Bi bo co ti ch to tin khuch i nhy in tch ghp ni vi u d s dng cht

nhp nhy CsI v PIN Photodiode.

Nhm 2:

- Ng c Tn
- ng Quc Triu

I.

Phn m u.
Hin nay, cc thit b ghi nhn gamma s dng u d nhp nhy kt hp vi ng

nhn quang in (PMT) khng th p ng ht cc yu cu ca vic nghin cu v ng

dng v hnh nh ht nhn nh: chp ct lp nhiu u d, kho st phn b thi gian lu
bng k thut nh du v kch thc qu ln, khi lng kh nng v cao th lm vic
qu cao (khong 600V n 1500V). p ng yu cu ca cng vic, Trung tm tip
cn mt hng nghin cu mi v thit b o bc x ht nhn s dng u d PIN
photodiode.
Cc ng dng v u d gamma nhp nhy s dng PIN-photodiode c
nghin cu v pht trin rt mnh trn th gii, hin c kh nhiu linh kin, thit b
thng mi trn th trng tuy nhin gi thnh ca cc thit b kh cao nn vic trang
b chng phc v cng vic cn gp nhiu kh khn. Ngoi ra, cc thit b c sn trn
th trng cng khng th p ng c ht nhu cu cng vic ca trung tm nn vic
tip cn, nghin cu v nm bt k thut s gip Trung tm tng bc lm ch c cng
ngh, ch ng trong vic s dng thit b , nng cao hiu qu v cht lng cng vic.
Thng qua vic thc hin ti ch to tin khuch i nhy in tch ghp ni vi u
d s dng cht nhp nhy CsI v PIN Photodiode, bc u nh hng c cng tc
o to nhn lc cho hng nghin cu, thit k, ch to, sa cha, bo dng thit b o
ht nhn cho Trung tm.
II.

L thuyt
Khi nghin cu ch to tin khuch i nhy in tch, ta cn lu n mt s

l thuyt v nguyn l chung ca thit b ghi nhn bc x ht nhn, dng tn hiu i vo

tin khuch i (t u d), dng tn hiu i ra khi tin khuch i (tng to dng, lc
nhiu, khuch i), t m c nhng thit k ti u cho tng tin khuch i ny.

a.

Nguyn l hot ng ca thit b ghi nhn bc x ht nhn

S nguyn l hot ng chung ca thit b:

Tinh th nhp
nhy CsI(Tl)

PIN
Photodiode

Tin khuch
i

To dng
(shaping)

u d
Lc nhiu (noise
discriminator)
discriminator)
Hnh 1: S nguyn l hot ng chung ca thit b ghi nhn
bc x ht nhn.

Bc x ht nhn i vo trong u d (tch hp tinh th nhp nhy CsI(Tl) v

PIN Photodiode) s to thnh tn hiu in tch, i qua tin khuch i vi tc dng chnh
l phi hp tr khng, tng t l S/N, khuch i tn hiu ln mt phn v ng thi c
tc dng hnh thnh xung. Xung tn hiu tip tc c a qua tng to dng xung
(shaping) v tng lc nhiu (noise discriminator) to cc xung tn hiu c s, tip tc
c a qua cc tng khuch i, thu nhn v hin th tn hiu tu theo yu cu t ra
i vi thit b
b.

Tinh th nhp nhy CsI

i. Tng quan v tinh th nhp nhy.
Tinh th nhp nhy c cu to bi cc vt liu nhp nhy (v c hoc hu c).

Khi bc x ht nhn i vo mi trng lm vic ca tinh th nhp nhy, s tng tc gy

kch thch cc nguyn t to ra cc photon nh sang c trng cho nng lng bc x.
i vi cc tinh th nhp nhy tinh khit, ph pht x trng vi ph hp th nn cc
photon nh sng pht ra ngay lp tc b hp thu tr li trong tinh th, do trn thc t
th cc tinh th ny thng c pha thm tp cht (cht dch ph) c tc dng thay i
bc sng nh sng pht ra t tinh th , khng b hp th tr li.
Cc nh sng pht ra t tinh th nhp nhy khng th c ghi nhn trc tip
m cn phi c chuyn i thnh tn hiu in, vic chuyn i ny c thc hin
bng PMT hoc photodiode, tu vo yu cu ca tn hiu xung ra v cc yu cu ca
mch (th cp, dng tiu th).

ii. Tinh th nhp nhy CsI.

