng Simulink ph hp.

3/ Gii h phng trnh vi phn sau:
bng mt h thng Simulink ph hp.
86
Chng 4 M phng tn hiu v qu trnh thu

pht
Ni dung trong chng ny s tp trung vo m phng cc qu trnh xy ra

ti hai khi c bn trong h thng truyn thng l khi pht v khi thu tn hiu.
4.1 Gii thiu

Mt h thng thng tin bao gm 3 thnh phn c bn nh m t trong hnh
4-1 l:
-
Khi pht tn hiu: thc hin x l tn hiu u vo to ra mt tn hiu

truyn dn ph hp vi cc c tnh ca knh truyn. Mt s chc nng
x l quan trng bao gm qu trnh m ha v qu trnh iu ch.
Knh thng tin: l mi trng truyn dn thng tin t ngun n ch.

C nhiu loi knh truyn vi cc c tnh knh khc nhau. Cc knh
truyn gy ra suy hao v mo dng tn hiu lm tn hiu b suy gim khi
ti u thu.
Khi thu tn hiu: Tip nhn tn hiu t knh truyn v khi phc li tn
hiu c pht i. Cc chc nng x l pha thu thng thc hin
ngc li pha pht bao gm cc qu trnh gii iu ch, gii m v lc tn
hiu.
Hnh 4-1 M hnh tng qut h thng thng tin.
M phng h thng truyn thng c bn cng c phn chia thnh cc qu trnh

m phng nh m hnh h thng trong hnh 4-1. Ty thuc vo mc ch m phng
87
v mc phc tp ca m hnh m phng m cc khi c bn c chi tit ha

theo cc mc phn cp nh cp trong chng 1. S khi h thng truyn
thng trong hnh 1-5 cho thy cc qu trnh c bn xy ra trong cc b thu pht tn
hiu v nhng vn c bn m phng cc qu trnh ny s cp chi tit trong
chng ny.
4.1.1 M hnh m phng tn hiu bng gc v thng di

Tn hiu trong h thng thng tin bao gm hai loi c bn: tn hiu bng gc
v tn hiu thng di. Tn hiu bng gc l tn hiu c ph tn tp trung quanh tn s
f = 0, cn tn hiu thng di l tn hiu c ph tn tp trung quanh mt tn s sng
mang fc. Trong cc h thng thng tin thc t, cc tn hiu ban u t ngun tin
c xem l cc tn hiu bng gc thng c iu ch bi mt sng mang ph
hp vi knh truyn, lc ny tn hiu bng gc b dch ln bng tn cao hn bi mt
lng tng ng vi tn s sng mang fc v c xem l tn hiu thng di. Qu
trnh chuyn i t tn hiu bng gc ln tn hiu thng di cn c gi l chuyn
i ln (up-conversion) c thc hin qua qu trnh iu ch sng mang. Ngc
li qu trnh chuyn i xung (down-conversion) chuyn tn hiu thng di tr v
bng gc c thc hin qua qu trnh gii iu ch.
Tn hiu thng di hay iu ch sng mang x(t) c th vit thnh:
x(t ) r(t ) cos2f ct (t ) Re r(t )e j (2fct (t )) Re r(t )e j (t ) e j (2fct ) (4.1)
trong r(t) l iu ch bin , (t) l iu ch pha ca tn hiu v fc l tn s sng

mang. Tn hiu
~
x (t ) r (t )e j (t )
(4.2)
cha cng thng tin nh x(t) v c gi l tn hiu tng ng bng gc hoc

ng bao phc ca tn hiu thng di x(t). Nh vy ~x (t ) l dng tng ng bng
gc hay thng thp ca x(t) c cng rng bng tn B nhng c biu din
dng phc.
Trong iu ch tn hiu s, cc tn hiu iu ch bin v iu ch pha gm
c c hai thnh phn ng pha v vung pha lun c th c m t theo dng:
x(t ) p(t ) cos2f c t q(t ) sin2f c t
(4.3)
v c ph tng ng l khai trin Fourier ca x(t) nh sau:
88
X(f )
1
P f f c jQ f f c P f f c jQ f f c
2
(4.4)
trong p(t) v q(t) l cc thnh phn ng pha v vung pha ca tn hiu c

rng bng tn B, P(f) v Q(f) l ph ca p(t) v q(t) tng ng. Tng t nh (4.1),
tn hiu iu ch c th vit thnh:
x(t ) Re ~
x (t )e j 2fct
(4.5)
trong ~x (t ) l tn hiu tng ng bng gc c xc nh nh sau:

~
x (t ) p(t ) jq(t )
(4.6)
v c ph tng ng:
~
X ( f ) P( f ) jQ( f )
(4.7)
Nh vy trong m phng tn hiu x(t) c th c m t tt bi ng bao phc

~
x (t ) m khng lm mt i tn hiu gc ban u. Tn hiu ng bao phc c th
c biu din theo mt cch khc nh sau:
~
x (t ) a(t )e j (t )
(4.8)
trong a (t ) p 2 (t ) q 2 (t ) l iu ch bin v (t ) tan1 q(t ) p(t ) l iu

ch pha ca tn hiu. Ph ca tn hiu tng ng bng gc quan h vi ph ca
tn hiu thng di nh sau:
2X ( f fc )
~
X( f )
0
khi f f c 0
cn lai
(4.9)
Nh vy, ph ca tn hiu tng ng bng gc c th coi nh phn ph dng

ca tn hiu thng di v c dch xung bng gc mt lng bng fc nh c m
t trong hnh 4-2
X(f)
~
X( f )
X(f)
Hnh 4-2 Ph ca tn hiu thng di v ph ca tn hiu tng ng bng gc

89
Tng ng vi cc loi tn hiu c s dng trong m phng, c hai m

hnh m phng tng ng l:
-
M hnh thng di v
M hnh tng ng bng gc
Trong m phng h thng truyn thng s dng m hnh thng di nh c

m t tng qut trong hnh 4-3 trong cc tn hiu bn tin gc ban u s c
iu ch bi sng mang fc to ra tn hiu thng di sp ti u ra b pht. V tn
hiu thng di l tn hiu thc nn cc hm m t cc thnh phn khc trong h
thng nh hm p ng knh hp(t), nhiu cng np(t) v hm lc u c gi tr thc
tng ng. Tn hiu thu c rp(t) ti b thu s c gii iu ch chuyn i tn
hiu thng di v tn hiu bng gc khi phc tn hiu ban u. Tuy m hnh thng
di m t hot ng st vi h thng thc t nhng m phng s dng m hnh ny
s i hi khi lng tnh ton ln.
Knh
hp(t)
Hnh 4-3 M hnh thng di dng rt gn v m rng vi qu trnh iu ch v gii iu

ch.
Trong m phng h thng truyn thng, cc tn hiu hay hm thi gian u

cn c ly mu. m bo iu kin ly mu, ph ca tn hiu thng di nm
trong di tn fc B/2 < f < fc + B/2 s cho thy rng tn s ly mu i hi c bc 2fc
+ B. y B c xem l rng bng tn ca tn hiu bng gc ban u. Do vy
m hnh tng ng bng gc c s dng trong hu ht cc m phng h thng
truyn thng hin nay. m hnh tng ng bng gc nh m t trong hnh 4-4,
90
cc tn hiu l tn hiu tng ng bng gc ch xt ng bao phc ca sng

mang ch khng xem xt y c sng mang trong tn hiu. V vy cc hm trong
m hnh tng ng bng gc bao gm p ng xung ca knh h(t), nhiu cng
n(t) v cc hm lc u c biu din dng phc. Cng tng t nh cc tn hiu
m t trn, cc hm phc quan h vi cc hm trong m hnh thng di nh sau:
hp (t ) 2 Re h(t )e j 2fct
r (t ) Rer(t )e
n p (t ) Re n(t )e j 2fct
p
j 2fct
(4.10a)
(4.10b)
(4.10c)
i vi m hnh tng ng bng gc, tn s ly mu i hi trong m phng h

thng ch c bc rng bng tn B ca tn hiu, do vy m hnh ny gn nh v
thun tin hn khi thc hin m phng.
Knh
h(t)
Hnh 4-4 M hnh tng ng bng gc
Cng ging nh m t tn hiu, m hnh ha hay m phng h thng truyn

thng c th c thc hin trong min thi gian hoc min tn s. Trong min thi
gian, tn hiu ti b thu c xc nh:
r (t ) s(t ) h(t ) n(t )
(4.11)
trong * l php tch chp trong min thi gian. Cn trong min tn s, tn hiu
thu c xc nh:
R( f ) S ( f ) H ( f ) N ( f )
(4.12)
trong R(f), S(f), H(f) v N(f) l cc khai trin Fourier ca r(t), s(t), h(t) v n(t)
tng ng.
4.1.2 Qu trnh ly mu v ni suy

Trong m phng h thng truyn thng trn h thng my tnh s, cc dng
tn hiu v cc m hnh thi gian lin tc c i hi chuyn i thnh dng tn
hiu hay m hnh ri rc v thi gian. Qu trnh chuyn i ny c thc hin qua
qu trnh ly mu tn hiu v c biu din bi
91
xs (t ) x(t ) p(t )
(4.13)
vi
p(t )
t nT
(4.14)
trong chui xung kim p(t) c gi l hm ly mu, x(t) l tn hiu lin tc v

thi gian v xs (t ) x(nTs ) x[n] l tn hiu ri rc v thi gian vi Ts l chu k ly
mu v f s Ts1 l tc ly mu.
Hot ng ly mu
Hm ly mu
Hnh 4-5 M t qu trnh ly mu
Hm xs (t ) cng l mt chui xung kim c trng s bng vi gi tr ca cc mu x(t)

hay
xs (t )
xnT t nT
s
(4.15)
Khai trin Fourier ca xs (t ) ta c

Xs( f )
xnT e
j 2nfTs
(4.16)
v quan h vi ph ca tn hiu lin tc bi

Xs( f )
1
Ts
X f nf
(4.17)
Nh vy X s ( f ) l mt hm tun hon gm tng cc bn sao X(f) b nh c v b

dch trong min tn s.
trnh li chng ph (aliasing), qu trnh ly mu mt tn hiu bng gc c
rng bng tn B s cn phi tha mn iu kin ly mu Nyquist tc f s 2B hay
92
tn s ly mu phi ln hn hai ln rng bng tn ca tn hiu gc. Nu iu kin

ly mu khng tha mn th hin tng chng ph xy ra v khng khi phc li
c tn hiu gc ban u. Trong m phng tn s ly mu cn c la chn ph
hp gim sai s chng ph nhng trnh tng thi gian chy m phng.
Trong mt s trng hp m phng h thng c cc rng bng tn khc
nhau, qu trnh chuyn i tc mu s c i hi ti mt s giai on m
phng. S chuyn i tc mu n gin l tc ly mu dng sng s c
tng ln hoc gim i. Qu trnh chuyn i ln mt tc ly mu cao hn gi l
qu trnh tng mu (upsampling) i hi s dng k thut ni suy (interpolation),
cn qu trnh chuyn i xung mt tc thp hn c gi l qu trnh gim mu
(downsampling).
Qu trnh gim mu c thc hin ti bin gia phn tn hiu bng rng v
bng hp v c m t trong hnh 4-6. Tn hiu gim mu c chu k ly mu ln
hn so vi chu k mu ban u v biu din bi
x(kTs ) x(kTd ) x(kMTs )
(4.18)
trong Td l chu k ly mu sau gim mu v ln hn M ln so vi chu k ly

mu ban u Ts, tng ng vi tn s ly mu gim M ln. Qu trnh gim mu c
th c thc hin n gin bng vic la chn cc mu vi khong cch mu tng
M ln tng ng t tp mu tn hiu ban u.
Hnh 4-6 V d m t qu trnh gim mu

93
Qu trnh tng mu c thc hin ti bin gia phn tn hiu bng hp v

bng rng v c m t trong hnh 4-7. Tn hiu tng mu c chu k ly mu nh
hn so vi chu k mu ban u v biu din bi
x(kTs ) x(kTu ) x(kTs M )
(4.19)
trong Tu l chu k ly mu sau tng mu v nh hn M ln so vi chu k ly mu

ban u Ts, tng ng vi tn s ly mu tng M ln. Tuy nhin khc vi qu trnh
gim mu, qu trnh tng mu i hi vic xc nh gi tr cc mu mi ti cc thi
im nm gia cc mu ban u. Vic tnh ton cc mu mi gia hai mu bit
c thc hin bng phng php ni suy.
Hnh 4-7 V d m t qu trnh tng mu
Php ni suy l mt hot ng quan trng trong k thut a tc v cho

mt s mc ch trong m phng. C nhiu k thut ni suy bao gm:
94
Ni suy tuyn tnh: y l k thut ni suy n gin nht khi c tnh cc

im mu mi nm gia hai mu bit bng mt hm tuyn tnh.
Ni suy a thc: y l k thut ni suy bc cao khi c tnh cc im

mu mi nm gia hai mu bit bng mt hm a thc bc cao. Cc h
s ca a thc c c tnh t tp mu ban u.
Ni suy spline: phng php ny c coi nh mt dng bin i ca ni

suy a thc bc cao trong bao gm mt tp cc hm a thc khc nhau
c s dng c tnh cc im mi trn cc khong mu khc nhau
m bo vi sai s c tnh l nh nht trn khong .
Ni suy hm sinc: php ni suy ny c s dng cho tn hiu mu b

gii hn bng tn, y cng c coi l php ni suy b lc thng thp
trong cc mu c ni suy qua php tch chp vi p ng xung hm
sinc.
thc hin php ni suy trong MATLAB, nhiu hm trong Signal

Processing Toolbox c th c s dng bao gm:
hm interp1 thc hin ni suy 1 chiu vi cc phng php ni suy

khc nhau c th c thit lp.
yi = interp1(x,Y,xi) % xc nh yi theo xi t cp x,Y
hm spline thc hin php ni suy spline

yy = spline(x,Y,xx) % xc nh yy theo xx t cp x,Y
hm interp thc hin ni suy tng tc mu ln mt s nguyn ln

bng phng php ni suy b lc thng thp.
y = interp(x,r) % tng tc mu ca x ln r ln
Mt v d v s dng cc hm ni suy ny c cho trong on m MATLAB di

y:
% V d v s dng hm interp1 trong php tnh ni suy
x = 0:10;
y = sin(x);
xi = 0:.25:10; % Cc im ly mu mi
ylin = interp1(x,y,xi,'linear'); % Ni suy tuyn tnh
yspl = interp1(x,y,xi,'spline'); % Ni suy spline
plot(x,y,'o',xi,ylin,'-*', xi,yspl,'-x');
95
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
Original
Linear
Spline
-0.8
-1
5
X
10
Hnh 4-8 V d mt s php ni suy

% V d tng mu s dng hm interp trong MATLAB
x = 0:9;
y = sin(x);
stem(y);
yu = interp(y,4); % Tng mu ln 4 ln
figure;
stem(yu);
1
1.5
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.5
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.8
-1
10
-1
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Hnh 4-9 V d v tng mu s dng hm interp trong MATLAB. (a) Tn hiu mu ban
u, (b) Tn hiu c tng mu.
4.1.3 Khai trin Fourier

Khai trin Fourier l cng c quan trng trong phn tch h thng v trong
m phng h thng, n c p dng trong nhng lnh vc quan trng:
-
Khai trin gia min tn s v min thi gian: Cc tn hiu v h thng c

th c m t trong c hai min thi gian v tn s.
96
Qu trnh lc: M phng qu trnh lc c th c thc hin hiu qu

trong min tn s qua khai trin Fourier ri rc (DFT)
Phn tch ph: s dng phn tch cc tn hiu trong min tn s.
Trong m phng cc tn hiu biu din u dng ri rc v thi gian nn

vic chuyn i qua li gia hai min thi gian v tn s c thc hin bi cp
bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT) v khai trin Fourier ngc ri rc (IDFT). Khai
trin Fourier ca mt vector mu ri rc f[k] c N mu c thc bi DFT nh sau:
N 1
F n f k e
2
nk
N
vi (n = 0N-1)
(4.20)
vi (k = 0N-1)
(4.21)
k 0
v khai trin IDFT l

2
j nk
1 N 1
f k F ne N
N n 0
Ch cc h s F[n] l phc. Trong MATLAB cp bin i ny c thc hin qua

hm fft v ifft. Ngoi cc hm ny, mt s hm khc v bin i Fourier trong
MATLAB cng hay c s dng trong biu din ph nh hm fftshift. Mt v
d v s dng hm fft biu din ph tn hiu c cho trong on m di y.
% V d tng mu s dng hm fft trong MATLAB
x = zeros(1,256);
x(1) = 1;
N = length(x);
stem(x);
xf = fft(x,N); % Tng mu ln 4 ln
figure;
stem(xf);
Xf
0.8
0.8
Amplitude
Amplitude
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
50
100
150
Number of samples
200
250
50
100
150
200
250
Number of samples
Hnh 4-10 V d thc hin khai trin Fourier s dng hm fft
97
Trong m phng, i lng mt ph cng sut (PSD) thng hay c s dng

trong phn tch mt tn hiu. Mt hm tnh ton PSD c th d dng c xy dng
t hm fft nh cho on m di y.
% V d tng mu s dng hm fft trong MATLAB
function [f,Pf] = spectrocal(t,x)
% Vi du chuong trinh tinh toan spectrum
% t vector thi gian
% x vector mu u vo
% f vector tn s
% Pf - estimated PSD of x
Ns = length(x);
Ts = t(2)-t(1);
f = (-Ns/2:Ns/2-1)/(Ns*Ts);
% Tnh vector tn s
Pf = fft(x,Ns);
% Khai trin Fourier
Pf = fftshift(Pf)/Ns;
% Dch thnh phn tn s 0 v trung tm ph
Pf = abs(Pf).^2;
% V d s dng hm c tnh PSD spectrocal
>> t = 0:255;
>> x = zeros(1,length(t));
>> x(1:20) = 1;
>> plot(t,x);grid;
>> [f,Xf] = spectrocal(t,x);
>> semilogy(f,Xf);grid;
10
-2
10
-4
PSD
Amplitude
0.8
0.6
0.4
10
-6
0.2
0
0
-8
50
100
150
Sample index
200
250
10
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
Frequency
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Hnh 4-11 V d c tnh PSD ca mt xung vung.
4.2 M phng ngun tn hiu

Khi u tin trong h thng thng tin m phng chnh l ngun tn
hiu. C hai kiu ngun c bn l: ngun tn hiu tng t v ngun tn hiu s.
4.2.1 Ngun tn hiu tng t

m phng tng minh hot ng cc khi m ha ngun, ngun tn hiu
tng t phi c s dng v cn c m phng. Trong thc t, cc tn hiu
tng t dng o kim c s dng trong m phng hn l m hnh ha mt
98
ngun tn hiu tng t c th no . Cc tn hiu o th ny c th c s dng

nh cc tn hiu u vo cc khi m ha ngun hoc khi iu ch trong h thng
truyn dn tng t.
Ngun n tn thng l tn hiu o kim ph bin c s dng trong h
thng thng tin. Trong m phng, tn hiu n tn ny s cn c ly mu v biu
din dng ri rc v thi gian
x(t k ) A cos2f 0t k
(4.22)
Chui thi im ly mu t k lun c khong cch bng nhau trong m phng v

bng vi chu k ly mu Ts hay tk = kTs. Tn s f0 v bin A c th c bin i
thu c p ng tn v p ng cng sut hay bin ca h thng. Trong cc
m hnh l thuyt, tham s pha thng c gi s c phn b u trn khong
[0, 2]. Tuy nhin, p ng ca mt h thng thng khng nhy cm vi gi tr
ca , do vy trong m phng c c nh ti mt s gi tr bt k. Trong cc h
thng thng di, tn s f0 c o t tn s trung tm fc. Tn hiu dng lin tc l
x(t ) A cos2 f c f 0 t
(4.23)
v tn hiu ng bao phc ca tn hiu ny c ly mu cho m phng s l

~
x (k ) A exp j 2kf0 f s exp j
(4.24)
trong f s Ts1 l tn s ly mu. Ch fs thng c thit lp gi tr bng 8

n 16 ln f0 m bo biu din chnh xc dng sng v ph ca tn hiu.
Mt tp cc tn hiu n tn c gi l tn hiu a tn cng thng c s
dng nh gi mo iu ch tng h trong cc h thng phi tuyn. c trng
biu din ng bao phc cho tn hiu a tn c dng
M
f
~
x (k ) An exp j 2k n j n
fs
n 1
(4.25)
trong An, n v fn c trng cho bin , pha v tn s ca tn hiu th n:

xn (t ) An cos2 f c f n t n
(4.26)
Tr phi c mt mi quan h c th bit gia n, i lng ny c th c gi s

c lp nhau v c phn b u trn khong [0, 2]. on m MATLAB di y
cho v d v cch to mt tn hiu a tn v biu din ph ca n.
99
% Chng trnh v d to tn hiu a tn v v ph

% Thit lp cc tham s
A1 = 3;
% amplitude
f1 = 500;
% frequency [Hz]
phi1 = -pi/4;
% Phase [rad]
A2 = 2;
% amplitude
f2 = 300;
% frequency [Hz]
phi2 = 0;
% Phase [rad]
N = 2^6;
% number of samples
T0 = 0;
% start time [s]
Tf = 10e-3;
% end time [s]
Ts = (Tf-T0)/(N-1); % Tnh chu k mu
fs = 1/Ts;
% Tn s ly mu [Hz]
% To tn hiu a tn
t = T0:Ts:Tf;
x = A1*cos(2*pi*f1*t+phi1)+A2*cos(2*pi*f2*t+phi2);
% Biu din kt qu
figure(1);
plot(t*1e3,x,'o-');
xlabel('Time (ms)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Vi du ve tao tin hieu hinh sin');
% c tnh ph
figure(2);
[f,Xf] = spectrocal(t,x);
semilogy(f,Xf);
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('PSD');
title('Pho tin hieu da tan');
grid;
axis([0 2000, 3 1e-4]);
Vi du ve tao tin hieu hinh sin
Pho tin hieu da tan
10
5
4
10
-1
10
1
PSD
Amplitude
-2
10
-1
-2
-3
10
-3
-4
-5
-4
5
6
Time (ms)
10
10
200
400
600
800
1000 1200
Frequency (Hz)
1400
1600
1800
Hnh 4-12 V d ngun tn hiu tng t a tn v ph tng ng
4.2.2 Ngun tn hiu s

Mt ngun s n gin l mt ngun ri rc v c gi tr hu hn trong mt
bng mu t xc nh. Cc phn t ca ngun s c xem nh l cc thc th rt
gn hoc logic. Tn hiu s l mt dng sng mang thng tin s. S khc bit ny l
cn thit v c nhiu cch khc nhau to ra dng sng cho cng mt ngun s.
100
Ngun tn hiu s trong m phng c th c c trng bi ba tham s

chnh:
-
Kiu mu t hay danh sch cc k hiu thng tin (symbol) c th m

ngun s to ra. Trong h thng vin thng, tp kiu mu t thng bao
gm M k hiu vi M = 2n trong n l mt s nguyn c biu din
nh A = {0, 1, , M-1} hoc A = { 1, 3, , (M-1)}. Trng hp
n gin nht v thng s dng vi M = 1 ta c A = {0, 1} cho cc
ngun nh phn v cc k hiu lc ny c gi l bit. Ngoi ra cc k
hiu c th c gi tr phc cng c s dng, v d nh A = { 1, j}.
Xc sut u tin pht hay tn s xut hin tng i ca mi k hiu m

ngun to ra. Ngun s sinh ra cc k hiu trong bng mu t mt cch
ngu nhin ging vi thc t. V d ngun nh phn cho m phng sinh ra
cc bt 0 v 1 vi xc sut bng nhau.
Tc k hiu (symbol rate) tc s lng k hiu thng tin m ngun

sinh ra trong mt n v thi gian (baudrate). Tc ny quan h vi tc
bt (Rb) nh sau:
Rb R. log2 M
(4.27)
Nh vy trong m phng cc ngun s thng to ra mt cch ngu nhin,

do n s i hi cc hm to tn hiu ngu nhin khi thc hin m phng.
4.2.3 Ngun tn hiu ngu nhin

