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Updated Railway Report1
Updated Railway Report1
Updated Railway Report1
Indian Railways (reporting mark IR) is an Indian state-owned enterprise, owned and
operated by the Government of India through the Ministry of Railways. It is one of the
world's largest railway networks comprising 115,000 km (71,000 mi) of track over a route
of 67,312 km (41,826 mi) and 7,112 stations. In 2014-15, IR carried 8.397 billion
passengers annually or more than 23 million passengers a day (roughly half of whom were
suburban passengers) and 1058.81 million tons of freight in the year. In 20142015 Indian
Railways had revenues of 1,634.50 billion (US$24 billion) which consists of 1,069.27
billion (US$16 billion) from freight and 402.80 billion (US$6.0 billion) from passengers
tickets.
Indian Railways is the world's seventh largest commercial or utility employer, by
number of employees, with over 1.376 million employees as of last published
figures in 2013.
IR's rolling stock comprises over 245,267 Freight Wagons, 66,392 Passenger
Coaches and 10,499 Locomotives (43 steam, 5,633 diesel and 4,823 electric
locomotives).
The trains have a 5 digit numbering system and runs 12,617 passenger trains and
7,421 freight trains daily.
Track Kilometers
Narrow Gauge
(762/610 mm)
Total
86,526
18,529
3,651
108,706
Electrified
Total
27,999
67,312
Route Kilometers
Table 1
Indian Railways runs around 11,000 trains everyday, of which 7,000 are passenger trains
7566 locomotives
37,840 - Coaching
vehicles
6853 - Stations
300 - Yards
Table 2
NAME OF THE
RAILWAY ZONE
ZONAL
HEADQUARTER
DIVISIONS
Central Railway
Mumbai
Solapur,Pune
Eastern Railway
Kolkata
Northern Railway
New Delhi
Delhi
Gorakhpur
North Eastern
4
Railway
Northeast Frontier
Railway
Rangiya
Southern Railway
South Central
Chennai
Secunderabad
Railway
8
South Eastern
Trivandrum
Secunderabad, Hyderabad, Guntakal,
Vijaywada, Guntur, Nanded
Kolkata
Mumbai
Railway
9
Western Railway
East Central
Hajipur
Railway
11
12
North Central
Bhubaneswar
Allahabad
Railway
13
North Western
Jaipur
Railway
14
Bilaspur
Hubli
Railway
15
South Western
Railway
16
West Central
Jabalpur
Railway
Table 3
Location
State
Locomotive Workshop
Uttar
Pradesh
Alambagh, Lucknow
Uttar
Pradesh
Yamunanagar-Jagadhari Railway
Station, Yamunanagar
Haryana
Kalka
Haryana
Bridge Workshop
Jalandhar Cantonment
Punjab
Bridge Workshop
Lucknow
Uttar
Pradesh
Engineering workshop
Jalandhar
Punjab
Ghaziabad
Uttar
Pradesh
Table 4
3.1 Interlocking
In railway signaling, an interlocking is an arrangement of signal apparatus that prevents
conflicting movements through an arrangement of tracks such as junctions or crossings.
The signaling appliances and tracks are sometimes collectively referred to as
an interlocking plant. An interlocking is designed so that it is impossible to display a signal
to proceed unless the route to be used is proven safe.
A minimal interlocking consists of signals, but usually includes additional appliances such
as points (US: switches) and derails, and may include crossings at grade and movable
bridges. Some of the fundamental principles of interlocking include:
Signals may not be operated to permit conflicting train movements to take place at
the same time.
Switches and other appliances in the route must be properly 'set' (in position) before
a signal may allow train movements to enter that route.
Once a route is set and a train is given a signal to proceed over that route, all
switches and other movable appliances in the route are locked in position until
either :
a. the train passes out of the portion of the route affected, or
b. The signal to proceed is withdrawn and sufficient time has passed to ensure
that a train approaching that route has had opportunity to come to a stop
before passing the signal.
3.2 Relays
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to
mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solidstate relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a separate lowpower signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays
were used in long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming
in from one circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in
telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor
or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with
no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching
6
Figure 1 A Simple Electromechanical
Relay
Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are
used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems
these functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".
Relay Design
There are only four main parts in a relay. They are
Electromagnet
Movable Armature
Spring
It is an electro-magnetic relay with a wire coil, surrounded by an iron core. A path of very
low reluctance for the magnetic flux is provided for the movable armature and also the
switch point contacts. The movable armature is connected to the yoke which is
mechanically connected to the switch point contacts. These parts are safely held with the
help of a spring. The spring is used so as to produce an air gap in the circuit when the relay
becomes de-energized.