Tinh th nhp nhy CsI(Tl) c cu to gm cht nn l vt liu nhp nhy CsI,
cht dch ph l Tl. Khi bc x ht nhn tng tc vi tinh th CsI, tinh th pht ra nh
sng c bc sng kh cao vo khong t 400nm n 800nm. Vic bin i nh sng
thnh tn hiu in thng thc hin bng PMT hoc photodiode. Tinh th CsI(Tl) ht m
t nhng s b hng nu tip xc vi nc hoc mi trng c m cao.Hiu sut bin
i photon ca tinh th CsI(Tl) khong 65 photon/keV. Mt ca CsI(Tl) kh cao hn so
vi NaI(Tl), dn n kh nng bt bc x ca CsI(Tl) cao hn, thun tin trong vic thit
k u d nh gn tuy nhin thi gian pht sng ca tinh th CsI(Tl) li cao hn nhiu so
vi tinh th NaI(Tl) nn u d s dng tinh th CsI(Tl) c thi gian cht kh cao so vi
u d s dng tinh th NaI(Tl).
Mt s thng s c trng quan trng ca tinh th nhp nhy CsI(Tl)
Density
4.51 (g/cm3)
Wavelength :
550 (nm)
Relative Light Output :
65 (photon/keV)
Decay Time :
0.68 (64%) , 3.34 (36%) (s)
c.

PIN Photodiode
i. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca PIN photodiode
PIN PD l mt loi cht bn dn, cu to gm cht bn dn loi p, cht bn dn

loi n v ngn cch bi mt lp dn (lp i - intrinsic). Khi photon i vo vng hot ca

PIN PD (lp i) s tng tc vi cc vt cht ca lp i v to thnh cc cp electron l
trng. Cc cp electron l trng ny di tc dng ca in trng ngoi c phn cc
ngc, s i v 2 cc to tn hiu in trong mch t l vi cng nh sng ti. Nng
lng vng cm ca Si v Ge tng ng l E G=1.21eV v EG=0.785eV (ti 00K) v ti
nhit phng l EG=1.1eV v EG=0.72eV.

Hnh 2 : Tng quan cu to ca PIN photodiode

 PIN photodiode hot ng cn phn cc ngc bng mt in th ph hp, khi

vng ngho c m rng. Khi photon i vo vng hot ca PIN PD s tng tc vi
cc vt cht v to thnh cc cp electron l trng. Nu nng lng ca cp electron l
trng ln hn nng lng vng ngho, cc cp electron l trng ny di tc dng ca
in trng ngoi c phn cc ngc, s i v 2 cc to tn hiu in trong mch v t
l vi cng nh sng ti. Nng lng to ra mt cp electron l trng i vi
cht bn dn Si ti nhit phng l 3.62eV. Ti 77 0 K nng lng to mt cp
electron l trng ca Si v Ge tng ng l 3.76eV v 2.96eV.
Vic ghi o bc x ht nhn bng PIN photodiode c thc hin bng hai phng
php: phng php trc tip v phng php gin tip.
Phng php trc tip l PIN photodiode trc tip pht hin bc x ht nhn v
bin i chng thnh tn hiu in.
Phng php gin tip l bc x ht nhn c chuyn i thnh nh sng bi cht
nhp nhy v nh sng c PIN photodiode bin i thnh tn hiu in.
ii. c im ca PIN Photodiode
Khi s dng PIN photodiode vo vic ghi o bc x ht nhn chng ta cn phi
ch cc c im quan trng sau:
Dng ti : l dng tn hiu nhiu xut hin khi p in th phn cc ngc vo
PIN photodiode. Phn ln nhiu trong qu trnh ghi nhn bc x ht nhn c to ra t
dng ti, n t l vi in th p vo PIN photodiode v in dung ring ca PIN
photodiode. C hai nguyn nhn gy ra dng ti l dng bo ha c to ra theo
hng ngc li ca diode, v mt dng c to ra t khuyt tt trong tinh th Si v t
b mt gia Si v SiO2.
in dung ring ca PIN photodiode ng vai tr kh quan trng trong vic
gim nhiu v ci thin tc p ng ca PIN photodiode. in dung ring ca PIN
photodiode cng nh th tn hiu nhiu cng t v tc p ng cng nhanh. in dung
ring c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