Trong cc h thng thng tin, cc tn hiu dng sng in p hoc dng trong
truyn pht, x l thng tin cng nh cho iu khin cc h thng thit b l hm
ca thi gian v c phn loi l xc nh hoc ngu nhin. Cc tn hiu xc nh
c th c m t bi cc hm ton hc vi thi gian t nh l mt bin c lp.
Ngc vi tn hiu xc nh, mt tn hiu ngu nhin lun c mt s phn t khng
xc nh trong n v do khng th xc nh c gi tr xc nh ca n ti bt
k thi im no.
Cc m hnh bt nh hay ngu nhin c vai tr quan trng trong phn tch
v thit k cc h thng thng tin v do vy c s dng nhiu trong m phng h
thng truyn thng. Cc m hnh ny c s dng trong nhiu ng dng khc
nhau trong cc tn hiu cng nh cc tham s h thng c th thay i mt cch
ngu nhin. Nh c th thy qua cc dng sng tn hiu truyn qua knh truyn b
101
tc ng ca nhiu. Tp hp cc dng sng biu th cc bin i ngu nhin c

m phng s dng cc bin v cc qu trnh ngu nhin. i vi mc ch phn
tch, tp cc dng sng c th c m hnh ha bi mt qu trnh ngu nhin x(t),
tri li tp cc bt nh phn c th c m hnh ha bi mt chui ngu nhin
{A(k)}. Lu , trong m phng cc qu trnh ngu nhin cng c ly mu.
Trong khi m hnh qu trnh ngu nhin m t mt tp cc hm thi gian, th
gi tr tc thi ca mt tp c th c m hnh ha bi mt bin ngu nhin. V d
gi tr tc thi ca x(t) ti t = t0 c th c m hnh ha nh mt bin ngu nhin
c gi tr nh phn vi cc xc sut p1 v p2, trong p1 l xc sut x(t) ti t = t0
c gi tr +1 v p2 l xc sut x(t) ti t = t0 c gi tr -1. Phn b bin tc thi
ca nhiu n(t) c th c m hnh ha nh mt bin ngu nhin lin tc c mt
hm mt xc sut ph hp. Do vy cc kin thc v ton xc sut thng k s
cung cp c s v cc m hnh cc bin v cc qu trnh ngu nhin s dng trong
m phng h thng truyn thng.
Trong m phng h thng truyn thng, cc m hnh cho cc bin ngu
nhin hay c s dng trong m phng bao gm m hnh phn b u v m hnh
phn b chun.
-
Phn b u: trong tt c cc gi tr trong mt khong xc nh c

cng xc sut v c biu din qua hm mt xc sut
f ( x)
1
ba
khi a x b
(4.28)
trong a v b l gi tr nh nht v ln nht tng ng trong khong

gi tr. Trong m phng, cc gi tr mu t phn b u c th c s
dng to ra cc mu t cc phn b xc sut khc.
-
Phn b chun (Gauss): c bin ngu nhin c m t qua hm mt

xc sut
f ( x)
x 2
exp
2
2
2
cho - < x <
(4.29)
trong v 2 l gi tr trung bnh v phng sai ca hm phn b. M

hnh phn b ny thng c s dng trong m phng nhiu v cng
c s dng nh mt s gn ng cho mt s phn b khc.
102
Phn b Rayleigh: c bin ngu nhin X X 12 X 22 , trong X1 v X2

12
l cc bin ngu nhin Gauss c lp nhau c trung bnh bng 0 v

phng sai 2, c m t qua hm mt xc sut
f ( x)
x2
exp
2 cho x > 0
2
2
x
(4.30)
M hnh phn b ny c s dng trong m hnh knh pha inh, ng

bao ca nhiu Gauss bng hp.
Trong MATLAB c cc hm sn c to ra cc s ngu nhin theo cc
hm phn b khc nhau.
-
To cc s ngu nhin phn b u: s dng hm rand
% V d to s ngu nhin phn b u trong MATLAB

% To ma trn 5x10 cc s ngu nhin phn b u trong khong [0,1];
>> x = rand(5,10)
% To ma trn s ngu nhin mxn phn b u trong khong [a, b]
>> x = a + (b-a) * rand(m,n)
% To cc s nguyn ngu nhin phn b u trn tp 1:n
>> x = ceil(n.*rand(100,1));
% To vect hng 1000 s ngu nhin phn b u trong khong [0,1],
% v v biu phn b xc sut
>> x = rand(1,1000);
>> hist(x,10);
120
100
80
60
40
20
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Hnh 4-13 Biu mt xc sut phn b u ca 1000 mu.
To cc s ngu nhin phn b chun: s dng hm randn
103
% V d to s ngu nhin phn b chun trong MATLAB

% To cc s ngu nhin phn b chun c trung bnh bng 0
% v lch chun bng 1
>> x = randn(m,n)
% To cc s ngu nhin phn b chun c trung bnh bng m
% v phng sai v
>> x = m + sqrt(v) * randn(m,n)
% To vect hng 1000 s ngu nhin phn b chun c trung bnh 0
% v lch chun bng 1
>> x = randn(1,1000);
>> hist(x,10);
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
-4
-3
-2
-1
Hnh 4-14 Biu mt xc sut phn b chun ca 1000 mu.
To cc s ngu nhin phn b Rayleigh: s dng hm rand hoc randn
% V d to s ngu nhin phn b Rayleigh trong MATLAB

N = 1000000;
% S lng mu to ra
v = 0.2;
% Phng sai ca bin ngu nhin Gauss
%--------------------------------------% Cc bin ngu nhin Gauss c lp x v y c trung bnh 0
% v phng sai n v
x = randn(1, N);
y = randn(1, N);
r = sqrt(v*(x.^2 + y.^2)); % Bin ngu nhin Rayleigh
% Xc nh c bc v di gi tr v biu mt xc sut
step = 0.1; range = 0:step:3;
% Xc nh gi tr tn sut v tnh gn ng bng ng cong pdf
h = hist(r,range);
approxPDF = h/(step*sum(h)); % Mt xc sut m phng
% Mt xc sut l thuyt
theoretical = (range/v).*exp(-range.^2/(2*v));
bar(range, approxPDF); hold on;
plot(range, theoretical,'r'); hold off;
104
Simulated and Theoretical Rayleigh PDF for variance = 0.5

1.4
Simulated PDF
Theoretical PDF
1.2
P(r)--->
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.5
0.5
1.5
r --->
2.5
3.5
Hnh 4-15 Mt xc sut ca bin ngu nhin phn b Rayleigh
Mt s hm to s ngu nhin khc trong MATLAB:
% Hm randint
% To ma trn mxn cc s 0 v 1 c xc sut bng nhau
>> x = randint(m,n);
% V d:
>> x = randint(1,10)
x =
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
% To ma trn mxn c cc gi tr phn b u trong di t 0 n 7
>> x = randint(m, n, [0, 7]); hoc
>> x = randint(m,n, 8);
% Hm randsrc
% To ma trn mxn cc s
>> x = randsrc(m,n);
% V d:
>> x = randsrc(1,10)
x =
-1
1
1
-1
% To ma trn mxn c cc
>> x = randsrc(10,10,[-3
>> x = randsrc(10,10,[-3
-1 v 1 c xc sut bng nhau
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
gi tr phn b u trong tp {-3,-1,1,3}
-1 1 3]); hoc
-1 1 3; .25 .25 .25 .25]);
% Hm randerr to ngun li ngu nhin

>> err = randerr(3,4)
105
4.3 M ha
Qu trnh m ha trong h thng truyn thng c phn ra thnh cc loi c
bn bao gm: m ha ngun, m ha ng v m ha knh.
4.3.1 M ha ngun
M ha ngun thc hin chuyn i ngun tin thnh mt dng ph hp cho
truyn dn s trn mt knh truyn xc nh. Nu ngun tin l ri rc, qu trnh m
ha s chuyn i cc k t n hoc nhm cc k t thnh cc nhm k t logic
tng ng. Qu trnh sp xp ny thng nhm gim cc phn d tha nn d
liu. Nu ngun tin l lin tc, qu trnh m ha ngun lin quan n qu trnh
chuyn i t tng t sang s (ADC) v s c cp c th trong phn ny.
Qu trnh chuyn i t tng t sang s nh m t trong hnh 4- gm 3
bc chnh l: ly mu, lng t ha v m ha thnh chui nh phn. Bc u
tin l qu trnh ly mu c m t trong phn trc. Bc th hai l lng t
ha c coi l tri tim ca qu trnh ADC. Ti bc ny, cc mu x(kTs) c
chuyn i thnh mt bin ri rc xq c Q gi tr.
Trong qu trnh lng t ha, di bin tn hiu u vo c phn chia
thnh cc khong c kch c ; khong th i tng ng vi di i(/2). Nu gi tr
mu nm trong khong th i th n s c gn s nguyn i v i c th c chuyn
thnh dng nh phn (bc m ha) cho ra chui bt u ra. C hai kiu lng t
ha l: lng t ha u v lng t ha khng u. Qu trnh ny cng cn
c gi l qu trnh iu xung m (PCM). Lng t ha u c thc hin khi
bc lng t khng i hay bng nhau. Qu trnh lng t ha s gy ra sai s
xq x gi l nhiu lng t.
Hnh 4-16 Qu trnh PCM thc hin chuyn i tn hiu tng t sang s (ADC)
Mt chng trnh MATLAB thc hin qu trnh PCM lng t ha u c vit

di dng hm function c cho di y v v d kt qu s dng hm ny c
cho trong hnh 4-17.
106
% V d v m ha ngun s dng qu trnh PCM lng t ha u

function [code,xq,sqnr] = uniform_pcm(x,M)
% x = input sequence
% M = number of quantization levels
% code = the encoded output
% xq = quantized sequence before encoding
% sqnr = signal to quantization noise ratio in dB
Nb = log2(M);
% S bit trn mi t m
Amax = max(abs(x));
delta = 2*Amax/(M-1);
Mq = -Amax:delta:Amax;
Ml = 0:M-1;
xq = zeros(size(x));
xcode = xq;
for k = 1:M
ind = find(x > Mq(k)-delta/2 & x <= Mq(k)+delta/2);
xq(ind) = Mq(k);
xcode(ind) = Ml(k);
end
sqnr = 20*log10(norm(x)/norm(x-xq)); % Tnh t s trn nhiu lng t
code = de2bi(xcode,Nb,'left-msb'); % Chuyn i sang t m nh phn
>> [code,xq,sqnr] = uniform_pcm(x,16);

Vi du ve qua trinh PCM luong tu hoa deu
1
Amplitude
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time (ms)
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time (ms)
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Amplitude
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
Hnh 4-17 V d kt qu s dng hm uniform_pcm cho qu trnh ADC
Qu trnh lng t ha khng u chia di bin thnh cc khong khng

u nhau. Trong thc t qu trnh ny c thc hin thnh 2 bc nh m t trong
hnh 4-18. Trc ht mu tn hiu c x l qua mt phn t phi tuyn gi l b
nn v sau c a vo b lng t ha u. Qu trnh 2 bc ny tng
ng vi lng t ha khng u ca mu u vo ban u.
107
B nn bin
B lng
t ha u
B m ha
B lng t ha khng u
B gin
Hnh 4-18 Qu trnh thc hin lng t ha khng u

% V d v qu trnh PCM lng t ha khng u
mu = 255;
% H s nn
M = 32;
% S lng mc lng t
[y,amax] = mulaw(x,mu); % Nn tn hiu
[code,yq,sqnr] = uniform_pcm(y,M); % M ha
xq = invmulaw(yq,mu);
% Gii nn tn hiu
xq = xq*amax;
sqnr = 20*log10(norm(x)/norm(x-xq)); % in dB
%% Hm nn theo lut
function [y,amax] = mulaw(x,mu)
% Hm nn theo lut vi x l vector u vo, mu l h s nn
amax = max(abs(x));
% Xc nh bin cc i tn hiu u vo
xn = x/amax;
% Chun ha tn hiu u vo
y = sign(x).*log(1+mu*abs(xn))/log(1+mu);
y = y*amax;
Vi du ve nonuniform PCM
Amplitude
0.5
-0.5
-1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Time (ms)
1.4
1.6
1.8
Hnh 4-19a V d qu trnh lng t ha khng u s dng hm nn .
108
Vi du ve nonuniform PCM
Amplitude
0.5
-0.5
-1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Time (ms)
1.4
1.6
1.8
Hnh 4-19b V d qu trnh lng t ha khng u s dng hm nn .
Qu trnh gii m c thc hin ngc li qu trnh m ha v d dng xy dng

cc hm tng nh qu trnh m ha. m bo khi phc li dng sng tng t
t cc mu chuyn i, cc k thut ni suy nh trnh by trong phn 4.1 cn
thit c s dng.
4.3.2 M ng truyn
M ha ng truyn l mt kiu m ha c thc hin to dng ph tn
hiu hay i km cc tnh cht thng k xc nh trong chui tn hiu m bo
mt mt chuyn tip xc nh h tr qu trnh ng b. Mt s cc m ng
truyn thng dng c cho thy trong hnh 4-20.
Hnh 4-20 Mt s m ng ph bin

109
Qu trnh m ha ng truyn v c bn c thc hin theo 2 bc:

-
Bc 1: Sp xp logic thc hin chuyn i mt chui nh phn hay Mmc thnh mt chui khc c cc tnh cht mong mun.
Bc 2: Chuyn i cc k hiu thnh dng sng, qu trnh ny i khi

cng c xem nh l iu ch bng gc.
i vi bc u tin khi m phng m ng truyn ch l s sp xp logic

theo lut chuyn i ca tng loi m khc nhau. Cn bc th hai chuyn i sang
dng sng s i hi vic biu din dng sng cho mi k hiu trn mt ca s thi
gian tng ng vi chu k ca k hiu. Qu trnh ny cng s lin quan n qu
trnh ly mu m bo biu din chnh xc dng sng yu cu. Qu trnh to
dng sng n gin biu din mt chui xung tun hon c cho thy trong v
d to chui xung vung sau y.
-
Chui xung vung tun hon c thc hin bng vic biu din dng
sng trn mt ca s thi gian tng ng vi chu k ca xung, sau
dng sng ny s c dch hay lp li trn vector thi gian v c th
c biu din nh sau:
N
x(t ) pt kT
(4.31)
k 0
trong p l hm dng xung, T l chu k lp ca xung v N l s lng xung

cn biu din. i vi chui xung vung, hm xung vung c biu din
bi
1
p(t )
0
khi t Tw
khi t Tw
(4.32)
vi Tw l rng ca xung biu din c gi tr thng nh hn chu k xung.

on m MATLAB v d v biu din chui xung vung c vit di
dng hm function v s dng hm ny c cho di y:
110
% V d v biu din chui xung vung

function [t,y] = myrectpulse(Tw,Rp,Ns,Np)
% Chuong trinh vi du tao chuoi xung vuong
% Tw rng xung
% Rp tc lp xung
% Ns s lng mu
% Np s lng xung cn biu din
% t vector thi gian
% y vector mu u ra
Tp = 1/Rp;
Timewindow = Np*Tp;
ts = Timewindow/(Ns-1);
t = 0:ts:Timewindow;
Nsp = round(Tp/ts);
%
%
%
%
%
pulse period
time window
sampling time
time vector
number of samples within Tp
y = zeros(size(t));
for k = 1:Ns
if mod(t(k),Nsp*ts) <= Tw
y(k) = 1;
else
y(k) = 0;
end
end
%% V d v s dng hm myrectpulse v chui xung vung
>> [t,y]=myrectpulse(0.5e-6,1e6,256,8);
>> plot(t,y);
Amplitude
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
4
Time (s)
8
x 10
-6
Hnh 4-21 Chui xung vung c to ra s dng hm myrectpulse.
Da trn cc bc c bn trong thc hin m phng m ng truyn

trnh by trn, dng sng mt m ng truyn c th c biu din nh sau
N
x(t ) k pt kT
(4.33)
k 0
trong k l k hiu logic c sp xp ti bc u tin theo quy lut chuyn i

m ng, p(t) l hm dng xung v thng l dng xung vung xc nh theo cng
111
thc (4.32). Mt s v d v biu din cc m ng truyn n gin c cho

trong cc on m di y c xy dng di dng hm function v cch s
dng hm.
% V d v biu din m ng NRZ
function [t,y,code] = nrzcode(d,R,Ns,type)
% Chuong trinh vi du ve ma duong truyen NRZ
% d chui d liu
% R tc d liu
% Ns tng s mu biu din
% t vector thi gian
% y vector mu u ra
% type kiu m (unipolar - 'unipol' or polar - 'pol')
Tb = 1/R;
% chu k bit
Nb = length(d);
% s lng bit
Timewindow = Nb*Tb;
% ca s thi gian biu din
ts = Timewindow/(Ns-1); % chu k ly mu
t = 0:ts:Timewindow;
% vector thi gian
y = zeros(size(t));
code = [];
if nargin <=3
type = 'unipol';
end
for k = 1:Ns
n = fix(t(k)/Tb)+1;
if n >= Nb
n = Nb;
end
switch (type)
case 'unipol'
y(k) = d(n);
code(n) = d(n);
case 'pol'
y(k) = 2*d(n)-1;
code(n) = 2*d(n)-1;
end
end
%% V d v s dng hm nrzcode v chui xung vung
>>h = [0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1];
>>[t,y]=nrzcode(h,1e6,256);
>> plot(t,y);
1.2
1
1
0.5
Amplitude
Amplitude
0.8
0.6
0.4
-0.5
0.2
-1
0
0
20
40
60
80
Time (ps)
100
120
140
160
20
40
60
80
Time (ps)
100
120
140
160
Hnh 4-22 Biu din m ng NRZ s dng hm nrzcode
112
V d biu din m AMI:

% V d v biu din m ng NRZ
function [t,y,code] = amicode(d,R,Ns,type)
% Chuong trinh vi du ve ma AMI
% d - the data sequence
% R - the data rate
% Ns - the number of samples
% t - the time vector output
% y - the vector output of the pulse samples
% type - the type of code (NRZ - 'NRZ' or RZ - 'RZ')
...
y = zeros(size(t));
code = [];
...
s = 1;
for k = 1:Nb
if d(k) == 0
code(k) = 0;
else
s = s+1;
if mod(s,2)==0
code(k) = 1;
else
code(k) = -1;
end
end
end
...
Ging vi m ng NRZ
Sp xp logic theo quy tc m AMI
Ging vi m ng NRZ
0.5
0.5
Amplitude
Amplitude
%% V d v s dng hm amicode
>>h = [0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1];
>>[t,y,code]=amicode(h,1e8,256,'RZ');
>> plot(t,y);
-0.5
-0.5
-1
0
-1
20
40
60
80
Time (ns)
100
120
140
160
20
40
60
80
Time (ns)
100
120
140
160
Hnh 4-23 Biu din m ng AMI s dng hm amicode
4.3.3 M ha knh
Mc ch ca m ha knh l ci thin hiu nng ca knh truyn bng
vic pht hin li v/hoc sa li. Nhn chung, cc phng php m ha thuc mt
trong hai loi: m khi v m xon. Trong m ha khi, chui ngun nh phn c
di k bt s c sp xp thnh chui nh phn u ra c di n bt; do tc
113
ca m thc hin l k/n. Mt m nh vy c xem l mt m khi (n,k) v gm c

2k t m di n bt k hiu l c1, c2, , c2k. Vic sp xp ngun thng tin thnh
chui bt u vo knh truyn c thc hin mt cch c lp v u ra ca b m
ha ch ph thuc vo chui u vo hin ti c di k bt v khng ph thuc vo
chui u vo trc . Trong m xon, chui ngun c di k0 c sp xp
thnh n0 bt chui u ra nhng cc chui u ra ny khng ch ph thuc vo k0 m
cn ph thuc vo m u vo cui cng ca b m ha, m thng c gi l
di b nh. Cc thut ton v m ha v gii m cc m knh truyn khng phi l
ni dung ca mn hc ny m thuc v cc mn hc trc. Do , ni dung phn
ny s khng cp n gii thut ca cc m m ch cp n cch thc c bn
thc hin m ha trong hot ng m phng.
Do qu trnh m ha v gii m knh truyn u c thc hin trong min
s nn cc hot ng m ha hay gii m c tin hnh qua cc hot ng tnh
ton ma trn t m trng thi logic. Ly m khi tuyn tnh lm v d cho cc
hot ng ny trong m phng. Cc m ha khi tuyn tnh l lp m khi quan
trng v c s dng rng ri. Mt m khi l tuyn tnh nu bt k t hp tuyn
tnh ca hai t m l mt t m. Trong trng hp nh phn iu ny mun ni rng
tng ca bt k hai t m no l mt t m. Trong m khi tuyn tnh, cc t m
hnh thnh mt khng gian con k chiu ca mt khng gian n chiu. Cc m khi
tuyn tnh c m t theo ma trn to m G, l mt ma trn nh phn k x n v mi
t m c u ra b m ha c xc nh di dng
c uG
(4.34)
trong u l chui d liu nh phn c di k bt (u vo b m ha). Mt tham

s quan trng trong m khi tuyn tnh ci xc nh kh nng sa li ca n l
khong cch m hay khong cch Hamming ti thiu. Khong cch ny c k
hiu dmin v c xc nh bi
d min min d H ci , c j
i j
(4.35)
i vi m tuyn tnh, khong cch nh nht bng vi trng s nh nht ca m

nh ngha bi
wmin min wci
ci 0
(4.36)
c ngha l s lng bt 1 nh nht trong bt k t m khc khng no. on m

MATLAB sau minh ha hot ng m ha khi tuyn tnh.
114
% V d v m khi tuyn tnh (n,k)

