Expansion of Function

Taylors Series

Theory

Taylors Series : -

f(x) =

f (a) + (x a)

f '(a )
1!

f n (a )
n!

+ + (x a)n

f "(a )
2!

+ (x a)2

+ (x a)3

f ' ' '( a )

3!

Taylors Series : -

Note 1 : When a = 0, the Taylors series reduces to

Machlaurins series [from (3)]
f(x) = f (0) + x

f ' (0)
1!

+ x2

f "(0)
+
2!

x3

f "' (a)
3!

Note 2 : There are several forms of Taylors series used in

different contexts .
For example :
(i) Replace a by a to get from (3),
f(x) = f(a)+(x+a) f ' (a) +(x+a)2 f "(a) +(x+a)3 f ' ' ' (a) +
1!

2!

3!

(4)
(ii) Replace x a by h (or x =a + h) then from (3),
f (a + h) = f (a) + h

f ' (a)
1!

+ h2

f ' ' (a)

2!

+ h3

f ' ' ' (a)

+
3!

(iii) Replace h by h in equation (5) to get,

1

(5)

Expansion of Function

Taylors Series

f (a h) = f (a) h

f ' (a)
1!

Theory

f ' ' (a)

2!

+ h2

h3

f ' ' ' (a)

3!

+ (6)

(iv) Replace h by x in equation (5) to get,

f (a +x) = f (a) + x

f ' (a)
1!

+ x2

(v) f (a +h) = f(a) + h f (a) +

f ' ' (a)

+
2!
h2
f
2!

x3

f ' ' ' (a)

3!

(a) + +

+ (7)
hn 1
n1
f
(a)
(n 1)!

Rn
where Rn =

hn n
f
n!

(a + h), 0< <1 is called Lagrange

Remainder
Note 3 : If
= (a + x)n,

f (x + h)

then the binomial series can be derived from the

Taylors series as
(a +x)n = an + nan1x +

n(n 1)
2!

an2 x2 +

(8)

Replacing x by x, we get

Note 4 :

(a x)n = an n an1 x +

n(n 1)
2!

an2 x2 +

(9)

(a x)n = an n an1 x +

n(n 1)
2!

an2 x2 +

(9)

(i) (1 +x)n = 1 + nx +

n(n 1)
2!

= xn + nxn1 +
(10)

x2 +
n(n 1)
2!

n(n 1)(n 2)
3!

xn2 +

x3 +

n(n 1)(n 2)
3!

xn3 +

Expansion of Function

Taylors Series

Theory

(ii) (1 + x)1
x2 x3 +x4
(11)

=1x+

(iii) (1 x)1
x2 + x3 +x 4 +
(12)

=1+x+

(iv) (1 + x)2
+ 3x2 4x3 (13)

= 1 2x

x+

13
24

(v) (1 x)1/2

= 1 +

13 5
24 6

(14)

x2 +

x3 +

= 1 1x

(vi) (1 + x)1/2
+

13
24

13 5
24 6

1
2

x +

(15)

1:
When a = 0, the Taylors series reduces to Maclaurins
series
f(x) = f (0) + x

f ' (0)
1!

+ x2

f "(0)
+
2!

x3

f "' (a)
3!

2:
There are several forms of Taylors series used in
different contexts .
For example :
(i) Replace a by a,
3

Expansion of Function

Taylors Series

Theory

f(x) = f(a)+(x+a) f ' (a) +(x+a)2 f "(a) +(x+a)3 f ' ' ' (a) +
1!

2!

3!

(ii) When x =a + h then,

f (a + h) = f (a) + h

f ' (a)
1!

+ h2

f ' ' (a)

2!

+ h3

f ' ' (a)

2!

h3

f ' ' ' (a)

+
3!

(iii) Replace h by h we get,

f (a h) = f (a) h

f ' (a)
1!

+ h2

f ' ' ' (a)

3!

(iv) Replace h by x we get,

f (a +x) = f (a) + x

f ' (a)
1!

+ x2

f ' ' (a)

+
2!

x3

f ' ' ' (a)

3!