Trong :
0 : in dn sut chn khng
s : in dn sut ring trong Si

S : din tch ca lp P
W : b dy vng ngho.
Tc p ng: l thi gian x l mt tn hiu bc x ti ca PIN photodiode, c
hai yu t nh hng trc tip n tc p ng ca PIN photodiode l thi gian bin
i tn hiu v thi gian truyn tn hiu.
Ph c trng: Ph c trng th hin di bc sng ca photon pht ra t mt s
vt liu nhp nhy khi c kch thch v kh nng ghi nhn photon ti ca photodiode.
Da vo ph c trng ny ta c th xc nh c kh nng tng thch ca mt s cht
nhp nhy (NaI(Tl), CsI(Tl), BGO) v Si PIN photodiode.

Hnh 3 : Ph c trng ca S3590-08 photodiode v ph bc x ca cc tinh th

NaI(Tl), BGO v CsI(Tl).
Da vo th trn ta thy: ph c trng ca Si PIN photodiode c th ghi nhn
photon ti nm trong di bc sng t khong 300nm n 1000nm, trong o vi di bc
sng t 500nm n 950nm th hiu sut ghi nhn photon ca n l tt nht (trn 80%).
Mt trong nhng c im quan trng ca tinh th CsI(Tl) l ph bc x pht ra ca tinh
th CsI(Tl) hon ton nm trong vng bc sng ph c trng ca Si PIN photodiode v
khi dng tinh th CsI(Tl) th hiu sut ghi nhn photon ca PIN photodiode tt hn cc
tinh th khc (NaI(Tl), BGO) nn ngi ta thng dng tinh th CsI(Tl) ghp vi
PIN photodiode.

d. Tinh th CsI(Tl) ghp ni vi Si PIN photodiode:

Si PIN photodiode c s dng trong trng hp ny c s dng ghi nhn
bc x ht nhn bng phng php o gin tip (ghi nhn nh sng pht ra t tinh th
nhp nhy CsI(Tl)). Vic kt hp gia tinh th nhp nhy v PIN photodiode ny ch yu
gip khc phc nhc im ca PIN photodiode l di nng lng ghi nhn rt ngn,
khng ph hp vi cc iu kin ng dng thc t, ng thi cng gip gim bt khi
lng ca cc u d nhp nhy khc s dng PMT. Tuy nhin khi s dng kt hp gia
hai loi vt liu ny th ta cn c bit ch n kh nng tng thch gia vt liu nhp
nhy v vt liu lm PIN photodiode, ta c th nh gi kh nng p ng gia hai loi
vt liu ny thng qua ph c trng ca PIN photodiode v ph bc x ca vt liu nhp
nhy (Hnh 3).
Trn thc t, khi s dng u d l loi c ch to sn, c cc thng s c
trng, do ta cn ch n cc tnh cht ca u d c ph hp vi cc yu cu bi ton
t ra khng. Trong trng hp bi ton t ra cn thit k u d nh gn v d bo qun
vi cc iu kin ngoi hin trng, ng thi c di ghi nhn bc x ph hp vi cc
loi ngun phng x s dng thc t (ch yu l Cs-137 v Co-60), ta la chn ghp ni
gia tinh th CsI(Tl) v Si Pin PD.
e.