% k = 4, n = 10
k = 4;
for i=1:2^4
for j=k:-1:1
if rem(i-1,2^(-j+k+1))>=2^(-j+k)
nh ngha t hp cc t m
u(i,j)=1;
4 bt u vo b m ha
else
u(i,j)=0;
end
end
end
% nh ngha G, ma trn to m
g = [1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1;
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0;
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1;
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1];
c = rem(u*g,2); % Xc nh t m u ra
w_min = min(sum((c(2:2^k,:))')); % Xc nh khong cch Hamming
Kt qu:
u =
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 1
0 1
0 1
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
c =
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
Do hot ng trong min s ri rc nn bn cnh m phng dng sng, m

phng cc s kin ri rc hay m phng knh ri rc thng hay c s dng
nh gi hiu nng m ha knh. Vn m phng knh ri rc s c cp n
trong Chng 5.
Th vin Communications Toolbox trong MATLAB cng cha cc hm
m ha knh sn c cho mc ch m phng. Cc hm ny c lit k trong ph
lc A v mt v d s dng cc hm ny cng c cho trong Chng 5.
115
4.4 iu ch v gii iu ch
4.4.1 iu ch tn hiu tng t
Trong iu ch tng t, tn hiu iu ch l tn hiu m bin ca n c
th nhn cc gi tr mt cch lin tc nh trong thoi hay hnh nh. Tn hiu
Y (t ) AX (t ) cos2f c t
(4.37)
c gi l dng iu bin bin v X(t) bin i bin ca C(t). Trong mt kiu

tng t, qu trnh iu ch pha hoc tn s C(t) c th c biu din
Z (t ) Acos2f c t k p X (t )
(4.38)
hoc
W (t ) A cos 2f c t k f 2 X (t )dt
(4.39)
trong lch tn s tc thi c xc nh bi

f i (t ) k f X (t )
(4.40)
v kp v kf l cc hng s. Khi X(t) c chun ha do X (t ) 1, kp v kf c

xem nh l lch pha v lch tn tng ng; v t l lch tn s nh v tn
s cao nht trong tn hiu iu ch c gi l ch s hay su iu ch. Z(t) c
gi l tn hiu iu ch pha (PM) v W(t) c gi l tn hiu iu tn (FM). Lu
trong m phng khi ch s iu ch ln, rng bng tn W(t) c th ln hn nhiu
ln ca X(t), do vy tc ly mu cn la chn thch hp.
Mt cch tng qut, mt tn hiu iu ch c th c m t theo dng cu
phng nh sau
Y (t ) X 1 (t ) cos2f c t X 2 (t ) sin2f c t
(4.41)
trong X1(t) v X2(t) l cc tn hiu bng gc (thng thp) c rng bng tn B,

v tn s sng mang fc thng >> B. X1(t) v X2(t) c th l hai tn hiu tng t c
lp hoc chng c th lin h duy nht vi tn hiu chung X(t) nh trong cc ch
iu ch trit mt phn di bin (VSB) hoc iu bin n bin (SSB). Bng 4.1 lit
k cc tn hiu X1(t) v X2(t) cho mt s loi iu ch tng t.
116
Bng 4-1 Bng cc thnh phn ca cc ch iu ch tng t
Ch iu ch
iu ch bin
(AM)
AM cu phng
Di din kp
(DSB)
X1(t)
X2(t)
Ch thch
a1 k a X (t )
ka - ch s iu ch
X1(t)
X2(t)
X(t)
0
(t) khai trin
n bin (SSB)
X(t)
iu ch pha (PM)
cos k p X (t )
iu ch tn s
(FM)
cos k f X ( ) d
Hilbert ca X(t)
sink p X (t )
sin k f X ( )d
kp - su iu ch
kf su iu ch
Trong trng hp m phng tng ng bng gc, dng sng tn hiu iu

bin c biu din dng ng bao phc
~
Y (t ) X 1 (t ) jX 2 (t )e j
(4.42)
lch pha ngu nhin ca sng mang thng c gi s l 0. ng bao phc

~
Y (t ) cng c th c biu din nh sau
~
Y (t ) R(t )e j (t )
(4.43)
trong ng bao thc R(t) l
R(t ) X 12 (t ) X 22 (t )
12
(4.44)
v
X 2 (t )
X 1 (t )
(t ) tan1
(4.45)
~
Cc gi tr mu ca Y (t ) s c s dng trong m phng. Mc d ta khng ly
mu tn hiu iu ch thng di, cc nh hng nh lch tn v c tnh la chn

tn s c th c m phng s dng m hnh tng ng bng gc.
Trong trng hp iu ch c sng mang, mt v d v iu ch AM c
cho trong on m MATLAB di y. Cc kiu iu ch khc cng d dng c
thc hin da trn bng 4-1.
117
% Chuong trinh vi
%% Thit lp tham
% Bn tin
A = 1;
f = 440;
phi = -pi/4;
% Sng mang
m = 0.5;
Ac = A/m;
fc = 5e3;
phi_c = 0;
du ve dieu che AM
s
% amplitude
% frequency [Hz]
% Phase [rad]
%
%
%
%
modulation index
amplitude
frequency [Hz]
Phase [rad]
N = 2^9;
%
T0 = 0;
%
Tf = 5e-3;
%
Ts = (Tf-T0)/(N-1);
fs = 1/Ts;
%
tng s mu
thi im bt u [s]
thi im kt thc [s]
% chu k ly mu
tn s ly mu [Hz]
%% iu ch bin AM
% Generate sinusoid
t = T0:Ts:Tf;
% vector thi gian
x = A*cos(2*pi*f*t+phi);
% tn hiu bn tin
xc = Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t+phi_c); % tn hiu sng mang
% Modulation
y = (1+x/Ac).*xc;
Vi du ve dieu che AM
3
Amplitude
-1
-2
-3
0.5
1.5
2.5
Time (ms)
3.5
4.5
Hnh 4-24 V d v iu ch AM vi ch s iu ch m = 50%.
Trong th vin Communications Toolbox ca MATLAB c cc hm s

dng cho iu ch tn hiu tng t bao gm:
y = ammod(x,Fc,Fs) s dng tn hiu x iu ch AM sng mang Fc
ti tn s ly mu Fs.
y = ssbmod(x,Fc,Fs) - s dng tn hiu x iu ch SSB sng mang
Fc ti tn s ly mu Fs.
y = fmmod(x,Fc,Fs,freqdev) s dng tn hiu x iu ch FM
sng mang Fc ti tn s ly mu Fs vi lch tn freqdev.

118
y = pmmod(x,Fc,Fs,phasedev) s dng tn hiu x iu ch PM
sng mang Fc ti tn s ly mu Fs vi lch pha phasedev.
4.4.2iu ch tn hiu s
Qu trnh iu ch tn hiu s trong m phng thng s dng m hnh
tng ng bng gc c m t tng qut trong hnh 4-25 v c th biu din bi
N 1
x(t ) bk pt kT
(4.46)
k 0
trong bk l cc mc gi tr trong bng mu k t ph hp vi cc nh dng iu

ch khc nhau, v d: iu ch BPSK ta c bk {1, -1}; iu ch OOK ta c bk
{0, 1}; hay iu ch PAM ta c bk {1, , (M-1)}. Hm p(t) xc nh dng
xung u ra tn hiu iu ch (v d hm xung vung hay sinc). So snh biu thc
(4.46) v (4.33) ta s thy s tng t trong m phng m ng v iu ch s.
Hnh 4-25 M t qu trnh m phng iu ch s
Qu trnh iu ch s cng c th c m t di dng cu phng gm hai

thnh phn dng sng khc nhau X1(t) v X2(t) vi
N 1
X 1 (t ) a k p1 t kT1
(4.47)
k 0
v
N 1
X 2 (t ) bk p 2 t kT2
(4.48)
k 0
trong p1(t) v p2(t) l cc hm dng xung ging nh p(t); ak v bk l cc chui

bin ngu nhin ri rc trong bng mu t vi tc k hiu l 1/T1 v 1/T2 tng
ng. Trong cc m phng h thng truyn thng thng thng, T1 = T2 v p1(t) =
p2(t). m t cc loi iu ch s khc nhau, biu chm sao thng c s
dng nh cho thy trong hnh 4-26 vi mt s kiu iu ch hay gp.
119
8-ASK
8-PSK
16-QAM
Hnh 4-26 Mt s v d biu chm sao trong iu ch s.
Mt s ch iu ch ph bin trong h thng thc t c m t bi biu thc

(4.47) v (4.48) vi cc tham s c th c cho trong bng 4-2. Cc cng thc
(4.47) v (4.48) c s dng xy dng cc hm iu ch s trong m phng.
Bng 4-2 Bng cc thnh phn ca cc ch iu ch s
Ch iu ch
Kha dch bin
(M-ASK)
Kha dch pha
(M-PSK)
QPSK
(M-PSK, M = 4)
O-QPSK
Kha dch ti thiu
(MSK)
iu ch bin
cu phng
(M-QAM)
{ak, bk}
ak = nd, n = 1, 2, , M/2
bk = 0
ak + jbk = exp(jk),
k = 2n/M, n = 0, 1, , M-1
{ak, bk} = {1, 1}
hoc k = 45o, 135o, 225o, 315o
{ak, bk} = {1, 1}
{ak, bk} = {1, 1}
p1(t), p2(t)
p1(t) = 1, 0 t T;
p2(t) = 0
p1(t) = 1, 0 t T;
p2(t) = p1(t)
p1(t), p2(t) ging nh M-PSK
p1(t) = 1, 0 t T;
p2(t) = 1, 12 T t 32 T
p1 (t ) sint 2T , 0 t T;
p2 (t ) sin t 2T T 2 ,
1
2
{ak, bk} {1, 3, , -1 }
T t 32 T
p1(t), p2(t) ging nh M-PSK

dng cho iu ch tn hiu s bng gc bao gm:
120
y = pammod(x,M) iu ch bn tin s x s dng PAM hoc M-ASK

y = pskmod(x,M) - iu ch bn tin s x s dng M-PSK
y = dpskmod(x,M) - iu ch bn tin s x s dng M-DPSK
y = qammod(x,M) - iu ch bn tin s x s dng M-QAM
y = fskmod(x,M,freq_sep,nsamp) iu ch bn tn s x s dng M-
FSK vi khong cch tn s freq_sep, nsamp l s mu trn mt symbol.

Mt v d v iu ch 4-ASK qua on m n gin sau:
% Signal generator
dm = randint(1,1000,4);
% PAM modulation
s = pammod(dm,4);
% PAM demodulation
r = pamdemod(s,4);
Ngoi biu din tn hiu iu ch di dng tng ng bng gc, tn hiu iu

ch s dng thng di c c sng mang cng c th c thc hin bng cch kt
hp vi cc hm iu ch tng t. V d iu ch 2-ASK c sng mang c cho
trong on m sau:
% Chui d liu
h = [0 1 0 1];
% NRZ modulation
[t,y,code]=nrzcode(h,1e6,512); % To dng sng s dng m NRZ
% iu ch AM
ts = t(2)-t(1);
% sampling time
fs = 1/ts;
% sampling freq.
fc = 10e6;
% carrier freq.
yd = ammod(y,fc,fs);
plot(t,yd) ;
Vi du ve dieu che ASK
Amplitude
0.5
-0.5
-1
0
10
15
20
Time (ns)
25
30
35
40
Hnh 4-27 Kt qu v d iu ch s 2-ASK c sng mang.
121
Mt v d iu ch s khc s dng modem object c cho trong on

m sau:
% To bn tin s ngu nhin
M = 4; % Bc iu ch
x = randint(5000,1,M); % To bn tin s
% S dng iu ch QPSK to y.
h = modem.pskmod(M,pi/4); % Thit lp thuc tnh iu ch dng QPSK
h.symbolorder = 'gray'; % Thit lp thuc tnh iu ch dng m gray
y = modulate(h,x); % Thc hin iu ch
scatterplot(y);
% V biu chm sao
Trong v d trn biu chm sao ca tn hiu sau khi iu ch c v nh s

dng hm scatterplot v kt qu cho trn hnh 4-28.
Scatter plot
0.6
0.4
Quadrature
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
In-Phase
0.4
0.6
Hnh 4-28 Biu chm sao tn hiu iu ch QPSK
Tuy nhin cn lu , cc hm MATLAB trn ch thc hin vic chuyn i

t bn tin gc thnh cc symbol theo k thut iu ch tng ng. Do vy to ra
tn hiu iu ch dng sng iu ch u ra th cn thc hin k thut tng t nh
bc 2 trong m phng m ng truyn.
4.4.3 Qu trnh thu v gii iu ch

Qu trnh gii iu ch l qu trnh ngc vi qu trnh iu ch chuyn tn
hiu thng di tr li tn hiu bng gc. Hu ht cc b gii iu ch thuc v mt
trong hai loi: gii iu ch kt hp (coherent) v gii iu ch khng kt hp
(incoherent).
122
Tuy nhin khi phc tn hiu ban u mt s hot ng x l tn hiu s

c thc hin thu c bn sao ging nht trong trng hp tng t hoc c
tnh tin cy nht lung k hiu trong trng hp s. Hot ng x l thng l qu
trnh lc, tip sau c th l qu trnh thu (detection) trong b thu s. Qu trnh
thu n gin l thc hin ly mu u ra b lc v so snh vi mt ngng quyt
nh tn hiu thu c (mch quyt nh).
Gii iu ch kt hp:
Qu trnh gii iu ch ny i hi mt tn hiu dao ng ni trong b thu c
dng:
c(t ) 2 cos 2fc t
trong fc v l cc c tnh tng ng ca tn s sng mang v pha c sinh

ra t c ch khi phc sng mang trong b thu. Khi i vi m t tng qut theo
(4.41), cc c tnh ca X1(t) v X2(t) c th c xc nh theo s gii iu ch
nh hnh 4-28. Cc b lc trc qu trnh thu thng l cc b lc phi hp s c
cp n phn 4.5.3. Cc tn hiu c c tnh c dng:

(t ) X (t ) cos 2 f f t
X (t ) sin 2 f f t
X 1 (t ) X 1 (t ) cos2 f c fc t
X (t ) sin 2 f f t
2
X 2
(4.49a)
(4.49b)
T phn h khi
B lc
trc
phc sng mang
Hnh 4-28 B gii iu ch cu phng tng qut
Nu fc f c v th khi X 1 (t ) X 1 (t ) v X 2 (t ) X 2 (t ) . Cng nh b iu
ch, qu trnh m phng s khng hon ho ca b gii iu ch cng c th d
dng thc hin bng vic bin i (4.49) vi mt vi s hng c thm vo.
123
Trong cc h thng thc t, tn hiu u vo b thu l mt phin bn b mo

dng v nhiu ca Y(t) v c dng:
z(t ) w(t ) n(t )
(4.50)
trong w(t) l ng bao phc ca thnh phn tn hiu b mo dng v n(t) l

ng bao phc ca nhiu. Theo m hnh ng bao phc (tng ng bng
gc), hot ng b gii iu ch c th c m t nh:
X 1 (t ) jX 2 (t ) wR (t ) nc (t ) jwI (t ) ns (t )
exp j 2 f f t j
(4.51)
trong w(t ) wR (t ) jwI (t ) v n(t ) nc (t ) jns (t ) . Cc gi tr mu ca phng

trnh trc chnh l nhng ci c thc hin trong m phng mt b gii iu ch
coherent. Cc tn hiu X 1 (t ) v X 2 (t ) thng c xem nh l cc tn hiu bng
gc.
Nu X1(t) v X2(t) l cc tn hiu tng t thng thp th X 1 (t ) v X 2 (t )
thng ch cn c lc gim thiu nhiu. Cn nu cc tn hiu c gii iu
ch X 1 (t ) v X 2 (t ) l cc tn hiu s th chng cn phi c x l khi phc
cc chui ban u {ak} v {bk} vi li xy ra t nht c th. Do hai hot ng c
bn c thc hin i vi tn hiu gii iu ch l hot ng lc thng l lc
phi hp v qu trnh ly mu tip sau a vo b quyt nh. Cc mu tn
hiu c s dng quyt nh k hiu no c gi i. Trong trng hp
ng b hon ton, gi s cc mo dng sinh ra t knh c p ng hc(t) v p ng
ca b lc phi hp l hm(t), khi cc dng sng u vo b ly mu c th vit
thnh:
s1 (t )
s 2 (t )
a pt kT D h (t ) h
b pt kT D h (t ) h
(t ) n1 (t )
(4.52a)
(t ) n2 (t )
(4.52b)
trong D l i lng tr truyn dn cha bit v c nh, du * m t php tch

chp, v n1(t) = nc(t)hm(t), n2(t) = ns(t)hm(t). khi phc {ak} v {bk} dng sng
(4.52) phi c ly mu ti cc thi im thch hp. Hot ng ly mu s c
thc hin ti cc thi im:
t k kTb D
(4.53)
124
trong D l mt c tnh tr h thng. c tnh D c xc nh qua h thng

khi phc nh thi trong b thu nh m t trong hnh 4-29. Trong ng cnh m
phng, thng khng c tr truyn dn v tr hiu dng v qu trnh lc c th c
c tnh kh chnh xc trc. Cc vn v ng b v qu trnh lc s c trnh
by trong cc phn sau.
T khi phc
nh thi
B quyt
nh
Hnh 4-29 Cu hnh ly mu v quyt nh
Gii iu ch khng kt hp:

Qu trnh gii iu ch khng kt hp bao hm b gii iu ch khng i
hi mt tn hiu dao ng ni ng b thc hin. Xt trng hp n gin khi
y(t) l mt tn hiu AM c dng
y(t ) [1 kx(t )]cos2f c t
(4.54)
Nu kx(t ) 1 th khi bng vic quan st ng bao thc ca y(t) l [1+kx(t)] tn

hiu iu ch x(t) c th thu c v 1 kx(t ) 1 kx(t ) . Nh vy hot ng gii
iu ch ny thng c gi l k thut tch ng bao. V do nhiu v mo dng,
~y (t ) ni chung l dng phc, do hot ng tch ng bao n gin l ly gi tr
tuyt i ca ng bao phc. Trong mt s b thu khc nh b thu quang, qu
trnh gii iu ch bin khng kt hp i hi ly bnh phng bin ca
ng bao phc. Phng php ny cn c gi l gii iu ch theo quy lut bnh
phng. Nu tn hiu u vo c xc nh bi (4.54) th qu trnh gii iu ch
khng kt hp c dng
1 kx(t)2 1 k 2 x 2 (t) 2kx(t) 1 2kx(t)
khi x(t ) 1
Nh vy phng php ny i hi mt su iu ch nh. Theo m hnh ng

bao phc c hai phng php khng kt hp trn c th c biu din nh sau
125
~z (t )
x (t ) ~ 2
z (t )
(4.55)
trong ~z (t ) l ng bao phc ca tn hiu u vo b gii iu ch v x (t ) l tn

hiu thc u ra b gii iu ch.
Cc tn hiu iu ch pha v iu tn c th c gii iu ch bng nhiu
ch khc nhau. Ch c in cho tn hiu FM c gi l thu sai bit
(discriminator). Do pha l tch phn ca tn s nn mt b gii iu ch PM l mt
b discriminator theo sau bi mt b lc tch phn. V nguyn tc hot ng ny
~(t ) r (t )e j (t ) l tn hiu
c thc hin ngc vi qu trnh iu ch FM. Nu w
ng bao phc thu c ca tn hiu iu ch th trong m phng qu trnh thu
discriminator khi phc tn hiu c thc hin bng vic ly vi phn thnh phn
pha ca lp v phc
d
~
x (t ) (t )
dt
(4.56)
Ch trong m phng vic ly vi phn c thc hin trong min ri rc. Trong
MATLAB qu trnh ny c th c thc hin bng vic s dng cc hm diff v
gradient.

dng cho qu trnh gii iu ch tn hiu tng t c sng mang. Cch s dng cc
hm gii iu ch cng tng t nh cc hm iu ch vi ui tn hm c thay
bng demod: amdemod, fmdemod v pmdemod. i vi tn hiu s qu trnh gii
iu ch bng gc c thc hin qua cc hm: pamdemod, pskdemod,
dpskdemod, qamdemod v fskdemod. Ngoi ra qu trnh gii iu ch s cng c
th s dng modem object nh c cho v d trong on m sau:

%% Qu trnh gii iu ch khi phc bn tin s dng modem object
% yn l tn hiu u vo b gii iu ch.
% Thit lp thuc tnh gii iu ch dng QPSK
h = modem.pskdemod(M,pi/4);
% Thit lp thuc tnh gii iu ch dng m gray
h.symbolorder = 'gray';
% Thc hin gii iu ch theo thuc tnh thit lp
z=demodulate(h,yn);
126
4.5 Qu trnh lc
Qu trnh lc c thc hin ti nhiu v tr trong h thng cho cc mc ch
khc nhau. Cc ng dng c bn ca qu trnh lc trong cc h thng truyn thng
bao gm la chn cc tn hiu mong mun, gim nh hng ca nhiu v giao thoa,
bin i ph tn hiu v to dng cc tnh cht min thi gian (im ct 0 v cc
dng xung) ca dng sng tn hiu s ci thin kh nng thu.
4.5.1 Lc to dng ph
Mt ph cng sut Sy(f) ca tn hiu u ra y(t) ca mt h thng tuyn
tnh bt bin theo thi gian (LTI) c biu din bi
Sy ( f ) Sx ( f ) H ( f )
(4.57)
trong Sx(f) l mt ph cng sut (PSD) ca tn hiu u vo x(t) v H(f) l

hm truyn t ca h thng. Bng vic la chn cn thn H(f), cc thnh phn ph
ca tn hiu u vo c la chn c th c lm ni bt hoc b suy yu. Hot
ng lc la chn tn s ny c s dng ph bin trong cc h thng truyn
thng. Nu Sx(f) v H(f) c xc nh trc th vic tnh ton Sy(f) l r rng. Ni
cch khc, gi thit rng Sy(f) l PSD mong mun u ra c xc nh t Sx(f) l
PSD u vo. Vit li (4.57) c c
H( f )
2
Sy ( f )
(4.58)
Sx ( f )
v bi ton y tr thnh bi ton tng hp mt b lc thc t H(f) tha mn

(4.57). iu ny c th c thc hin bng vic xc nh tha s v phi ca biu
thc (4.58) v bao gm ch cc pole v cc zeros mt na tri ca mt phng s
cho vic xc nh H(s). (Khai trin s = j2f c p dng trc khi thc hin ).
V d thc hin qu trnh lc tn hiu bng b lc Butterworth c hm truyn
c m t bi
H( f )
2
1 b
2n
(4.59)
trong n l bc b lc v b xc nh rng bng tn b lc. B lc c vit

di dng hm MATLAB cho trong on m di y:
127
function y = butterwflt(x,n,B,Ts)
% Function bo loc butterworth
% B - filter bandwidth, Ts - sampling time, n - filter order
% y - filtered output
Ns = length(x);
% Frequency domain
f = [0:Ns/2-1 -Ns/2:-1]/(Ns*Ts);
Xf = fft(x);
Hf = 1./(1+(f./B).^(2*n)); % transfer func.
Yf = Xf.*Hf;
% Convert into time domain
y = ifft(Yf);
V d s dng hm b lc p dng cho xung vung:

>> y = butterwflt(x,1,0.2,1);
>> [f,Xf]=spectrocal(t,y);
>> semilogy(f,Xf); grid;
>> figure(2);
>> plot(t,x,t,y); grid;
Kt qu lc c cho trong hnh 4-28.

10
-4
PSD
10
-2
10
-6
-8
10
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
Frequency
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
1.2
1
Amplitude
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
50
100
150
Sample index
200
250
Hnh 4-28 V d qu trnh lc s dng b lc Butterworth.
128
4.5.2 Lc to dng xung

Mi xung trong cc dng sng c s dng trong cc h thng truyn dn
s c yu cu tha mn hai iu kin quan trng: rng bng tn v cc im
ct khng (zero crossings). Nu chui s c tc k hiu l Rb th khi rng
bng tn ca dng sng s cn c bc Rb v n c th i hi c cc im ct khng
trong min thi gian c mi chu k Tb, trong Tb = 1/Rb. Nyquist chng minh
rng mt xung min thi gian p(t) s c cc im ct khng mi chu k Tb nu
khai trin ca n P(f) p ng c rng buc sau:
P f kR T
b
i vi f Rb 2
(4.60)
Nu P(f) tha mn (4.60) th p(t) c cc tnh cht sau:

p(0) 1
p(kTb ) 0,
(4.61)
k 1,2,...
Cc yu cu im ct khng c a ra m bo giao thoa gia cc k hiu

(ISI) bng khng v tr gip qu trnh khi phc tn hiu nh thi.
Mt h P(f) p ng c iu kin Nyquist cho trong (4.60) l h raised
cosine vi
Tb,
P( f ) Tb cos2
f b ,
4
2
0,
f Rb 2
Rb
R
f b
2
2
Rb
f
(4.62)
trong l tham s bng tn tri hay cn gi l h s un (rolloff). Ch rng

P(f) raised cosine b gii hn bng tn n +(Rb/2) v do n c th p ng cc
iu kin v bng tn chn lc.
H raised cosine c p ng xung c dng
p (t )
cos 2t sin Rb t
2
1 4 t Rb t
(4.63)
v c cc im ct khng mi chu k Tb nh cho thy trong hnh 4-31.
129
1
0.8
0.8
0.6
P(f)
p(t)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.4
0
0.2
-0.2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
f/Tb
0.8
-0.4
0
1.2
0.5
1.5
t/Tb
2.5
Hnh 4-29 c tnh ca h xung raised cosine ti cc gi tr khc nhau. (a) p ng tn

P(f), ch P(f) = P(-f); (b) p ng xung p(t).
Xung raised cosine c th c sinh ra bng cch cho mt xung kim qua mt
b lc c H(f) = P(f). Nu u vo b lc l g(t) khng phi l xung kim th khi
sinh ra mt u ra thuc h raised cosine, hm truyn b lc s l
H( f )
P( f )
G( f )
(4.64)
trong G(f) l khai trin Fourier ca g(t).

1.2
0.5
Amplitude
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
0
0.5
1.5
2
Time (s)
1.2
2.5
3.5
4
x 10
-6
0.25
Amplitude
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
0
0.5
1.5
2
Time (s)
2.5
3.5
4
x 10
-6
Hnh 4-30 V d dng xung c lc bi b lc raised cosine ti cc gi tr khc nhau.

130
Trong hu ht cc ng dng, hot ng lc to ra P(f) c chia ra gia

hai b lc, mt b lc ti b pht c hm truyn k hiu l HT(f) v mt b lc ti
b thu c hm truyn k hiu l HR(f). Vi mt xung kim ti u vo ca HT(f) v
mt knh truyn l tng, ta c HT(f)HR(f) = P(f). Trong trng hp n gin h
thng c ngun nhiu cng ti u vo b thu, n c th c chng minh rng s
phn chia ti u m bo ti u ha t s tn hiu trn nhiu ti u ra b thu l
chia tch P(f) bng nhau gia b pht v b thu, tc l
HT ( f ) H R ( f ) P( f )
12
(4.65)
B lc ny cn c gi l b lc raised cosine cn bc hai v c p ng xung:

hR (t ) hT (t ) 8
cosRb 2 t sinRb 2 t 8t
R 1 8t
12
b
(4.66)
Khi thc hin mt b lc c p ng nh (4.66) trong min thi gian, cn ch mt

s kh khn trong phng php s c th ny sinh, v d x = 0 trong tnh sinc(x).
trnh vn ny khi thc hin trong MATLAB, gi tr x = 0 c thay th bng
gi tr gn ng eps, l mt bin c bit v chnh xc tng i trong
MATLAB.
Ngoi vic t xy dng cc hm lc nh nhng v d cho trn, trong
MATLAB qu trnh lc c th c thc hin bng vic s dng hm filter
trong th vin Signal processing toolbox theo cu trc tng qut cho trong
hnh 4-31.
Hnh 4-31 Cu trc gii thut qu trnh lc s dng hm filter trong MATLAB.
Cch s dng hm filter c thc hin theo c php c bn sau:

y = filter(b,a,x);
trong a, b l cc vector c di n cha cc h s ca b lc c c trng bi

hm truyn trong min z:
H ( z)
b(1) b(2) z 1 ... b(nb 1) z nb

1 a(2) z 1 ... a(na 1) z na
131
v qu trnh lc c th c m t phng trnh sai phn:

y(n) b(1) * x(n) b(2) * x(n 1) ... b(nb 1) * x(n nb)
a(2) * y(n 1) ... a(na 1) * y(n na)
vi n 1 l bc ca b lc cho c hai kiu b lc FIR v IIR, na l bc b lc hi

tip v nb l bc b lc np trc. Cc h s lc a, b c th c xc nh t cc
hm thit k b lc sn c trong th vin nh:
-
B lc Butterworth: [b,a] = butter(n,Wn) vi n l bc b lc, Wn

l tn s ct chun ha theo na tc ly mu.
B lc Bessel: [b,a] = besself(n,Wo) vi n l bc b lc, Wo l

tn s ti tr nhm ca b lc gn nh khng i.
Cc b lc Chebyshev: [b,a] = cheby1(n,R,Wp) v [b,a] =

cheby2(n,R,Wst) vi n l bc b lc, R l gn sng nh-nh theo
dB, v Wp v Wst l cc tn s bin di thng v tn s bin bng chn

c chun ha.
-
B lc raised cosine: y = rcosflt(x,Fd,Fs) thc hin lc tn hiu

u vo x c tn s ly mu l Fd bng b lc raised cosine cho tn hiu
u ra y ti tn s ly mu Fs.
Lu l hot ng lc c th c thc hin trong min thi gian qua php

tch chp gia tn hiu u vo v p ng xung ca b lc. Trong MATLAB php
tch chp c th c thc hin qua s dng hm conv theo c php c bn sau:
-
y = conv(x,h) thc hin tch chp gia 2 vector x c di m v h c
di n, kt qu u ra y c di (m+n-1).
4.5.3 Cc b lc phi hp
B lc phi hp c s dng trong thit k cc b thu ti u trong trng
hp b nh hng bi nhiu cng. Xt bi ton xc nh c hoc khng c mt xung
vi mt dng xung bit p(t) c chu k l T t vic quan st tn hiu thu c y(t)
p (t ) n(t )
y (t )
or
n(t )
Tn hiu thu y(t) c quan st trong T giy trong khong [0, T] v c xc nh

xem c hoc khng c xung p(t) bng vic x l y(t). Qu trnh x l y(t) c thc
132
hin qua mt b lc, do vy vic quyt nh s c mt xung p(t) c da trn u

ra ca mt b lc ti thi im t = T. Tn hiu u ra b lc c dng
T
z y ( ) h(T ) d
(4.67)
N c chng minh rng xc sut quyt nh sai hoc li trung bnh nh nht
khi b lc c hm truyn t
H( f ) K
P * ( f ) exp( j 2fT )
SN ( f )
(4.68)
trong K l mt hng s thc dng. Nu n(t) l nhiu trng th ta c

H ( f ) KP * ( f ) exp( j 2fT )
(4.69)
Bng vic ly khai trin Fourier ngc ca H(f), hm p ng xung ca b lc c

xc nh l
h(t ) p(T t )
(4.70)
do
T
z y ( )h(T )d y ( ) p( )d
(4.71)
Cc phng trnh (4.70) v (4.71) cho thy rng p ng xung ca b lc c phi

hp vi p(t) v y l l do b lc kiu ny c gi l b lc phi hp. Ch rng
khi p(t) l xung vung n v nh m t bi (4.5) th z ch l tch phn ca tn hiu
u vo. Nu mt quyt nh phi c thc hin trong cc khong thi gian lin
tip th (4.71) bao hm rng tch phn ny bt u thc hin ti u mi khong chu
k. Nh vy, gi tr ca tch phn ti im cui khong trc phi c loi b. Do
vy b lc ny cn c gi l b lc integrate-and-dump (I&D) nh m t trong
hnh 4-31.
Hnh 4-31 M t thc hin b lc phi hp trong b thu
133
Qu trnh lc phi hp v mt nguyn l c th b mo tuyn tnh trong cc

xung khi mo dng c bit, nhng khng th b giao thoa gia cc k hiu.
c th b c mo bao gm c mo phi tuyn v bin i theo thi gian th b
lc thch ng hay k thut cn bng s cn c s dng ti b thu.
Hnh 4-32 Dng sng tn hiu xung vung trong trng hp l tng v b nhiu ti u
vo v u ra b lc phi hp.
Mt v d v b lc phi hp vi cc loi xung c bn bao gm xung vung

v xung tam gic trn mt chu k T c thc hin cho trong on m di y:
% V d v b lc phi hp cho dng xung vung
Ts = .01;
% Chu k ly mu
t=-1:Ts:1;
T = length(t);
% To cc dng xung
prect = ones(1,T);
% Xung vung
ptri(1:(T-1)/2) = t(1:(T-1)/2)+1;
% Xung tam
ptri((T-1)/2+1) = 1;
% Xung tam
ptri((T+1)/2:T) = 1-t((T+1)/2:T);
% Xung tam
ptri = ptri * sqrt(3); % nh c energy
% To nhiu c bin an
an = 0.5;
n = an*randn(1,T); % Gaussian noise
% Cng nhiu vo cc xung
pw1 = prect + n;
pw2 = ptri + n;
% Lc phi hp cc xung
rf1 = pw1(1);
rf2 = pw2(1);
mf2 = ptri(1)*pw2(1);
for k=2:T
rf1(k) = rf1(k-1) + pw1(k); % Lc xung vung
rf2(k) = rf2(k-1) + pw2(k); % Lc xung vung
% Lc xung tam gic ln xung tam gic
mf2(k) = mf2(k-1) + ptri(k)*pw2(k);
end
v xung tam gic
gic
gic
gic
ln xung vung
ln xung tam gic
134
Kt qu c cho thy trong hnh 4-33 di y.

Rectangle Pulse
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.4
0.6
0.8
Triangle Pulse
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
(a)
Noisy Rectangle Pulse
4
2
0
-2
-4
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
Noisy Triangle Pulse

4
2
0
-2
-4
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
(b)
Rect. Filter on Rect. Pulse
200
100
0
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
Rect. Filter on Tri. Pulse

200
100
0
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
Tri. Filter on Tri. Pulse

200
100
0
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
(c)
Hnh 4-33 Kt qu v d v b lc phi hp: (a) Dng xung gc ban u, (b) Dng xung b
nhiu, (c) Dng sng u ra b lc phi hp (I&D).
135
4.6
Qu trnh ng b
Trong h thng truyn thng, qu trnh ng b l mt trong nhng chc

nng chnh ca b thu bao gm qu trnh khi phc sng mang v khi phc tn
hiu ng h. Mc d c nhiu cp ng b ngoi vic ng b sng mang v nh
thi trong cc h thng truyn thng ln nh ng b khung, gi hay t m, cc
kiu ng b ny thng c thc hin qua vic s dng cc chui k hiu c
bit c ghp cng vi cc chui tin. Qu trnh ng b sng mang v nh thi c
th c thc hin c hoc khng c s dng tn hiu tr gip. Hu ht cc h
trong cc tn hiu sng mang v nh thi tham kho c tch ra t dng sng
tn hiu ti b thu.
Cc k thut ng b bin i ph thuc vo ch iu bin, mi trng
hot ng v mc chnh xc mong mun. Hiu nng ca qu trnh khi phc
sng mang v nh thi thng c o bi cc tham s lch thi gian v jitter
(rung pha) hiu dng nh m t trong hnh 4-34.
ng h
l tng
lch =
1 N
i
N i 1
jitter rms =
1 N
i b 2
N i 1
Hnh 4-34 lch thi gian v jitter trong mt tn hiu dng sng nh thi.
4.6.1 Qu trnh ng b trong m phng

M phng cc chc nng ng b c th c thc hin v hai l do:
-
Th nht l nghin cu c tnh ca cc qu trnh ng b c th

xem liu cc tiu ch hiu nng xc nh c tha mn hay cha. Ni
cch khc, phn h ng b chnh l i tng nghin cu. Trong trng
hp ny, cc hot ng phn cng hoc phn mm c th s cn c m
phng. Trong cc nghin cu phn h nh vy, cc tiu ch hiu nng
thng lin h vi c tnh chuyn tip ca cu trc: cc i lng nh
thi gian thu np hay di co ko l hm ca cc tham s u vo qu
136
chnh l cc tham s quan tm. Vn m phng ny lin quan n m

phng mch vng kha pha (PLL).
-
Th hai l s cn thit m t qu trnh ng b n gin l gii

thch nh hng ca n trong m phng mc h thng m i lng
hiu nng mc h thng (nh BER) chnh l i tng quan tm. Trong
trng hp ny, c tnh chuyn tip ca phn h ng b t quan trng
hn hiu nng trng thi tnh c o theo cc tham s lch thi gian
v jitter nh cp trn. Xc sut li h thng lin quan n tn hiu
gii iu ch d(t) v l mt hm ca cc tham s v ng b biu din
nh (d ) Pe (,) nh m t trong hnh 4-35, trong l ton t
quyt nh, l tham s pha ca sng mang c sinh ra t b dao ng
ni, v l thi im ly mu ca xung ng h.
Hnh 4-35 Tc ng ca li pha v li nh thi ln BER. (a) M hnh thu coherent n

gin; (b) h thng tng qut.
Nh vy ta c cc kiu tip cn m phng khc nhau ph thuc vo cch m

( , ) c m t v cch c th thu c chng. Mt s cch tip cn thuc
dng cu trc xc nh cc hot ng c thc hin rt ra ( , ). Cc tip cn
khc c da trn m t thng k ( , ) hoc da trn gii thut trn mt khun
kh thng k.
Mt trong nhng cch n gin l s dng cch tip cn ng b u
cng. Dng sng d(t) c lc phi hp v c ly mu ti thi im a vo
b quyt nh xc nh xc sut li Pe( , ). Trong phng php ny, ti mi gi
tr c nh mt hm BER iu kin P , s thu c bng cch bin i
e
137
trn mt tp gi tr ri rc. S c mt opt m BER l nh nht nh cho thy

hnh 4-36a v c tnh v lch hay li pha tnh c xc nh. Cng mt cch
tng t ti mi gi tr mt hm BER iu kin Pe , s thu c trn mt tp

gi tr ri rc. Hm BER theo lch nh thi opt s c xc nh nh cho
thy hnh 4-36b. Nh vy, BER l mt hm ca c hai v , do mt s biu
din s ph thuc trn mt b mt khng gian 3 chiu c th c thc hin nh v
d trong hnh 4-37. Trong thc t cc i lng v l cc qu trnh bin i
chm v c th c m t theo mt phn b no v Pe c tnh trung bnh trn
cc phn b .
(a)
(b)
Hnh 4-36 S ph thuc BER vo (a) lch pha v (b) lch nh thi.
Hnh 4-37 S ph thuc BER vo ng thi c hai tham s lch pha v lch nh
thi trong biu din 3D.
Trong m phng mc h thng, n khng cn thit phi m phng chi tit (

, ) c sinh ra th no. Do vy mt qu trnh ngu nhin tng ng c s
dng phng to li qu trnh ng b thc t nh hng ln BER. Xt dng sng
thu c c dng
138
r (t ) s(t ) n(t )
(4.72)
trong n(t) l nhiu Gauss trng cng v tn hiu

s(t ) (t ) cosc t (t ) (t )
(4.73)
bao gm c thnh phn pha mong mun (t) cng nh thnh phn pha khng mong
mun (t) c trng cho nhiu pha b dao ng v mo dng. T (4.72) r(t) c th
c biu din nh
r (t ) (t ) cosc t (t ) (t ) (t )
(4.74)
phn nh s c mt ca nhiu. Tn hiu tham chiu dao ng ni c th c m t

nh
c(t ) 2 cosc t (t ) (t )
(4.75)
trong (t) sinh ra t nhiu nhit v cc thnh phn pha khc l cc c tnh ca
cc i lng tng ng trong (4.73). Dng sng gii iu ch thu c bng vic
nhn r(t) vi c(t) v ly thnh phn thng thp c c
d (t ) (t ) cos (t ) (t ) (t )
(4.76)
trong (t ) (t ) (t ) (t ) . Nh vy dng sng gii iu ch ph thuc

vo nhiu pha khng c theo du (t ) (t ) v nhiu nhit c theo du (t).
(Li pha tnh n gin l mt hng s c th c gi s nh l mt tham s
ging nh cch tip cn u cng). B qua li pha tnh c th thy rng (t) chnh
l qu trnh ngu nhin tng ng. Do vy h thng c th c m phng khng
c nhiu pha v (t) c th n gin c a trc tip vo tn hiu gii iu ch
nh ch ra (4.76). Ni chung (t) l mt qu trnh chm do vy cn ch cc gi
tr ca n cch nhau bi Ts c mc tng quan nht nh do vy cn s dng k
thut a tc trong m phng. Thm na thi gian chy m phng phi ln
quan st c ht s tin trin ca qu trnh c trng. i vi i lng jitter thay
cho biu th theo th s c biu din trong min thi giant ham chiu vi mt
chu k k hiu. Do vy nh hng ca jitter ng h c th c m phng bng
cch truyn mt lung d liu ng b hon ton v ly mu u ra b lc phi hp
bng mt tn hiu ng h hay ly mu b nhiu. Tnh nhiu ca qu trnh ny c
m t bi mt qu trnh ngu nhin tng ng thng l qu trnh ngu nhin
Gauss vi mt PSD xc nh.
139
4.6.2 M phng mch vng kha pha (PLL)

Phn t trung tm ca nhiu cu trc ng b chnh l mch vng kha pha
(PLL) thng c m t bi mt phng trnh vi phn phi tuyn. C nhiu m
hnh m t PLL ph thuc vo cu trc hay bc ca mch vng.
S khi c bn ca PLL dng mch vng bc hai v m hnh tng
ng trong min pha ca n c cho thy trong hnh 4-38. Trong hnh ny, tn
hiu sng mang i vo s c so pha vi sng mang c to ra t b dao ng.
lch pha u ra c cho qua mt b lc vng chuyn i thnh s bin i
dng in p iu khin b to dao ng VCO. Hm truyn b lc vng F(s) cho
mch vng bc 2 c th c biu din
F ( s)
s 2 1
s 1 1
(4.77)
trong mt trong hai trng hp xc nh 1 nh sau

1,
0,
B lc th ng
B lc tch cc
(4.78)
v 1 v 2 l cc tham s thi gian lin quan n tn s t nhin v h s tt dn

ca PLL.
Hnh 4-38 M t mch vng kha pha

140
C hai kiu m hnh m phng PLL l m hnh c lp (stand-alone) v

m hnh lp rp (assembled). S khc nhau gia hai m hnh l m hnh lp rp
c xy dng bng vic tp hp m hnh phng trnh vi phn t cc m hnh
mc thp hn. Tuy nhin m hnh c lp cho n nh v chnh xc tt hn
ti khong cch mu xc nh.
Hnh 4-39 M t b lc vng F(s) theo dng kinh in
Hnh 4-40 S khi PLL m rng cho m hnh c lp
Trong m hnh c lp, hm truyn b lc vng (4.77) c vit li

F ( s)
1 2 1 s
1 1 1 1 s
(4.79)
v c biu din theo h thng nh hnh 4-39. Thay biu din ny vo s khi
hnh 4-38 ta c c s khi m rng nh trong hnh 4-40. y cc bin mi
y(t ) v y (t ) vi y(t ) d 2 y dt 2 , y (t ) dy dt c a vo xy dng bi ton
theo dng m hnh yu cu. T hnh 4-40, cc mi quan h gia cc tham s ca

mch vng c xc nh
141
v(t ) K1 K3 1 2 y(t ) y (t )
(4.80)
(t ) K1 K 2 K3 1 2 y (t ) y(t )
(4.81)
(t ) (t ) (t ) (t ) K1 K 2 K3 1 2 y (t ) y(t )
(4.82)
e(t ) Asin (t ) K1 K 2 K3 1 2 y (t ) y(t )
(4.83)
y(t ) e(t ) 1 1 y (t )
(4.84)
t
c1
K1 K 2 K 3 2
, c2
K1 K 2 K 3
, c3
1
1
(4.85)
v thay (4.83) vo (4.84) thu c

y(t ) A sin (t ) c1 y (t ) c2 y(t ) c3 y (t )
(4.86)
y chnh phng trnh vi phn phi tuyn bc hai theo bin y v u vo (t). Nh
vy m phng PLL quay tr li bi ton gii phng trnh vi phn. Cc phng
php gii phng trnh vi phn ODE c cp trong Chng 3. Thm na
da trn s khi m t PLL trong hnh 4-40, m hnh Simulink d dng c
xy dng m phng PLL.
4.7 Tng kt chng

Ni dung chng ny cp n nhng vn c bn nht trong m
phng cc h thng truyn thng trong phn bit hai loi m hnh l m hnh
thng di v m hnh tng ng bng gc. Hu ht cc m phng h thng
truyn thng hin nay s dng m hnh tng ng bng gc do gim c tc
ly mu cho php gim ti tnh ton trong m phng.
Da trn cc qu trnh c bn xy ra trong h thng truyn thng, phng
php lun v cc k thut m phng cc qu trnh thu pht c trnh by c th
bao gm qu trnh to tn hiu, qu trnh m ha, qu trnh lc v qu trnh iu ch
v gii iu ch. Cng vi cc v d c xy dng t cc m hnh c trng cho
mi qu trnh, cc hm c bn sn c trong th vin toolbox ca MATLAB cng
c gii thiu.
Vai tr ca qu trnh ng b trong m phng cng c cp n trong
chng ny. Phng php lun m phng nh hng ca cc tham s ng b
142
n hiu nng h thng v cch thc m phng c tnh mch vng kha pha
c trnh by.
Cu hi/ bi tp chng 4
4-1/ Vit chng trnh MATLAB to chui bit ngu nhin phn b u c di
128 bit. Sau thc hin chuyn i chui bit ny thnh cc gi tr thp phn trong
di t [0,15].
-
Gi : Chuyn i vector hng thnh ma trn mx4, sau dng hm

bi2de chuyn i sang dng thp phn.
4-2/ Xy dng cc function nn v gii nn tn hiu theo lut A c dng cu trc

sau:
function [y,amax] = alaw(x,A) v function x = invalaw(y,A)
4-3/ Vit chng trnh m ha tn hiu x = 2cos(4t) ti tn s ly mu fs = 20 Hz
s dng qu trnh PCM theo lut A vi 8 mc lng t. Hy xc inh t m u ra
ca 5 mu u tin. V biu din tn hiu gc ban u, tn hiu c ly mu v tn
hiu c lng t ha trn cng mt hnh. (S dng cc function xy dng ca
bi tp trn)
4-4/ Xy dng function chuyn i chui bit d liu u vo thnh m ng RZ
n cc.
S dng function ny m ha RZ v biu din dng sng ca chui bit [0 1 1 0 1
0 1 0] ti tc 1 Mbit/s.
4-5/ Vit function to chui xung tam gic u ra. Bit trong mt chu k dng
xung c biu din bi hm sau:
4-6/ Cho tn hiu tng t c m t bi cng thc sau:

s(t ) 2cos(20 t + /4)+cos(30 t )
Vit chng trnh thc hin iu ch bin tn hiu bng sng mang fc = 300 Hz.
V dng sng tn hiu bn tin ban u v tn hiu c iu ch.
Gii iu ch tn hiu trn bng k thut ph hp v v dng sng tn hiu sau khi
c gii iu ch.
143
4-7/ To chui k t ngu nhin c di 100 k t thc hin iu bin BPSK.