Tin khuch i
i. Gii thiu
Tin khuch i l mch x l tn hiu u tin sau khi tn hiu i ra khi u

d. Tin khuch i c chia thnh 3 loi: tin khuch i nhy th (Voltage Sensitive
Preamplifier), tin khuch i nhy in tch (Charge Sensitive Preamplifier) v tin
khuch i nhy dng (Current Sensitive Preamplifier).
Tin khuch i nhy in th: c tr khng li vo cao (~5M), dng to ra trong
mch ph thuc kh nhiu vo in dung k sinh ca u d. Tn hiu qua tin khuch i
nhy th ny t l vi tn hiu in th li vo. Kiu tin khuch i ny khng th s
dng vi cc loi u d bn dn do tn hiu ra t l vi in dung, m 1 phn in dung
k sinh ca detector li t l vi in th ngc p vo detector. Do , s thay i nh
trong cp ni cng c th thay i in dung ti vi chc pico fara (pF), nh hng ln
n kh nng ghi nhn ca detector. Do , tin khuch i nhy th thng c s dng
vi cc detector nhp nhy.
Tin khuch i nhy in tch: Tin khuch i nhy in tch thng c s
dng cho cc loi detector bn dn hoc bung ion ho. Tn hiu ra t detector l xung
in c rng khong 10-9 n 10-5s, tu thuc vo loi detector v kch thc detector.

Tin khuch i nhy in tch c tc dng tch phn cc tn hiu in tch ny v bin i
chng thnh xung in th ti li ra t l vi tn hiu in tch li vo m khng ph thuc
vo in dung k sinh ca detector.
Tin khuch i nhy dng in: thng dng cho cc mch to dng nhanh s b,
cc mch trng phng trong cc mch c tr khng li vo thp.
Nhim v chnh ca tin khuch i:
Phi hp tr khng,
Tng t l S/N,
Khuch i xung,
Bin i cc dng xung in trn li ra detector thnh in th.
Do u d s dng l loi s dng tinh th nhp nhy ghp ni vi Si PIN
photodiode, cho tn hiu di dng in tch t l tuyn tnh tt vi nng lng bc x ti,
yu cu mt b tin khuch i bin i cc tn hiu in tch ny thnh tn hiu xung
in th ph hp vi vic ghi nhn cc tng sau, ng thi phi n nh theo nhit ,
do ta s dng b tin khuch i nhy in tch m bo cc yu cu trn.
ii. Cc loi nhiu trong tin khuch i nhy in tch.
-

Trong tin khuch i nhy in tch, tn hiu nhiu l do cc yu t:

o

Nhiu nhit ni tip (series thermal noise): gy ra bi li vo JFET trong

tin khuch i (t l vi tng in dung li vo),

o Nhiu nhit song song (parallel thermal noise): gy ra bi in tr hi tip

v in tr phn cc ngc detector,
o Nhiu ht (shot noise) gy ra bi dng vo cng gate ca JFET v dng r
ca detector,
o Series 1/f noise c to ra do im tip in ca detector v li vo JFET
ca tin khuch i,
o Parallel f noise gy ra bi trng thi ln cn suy gim vt liu in mi
gn im ni vo tin khuch i
-

Mt s phng php gim nhiu:

o Gim in dung ngoi (in dung ca PIN PD, FET v in dung k
sinh).
o Gim thiu thi gian to dng xung .
o S dng cp ni gia detector v preamplifier cng ngn cng tt.
o Khi thit k mch, gi ng i ca mch in cng ngn cng tt.
o C th trnh cc sng nhiu bng cch che chn mch tin khuch i
bng l chn kn.
o Cn lc ngun trc khi cp vo mch tin khuch i.
Trn thc t, cc loi nhiu v phng php gim nhiu cn c p dng
linh hot i vi tng trng hp c th ca mch, i hi phi c qu trnh
thc hin thc t

iii. Nguyn l hot ng ca mch tin khuch i nhy in tch thc hin.
VC C

VC C

VC C

R 14

10k
C 5

L1

C 6

0 .1 u

1u

1500

7
3

10u

L T1 0 7 7 /L T
+

V+

O U T

Q 1
2SK1062

C 12

10u

O U T

L T 1 0 7 7 /L T

6
o u tp u t

D 2

U 1
C 11

V-

C 2

C 1
0 .1 u

U 2
3

V+

R 11
47M

C 10
0 .1 u

R 7
10M

V-

B a tt

R 1
4

C 3

2 .7 k

EA60

R 6
10M

C 4
EA60

0
C 9

1p
V

C 7
2p

R 9
100k

C 8
10u

R 4

R 3
9 .1 k

100M

0
R 10
51

Test

Hnh 4: S nguyn l ca mch tin khuch i thc hin.