Hy vit chng trnh biu din dng sng ng bao phc ca tn hiu iu bin
BPSK ti tc 10 Mb/s bi cc xung raised cosine c m t bi hm sau:
2t
p(t ) 1 cos

T
0t T
V dng ph ca tn hiu c iu bin.
144
Chng 5 M phng knh thng tin
Knh thng tin l thnh phn quan trng nht trong h thng truyn thng,
xc nh c tnh truyn dn ca h thng. Chng ny s cp n phng php
lun c bn trong vic m phng knh thng tin.
5.1 Gii thiu chung

Cc h thng thng tin hin i hot ng trn mt di rng cc knh thng
tin bao gm i dy xon, cp ng trc, si quang v cc knh v tuyn. Tt c cc
knh thc t u gy ra s mo dng, nhiu v giao thoa. Cc yu t ny nh hng
n cc qu trnh iu ch, m ha v mt s chc nng x l khc nh qu trnh
cn bng loi b s suy gim cht lng gy ra bi knh thng tin nhm to ra
mt h thng tha mn cc mc tiu v dung lng v cht lng dch v trong
iu kin rng buc v cng sut, bng thng, phc tp v chi ph.
Trong m phng h thng truyn thng, m hnh knh thng tin m t s suy
gim tn hiu pht tri qua trn ng truyn ti b thu. Ni cch khc m hnh
knh thng tin m t mi quan h u vo u ra ca knh di dng ton hc
hay gii thut. M hnh ny c th thu c t cc php o kim, hoc da trn l
thuyt truyn sng trong mi trng vt l. Cc m hnh da trn o kim a ti
mt m t thc nghim ca knh thng tin trong min thi gian hoc tn s v
thng dng cc m t thng k ca cc bin hay qu trnh ngu nhin. Cc tham
s ca hm phn b v mt ph cng sut lun c c tnh t d liu o kim.
Trong khi cc m hnh da trn o kim cho thy tin cy cao v thng l cc
m hnh hu dng nht cho thit k, th cc m hnh thc nghim thng chng
minh n v kh tng qut ha tr phi mt lng ln cc php o c thc hin
trn cc mi trng thch hp. V d, n rt kh s dng cc php o thu c
khu vc th ny a ra mt m hnh cho mt khu vc th khc tr phi mt
lng ln d liu c thu thp trn mt di rng cc khu vc th khc nhau v
sn c l thuyt lin quan cn thit hiu chnh qu trnh ngoi suy m hnh cho
khu vc mi.
145
Vic pht trin cc m hnh ton hc cho qu trnh lan truyn tn hiu trn
mt mi trng truyn dn i hi mt s hiu bit tt cc hin tng vt l c bn.
V d, pht trin mt m hnh cho knh v tuyn tng in ly, ta phi hiu c s
vt l ca qu trnh truyn sng v tuyn. Tng t, mt s hiu bit c bn v
quang hc l cn thit pht trin cc m hnh cho cc si quang n mode v a
mode. Cc k s thng tin da vo cc chuyn gia trong vt l cung cp cc m
hnh c bn cho cc kiu knh thng tin khc nhau.
Mt trong nhng thch thc trong m hnh ha knh thng tinh l s chuyn
i mt m hnh truyn sng chi tit thnh mt dng ph hp cho vic m phng.
Cc m hnh ton hc, t quan im vt l, c th thng rt chi tit v khng ph
hp cho m phng. V d, m hnh ton hc cho mt knh v tuyn c th dng
cc phng trnh Maxwell. Trong khi n rt chnh xc, th m hnh ny phi c
n gin ha v c chuyn i thnh mt dng ph hp nh hm truyn t hoc
p ng xung trc khi s dng n cho m phng. Rt may, qu trnh ny d dng
hn vic thu c cc m hnh vt l c bn v xc nh cc tham s ca cc m
hnh nh vy.
Cc knh thng tin vt l nh i dy xon, ng dn sng, khng gian t do
v si quang thng c c tnh tuyn tnh. Mt s knh nh knh v tuyn di
ng, trong khi l tuyn tnh c th c x theo mt kiu bin i theo thi gian mt
cch ngu nhin. M hnh m phng ca cc knh ny nm trong hai loi chnh sau:
-
Cc m hnh hm truyn t i vi cc knh bt bin theo thi gian:

Trong cc m hnh ny, knh thng tin c gi s c bn cht tnh (tc
knh c p ng xung bt bin theo thi gian) cung cp mt p ng tn
xc nh v cc tr c nh trong knh thng tin. Hm truyn ca knh bt
bin theo thi gian c cho l phng nu ngun tin c rng bng tn
m trn knh thng tin c p ng khuych i khng i. Knh c
cho l c tnh chn lc tn s nu ngun tin c rng bng tn m trn
knh thng tin c s thay i ng k h s khuych i.
Cc m hnh ng tr nhnh (TDL) cho cc knh bin i theo thi

gian. i vi cc m hnh knh ny, knh thng tin c gi s bin
i theo thi gian. Nu knh thay i trong khong thi gian quan tm
nh nht i vi mt tn hiu, th knh c cho l knh fading nhanh.
Nu knh duy tr c tnh tnh trn mt s lng ln cc symbol lin tip
146
ca ngun tin, th knh c cho l knh fading chm v knh c th

c xem ging nh m hnh trn trong mt khong thi gian xc nh.
Cc m hnh hm truyn t c th c m phng hoc trong min thi
gian hoc min tn s s dng cc b lc p ng xung hu hn (FIR) hoc p ng
xung v hn (IIR). Cc m hnh thc nghim dng p ng xung hoc p ng
tn o c hoc tng hp c thng c m phng s dng k thut FIR. Cc
biu thc gii tch cho hm truyn t d dng hn m phng khi dng k thut
IIR.
Trong m phng h thng truyn thng, cc m hnh knh dng sng c
s dng c trng cho cc tng tc vt l gia mt dng sng c pht v
knh thng tin. Cc m hnh knh dng sng c ly mu ti mt tn s ly mu
thch hp. Cc mu c x l thng qua m hnh m phng. Mt k thut khc
hiu qu hn trong mt s ng dng c trng knh thng tin bi mt s trng thi
hu hn. Khi thi giant hay i, trng thi knh thay i theo tng ng bi mt tp
xc sut chuyn tip. Knh thng tin khi c th c nh ngha bi mt chui
Markov. M hnh knh sinh ra thng c dng mt m hnh Markov n (HMM)
thuc v cc m hnh knh ri rc c s dng trong m phng vi lng tnh
ton nh nht.
i vi m hnh knh dng sng, mt m hnh tng qut c th c m t
trong hnh 5-1 trong m t hai nh hng c bn ca knh truyn l:
-
Mo dng sng tn hiu do gii hn bng tn ca knh c c trng bi

p ng xung ca knh h(t).
Nhiu cng c c trng bi n(t).
Ty thuc vo m hnh m phng nh cp chng 4 m cc hm p ng

xung v nhiu cng cng c gi tr phc hoc gi tr thc. Vic m phng cc m
hnh knh c th c thc hin trong min thi gian v min tn s tng ng.
Knh thng tin
Hnh 5-1 M hnh knh tng qut trong m phng h thng truyn thng
147
5.2 M hnh knh AWGN

Nhiu Gauss trng cng (AWGN) l mt m hnh nhiu c bn trong h
thng thng tin m t cc qu trnh ngu nhin xy ra trong knh truyn. Cc c
tnh c bn ca nhiu AWGN bao gm:
-
Nhiu c tnh cng: ngha l nhiu ca knh truyn c cng thm vo

tn hiu c pht i, y nhiu c tnh c lp thng k vi tn hiu.
Nhiu l trng: tc mt ph cng sut nhiu l phng, do vy t tng

quan ca nhiu trong min thi gian l bng khng cho bt k lch
thi gian khc khng no.
Nhiu c phn b Gauss hoc phn b chun.
Do hu ht cc nhiu sinh ra trong h thng c cc c tnh ny nn m hnh

knh AWGN c coi l m hnh knh c bn nht khi m t nh hng ca nhiu
trong h thng. Mi quan h gia u vo v u ra ca knh AWGN c th c
biu din n gin nh sau:
r (t ) s(t ) n(t )
(5.1)
trong n(t) l thnh phn nhiu trng c phn b Gauss vi trung bnh bng 0
c cng thm vo tn hiu u vo knh truyn s(t) nh m t trong hnh 5-2.
Hnh 5-2 M hnh knh AWGN
Trong m phng h thng thng tin, ty thuc vo loi m hnh m phng

hay tn hiu u vo m thnh phn nhiu n(t) cng c tnh cht ph hp tng ng.
i vi trng hp m hnh di thng, tn hiu u vo s(t) l tn hiu thc nn
thnh phn nhiu AWGN n(t) c to ra cng l tn hiu thc v c hm t tng
quan tng ng l:
n ( ) En(t ).n (t ) N0 ( )
(5.2)
trong E[] l php tnh k vng trong thng k. Do mt ph cng sut ca

nhiu n(t) c th thu c qua khai trin Fourier t (5.1) v c c:
148
Sn ( f ) N0
(5.3)
cho tt c cc thnh phn tn s trong bng tn nhiu.

i vi trng hp m phng tng ng bng gc, tn hiu u vo s(t) l tn
hiu phc nn thnh phn nhiu AWGN n(t) c to ra cng l tn hiu phc gm
2 thnh phn thc v o (hay thnh phn ng pha v vung pha) v mi thnh
phn c hm t tng quan l N 0 ( ) 2 . Cc thnh phn nhiu ng pha v vung
pha u c phn b Gauss v l cc qu trnh c lp nhau. Nh vy i lng mt
ph cng sut N0 xc nh mc cng sut nhiu AWGN hay phng sai ca hm
phn b nhiu Gauss. y cng chnh l tham s c trng cho knh AWGN v xc
nh t s tn hiu trn nhiu (SNR) ca knh truyn:
SNR
Ps
N0
hay
P
SNR dB 10 log 10 s
N0
(5.4)
trong Ps l mc cng sut tn hiu u vo knh AWGN. i vi tn hiu u

vo l tn hiu c tnh ngu nhin th cng sut tn hiu u vo c th c c
tnh qua php tnh phng sai ca tn hiu. Tham s SNR cng c s dng c
trng cho knh AWGN thay cho mc cng sut nhiu. Khi , mc cng sut hay
phng sai nhiu s c rt ra t gi tr SNR c thit lp cho knh v mc cng
sut tn hiu u vo.
Hnh 5-3 Mt ph cng sut knh AWGN trong hai m hnh thng di v m hnh
tng ng bng gc.
Knh AWGN c th c m phng trong MATLAB bng vic s dng

hm randn to ra cc mu nhiu theo phn b Gauss cng vo tn hiu u vo.
Mt on m MATLAB to ra N mu nhiu Gauss phc c lp nhau c phng
sai l VarN c cho di y:
149
% To nhiu Gauss phc c phng sai l VarN.

Noise = sqrt(VarN/2) * (randn(1,N) + j * randn(1,N));
Nh vy mt hm MATLAB m phng knh AWGN cho c tn hiu thc v tn

hiu phc c th c xy dng nh v d cho di y:
% V d xy dng hm knh AWGN
function yNoise = addnoise(yClean,VarN)
% Hm ny thc hin cng nhiu Gauss vo tn hiu u vo
% yClean Tn hiu u vo
% VarN Phng sai nhiu
% yNoise Tn hiu u ra
if (isreal(yClean))
yNoise = yClean + sqrt(VarN)*randn(size(yClean));
else
yNoise = yClean + sqrt(VarN/2) ...
*(randn(size(yClean))+j*randn(size(yClean)));
end
on m MATLAB sau cho mt v d v s dng hm addnoise i vi mt

tn hiu NRZ u vo gi s l tn hiu thc. Hnh 5-4 cho kt qu nh hng ca
nhiu AWGN ln dng sng ca tn hiu ti t s SNR c thit lp ti 10 dB. Mt
v d khc i vi tn hiu phc s dng iu ch QPSK khi truyn qua knh
AWGN c cho trong hnh 5-5. nh hng ca nhiu AWGN c thy qua biu
chm sao ca tn hiu QPSK ti 2 gi tr SNR khc nhau l 10 v 20 dB.
% Vi du ve kenh AWGN
d = randint(1,100); % To chui bn tin
[t,x] = nrzcode(d,1e6,2000,'pol'); % M ha dng sng NRZ
Ts = t(2)-t(1); % Thi gian ly mu
xp = raisedcosflt(x,1.5e6,Ts,0.5); % To dng xung
% Truyn dn qua knh AWGN
SNRdB = 10; % dB
SNR = 10^(SNRdB/10);
varn = var(xp)/SNR; % Xc nh phng sai nhiu
xnoise = addnoise(xp,varn);
% Hin th kt qu
plot(t,xp,'rx',t,xnoise);grid;
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
eyediagram(xp,40);
% Biu din biu mt tn hiu u vo
eyediagram(xnoise,40); % Biu din biu mt tn hiu u ra
Trong v d trn hm eyediagram c s dng v biu mt ca mt tn

hiu dng sng. C php c bn s dng hm eyediagram nh sau:
-
eyediagram(x,n); v biu mt ca tn hiu x vi ca s biu din
gm n mu. n phi l mt s nguyn ln hn 1. (Thng n l s nguyn

ln s mu/1 chu k symbol).
150
2
1.5
Amplitude
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time (s)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
x 10
-4
Eye Diagram
Eye Diagram
1.5
1.5
1
1
0.5
Amplitude
Amplitude
0.5
0
-0.5
-0.5
-1
-1
-1.5
-1.5
-0.5
0
Time
-2
-0.5
0.5
0
Time
0.5
Hnh 5-4 Dng sng tn hiu NRZ trc v sau khi truyn qua knh AWGN v biu
mu mt tng ng.
Scatter plot
Scatter plot
1
1.5
0.8
0.6
0.4
Quadrature
Quadrature
0.5
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.5
-0.4
-1
-0.6
-0.8
-1.5
-1
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
In-Phase
1.5
-1
-0.5
0
In-Phase
0.5
Hnh 5-5 Biu chm sao ca tn hiu QPSK khi truyn qua knh AWGN ti mc SNR
bng 10 dB v 20 dB tng ng.

dng m phng knh AWGN l awgn v wgn:
-
y = awgn(x,snr) % cng nhiu Gauss trng vo vector

tn hiu x
151
5.3 Cc m hnh knh thng tin c th

C nhiu loi knh thng tin khc nhau v thng phn ra thnh hai loi
chnh l knh hu tuyn v knh v tuyn.
5.3.1 Knh hu tuyn v ng dn sng

Cc h thng thng tin s dng cc loi mi trng dn khc nhau nh i
dy xon, cp ng trc. Cc knh thng tin ny c th c c trng ph hp bi
m hnh mch RLC, v cc c tnh truyn tn hiu u vo u ra c th c m
hnh ha bi mt hm truyn t. Cc nh sn xut cp thng cung cp cc c
tnh tr khng ca m hnh ng truyn dn cho cp dn v n d dng thu
c cc m hnh hm truyn t t d liu ny. Hm truyn t sau c s
dng nh mt m hnh m phng. N cng d dng o c p ng tn ca cc
di cp khc nhau v thu c m hnh hm truyn t da trn cc php o trn.
Trong mt mng cp ln n c th cn thit xc nh knh bng vic s dng
mt s bin ngu nhin c trng cho cc tham s ca mt hm truyn hoc p
ng xung cn tm. Knh thng tin, trong trng hp ny, c th c xem nh bt
bin theo thi gian v do khng cn n m hnh bin i theo thi gian. Nh
vy vic m phng knh hu tuyn lc ny tng t nh qu trnh lc nh
cp trong Chng 4. Mt hm truyn t cp ng n gin da trn m hnh mch
RLC c dng
H ( )
1
1 LC jRC
2
(5.5)
trong R, L, C l in tr, cm v in dung ca cp tng ng, cc tham s

ny ph thuc vo c im c th v kch thc v vt liu ca cp.
Cc ng dn sng v si quang c th cng c bao gm trong loi mi
trng truyn dn c dn sng (hu tuyn). Trong khi mode truyn dn c th thay
i, cc knh thng tin trong loi ny c th c m hnh ha nh cc h thng
tuyn tnh bt bin theo thi gian c m t bi hm truyn t. Tuy nhin m
t chnh xc qu trnh lan truyn ca cc mode dn trong ng dn sng
Cc h thng thng tin quang hu tuyn s dng si quang, trong khi cc h
thng thng tin quang khng dy truyn nh sng qua khng gian t do. Kiu h
thng thng tin quang ph bin nht s dng si n mode hoc a mode nh knh
truyn, v c ngun tin s nh phn v mt b thu thc hin quyt nh da trn
nng lng thu c trong mi chu k bit. Ngoi vic gy suy hao cc xung quang
152
pht i, si quang cn gy mo hoc dn xung quang. C hai c ch gy mo chnh

khc nhau: tn sc sc th v tn sc mode. Tn sc sc th l kt qu ca s khc
bit v vn tc lan truyn ca cc thnh phn ph khc nhau c pht i v l
nguyn nhn mo dng chnh trong cc si quang n mode s dng ph bin hin
nay. Trong iu kin hot ng tuyn tnh, si quang cng c th c m hnh ha
bng mt hm truyn t trong bng thng truyn dn ph thuc vo tn sc nh
sau:
H f ( z, ) e
2 2 z
3 z
j
j 3
2
6
(5.6)
trong z l khong cch truyn dn, 2 v 3 l cc h s lan truyn bc 2 v bc 3

tng ng ca si quang n mode, cc h s ny quan h vi tham s tn sc ca
si qua cc h thc sau:
20 D
2
2c
20
3
2c
2D
S
0
(5.7)
y 0 l bc sng tn hiu, D v S l h s tn sc v dc tn sc ca si
quang n mode. Tuy nhin trong nhiu h thng thng tin si quang hin nay, hiu
ng phi tuyn cng l nh hng cn xem xt, do vy m hnh truyn dn trong si
quang n mode phi c m t bi phng trnh Schrodinger phi tuyn. Vic gii
phng trnh ny i hi mt s k thut c th s khng c cp n trong
ni dung bi ging ny.
5.3.2 Knh v tuyn

Cc knh v tuyn c s dng t rt sm cho cc h thng truyn thng
ng di, bt u t th nghim ca Marconi trong in bo v tuyn. S truyn
lan sng v tuyn qua kh quyn gm c tng in ly-ko di vi trm km trn b
mt tri t l mt hin tng rt phc tp. Truyn lan qua kh quyn ph thuc vo
rt nhiu nhn t nh tn s, rng bng tn tn hiu, kiu ng ten, a th gia
ng ten pht v ng ten thu(nng thn, thnh ph, trong nh, ngoi tri,v.v.)v
cc iu kin thi tit (kh quyn, ma, sng m,v.v.). Cc nh khoa hc v kh
quyn c c gng ng k hiu v trin khai cc m hnh nhm m t qu
trnh truyn lan sng v tuyn qua kh quyn. Ngoi ra, rt nhiu chng trnh o
c thu c cc d liu truyn dn thc nghim t tn s cao HF ti sng viba.
Tt c nhng n lc cung cp cch m hnh ha qu trnh truyn lan sng
153
v tuyn qua kh quyn v cch s dng nhng m hnh phn tch, thit k v
m phng cc h thng truyn thng hin i.
T quan im thit k truyn thng, ta phn cc m hnh lan truyn thnh hai
loi sau: (i) m hnh nh hng phm vi rng (c dng tnh ton tn hao
truyn sng); (ii) m hnh nh hng phm vi hp (c dng m hnh ha mo
thng tin do hiu ng a ng, hoc do s thay i ngu nhin c tnh truyn lan
ca knh). Trong khi, giai on 1 c dng thit lp d tr cng sut tuyn
v phn tch vng ph sng trong giai on thit k khi u, th loi th hai c
dng thit k chi tit cho h thng.
Mt knh gn nh l khng gian t do c gi nh rng coi kh quyn l
mi trng hon ton ng nht, khng hp th kho st vng truyn lan sng
gia ng ten pht/thu (khng xy ra cc hin tng hp th hoc phn x sng v
tuyn RF). Trong m hnh c l tng ha ny, knh ch lm suy hao tn hiu v
khng gy mo dng sng. Suy hao c tnh theo m hnh truyn lan khng gian
t do c nh ngha l:
4d
Lf
(5.8)
trong l bc sng ca tn hiu pht, d l khong cch ng ten pht/thu v

hng. Khuch i ng ten pht v ng ten thu c xem xt khi tnh ton cng sut
thu thc t.
i vi a s cc knh thc t trong tn hiu truyn lan qua kh quyn v
gn mt t, vic gi nh knh truyn lan khng gian t do khng cn ph hp
na. nh hng u tin phi xt n l kh quyn, n gy ra hp th, khc x v
tn x. S hp th do kh quyn khi xem xt trn bng tn hp sinh ra suy hao b
sung. Tuy nhin, vi bng rng tn hao li ph thuc vo tn s v thng c m
hnh ha bi mt hm truyn t. Hiu ng lc ny c th c coi nh bt bin
theo thi gian hoc gi tnh (v knh thay i rt chm so vi tn hiu). Mt hin
tng thuc kh quyn khc na l mo pha do tng in ly, c th c m hnh
ha bi mt p ng pha thay i chm theo thi gian hoc bt bin theo thi gian.
Mt s v d v cc m hnh hm truyn t c dng c tnh ha cc loi
knh kh quyn c th c m t di y.
Cc nh hng ca kh quyn khc, mt t, nhng vt th c trn mt t
gn vi ng truyn sng thng to ra truyn dn a ng. Truyn dn a
ng l tn hiu n qua hiu ng phn x v/hoc khc x t my pht n
154
my thu. Cc nh hng ny c th bin i theo thi gian do s thay i trong cc

iu kin kh quyn hoc s chuyn ng tng i ca ng ten pht v ng ten thu
nh trong thng tin di ng. Thut ng lp lnh c bt ngun t thin vn hc
v tuyn, c s dng m t tnh thay i theo thi gian trong cc c tnh knh
do cc thay i v vt l trong mi trng truyn lan nh cc thay i mt in
t trong tng in ly gy phn x sng v tuyn tn s cao. Thut nh pha inh a
ng c dng trong truyn thng di ng m t cc thay i trong cc iu
kin knh v trong cc c tnh tn hiu thu.
Knh tng i lu: Truyn thng tng i lu (khng phi in ly) s dng
bng tn VHF (30 n 300 MHz) v UHF (300 MHz ti 3 GHz) truyn tin trn
c ly vi nghn km. Trong nhng bng tn ny, xy v hi nc c trong kh quyn
s hp th nng lng RF. Tn hao do hp th ph thuc vo tn s ca sng RF
cng nh iu kin kh quyn, m thc t. Tp cc c tnh in hnh v tn hao
truyn lan do s hp th kh quyn thng c thy nhiu ti liu.
Cc c tnh hp th mang tnh chn lc tn s ca kh quyn c th c
xp x bng mt hm truyn t dng:
H ( f ) H 0 exp j0.02096f 106 N ( f ) l
(5.9)
trong N(f) l khc x phc ca kh quyn v c cho bi:

N ( f ) N 0 D( f ) jN ( f )
(5.10)
Trong cc biu thc (5.9) v (5.10) th H0 l hng s, N0 l khc x ph thuc tn

s, D(f) l hp th khc x, N(f) l hp th, l l khong cch (km). Cc tham s
ny ph thuc vo tn s v cc iu kin kh quyn nh nhit , p sut, m.
Cc gi tr in hnh thng c trnh by dng bng d liu [1].
Mt khi bit trc cc iu kin kh quyn v rng bng tn ca tn hiu,
th c th tnh c hm truyn t theo thc nghim ti cc gi tr tn s khc nhau
theo (5.9) v (5.10). C th tm c hm truyn t tng ng bng gc bng
cch dch tn s v dng k thut FIR m phng m hnh knh ny.
nh hng ca ma ln knh v tuyn: Ma c nh hng ng k ln
truyn lan sng viba ti cc tn s cao (ln hn 10 GHz). Nhiu k thut c
xut trong cc ti liu m hnh ha cc nh hng ca ma [1]. Suy hao do ma
ro l mt hm ca tc ma v tn s. Khi tc ma v tn s tn hiu cng ln
th suy hao cng ln. Theo , suy hao tng khi tc ma v tn s tng. Ngoi ra,
xut hin cc nh cng hng trong c tnh suy hao. Cc nh cng hng thng
155
xy ra ti 22 GHz v 60 GHz. nh ti 22 GHz xy ra do hi nc v nh ti 60

GHz xy ra do cc phn t xy.
Suy hao do ma ro thng c tnh ton cho cc v tr a l c th s
dng tnh thng k v t l ma vng . Vi thng tin v tinh, tn hao c tnh
ton l mt hm ca gc ngng ng-ten trm mt t (theo chiu ngang) v tn s.
ngng cng thp c ngha l c nhiu nc ma hn v tn hao cng cao. nh
hng ca ma ro c tnh ton c th vi xc sut ngng hot ng cho trc,
l phn s ca thi gian m BER ca tuyn vt gi tr ngng (thng l 10-3 cho
thng tin thoi v 10-6 cho cc tuyn s liu).
Vi cc rng bng thng (di thng) tng i nh, cc nh hng ca
ma c th c tnh n bng cch a thm thnh phn tn hao ph vo m hnh
knh. Tuy nhin, khi di thng ca tn hiu ln, s thay i suy hao trn bng thng
v cn c mt m hnh kiu hm truyn t. p ng bin ca hm truyn t c
mt nghing tuyn tnh (trn thang o dB) v p ng pha c gi s l tuyn
tnh.
Cc knh truyn lan khng gian t do tn s cao s dng ng ten nh
hng cao, c c tnh phn cc c th. Khi bc sng (tng ng tn s sng
mang) ln hn rt nhiu so vi kch thc phn t kh quyn v khi khng c cc
vt cn vt l i vi a ng, th c th s dng phn cc ng ten cch ly
(phn lp) cc knh. Trong cc h thng truyn thng s dng nhiu phn cc trc
giao cho cc tn hiu khc nhau, th phi xt n hiu ng kh cc ca ma. Kh
phn cc c ngha l nng lng trong mt phn cc r ra hoc kt hp vi nng
lng trong thnh phn phn cc trc giao. iu ny gy ra xuyn m. Nu c hai
tn hiu c truyn trn cc thnh phn phn cc trc giao l:
~
si (t ) Ai (t ) exp ji (t ),
i 1,2
(5.11)
m hnh n gin nht cho hai tn hiu thu vi kh phn cc l:

~
r1 (t ) 11 ~
s1 (t ) 12 ~
s2 (t )
~
~
r (t ) s (t ) ~
s (t )
2
21 1
(5.12)
22 2
trong t s 20log(11/21) l s o nhiu phn cc cho (XPI) ln tn hiu 1 t tn

hiu 2. Trong khi rt nhiu php tnh gn ng kh dng trong nhiu ti liu
phn tch nh hng ca XPI ln h thng s hoc tng t, th nhu cu m phng
tng ln khi h thng lch khi h thng l tng.
156
5.3.3 Knh pha inh a ng

Trong thng tin v tuyn, a ng l hin tng lan truyn ca tn hiu v
tuyn ti ng ten thu bng hai hoc nhiu hn hai ng truyn nh m t trong
hnh 5-6. Cc nguyn nhn ca a ng bao gm hiu ng dn trong kh quyn,
qu trnh phn x v khc x tng in ly, s phn x t mt nc v cc vt
chng ngi trn mt t nh cc ngn ni v cc ta nh. Cc hiu ng a ng
gy ra s giao thoa cng hng v trit tiu, v s dch pha ca tn hiu.
Hnh 5-6 Knh a ng
Cc tn hiu a ng thu c cc dng lan truyn khc nhau khi tn hiu

ti b thu t b pht thng qua cc ng truyn khc nhau. Do s c s giao
thoa a ng dn n pha inh a ng. Vic thm vo s chuyn ng ca hoc
b pht hoc b thu hoc cc i tng xung quanh lm cho bin hoc pha ca
ton b tn hiu thu c thay i trn mt khong thi gian xc nh gy ra pha
inh.
Mt m hnh knh pha inh a ng c th c c trng mt cch tng
qut nh mt b lc c p ng xung
K
h(t ) ak .e jk .e j 2fc k . t k
(5.13)
k 1
trong K c trng cho s ng truyn tn hiu t b pht n b thu trong

mi ng truyn th k c c trng bi h s suy hao ak, tr k v dch
pha k ti thi im t, fc l tn s sng mang v l hm xung Dirac. T phng
trnh (5.13) ta c th thy dch pha bao gm s dch pha v qu trnh lan truyn
trong khng gian t do ca thnh phn a ng th k v bt k dch pha b sung
gp phi trong knh truyn. Ty thuc vo c tnh ca cc tham s trong ptr. (5.13)
m ta c cc m hnh knh pha inh a ng khc nhau. Nh vy, khi tn hiu u
157
vo l tn hiu bng gc s(t) vi tn s sng mang fc c truyn qua knh pha inh
a ng, tn hiu thu c tng ng bng gc c th c biu din bi
K
r (t ) s(t ) h(t ) ak .e jk .e j 2f c k .st k
(5.14)
k 1
T (5.14) ta thy c tn hiu thu c bao gm tp hp cc bn sao ca tn hiu

pht m mi bn sao c nh c bi ak .e j .e j 2f v b tr bi mt lng k. Ni
k
c k
cch khc, c K ng truyn khc nhau tc l c K bn sao ca cng tn hiu ti

b thu ti thi im t. Mi bn sao tri qua cc tn hao khc nhau dn ti bin
khc nhau, v qung ng khc nhau sinh ra s dch pha v tr khc nhau.
p ng tn s hay hm truyn t ca knh c th thu c t (5.14) qua khai trin
Fourier v thu c
K
H ( f ) ak .e jk .e j 2fc k .e j 2f k
(5.15)
k 1
Ti mt tn s f xc nh, p ng tn cng l tng ca cc s phc. Nh vy khi

cc s hng ny cng trit tiu nhau th p ng tn l rt nh hoc thm ch bng 0
ti tn s . Cc im null trong p ng tn ca knh pha inh a ng l in
hnh trong h thng thng tin v tuyn v c xem nh l pha nh chn lc tn
s.
Trong trng hp cc knh bt bin theo thi gian, cc tham s trong p
ng xung hay p ng tn khng ph thuc vo bin thi gian t. Cc tham s ny c
th c xc nh qua cc php o kim knh truyn. Khi cc tham s c xc
nh, p ng tn ca knh pha inh a ng d dng tnh c qua biu thc
(5.15). Mt on m MATLAB tnh ton p ng tn ca knh pha inh a ng
c cho thy di y:
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
HH Hm p ng tn s
fc tn s sng mang
amp vector h s bin ( li)
tau vector tr
ff vector cc thnh phn tn s trong bng tn m phng
Lu : Cc vector tham s bin v tr gm K phn t c trng
cho K ng truyn khc nhau ca knh.
HH = amp.*exp(-j*2*pi*fc*tau) * exp(-j*2*pi*tau'*ff);
% Ch : tau*ff l php nhn ma trn v tch ca hai hm m exp cng
% l nhn ma trn to ra php tnh tng trong biu thc p ng
tn.
158
Mt v d v m hnh knh pha inh a ng c cho thy trong cc hnh 5-7 v

5-8. Trong v d ny, knh a ng c c trng bi 69 ng truyn khc nhau
vi cc tham s c cho thy trong hnh 5-7. Hnh 5-8 cho thy p ng tn tng
ng ca knh vi cc im notch c trng cho tnh chn lc tn s ca knh v
tuyn.
-5
Attenuation
x 10
3
2
1
0
0.8
1.2
1.4
Delay (s)
1.6
1.8
0.8
1.2
1.4
Delay (s)
1.6
1.8
Phase Shift/
4
2
0
-2
-4
Hnh 5-7 V d p ng xung ca knh pha inh a ng cho thy suy hao, tr v pha ca
mi ng gia b thu v b pht.
-78
-80
|Frequency Response| (dB)
-82
-84
-86
-88
-90
-92
-94
-96
-98
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
Frequency (MHz)
Hnh 5-8 p ng tn ca knh pha inh a ng tng ng vi p ng xung trong hnh

5-7 c c trng bi cc im notch.
159
Trong m hnh knh bin i theo thi gian m phn ln cc h thng v

tuyn hay gp, cc tham s bin i theo bin thi gian t hay ak = ak(t), k = k(t) v
k = k(t). S bin i ca tt c ba tham s ny u l cc qu trnh ngu nhin.

dch pha c th c gi s theo phn b u, cn hm phn b tham s bin
ph thuc vo kiu pha inh cng vi khong cch lan truyn (tn hao tuyn).
tr thng thng c m hnh ha theo phn b Poisson. Mt m t v d v p
ng xung ca mt knh a ng bin i theo thi gian cho thy trong hnh 5-9,
trong i vi mt thi im ti xc nh, mi thnh phn ng truyn c mt
tr, bin v pha khc nhau.
Hnh 5-9 M t p ng xung ca knh a ng bin i theo thi gian
Ph thuc vo hm phn b bin cc thnh phn ta c cc kiu m hnh knh pha

inh khc nhau. Hai hm phn b hay c s dng l hm phn b Rayleigh v
hm phn b Rice tng ng vi cc m hnh knh pha inh Rayleigh v m hnh
knh pha inh Rice.
Hnh 5-10 M hnh knh pha inh a ng bin i theo thi gian
M phng knh pha inh a ng bin i theo thi gian cng c th c

thc hin nh m phng b lc FIR hot ng theo dng ri rc theo thi gian.
Hnh 5-10 m t s khi m hnh knh pha inh a ng theo m hnh b lc
FIR. S lng nhnh ca b lc c xc nh bi tch tri tr v tc ly mu.
160
Cc nhnh c trng s phc l ngu nhin tun theo hm phn b Gauss. Bin
trng s ca mi nhnh c phn nh qua mt ct tr cng sut. S bin i theo
thi gian ca cc nhnh c th c c trng bi tham s dch tn Doppler tc thi
lin h vi thnh phn dch pha mi nhnh c th c biu din nh sau:
f di f d cos i
(5.16)
trong i l gc ti ca thnh phn tn hiu ng truyn th i, fd l tn s dch

Doppler cc i c xc nh bi
fd
v
fc
c
(5.17)
vi v l tc chuyn ng tng i gia b pht v b thu. V d v p ng tn

bin i theo thi gian c m phng cho thy trong hnh 5-11.
|Frequency Response| (dB)
-70
-80
-90
-100
-110
-120
-130
200
150
5
100
50
Time (ms)
-5
Frequency (MHz)
Hnh 5-11 S ph thuc p ng tn theo thi gian ti fc = 1GHz, vn tc v = 10m/s v tn

s Doppler cc i 33Hz.
Qu trnh m phng knh pha inh a ng c th c thc hin trong

min thi gian thng qua tch chp nh m t bi ptr. (5.15) hay nh hnh 5-10. Cn
lu khi thc hin php tch chp trong MATLAB qua hm conv, di vector
kt qu ln hn di vector tn hiu u vo, do vy cn hiu chnh di vector
nu cn ng b vi vector thi gian khi biu din kt qu.
161
5.3.4 Knh ri rc
M hnh c bn ca mt h thng thng tin c th m t trong hnh 5-12, bao
gm mt ngun d liu ri rc, mt b m ha knh iu khin li, mt b iu
ch v b pht, mt knh thng tin, mt b thu v mt b gii m. Ph thuc vo
ng dng cho h thng v chi tit ca m phng, cc phn t khc nh b cn bng,
cc b ghp/tch xen, b ng b sng mang v k hiu c th l mt phn ca m
hnh h thng. Nh cp Chng 4, b iu ch sp xp mt k hiu hoc
mt chui k hiu ti u vo b iu ch thnh mt dng sng ti u ra b iu
ch. Dng sng s b tc ng bi mt s hiu ng suy gim trong knh thng tin
nh l nhiu, gii hn bng tn, giao thoa v pha inh. Tt c cc hiu ng ny c
th c c trng bi dng sng. u vo mt b thu cng l mt dng sng b
mo dng bi knh truyn. Vai tr ca b thu l quan st dng sng thu c
trn mt chu k ca k hiu hoc chui k hiu xc nh cc k hiu c pht
i. Knh truyn trong trng hp ny c xem nh l knh dng sng v c hai
u vo v u ra ca knh c c trng nh dng sng. N rt quan trng lu
rng tt c cc phn t h thng vi ngoi tr knh thng tin u c m t bi
cc sp xp xc nh. Knh thng tin thc hin mt s sp xp ngu nhin hay
thng k ca tn hiu u vo ti u ra ca knh.
Thut ng m hnh knh ri rc c s dng biu th tt c cc phn t
ca mt h thng thng tin nm gia hai im A v B trong h thng, trong u
vo ti im A l mt vector cc k hiu ri rc (chui u vo) k hiu l X = [x1,
x2, , xk, ] v u ra ti B l mt vector cc k hiu ri rc khc (chui u ra)
k hiu l Y = [y1, y2, , yk, ]. Thng thng im A s l u ra b m ha knh
hoc tng ng u vo b iu ch, v im B s l u vo b gii m nh cho
thy trong hnh 5-12. Ch rng, vi s phn chia cho thy trong hnh 5-12, b
iu ch pht, knh dng sng v b thu l phn ca m hnh knh ri rc. Mi
quan h gia vector u vo knh ri rc X v vector u ra Y s b tc ng bi
cc thnh phn h thng nh cc b lc v bi cc nhiu lon ngu nhin xy ra
trong knh vt l dng sng. Trong mt h thng thng tin nh phn vi cc b thu
quyt nh cng, cc phn t ca c X v Y s l cc chui nh phn. Trong trng
hp cc b thu quyt nh mm, cc phn t ca Y s l t mt danh sch k t M
mc. Cc li truyn dn sinh ra t nhng khim khuyt trong cc phn t h thng
gia cc im A v B bao gm c knh vt l s lm cho cc phn t ca X v Y
i lc khc nhau.
162
Hnh 5-12 M hnh knh ri rc trong h thng thng tin.
Cc m hnh knh ri rc m t c ch to li theo xc sut. Cc m hnh

ny thuc trong hai loi sau:
-
Loi m hnh u tin c xem l cc m hnh knh khng nh, c s

dng m hnh ha cc li truyn dn hoc cc chuyn tip t u vo
ti u ra ca knh di iu kin gi s rng khng c s tng quan v
thi gian trong c ch chuyn tip. l xc sut chuyn tip u vo
u ra i vi k hiu u vo knh th n khng b tc ng bi nhng g
xy ra vi bt k k hiu u vo khc. Cc m hnh nh vy c th p
dng i vi cc knh thng tin m khng c s giao thoa gia cc k t
(ISI) hay pha inh v nhiu l AWGN. Trong mt h thng nh phn
quyt nh cng, s gi s ny bao hm rng cc li bit khng tng
quan vi nhau. Cc m hnh knh ri rc cho cc knh khng nh lun
thu c nghim tm thng.
Loi m hnh knh ri rc th hai p dng cho cc trng hp trong

cc chuyn tip t cc k hiu u vo n cc k hiu u ra l tng
quan v thi gian. Trong trng hp ny, xc sut li cho k hiu th n
ph thuc vo liu mt li c xy ra trong truyn dn cc k hiu trc
hay khng. Knh pha inh thng gp phi trong thng tin v tuyn l
mt v d tt ca knh thng tin c cc li tng quan. Cc li s xu
hng xy ra theo cm khi knh v tuyn ang trng thi pha inh su,
163
v nhng knh ny c xem nh l cc knh li cm hoc cc knh c

nh.
Cc m hnh knh ri rc l cc m hnh xc sut c hiu qu v tnh ton
hn so vi cc m hnh knh dng sng. Hiu qu c ci thin ti t hai yu t.
Cc m hnh ri rc c m phng ti tc k hiu, tri li cc m hnh knh
dng sng thng c m phng ti tc t 8 n 16 ln tc k hiu. Chnh
iu ny gim ti trong tnh ton t nht mt bc ln. Trong khi mi khi n
c m phng chi tit theo mt m hnh dng sng, th c mt s rt gn mc cao
trong m hnh knh ri rc. Mc rt gn ny s gim thm khi lng tnh ton.
Hai yu t ny c th gip tit kim thi gian tnh ton c vi bc khi thc hin m
phng.
Trong cc trng hp n gin, cc m hnh knh ri rc c th thu c
bng gii tch t cc m hnh ca cc thnh phn nm gia u vo knh ti A v
u ra knh ri rc ti B. Tuy nhin trong hu ht trng hp, cc m hnh knh ri
rc thu c t cc mu li c o kim hoc m phng gia cc im A v B.
Cc m hnh knh ri rc c s dng thit k v phn tch tc ng ca cc
thnh phn bn ngoi phn h thng gia im A v B, v d nh cc b m ha
iu khin li, cc b m ha ngun v cc b an xen.
M hnh ha cc knh ri rc khng nh l mt qu trnh r rng. V d,
trong trng hp ca mt knh i xng ri rc khng nh vi cc u vo v u
ra l tn hiu nh phn, tt c nhng g ta cn bit m t knh l mt gi tr xc
sut li bt. M phng knh ny i hi to mt s ngu nhin n v so snh s
vi mt ngng quyt nh liu mt bt xc nh s gp li truyn dn hay khng
hay thu c m khng b li. Nh vy, m phng truyn dn mt triu bt qua
mt knh xc nh, tt c nhng g chng ta phi lm l to ra mt triu s ngu
nhin phn b u v thc hin cc so snh ngng c yu cu. Do , ton b
h thng c c trng bi knh ny c m phng hiu qu. (So snh trng
hp ny vi m phng dng sng ci i hi to ra hng triu mu c trng cho
dng sng trong h thng c m phng v x l cc mu ny xuyn sut tt c
cc khi chc nng trong h thng)
Cc knh ri rc c nh kh m hnh ha hn. C ch to li tng quan
v thi gian thng c m hnh ha bi mt chui Markov ri rc v thi gian
trong mt m hnh trng thi c s dng c trng cc trng thi khc nhau
ca knh thng tin v mt tp xc sut chuyn tip trng thi c s dng xc
164
nh tin trnh ca cc trng thi knh. Mi trng thi cng s kt hp vi mt tp

xc sut chuyn tip k hiu t u vo ti u ra. Nh vy, m hnh ny phc tp
hn v i hi nhiu tham s hn knh khng tng quan. Cu trc m hnh v cc
gi tr tham s c c tnh t hoc cc mu li o c hoc mu li m phng.
M phng knh ri rc bao gm vic to ra mt s ngu nhin trc khi truyn dn
mi k hiu xc nh trng thi knh, v sau rt ra mt s ngu nhin khc
xc nh chuyn tip u vo u ra. Trong khi m hnh v cc th tc c tnh
tham s l phc tp, th m phng m hnh Markov cho thy rt hiu qu.
Nh vy, m phng knh ri rc u i hi to mu li ngu nhin. Qu
trnh ny c th c thc hin qua vic s dng cc hm to s ngu nhin trong
MATLAB. Ngoi cc hm to s ngu nhin nh m t trong Chng 4, ta c th
s dng hm randerr trong MATLAB to cc mu li bt. on m di y
cho thy v d s dng hm randerr:
%
%
%
%
%
%
out = randerr(m) to ma trn nh phn mxm vi mi hng c mt v

tr li ngu nhin.
out = randerr(m,n) to ma trn nh phn mxn vi mi hng c mt v
tr li ngu nhin.
out = randerr(m,n,ne) to ma trn nh phn mxn vi mi hng c
s v tr li ngu nhin c xc nh bi ne.
out = randerr(5,3,[0 2]) % To mu li bt vi 2 kiu li gm 0 v 2

v tr li ngu nhin mi hng
Kt qu:
out =
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
out2 = randerr(5,3,[0 2; .75 .25]) % To mu li bt vi 2 kiu li

gm 0 v 2 v tr li ngu nhin mi hng c xc sut ln lt l 75%
v 25%.
Kt qu:
out2 =
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
% V d to li cho mt chui bit u vo

dat = randint(10,3); % To chui t m nh phn kch thc 10x3
err = randerr(10,3); % To mu li bt vi 1 li ngu nhin mi hng
dater = rem(dat+err,2); % To chui t m b li u ra
165
Hnh 5-13 M hnh knh nh phn
M hnh knh ri rc khng nh n gin nht l knh i xng nh phn

(BSC) nh c m t trong hnh 5-13a. u vo knh ri rc ny l mt chui nh
phn c k hiu bi vector X. Thnh phn th k ca vector ny, xk, tng ng vi
u vo knh th k, v pk tng ng vi xc sut li ln truyn dn k hiu th k.
i vi mt knh khng nh, pk l c lp vi k, do vy li trn tt c cc k hiu b
tc ng bi knh thng tin theo cng mt kiu. (Nu knh l c nh, nhn chung pk
s l mt hm ca pk-1). Mt chui k hiu c di M c x l qua knh khng
nh bng cch gi m hnh knh M ln lin tip. i vi k hiu th k, mt u vo
nh phn l 0 thu c chnh xc l 0 vi xc sut 1-pk, v thu sai l 1 vi xc sut
pk. u ra knh th k c k hiu l yk v chui M k hiu u ra knh c k
hiu bi vector Y. Knh l i xng khi cc bt 0 v 1 b nh hng bi knh truyn
theo cng mt kiu. Lu rng kt qu ca tnh i xng l xc sut li c lp vi
k hiu c pht i, do ngun li c th c m phng tch bit vi ngun tin
(d liu). i vi mt knh nh phn, quan h u vo-u ra c th c biu din
nh sau
Y XE
(5.18)
trong X v Y l cc vector d liu u vo v u ra tng ng, l php ton

XOR, v E l vector li. C th, E = {e1, e2, e3, } l mt vector nh phn hoc
chui c cc phn t {0, 1} trong ek = 0 ch ra phn t th k ca X, xk, thu c
chnh xc (yk = xk), v ek = 1 ch ra phn t th k ca X thu c b li (yk xk).
Tham s nh ngha hiu nng ca m hnh knh nh phn i xng l xc sut li
Pe ci c th c c tnh d dng t cc php o hoc t m phng h thng
mc dng sng. Ch rng i vi mt h thng nh phn, c tnh xc sut li
theo phng php Monte Carlo l trng s Hamming ca vector li E chia cho N l
s phn t trong vector E. Khi pk c bit, chui li tng ng vi N k hiu pht
i c th c to ra bng vic gi N ln b to s ngu nhin phn b u v so
snh s ngu nhin vi ngng p. C th:
166
1,
ek
0,
U k pk
U k pk
(5.19)
trong Uk l s thu c t ln gi b to s ngu nhin th k. M hnh phc tp

hn vi xc sut li bt 1 v 0 khc nhau nh m t trong hnh 5-13b v cc m
hnh nhiu u vo v u ra u c th m rng ra t m hnh BSC.
Trong MATLAB, m hnh knh BSC d dng c xy dng t hm
randerr nh trong v d trc. Tuy nhin ta c th s dng hm knh i xng
nh phn bsc trong th vin Communications Toolbox. V d v hm bsc c

cho trong on m di y:
% V d s dng m hnh knh BSC
>> d = randint(100,100); % To bn tin ngu nhin
>> ze = bsc(d,.05); % Truyn qua knh i xng nh phn
>> [ne, pe] = biterr(d,ze); % Xc nh s li v xc sut li u ra
Kt qu:
ne
=
492
pe
=
0.0492
Mt v d khc trong MATLAB v s dng m hnh knh BSC trong kho st hiu
nng m sa li BCH trong h thng vin thng cng c cho trong on m di
y:
% V d s dng knh BSC trong m phng hiu nng m sa li BCH
m = 4; n = 2^m-1; % di t m u ra
k = 5; % di t m bn tin
nwords = 10000; % S lng t m m ha
msg = gf(randint(nwords,k)); % To bn tin v to mng trng Galois
% Xc nh a thc to m v t s li c th sa.
[genpoly,t] = bchgenpoly(n,k);
% M ha bn tin.
code = bchenc(msg,n,k);
% Truyn qua knh BSC
[ncode,err] = bsc(code,.05); % To cc li trong m u vo.
% Gii m bn tin thu c.
[newmsg,errs,dcode] = bchdec(ncode,n,k);
% Xc nh li.
numchanerrs = sum(sum(newmsg~=msg));
ber = numchanerrs/(nwords*k); % T l li bt khi s dng m BCH
numerrs = sum(sum(err));
ber0 = numerrs/(nwords*n); % T l li bt gy ra bi knh truyn
167
Kt qu sau khi chy chng trnh:

ber =
0.0021
ber0 =
0.0499
Nh vy qua m hnh knh ri rc hiu nng ca m sa li d dng c m

phng m khng phi thc hin ti tnh ton ln qua x l cc mu tn hiu trong
knh dng sng.
5.4 Tng kt chng