Nguyn l hot ng: PIN PD c phn cc ngc bi ngun 12V ngoi, i qua
t lc C1 v tr nh dng R11 lc ngun v quy nh dng cp cho PIN PD. Khi bc
x vo PIN PD to tn hiu dng in, tn hiu ny i qua t truyn C2, c chuyn
thnh tn hiu in th v khuch i ln 1 phn bi mch tch phn s dng Op-Amp
LT1077 v JFET li vo 2SK1062. Xung ra khi tng 1 c a qua t C11 v C12
nhm truyn tn hiu AC ti tng khuch i th 2 l mch khuch i khng o vi h
s khuch i AC l 10. Xung ra khi tng 2 ny ln c th tip tc c
phn tch, lc nhiu nhng tng sau.

II. Phn thc hnh ch to bo mch tin khuch i nhy in tch

2.1. Thc hnh thit k v lp rp mch tin khuch i nhy in tch
Thit k bo mch da trn s nguyn l c sn: s dng phn mm odcard 9.2
thit k s mch in ca mch tin khuch i. Trong qu trnh thit k mch in,
chng ta phi ch sp xp linh kin hp l sao cho ng dy ni gia cc linh kin l

ngn nht gim nhiu, tit kim khng gian cho bo mch; ngoi ra cn phi ch n
vic b tr cc t lc sao cho hp l.

Hnh 5: S mch in bo mch tin khuch i s dng FET li vo v opamp LT1077

Tuy nhin, v iu kin thc t nn nhm chng ti ch tin hnh lp rp mch tin
khuch i trn bo mch c sn. S mch in ca mch thc t khng hon ton ging
vi s mch in trong thit k trn nhng s nguyn l ca 2 mch ny hon ton
ging nhau.
Ch : vic tin hnh hn cc linh kin ln bo mch phi c tin hnh mt cch
thn trng v mch tin khuch i ny c s dng cc linh kin dn nh nn trong qu
trnh hn linh kin phi cn thn trnh trng hp cc chn linh kin dnh nhau, khng
c linh kin qu nng s h linh kin ... Sau khi hn xong phi kim tra cn thn
mi cp ngun v xung vo kim tra hot ng ca mch.

2.2. Thc hnh

kim tra hot ng ca mch tin khuch i ang thc hin, chng ta cn th
nghim mch trc vi tn hiu gi xung ht nhn trnh lm hng u d. Xung cp
vo s l xung in th trong khi xung ra t detector trong trng hp ny l xung in

tch, cho nn cn phi bin i xung t my pht thnh xung in tch bng hp t chnh
xc vi gi tr ph hp theo s sau:

Hnh 6: S mch kim tra hot ng ca mch tin khuch i s dng FET li vo

Tuy nhin do iu kin thc hnh khng cho php nn nhm chng ti ch c th
kim tra kh nng lm vic ca mch tin khuch i trc bng cch cp thng xung
in th t my pht vo mch tin khuch i.
2.2.1. Kim tra hot ng ca tin khuch i lm vic vi my pht xung
Vi mc ch kim tra cc tng khuch i ca tin khuch i c hot ng tt
khng, chng ta tin hnh cp mt xung gi xung ht nhn vi bin khong 15mV.
Xung a vo cng input ca tin khuch i c ly t my pht xung thy ngn
(mercury pulser RACRI). Xung pht ra t my pht c th la chn cc gi tr Rise Time
v Decay Time sau:
Rise time

0.1

0.5

5 (us)

Decay time

10

20

50 (us)

Xung pht ra t my pht xung c chia lm 2 ng, mt ng c a vo

my oscilloscope PS-600, ng cn li c a vo cng input ca tin khuch i sau
dng my oscilloscope tin hnh kim tra v so snh vi xung a trc tip vo my

oscilloscope. Mt s hnh nh ca tn hiu qua cc tng khi so snh vi xung ban u ca

my pht xung thu ngn (Rise time=0.1us, Decay time=50us):
-

Sau khi qua t lc C2:

Hnh 7: Hnh dng xung sau khi qua tu truyn C2 (trn) v hnh dng
xung pht ra t my pht xung thy ngn (di)
Da vo hnh dng v bin xung thu nhn c qua oscilloscope cho ta thy
dng xung sau khi qua t truyn C2 v dng xung pht ra t my pht xung thy ngn c
bin gn bng nhau, tuy nhin xung li ra ca t C2 b bin dng v nhe. Nguyn
nhn c s bin dng xung l do nh hng ca vic tch v phng in ca t C2 trong
qu trnh truyn tn hiu v tn hiu sau khi qua t C2 b nhe l do nhiu ca mch tin
khuch i.
- Tn hiu sau khi qua JFET 2SK1062: Sau khi qua JFET, tn hiu b o chiu
v khuch i ln da vo th cp cho li vo ca JFET .

Hnh 8: Hnh dng xung sau khi i qua FET 2SK1062

Tn hiu sau khi qua OpAmp LT1077: bin ca xung tn hiu ti y hon
ton ging bin tn hiu ti li ra ca JFET v c th iu chnh c
bin xung bng cch thay i gi tr ca bin tr R14: qua vic thay i
gi tr bin tr R14 ta c th thay i h s khuch i ca mch tin khuch
i, khi bin tr R14 c gi tr 6.6k th bin tn hiu sau tng khuch i
th nht khong 55mV (gp khong 4 ln bin tn hiu li vo).

Hnh 9: Hnh dng v bin tn hiu li ra tng khuch i th nht.

Tn hiu sau khi qua tng khuch i th 2.

Hnh 10: Hnh dng xung tn hiu sau khi qua tng khuch i th 2.

Qua tng th 2 ca mch tin khuch i, tn hiu c khuch i ln vi bin

tn hiu ti li ra tng khuch i th hai khong 0.6 V. Tn hiu c khuch i ln
khong 11 ln so vi tng th nht. Hnh dng xung li ra ca tng th nht v tng th
hai tng t nhau, ch khc nhau v bin . Kt qu ny hon ton ph hp vi l thuyt,
qua cho ta kt lun tng khuch i th hai ca mch tin khuch i hot ng tt.
III. Phn kt lun
3.1. Kt qu
Sau ti, nhm chng ti t c mt s kt qu sau:
- Tm hiu c l thuyt v cht nhp nhy, PIN photodiode, kh nng ghp ni
gia tinh th nhp nhy CsI(Tl) vi Si PIN photodiode, l thuyt v mch tin khuch i,
c bit l mch tin khuch i nhy in tch.
- Tm hiu v chng trnh Orcad 9.2, ng dng v s nguyn l v mch in ca
mch tin khuch i nhy in tch.
- Lm quen vi cc linh kin dn, tin hnh lp rp bo mch.
- Kim tra hot ng ca mch tin khuch i vi xung t my pht xung thu
ngn.
Hn ch:
- Vn kin thc ban u hn ch, cha c kin thc ln kinh nghim thc hnh
nhiu v lnh vc in t nn thi gian tip cn vi mch lu.
- Cha t thit k c s nguyn l ca mch tin khuch i nhy in tch.
- Cn mt s vn trong nguyn l hot ng ca mch cha c tm hiu r
rng
- iu kin thc hnh cn hn ch, cha ch ng c v linh kin v thit b.
- Cha kim tra hot ng ca mch vi xung ht nhn thc t.
3.3. Kin ngh
Trong thi gian ti, nhm chng ti hy vng s c thm nhiu thi gian tp trung
vo nghin cu thm v lnh vc in t ht nhn ny. Hn na l chng ti hy vng s
c thm nhng ti tip theo v in t ht nhn chng ti c th tm hiu thm v
lnh vc in t ht nhn ny, c th b tr thm i vi kin thc v kh nng s dng
cc thit b ghi nhn bc x, phc v nhiu trong cc ng dng thc t.