Chng ny tp trung vo phng php lun m phng knh thng tin,
mt thnh phn quan trng trong h thng truyn thng. Cc kiu knh thng tin
khc nhau t knh c bn nht l AWGN n cc knh thng tin c th bao gm c
knh hu tuyn v knh v tuyn c trnh by cch tip cn m phng cho
cc h thng truyn thng khc nhau. M hnh knh ri rc cng c gii thiu
thy r phm vi ng dng v ngha ca m hnh ny trong m phng h thng
truyn thng.
Cu hi/bi tp chng 5
5-1/ Knh truyn AWGN s dng cho hai m hnh thng di v m hnh tng
ng bng gc c g khc bit nhau?
5-2/ Vit chng trnh MATLAB h thng truyn dn tng t s dng k thut
iu ch AM c fc = 60 Hz v tn hiu u vo c dng:
s cos(8t ) cos(12t 4)
Bit tn hiu c truyn qua knh AWGN c SNR bng 8 dB. Hy so snh kt qu
gia tn hiu gc ban u v tn hiu thu c sau khi gii iu ch.
5-3/ Tng t bi 2 nhng s dng k thut iu ch FM vi su iu ch m =
0,4.
5-4/ Cho tn hiu iu ch c cho trong bi tp 4-7 truyn qua knh AWGN c
SNR bng 10 dB. Hy biu din biu mt ca tn hiu trc v sau khi truyn
qua knh.
168
5-5/ M phng nh hng ca knh truyn cp ng trc di 1 km c m t bi

phng trnh (5.5) ln tn hiu bng gc s dng m ng NRZ ti tc 100
Kb/s. Bit cp ng trc c tr khng 50 , cm L = 235.7 nH/m v in dung C
= 94.2 pF/m. Gi s khng xt n suy hao ca knh truyn. Tn hiu s b nh
hng nh th no nu s dng m RZ 50%.
5-6/ Gi s rng mt knh BSC c xc nh bi xc sut li p = 10-2 vi pk c
lp vi k. Xy dng chng trnh MATLAB s dng hm randerr m phng
truyn dn N k hiu qua knh vi N = 100, N = 1000, v N = 10000. Trong mi
trng hp m s li thc xy ra v tnh BER thu c t m phng. Lp li th
nghim 10 ln cho mi gi tr ca N. Hy a ra kt lun sau khi thc hin.
5-7/ M phng nh hng tn sc trong si n mode ln xung Gauss c rng
xung l 10 ps. Bit si quang c h s tn sc D = 17 ps/nm-km v S 0 vi
khong cch L = 200 m, 500 m v 1 km.
5-8/ Cho knh pha inh a ng Rayleigh c m t bi 2 tia c c im cho
trong bng sau:
Trng hp
P1
P2
Tr (mu)
0.2
0.2
1/2Tsym
Hy m phng nh hng ca knh ln tn hiu QPSK ti mc SNR = 8 dB v so

snh vi trng hp knh AWGN.
169
Chng 6 c tnh cc tham s v nh gi

hiu nng
Do tnh thng k trong qu trnh m phng h thng truyn thng, do vy k

thut c tnh cc tham s c ngha trong m phng, c bit l c tnh hiu
nng. Chng ny s cp n mt s vn c bn trong c tnh tham s v
nh gi hiu nng h thng c m phng.
6.1 c tnh cc tham s

6.1.1 c tnh mc sng trung bnh
c tnh mc sng trung bnh c th c thc hin trong hoc trc khi
chy m phng thng nhm mc ch hiu chnh. Gi x(t) l dng sng quan tm
nh m t trong hnh 6-1 cng vi cc mu x(kTs) xk cch nhau mt khong ly
mu Ts. B c tnh t nhin ca mc trung bnh l trung bnh mu
x
1
N
x
k 1
(6.1)
trong N l s mu. Mt b c tnh cng l mt bin ngu nhin, do vy gi tr

k vng (hay trung bnh) ca n c xc nh
1 N
1 N
1 N
E x E xk E xk E x E x
N k 1
N k 1 N k 1
(6.2)
trong tnh phn b ca k vng v tnh dng c s dng. Nh vy gi tr trung

bnh ca mu cng l gi tr trung bnh ca tp phn b.
Hnh 6-1 M t dng sng thng k

170
Phng sai ca b c tnh l trung bnh cng ca bnh phng lch gia
gi tr o v gi tr k vng
Var x E x E x
1
N2
C
i 1 j 1
xx
(i, j )
(6.3)
trong Cxx l t tng quan ca qu trnh
Cxx (i, j) Exi Exi x j Ex j
(6.4)
T tnh dng ta c Exi Ex j Ex v

C xx (i, j) C xx (i j)
(6.5)
Nh vy, thay (6.5) vo (6.3) v nh li k hiu i j = k, ta c
x2
2
Var x
2
N N
N 1
N k C
k 1
xx
(kTs )
(6.6)
trong C xx (0) x2 l phng sai ca qu trnh ngu nhin.
6.1.2 c tnh cng sut trung bnh

Cng sut trung bnh ca mt dng sng l mt thuc tnh quan trng trong
c truyn dn tng t v truyn dn s. Dng sng quan tm thng bao gm tn
hiu v nhiu. Cng sut trung bnh l mt tham s quan tm mc chi tit cao
hn trong thit k h thng. V d n thng xc nh mc kch thch u vo mt
b khuych i, do c th kim tra im hot ng cn thit c thc hin thc
s.
Cng sut trung bnh Pav l trung bnh ca cng sut trung thi gian hu hn
Pk(T0) hay nng lng trn khong th k c chia cho chu k T0. Nu nng lng
trong khong th k k(T0) c cho l c lp vi k nh trong mt tn hiu ng
bao khng i, th c mt kt ni r rng gia cng sut trung bnh v nng lng.
Trong thc t, nng lng s thng ging t khong ny sang khong tip theo v s
bin i ng bao v qu trnh lc v v s c mt ca nhiu.
Trong mt s h thng nng lng k(T0) lun l ngu nhin. V d trong
mt b thu quang trc tip, u ra ca diode thu quang thc trong mt khong thi
gian xc nh l mt bin ngu nhin thm ch khi cng u vo c c nh.
Trong mt h thng nh vy, trong khi u ra trung bnh c th vn l thng tin hu
171
ch th nhng g quan tm thc s l phn b ca u ra xc nh cho mt kiu k

hiu.
Dng sng x(t) c ly mu ti cc khong Ts thu c x v b c tnh
cng sut trung bnh c dng sau
PN x
1 N 2
xk
N k 1
(6.7)
S dng mt bin trung gian y(t) = x2(t), bi ton tr thnh c tnh trung bnh ca
y(t) v c th s dng kt qu ca phn trc
y
1
N
(6.8)
E y E y
(6.9)
k 1
N r rng rng
cho mt qu trnh dng. Do vy
EPN (x) E x 2
(6.10)
hay gi tr k vng ca b c tnh cng sut trung bnh mu hu hn l bng vi

gi tr trung bnh bnh phng ca qu trnh, c lp vi N.
Hnh 6-2 M t c tnh cng sut
Trong MATLAB mt s hm sn c cho php s dng c tnh cc tham

s thng k c th s dng l:
mean(x) tnh gi tr trung bnh tp d liu x
var(x) - tnh phng sai tp d liu x
std(x) - tnh lch chun tp d liu x
6.1.3 c tnh ph
Mt ph cng sut (PSD) th hin cc tnh cht min tn s ca mt qu
trnh. Thuc tnh min tn s quan trng nht l rng bng tn ci c th thu
172
c t PSD. C hai k thut c in c tnh ph da trn nh ngha mt

ph cng sut: phng php gin tip v phng php trc tip.
Phng php gin tip: Theo nh ngha PSD Sxx(f) ca qu trnh x(t) nh
l khai trin Fourier ca hm t tng quan Rxx()
Sx ( f )
R ( ) exp j 2f d ,
- < f <
(6.11)
Trong m phng, tn hiu x(t) dng ri rc nn PSD trong min ri rc c dng

Px ( f ) Ts
R (k ) exp j 2fkT ,
x
1
2
(6.12)
fs
trong Rx(k) l hm t tng quan ri rc thi gian

Rx (k ) Rx (kTs ) ExnTs kTs xnTs Exn k xn
(6.13)
Tuy nhin trong thc t s lng mu quan st {x(n)} l hu hn, nn b c tnh

PSD s c xc nh nh sau
Px ( f ) Ts
R (k ) exp j 2fkT
x
k L
(6.14)
trong ch s k c nh l tr v tr cc i c s dng l L. Lu rng Px l

tun hon theo f v vng quan tm l f 1 2Ts . Hm t tng quan lc ny s
c tnh bi
1
R x (k )
N
N k 1
x(n k ) x
(6.15)
(n)
n 0
trong k = 0, 1, , N-1 l s cc mu quan st, v x* l lin hp phc nu x l s

phc. P c xc nh cho bt k f no trong khong f 1 2T .
s
Phng php trc tip: Hm PSD c nh ngha nh sau
S x ( f ) lim E S x ( f , T )
T
(6.16)
trong
XT ( f )
S x ( f , T )
T
(6.17)
173
X T ( f ) x(t ) exp j 2ft dt
(6.18)
l khai trin Fourier thi gian hu hn ca mt hm mu ca qu trnh. Mt b c

tnh PSD dng ri rc thi gian P ( f ) c xc nh nh sau
x
1
Px ( f )
X N ( f )2
NTs
(6.19)
trong
N 1
X N ( f ) Ts x(n) exp j 2fnTs
(6.20)
n 0
l khai trin Fourier ri rc ca chui d liu quan st.

Nh vy da trn gii thut FFT, c tnh ph s c xc nh hoc bng
phng php gin tip hoc bng trc tip. Cc v d v tnh ton PSD ca tn hiu
s dng hm fft c cho trong Chng 4 mc 4.1.
6.2 c tnh t s SNR

Php o hiu nng tiu chun i vi mt tn hiu tng t l t s tn
hiu trn nhiu (SNR) mc d SNR cng l i lng o cht lng ngha cho bt
k tn hiu no. Xt mt m hnh h thng nh m t trong hnh 6-3 vi tn hiu u
ra x(t) c xc nh t tn hiu u vo s(t) v hm nhiu n(t). n gin tt c
cc dng sng u vo v u ra c gi s rng u l thc. Phn tch tn hiu
u ra thnh cc thnh phn tn hiu v nhiu v c th biu din
x s0 n0
(6.21)
trong tn hiu c biu din nh sau

s 0 As
(6.22)
vi
st
s
0,
0 t T hoc s(iTs - ), i = 1, 2, , N
trng hp khc
(6.23)
Thnh phn nhiu c xem nh l sai s trung bnh bnh phng nh nht trn tt
c cc A v c nh ngha nh sau
2 x As 2
(6.24)
174
N c th c chng minh rng (6.24) nh nht khi

u , A A 2 s2 2 AR xs ( )
(6.25)
cng l nh nht, trong

2
1 N 2
s kTs
N k 1
(6.26)
l cng sut trung bnh N im, v

Rxs ( )
1 N
xkTs skTs
N k 1
(6.27)
c xem l hm tng quan cho thc nghim. Do vy c tnh SNR c xc

nh nh sau:

s 02
(6.28)
Hnh 6-3 nh ngha t s tn hiu trn nhiu
C hai cch tip cn tnh ton c tnh SNR l tip cn min thi gian
v tip cn min tn s. Nhim v chnh ca qu trnh tnh ton c tnh SNR l xc
nh tr tt nht * (6.25) t cc tiu.
Th tc m phng min thi gian c tnh SNR:
-
Chy m phng v thu c M mu u ra ca h thng {x(k)}, k = 1, 2,

, M v N = M + K mu tn hiu u vo {s(k)}, k = -(K-1), -(K-2), ,
0, 1, , M. K mu b sung ca tn hiu u vo cn c la chn tri
trn khong tr ln nht trong h thng max, v hm tng quan cho
thc nghim lun cha N im.
Tnh tng quan cho thc nghim theo

175
1 N
Rxs ( j ) x(k ) s(k j ),
N k 1
j (k 1),...,0
v tm gi tr ca j l j* thu c gi tr cc i ca Rxs(j).
-
Tnh cc i lng
X2
1 N 2
x (k )
N k 1
s2
1 N 2
s ( k j )
N k 1
Tnh ton , c tnh SNR t

Rxs ( j )
X 2 s2 Rxs2 ( j )
Th tc m phng min tn s c tnh SNR:

-
Ging nh th tc min thi gian, chy m phng v thu c M mu

u ra ca h thng {x(k)}, k = 1, 2, , M v N = M + K mu tn hiu u
vo {s(k)}, k = -(K-1), -(K-2), , 0, 1, , M. K mu b sung ca tn hiu
u vo tri trn khong tr mong i ln nht max,
Thc hin khai trin Fourier ri rc ngc (IDFT) i vi chui X m S m ,
trong X m lin hp phc ca DFT ca xm v S m l DFT ca chui
sm . Ch rng chui xm trc ht phi c chn thm K gi tr 0. S

h s k m bin ca n l ln nht tng ng vi tr c tm thy.
Ch rng ch K + 1 h s u tin cn c tm kim.
-
Tnh ton theo biu thc tng t th tc min thi gian vi c

t ti gi tr tm c bc trn.
6.3 nh gi hiu nng h thng

Trong cc h thng truyn thng s, i lng nh gi hiu nng h thng
quan trng nht l t l li k hiu (SER) hoc t l li bit (BER) i vi tn hiu nh
phn. C mt s phng php c tnh cc tham s trn bao gm phng php
Monte-Carlo, phng php bn gii tch, phng php ly mu quan trng v
phng php ngoi suy ui phn b.
176
6.3.1 Phng php Monte-Carlo

Phng php Monte-Carlo l mt lp rng ln cc gii thut tnh ton da
trn vic ly mu ngu nhin lp li thu c cc kt qu s (gn ng); thng
thng bng vic chy m phng nhiu ln thu c phn b ca mt thc th
xc sut cha bit.
Hnh 6-4 M phng Monte-Carlo
Trong m phng h thng truyn thng, phng php Monte-Carlo m t

mt m phng m mt tham s ca h thng nh t l li bit (BER) hay t l li k
hiu (SER) c c tnh bng s dng k thut Monte-Carlo. c tnh MonteCarlo l qu trnh c tnh gi tr ca tham s bng thc hin cc php th ngu
nhin hay thng k. tng thc hin m phng Monte-Carlo thc t rt n gin
nh sau:
-
M phng h thng lp li, vic lp li m bo m c s li

xy ra theo yu cu m bo tin cy ca kt qu c tnh.
Mi ln chy m phng, m s lng k hiu c pht i v s lng

li k hiu nh m t theo s khi trong hnh 6-4. Cc k hiu ti u
ra b quyt nh s c so snh vi cc k hiu c pht i pht
hin li xy ra. Khi delay c s dng ng b cc k hiu tng
ng trc khi so snh.
c tnh tc li k hiu SER nh l t l gia tng s li quan st

c trn tng s k hiu truyn i.
N
Pe e
N
(6.29)
177
trong Ne v N l tng s li m c v tng s k hiu truyn i sau

M ln chy m phng lp li.
Mt iu cn lu l cc li xy ra ngu nhin trong qu trnh m phng, do
vy cn xem xt c tnh thng k ca b c tnh P . Khi cc s kin li c lp
e
xy ra, xc sut Ne li xy ra trong N k hiu truyn dn c xc nh bi phn

b nh thc
N
N N
p N N e PeN e 1 Pe e
Ne
(6.30)
N
N!

k k!N k !
(6.31)
trong
l h s nh thc v Pe l xc sut li truyn dn hay c xem l xc sut li thc.

Gi tr trung bnh v phng sai ca mt bin ngu nhin tun theo phn b nh
thc d dng c xc nh. Gi tr trung bnh ca Ne c xc nh bi
EN e NPe
(6.32)
v phng sai ca Ne c xc nh bi
N2 NPe 1 Pe
e
(6.33)
S dng cc kt qu ny vo (6.29), gi tr trung bnh v phng sai ca b c tnh

Monte-Carlo cho xc sut li s l
EN e
E Pe
N
(6.34)
Thay (6.32) vo (6.34) ta c
NPe
E Pe
Pe
N
(6.35)
ci cho thy rng b c tnh Monte-Carlo cho xc sut li l khng chch

(unbiased). Phng sai ca b c tnh Monte-Carlo cho xc sut li l
P2
e
N2
N
(6.36)
Thay (6.33) vo (6.36) ta c
178
P2
e
Pe 1 Pe
N
(6.37)
ci cng cho thy b c tnh l ph hp v phng sai gim dn hay Pe Pe khi N

.
Trong thc t s lng k hiu truyn i N trong m phng l hu hn v
mt cu hi t ra l N s l bao nhiu. Ni cch khc, trong m phng MonteCarlo s cn thc hin bao nhiu vng lp l . xc nh c cu tr li cho
cu hi trn cn xem xt bi ton khong tin cy hay tin cy ca b c tnh P .
e
Khong tin cy cho xc sut (1-) cc c tnh nm trong mt phm vi gi tr
xc nh P . Do c hai tham s cn quan tm l: xc sut c xc nh

e
bi , v phm vi gi tr c xc nh bi . Biu din dng biu thc, khong

tin cy c nh ngha bi
Pr Pe P Pe Pe P 1 p
e
(6.38)
nh m t trong hnh 6-5. Phng trnh (6.38) c th c vit li theo sai s

P P nh
e
Pr P Pe Pe P 1
e
(6.39)
Gi s sai s Pe Pe l mt bin ngu nhin Gauss i vi N ln, hm mt xc

sut ca Pe Pe gn ng bi
1
2 P
P P
exp e 2 e
2 P
e
Ch rng Pe Pe l mt bin ngu nhin c trung bnh bng khng v c tnh

khng b chch. Do vy ta c
Pr Pe Pe P
e
t2
exp
2 2
P
Pe
1
2 P
dt
(6.40)
Bng vic thay i bin y t P ta c

e
Pr Pe Pe P
e
y2
exp
2 dy Q
2
1
(6.41)
179
trong Q(.) c gi l hm Q theo phn b Gauss. T hnh 6-5 ta c
Pr Pe Pe P Q
e
2
(6.42)

1 p
Q 1 Q 1
(6.43)
do
2
V d vi xc sut yu cu p = 95%, t (6.43) s xc nh c = 1,96. Trong

MATLAB cc hm Q v Q o c th c xy dng qua s dng cc hm li
erfc v erfinv nh on m di y.
% V d tnh hm Q v Q o
% Hm Q
function y=Q(x)
y=0.5*erfc(x/sqrt(2)); % complementary error function
% V d s dng hm Q
>> Q(1)
ans =
0.1587
% Hm Q o
function y=Qinv(x)
y=sqrt(2)*erfinv(1-2*x); % inverse error function
% V d s dng hm Qinv
>> Qinv(0.025)
ans =
1.960
Pe P
Pe
Pe P
P
e
Hnh 6-5 Khong tin cy ca c tnh
Nh vy i vi m phng Monte-Carlo, tiu chun dng vng lp c th

c xc nh t tin cy (xc sut p) mong mun, khong tin cy chp nhn
c (tham s ) v tc li k vng Pe. T (6.37) v (6.43) ta c th xc nh
c tng s k hiu cn truyn trong m phng l
180

N Pe 1 Pe

Pe
(6.44)
V d i vi tc li k vng Pe = 10-3, p = 95% v khong tin cy P = 10-4,

e
t (6.44) iu kin dng m phng Monte-Carlo c xc nh N 400000. Tuy

nhin trong cc m phng cc h thng truyn thng, tc li c th thng rt
nh, do iu ng mong mun l xem khong tin cy l mt phn nh ca tc
li tc P Pe vi = 0,1 cho 10% sai s c tnh l c th chp nhn c. V
e
vy thay bng xc nh tng s k hiu N cn truyn th tng s li m c Ne

c xc nh nh l iu kin dng m phng. T (6.44) tng s li k vng xc
nh c l
N e N .Pe 1 Pe
(6.45)
V d vi p = 95% v = 0,1 th m phng s dng khi s lng li m c t

n khong 400 li.
Mt cu trc chng trnh m phng Monte-Carlo trong MATLAB c cho
trong on m di y
% V d cu trc chng trnh m phng Monte-Carlo
% Thit lp tham s cho m phng;
...
EsOverN0dB = 0:0.5:9; % Thay i SNR t 0 n 9dB
MaxSymbols = 1e6;
% S symbol cc i
...
% Xc nh tham s dng vng lp
...
MinErrors = (betaValue/gammaValue)^2; % Xc nh s li cn m
...
% Cc bin vng lp
NumErrors = zeros( size( EsOverN0dB ) );
NumSymbols = zeros( size( EsOverN0dB ) );
% Vng lp ngoi
for kk = 1:length( EsOverN0dB )
...
Done = false; % Khi to li iu kin dng cho vng lp trong
% Vng lp trong
while ( ~Done )
...
% Tnh iu kin dng
Done = NumErrors(kk)>MinErrors||NumSymbols(kk)>MaxSymbols;
end
% Tnh tc li
...
end
181
6.3.2 Phng php bn gii tch

i vi phng php Monte-Carlo, ti tnh ton c th rt ln khi tc li
k vng nh. V d ti tc li c 10-8 i hi t nht 109 1010 k hiu c
truyn i. Trong khi phng php gii tch kh nh gi tc li chnh xc i vi
nhng h thng phc tp. Do vy phng php bn gii tch c th c p dng
khc phc gii hn ca cc phng php Monte-Carlo v gii tch. Trong phng
php bn gii tch, kin thc ca h thng ang phn tch c s dng gim ti
tnh ton v mc phc tp m m phng Monte-Carlo i hi.
Hnh 6-6 Cc phng php khc nhau nh gi hiu nng h thng.
tng thc hin phng php bn gii tch l: Thc hin pht mt
chui k hiu ngu nhin c di Lm (L l bc iu ch) qua h thng m phng,
tip sau xc sut li trung bnh c tnh da trn phng php gii tch thng qua
nh gi hm mt xc sut ca mu thu c ti b quyt nh.
Xt trng hp i vi h thng nh phn n gin nh m t trong hnh 6-7.
Trong h thng ny cc im thu c l tng l A, trong khi s mo dng s t
biu hin trong cc mu bin quanh nhng im ny nh cho thy bi mu v d
ti vk = (1 - k)A, trong k l t phn li cho mu th k. i vi mu , xc sut
li c iu kin c xc nh bi
pk
vk
( )d Fn (vk )
(6.45)
trong fn l hm xc sut mt chiu v Fn l hm phn b tch ly. i vi ngun
nhiu Gauss, pk 12 erfc vk
2 , trong vk = (1 - k)A, v 2 l cng sut nhiu.
Nu mt chui N bt c pht i, BER tng cng trung bnh ch l php tnh trung
bnh ca pk
p
1 N
pk
N k 1
(6.46)
182
Ni cch khc phng php bn gii tch s dng cng thc tnh BER bng phng
php gii tch, nhng cc tham s trong cng thc c c tnh t cc mu thu
c ti b quyt nh sau khi chy m phng.
Hnh 6-7 M t phng php bn gii tch cho h thng nh phn:
Mt on m MATLAB di y cho v d v c tnh BER da trn

phng php bn gii tch:
% V d c tnh BER da trn phng php bn gii tch
% xx vector tn hiu thu sau m phng
% nbw rng bng tn nhiu
% EsOverN0dB T s tn hiu trn nhiu theo dB
nx = length(xx); % di chui k hiu u vo b thu;

% Xc nh phng sai nhiu.
EsOverN0 = 10^(EsOverN0dB/10); % dB to linear
N0 = Es/EsOverN0; % Cng sut nhiu
sigma = sqrt(N0*nbw*2); % Phng sai nhiu
d = abs(xx);
pe = sum(Q(d/sigma));
pe = pe/nx;
% c tnh xc sut li
6.3.3 Cc phng php khc

gim thi gian c tnh hiu nng ca h thng, mt s phng php
khc cng c th c s dng.
Phng php ly mu quan trng (IS):
K thut c tnh cc tnh cht ca mt phn b xc nh

trong khi ch c cc mu t mt dng phn b khc.
Thc hin ly mu cc qu trnh: cc qu trnh ny c trng

cho cc qu trnh khc nhau nh hng ln tn hiu
183
Phng php ngoi suy ui phn b:
K thut cho php m rng s quan tm
Thc hin xc nh tc li ti ch li cao: cc c tnh c

tin cy cao hn
M rng cc c tnh d on tc li ti nhng iu kin

SNR m tc li l nh
Tuy nhin vic ci thin tc chy m phng ca cc phng php ny

cng c th lm cho sai s kt qu u ra tng ln. Do vy cn ch khi p dng v
c s nh gi phng php bng vic so snh kim chng vi phng php
Monte-Carlo.
6.3.4 Mt s v d m phng h thng vin thng

V d 6.1: M phng h thng DPSK qua knh AWGN
Mt m hnh m phng h thng n gin s dng iu ch DPSK c cho
thy trong hnh 6-8 mc k hiu, hiu nng h thng c c tnh bng phng
php Monte Carlo. Chng trnh MATLAB m phng h thng n gin ny c
cho di y v kt qu c cho thy trong hnh 6-9.
% V d m phng h thng DPSK qua knh AWGN
% To bn tin tn hiu s cho iu ch DPSK
M = 2;
N = 1000000;
x = randint(1,N,M);
% iu ch DPSK
s = dpskmod(x,M);
% Truyn qua kenh AWGN
SNRdB = 0:9;
SNR = 10.^(SNRdB/10);
ber = [];
Pb = [];
for k = 1:10
r = awgnchan(s,SNRdB(k));
xr = dpskdemod(r,M); % Giai dieu che DPSK
% Xac dinh loi
e = (x ~=xr);
ne = sum(e);
ber(k) = ne/N; % Xc sut li c tnh
% Xc sut li l thuyt
Pb(k) = 1/2*exp(-SNR(k));
end
% Hin th kt qu
figure(1); % BER curve
semilogy(SNRdB,Pb,'-',SNRdB,ber,'r*-.');grid;
xlabel('Eb/N0 in dB');ylabel('BER');
legend('Theory','Simulation');
184
dk
M ha
vi sai
B iu
ch PSK
sk
rk
Knh
AWGN
B gii
iu ch
dk
Gii m
vi sai
xk
x k d k d k 1
d k d k 1 xk
So snh
c tnh
BER
Hnh 6-8 M hnh m phng h thng DPSK qua knh AWGN

10
Theory
Simulation
10
BER
xk
10
10
10
-1
-2
-3
-4
10
Eb/N0 in dB
Hnh 6-9 Kt qu BER l hm SNR ca h thng DPSK truyn qua knh AWGN
185
V d 6.2: M phng h thng BPSK qua knh AWGN v knh pha inh
Rayleigh
M hnh m phng h thng c cho thy trong hnh 6-10 trong h
thng s dng iu ch BPSK v c truyn trn hai knh AWGN v knh pha
inh Rayleigh so snh hiu nng. Kt qu m phng c cho thy trn hnh 611.
Hnh 6-10 M hnh m phng h thng
Hnh 6-11 Kt qu m phng h thng BPSK

186
6.4 Tng kt chng

Ni dung chng ny cp n cc k thut c tnh cc tham s bao
gm cc tham s ca tn hiu, t s tn hiu trn nhiu v tham s hiu nng ca h
thng. Trong cc k thut c tnh tham s hiu nng qua xc sut li, phng php
Monte Carlo c trnh by c th t phng php lun n cch thc thc hin.
Ngoi ra phng php bn gii tch cng c gii thiu nh mt cch gip c
tnh xc sut li nhanh hn. Cc phng php khc nh ly mu quan trng v
ngoi suy ui cng gii thiu gi m cho ngi hc tm ti thm. Mt vi v d
m phng cng c a ra minh ha ni dung ca chng.
Cu hi/bi tp chng 6
6-1/ Hy tnh s lng k hiu cn truyn trong m phng Monte Carlo khi c
tnh xc sut li 10-3 m bo khong tin cy l 10-4 vi xc sut 90%.
6-2/ M phng hiu nng h thng iu ch DPSK nh cho trong v d 6.1 bng
phng php Monte-Carlo vi dng xung iu ch l xung vung v c s dng b
lc phi hp ti b thu.
6-3/ M phng hiu nng h thng iu ch DPSK nh cho trong v d 6.1 bng
phng php Monte-Carlo vi dng xung iu ch l xung raised cosine v c s
dng b lc phi hp ti b thu.
6-4/ M phng h thng iu ch DPSK nh cho trong v d 6.1 v nh gi hiu
nng bng phng php bn gii tch vi dng xung iu ch l xung vung v c
s dng b lc phi hp ti b thu.
6-5/ M phng hiu nng h thng iu ch BPSK truyn qua knh pha inh a
ng c c tnh nh cho trong bi tp 5-7 bng phng php Monte-Carlo vi
dng xung iu ch l xung vung v c s dng b lc phi hp ti b thu.
187
Ti liu tham kho
[1] Michel C. Jeruchim, Philip Balaban, Simulation of Communication Systems:

Modeling, Methodology and Techniques, 2nd ed., Kluwer Academic/Plenum
Publishers, 2000.
[2] Nguyn Vit m, M phng h thng vin thng v ng dng MATLAB, NXB
Bu in, 2007.
[3] J. G. Proakis, M. Salehi, G. Bauch, Contemporary Communication Systems
Using MATLAB and Simulink, 3rd ed., Cengage Learning, 2012.
[4] O. Beucher, M. Weeks, Introduction to MATLAB and Simulink: A Project
Approach, 3rd ed., Infinity Science Press, 2008.
[5] Mathworks Inc., MATLAB and Simulink Student Version: Getting Started With
MATLAB, 2007.
[6] Steven C. Chapra, R. P. Canale, Numerical Methods for Engineers, 6th ed.,
Mcgraw-Hill, 2010.
[7] Dennis Silages, Digital Communication Systems using MATLAB and Simulink,
Bookstand Publishing, 2009.
[8] K. C. Raveendranathan, Communication Systems Modeling and Simulation
using MATLAB and Simulink, Universities Press, 2011.
[9] Mohsen Guizani, Ammar Rayes, Bilal Khan, Ala Al-Fuqaha, Network Modeling
and Simulation: A Practical Perspective, Wiley, 2010.
188
Ph lc A
Mt s th vin hm x l v tnh ton trong MATLAB cho m
phng h thng truyn thng
A.1 Th vin Communications Toolbox

Knh truyn
awgn
bsc
Doppler
filter(channel)
mimochan
rayleighchan
ricianchan
stdchan
Knh AWGN
M hnh knh i xng nh phn
Gi cc lp Doppler
Lc tn hiu theo i tng knh
To i tng knh pha inh MIMO
Xy dng i tng knh pha inh Rayleigh
Xy dng i tng knh pha inh Rice
Xy dng i tng knh t tp cc m hnh c tiu chun
ha
Ngun tn hiu
commsrc.pattern
randerr
randint
randsrc
wgn
Xy dng i tng b to mu tn hiu

To cc mu li bit
To ma trn cc s nguyn ngu nhin phn b u
To ma trn ngu nhin s dng bng k t c quy nh
To nhiu Gauss trng
M ha ngun
arithdeco
arithenco
Gii m nh phn s dng gii m s hc

M ha chui k hiu s dng m ha s hc
compand
B nn/gin lut hoc lut A m ngun
dpcmdeco
Gii m s dng iu ch m xung vi sai

M ha s dng iu ch m xung vi sai
Ti u ha cc tham s iu ch m xung vi sai
Gii m Huffman
To t in m Huffman cho ngun bng m hnh xc sut
bit
M ha Huffman
dpcmenco
dpcmopt
huffmandeco
huffmandict
huffmanenco
189
Lloyds
quantize
Ti u ha cc tham s lng t ha s dng thut ton Lloyd

To ch s lng t ha v gi tr u ra c lng t ha
M sa li
bchdec
bchenc
bchgenpoly
bchnumerr
convenc
cyclgen
cyclpoly
decode
dvbs2ldpc
encode
fec.bchdec
fec.bchenc
fec.ldpcdec
fec.ldpcenc
fec.rsdec
fec.rsenc
gen2par
gfweight
hammgen
rsdec
rsdecof
rsenc
rsgenpoly
syndtable
vitdec
B gii m BCH
B m ha BCH
B to a thc to m BCH
S li c th sa ca m BCH
M chp d liu nh phn
To ma trn sinh v kim tra chn l ca m cyclic
To a thc to m ca m cyclic
B gii m khi
Cc m LDPC theo tiu chun DVB-S.2
B m ha khi
Xy dng i tng gii m BCH
Xy dng i tng m ha BCH
Xy dng i tng gii m LDPC
Xy dng i tng m ha LDPC
Xy dng i tng gii m Reed-Solomon
Xy dng i tng m ha Reed-Solomon
Chuyn i gia ma trn sinh v kim tra chn l
Tnh khong cch ti thiu ca m khi tuyn tnh
To cc ma trn sinh v kim tra chn l ca m Hamming
B gii m Reed-Solomon
Gii m tp ASCII c m ha s dng m Reed-Solomon
B m ha Reed-Solomon
To a thc to m ca m Reed-Solomon
To bng syndrome gii m
Gii m chp d liu nh phn s dng thut ton Viterbi
iu ch/gii iu ch tng t
amdemod
ammod
fmdemod
fmmod
pmdemod
pmmod
ssbdemod
ssbmod
Gii iu ch AM
iu ch AM
Gii iu ch FM
iu ch FM
Gii iu ch PM
iu ch PM
Gii iu ch SSB
iu ch SSB
190
iu ch/gii iu ch s
dpskdemod
dpskmod
fskdemod
fskmod
genqamdemod
genqammod
modem
modnorm
mskdemod
mskmod
oqpskdemod
oqpskmod
pamdemod
pammod
pskdemod
pskmod
qamdemod
qammod
Gii iu ch DPSK
iu ch DPSK
Gii iu ch FSK
iu ch FSK
Gii iu ch QAM tng qut
iu ch QAM tng qut
Gi cc lp modem
H s nh c cho chun ha u ra iu ch
Gii iu ch MSK
iu ch MSK
Gii iu ch QPSK b
iu ch QPSK b
Gii iu ch xung bin
iu ch xung bin
Gii iu ch PSK
iu ch PSK
Gii iu ch QAM
iu ch QAM
nh gi hiu nng
berawgn
BER cho cc knh AWGN khng s dng m

bercoding
BER cho cc knh AWGN m ha
berconfint
BER v khong tin cy ca m phng Monte-Carlo
berfading
BER cho cc knh pha inh Rayleigh v Rice
Lm khp ng cong i vi d liu BER thc nghim
berfit
khng phng
bersync
BER cho qu trnh ng b khng hon ho
biterr
Tnh s lng li bt v BER
commeasure.EVM
To i tng o EVM
commeasure.MER
To i tng o MER
commscope
Gi cc lp hin th thng tin
commscope.eyediagram
Phn tch mu mt
commscope.ScatterPlot To hin th biu chm sao
distspec
Tnh ph khong cch ca m chp
eyediagram
To biu mt
EyeScope
noisebw
To hin th biu mt cho i tng mu mt H

rng bng tn nhiu tng ng ca b lc
191
scatterplot
semianalytic
symerr
To biu chm sao

Tnh BER s dng k thut bn gii tch
Tnh s lng li k hiu v SER
Cc b lc
intdump
hank2sys
hilbiir
rcosine
rcosfir
rcosiir
rectpulse
Ly tch phn v khi to (I&D)

Chuyn i ma trn Hankel thnh m hnh h thng tuyn tnh
Thit k b lc IIR khai trin Hilbert
Thit k b lc raised cosine
Thit k b lc FIR raised cosine
Thit k b lc IIR raised cosine
To dng xung vung
B cn bng
cma
dfe
equalize
lineareq
lms
mlseeq
normlms
reset(equalizer)
rls
signlms
varlms
Xy dng i tng gii thut modul hng s

Xy dng i tng b cn bng hi tip quyt nh (DFE)
Cn bng tn hiu s dng i tng b cn bng
Xy dng i tng b cn bng tuyn tnh
Xy dng i tng gii thut thch ng trung bnh bnh
phng ti thiu (LMS)
Cn bng tn hiu iu ch tuyn tnh s dng thut ton
Viterbi
Xy dng i tng gii thut thch ng LMS chun ha
Thit lp li i tng b cn bng
Xy dng i tng gii thut thch ng bnh phng ti thiu
quy (RLS)
Xy dng i tng gii thut thch ng LMS c du
Xy dng i tng gii thut thch ng LMS c bc bin i
Trng Galois
convmtx
cosets
dftmtx
filter(gf)
gf
gftable
minpol
mldivide
primpoly
Ma trn tch chp ca vector trng Galois

To cc coset cyclotomic ca trng Galois
Ma trn khai trin Fourier ri rc trong trng Galois
B lc s 1-D trn trng Galois
To mng trng Galois
Sinh tp gia tc tnh ton trng Galois
Tm a thc nh nht ca phn t trng Galois
Php chia tri ma trn \ ca cc mng Galois
Tm cc a thc nguyn ca trng Galois
192
Interleaving/Deinterleaving
convdeintrlv
convintrlv
deintrlv
intrlv
randdeintrlv
randintrlv
Khi phc trt t k hiu s dng cc thanh ghi dch

Giao hon cc k hiu s dng cc thanh ghi dch
Khi phc trt t cc k hiu
Sp xp li chui k hiu
Khi phc trt t cc k hiu s dng giao hon ngu nhin
Sp xp li cc k hiu s dng giao hon ngu nhin
Mt s hm tin ch
alignsignals
bi2de
bin2gray
de2bi
finddelay
gray2bin
marcumq
oct2dec
poly2trellis
qfunc
qfuncinv
seqgen
seqgen.pn
vec2mat
erf
erfc
erfinv
erfcinv
ng chnh hai tn hiu bi tr tn hiu trc

Chuyn i vector nh phn thnh cc s thp phn
Chuyn i cc s nguyn dng thnh cc s nguyn m Gray
tng ng
Chuyn i cc s thp phn thnh cc vector nh phn
c tnh tr gia cc tn hiu
Chuyn i cc s nguyn m Gray thnh cc s nguyn dng
tng ng
Hm Q Marcum tng qut
Chuyn i cc s bt phn sang thp phn
Chuyn i cc a thc m chp sang m t dng li
Hm Q
Hm Q o
Gi to chui
Xy dng i tng to chui gi ngu nhin
Chuyn i vector thnh ma trn
Hm li
Hm li b
Hm li o
Hm li b o
A.2 Th vin Signal Processing Toolbox

Cc hm x l tn hiu c bn
conv
conv2
corrcoef
cov
cplxpair
Tch chp v nhn a thc

Tch chp 2-D
Cc h s tng quan
Ma trn tng quan
Sp xp cc s phc thnh cc cp lin hp phc
193
deconv
fft
fft2
fftshift
filter2
freqspace
ifft
ifft2
unwrap
Kh tch chp v chia a thc

Khai trin Fourier ri rc
Khai trin Fourier ri rc 2-D
Dch thnh phn tn s 0 v trung tm ph
B lc s 2-D
Khong cch tn s trong p ng tn
Khai trin Fourier ri rc ngc
Khai trin Fourier ri rc ngc 2-D
Hiu chnh pha to ra th pha bng phng
Khai trin
bitrevorder
czt
dct
dftmtx
digitrevorder
fwht
goertzel
hilbert
idct
ifwht
Giao hon d liu thnh trt t o bit

Khai trin z chirp
Khai trin cosine ri rc
Ma trn khai trin Fourier ri rc
Giao hon u vo thnh trt t o s
Khai trin Walsh-Hadamard nhanh
Khai trin Fourier ri rc s dng thut ton Goertzel bc hai
Tn hiu gii tch ri rc thi gian s dng khai trin Hilbert
Khai trin cosine ri rc ngc
Khai trin Walsh-Hadamard nhanh ngc
X l tn hiu thng k
corrmtx
cpsd
dspdata
mscohere
pburg
pcov
peig
periodogram
pmcov
pmtm
pmusic
pwelch
pyulear
spectrogram
spectrum
tfestimate
Ma trn d liu cho c tnh ma trn t tng quan

Mt ph cng sut cho
Thng tin tham s d liu DSP
Tnh kt hp bnh phng bin
PSD s dng phng php Burg
PSD s dng phng php ng phng
Gi ph s dng phng php vector tr ring
PSD s dng phng php periodogram
PSD s dng phng php ng phng bin i
PSD s dng phng php a nn
Gi ph s dng thut ton MUSIC
PSD s dng phng php Welch
PSD s dng phng php AR Yule-Walker
V v tnh ph s dng khai trin Fourier thi gian ngn
c tnh ph
c tnh hm truyn
194
xcorr
xcorr2
xcov
Tng quan cho

Tng quan cho 2-D
ng phng cho
X l tn hiu a tc
upfirdn
Gim tc mu
Gim tc mu bi h s nguyn
Ni suy Tng tc mu bi h s nguyn
Thay i tc mu bi mt h s t l
Tng mu p dng b lc FIR v gim mu
upsample
Tng tc mu bi h s nguyn
decimate
downsample
interp
resample
To dng sng
chirp
diric
gauspuls
gmonopuls
pulstran
rectpuls
sawtooth
sinc
square
tripuls
vco
Hm cosine tn s qut
Hm sinc tun hon hoc Dirichlet
Xung hnh sin c iu ch dng Gauss
n xung Gauss
To chui xung
Xung vung khng tun hon c ly mu
Sng tam gic hoc rng ca
Hm sinc
Sng bnh phng
Xung tam gic khng tun hon c ly mu
B dao ng iu khin bng in p
Cc b lc s
cfirpm
fir1
fir2
firls
intfilt
firrcos
gaussfir
butter
cheby1
cheby2
freqz
fvtool
grpdelay
Thit k b lc FIR pha phi tuyn v phc

Thit k b lc FIR da trn ca s
Thit k b lc FIR da trn ly mu tn s
Thit k b lc FIR pha tuyn tnh bnh phng ti thiu
Thit k b lc FIR ni suy
Thit k b lc FIR raised cosine
B lc to dng xung FIR Gauss
Thit k b lc Butterworth
Thit k b lc Chebyshev kiu 1
Thit k b lc Chebyshev kiu 2
p ng tn ca b lc s
Cng c trc quan b lc
tr b lc trung bnh ( tr nhm)
195
impz
phasedelay
phasez
stepz
zerophase
zplane
fftfilt
filter
filtfilt
p ng xung ca b lc s
Tr pha ca b lc s
p ng pha ca b lc s
p ng bc ca b lc s
p ng pha zero ca b lc s
V th zero-pole
Lc FIR da trn FFT s dng phng php xp chng-cng
Lc d liu bng b lc FIR hoc IIR
Lc s pha zero
Mt s hm c bit
buffer
db2mag
dB2pow
eqtflength
findpeaks
mag2db
pow2db
udecode
uencode
m vector tn hiu thnh ma trn cc khung d liu

Chuyn i dB sang bin
Chuyn i dB sang cng sut
Cn bng di t v mu s hm truyn
Tm cc cc i cc b
Chuyn i bin sang dB
Chuyn i cng sut sang dB
Gii m u vo cc s nguyn lng t ha 2n mc thnh cc
gi tr mu u ra
Lng t ha v m ha cc mu u vo thnh cc mc s
nguyn u ra
196

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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

M PHNG H THNG TRUYN THNG

Tc gi: TS. Nguyn c Nhn

Chng 2: Gii thiu v MATLAB gip sinh vin nm c vn c bn trong vic

Chng 3: Gii thiu v Simulink, mt cng c trong MATLAB c s dng m

Chng 4: M phng qu trnh thu pht tn hiu bao gm cc vn c bn v tn

Chng 6: c tnh tham s v hiu nng h thng gip sinh vin nm c cc vn

1.1 Gii thiu chung

1.2 Phng php lun m phng

1.2.1 M hnh ha bi ton

1.2.2 Tnh a mt trong m phng

1.3 Cc khi nim c bn v m hnh ha

1.3.1 M hnh ha h thng

1.3.2 M hnh ha thnh phn chc nng

1.3.3 M hnh ha qu trnh ngu nhin

1.3.4 M hnh ha h thng gi nh

1.4 K thut nh gi hiu nng

1.5 Sai s trong m phng

1.5.1 Sai s trong m hnh ha h thng

1.5.2 Sai s trong m hnh ha linh kin

1.5.3 Sai s trong m hnh ha qu trnh ngu nhin

1.6 Vai tr m phng trong thit k h thng truyn thng

1.7 Tng kt chng

Chng 2 Gii thiu v MATLAB

2.1 Gii thiu chung

2.2 Cc cu trc c bn trong MATLAB

2.2.1 Cc bin MATLAB

2.2.2 Cc php tnh s hc

2.2.3 Cc php tnh logic v quan h

2.2.6 Cc hot ng I/O

2.3 Thao tc ma trn v vect

2.4 Lp trnh trong MATLAB

2.4.2 Cc hm con MATLAB

2.4.3 Cu trc ngn ng MATLAB

2.5 MATLAB Editor v Debugger

2.5.1 Cc chc nng Editor

2.5.2 Cc chc nng Debugger

2.6 Mt s phng php s s dng MATLAB

2.6.1 Phng php tm nghim

2.6.2 Phng php tch phn

2.6.3 Phng php gii phng trnh vi phn

2.7 Tng kt chng

Chng 3 Gii thiu v Simulink

3.1 Gii thiu chung

3.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca Simulink

3.2.1 Xy dng s khi Simulink

3.2.2 Tham s ha cc khi Simulink

3.2.3 M phng bng Simulink

3.3 Gii phng trnh vi phn bng Simulink

3.4 n gin ha h thng Simulink

3.5 Tng tc vi MATLAB

3.5.1 Truyn cc bin gia Simulink v MATLAB

3.5.2 Lp li cc m phng Simulink trong MATLAB

3.5.3 Truyn cc bin thng qua cc bin ton cc

3.6 Tng kt chng

Chng 4 M phng tn hiu v qu trnh thu pht

4.1 Gii thiu

4.1.1 M hnh m phng tn hiu bng gc v thng di

4.1.2 Qu trnh ly mu v ni suy