The diagram shows an inner section diagram of a relay. An iron core is surrounded by a
control coil. As shown, the power source is given to the electromagnet through a control
switch and through contacts to the load. When current starts flowing through the control
coil, the electromagnet starts energizing and thus intensifies the magnetic field. Thus the
upper contact arm starts to be attracted to the lower fixed arm and thus closes the contacts
causing a short circuit for the power to the load. On the other hand, if the relay was already
de-energized when the contacts were closed, then the contact move oppositely and make an
open circuit.
As soon as the coil current is off, the movable armature will be returned by a force back to
its initial position. This force will be almost equal to half the strength of the magnetic
force. This force is mainly provided by two factors. They are the spring and also gravity.
Relays are mainly made for two basic operations. One is low voltage application and the
other is high voltage. For low voltage applications, more preference will be given to reduce
the noise of the whole circuit. For high voltage applications, they are mainly designed to
reduce a phenomenon called arcing.
Relay Basics
The basics for all the relays are the same. Take a look at a 4 pin relay shown below. There
are two colours shown. The green colour represents the control circuit and the red colour
represents the load circuit. A small control coil is connected onto the control circuit. A
switch is connected to the load. This switch is controlled by the coil in the control circuit.
Now let us take the different steps that occour in a relay.
As soon as the current flow stops through pins 1 and 3, the switch opens and thus the open
circuit prevents the current flow through pins 2 and 4. Thus the relay becomes de-energized
and thus in off position.
In simple, when a voltage is applied to pin 1, the electromagnet activates, causing a
magnetic field to be developed, which goes on to close the pins 2 and 4 causing a closed
circuit. When there is no voltage on pin 1, there will be no electromagnetic force and thus
no magnetic field. Thus the switches remain open.
Pole and Throw
Relays have the exact working of a switch. So, the same concept is also applied. A relay is
said to switch one or more poles. Each pole has contacts that can be thrown in mainly three
ways. They are :
Normally Open Contact (NO) NO contact is also called a make contact. It closes
the circuit when the relay is activated. It disconnect the circuit when the relay is
inactive.
Normally Closed Contact (NC) NC contact is also known as break contact. This is
opposite to the NO contact. When the relay is activated, the circuit disconnects.
When the relay is deactivated, the circuit connects.
Change-over (CO) / Double-throw (DT) Contacts This type of contacts are used
to control two types of circuits. They are used to control a NO contact and also a
NC contact with a common terminal. According to their type they are called by the
names break before make and make before break contacts.
10
Single Pole Single Throw (SPST) This type of relay has a total of four terminals.
Out of these two terminals can be connected or disconnected. The other two
terminals are needed for the coil.
Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) This type of a relay has a total of five
terminals. Out of these two are the coil terminals. A common terminal is also
included which connects to either of two others.
Double Pole Single Throw (DPST) This relay has a total of six terminals. These
terminals are further divided into two pairs. Thus they can act as two SPSTs which
are actuated by a single coil. Out of the six terminals two of them are coil terminals.
Double Pole Double Throw (DPDT) This is the biggest of all. It has mainly eight
relay terminals. Out of these two rows are designed to be change over terminals.
They are designed to act as two SPDT relays which are actuated by a single coil.
as firmware or in ROM that cannot be easily altered to both resist unsafe modification and
meet regulatory safety testing requirements
12
13
mechanically and a harder outer layer that protects the fiber during handling, particularly
the cabling, installation, and termination processes.
15
because it ensures compatibility among connectors, splices, and tools used throughout the
industry.
Standard single-mode fibers are manufactured with a small core size, approximately 8 to
10 m in diameter. Multimode fibers have core sizes of 50 to 62.5 m in diameter.
The above figure shows the basic components in the optical fiber communication system.
The input electrical signal modulates the intensity of light from the optical source. The
optical carrier can be modulated internally or externally using an electro-optic modulator
Figure 16 Core diameter in single and multi-mode Glass
through
fiber communication system, the input electrical signal is in the form of coded digital
pulses from the encoder and these electric pulses modulate the intensity of the light from
the laser diode or LED and convert them into optical pulses. In the receiver stage, the photo
detector like avalanche photodiode (APD) or positive-intrinsic negative (PIN) diode
converts the optical pulses into electrical pulses. A decoder converts the electrical pulses
into the original electric signal.
16
The table shows the different generations of optical fiber communication. In generation I,
mostly GaAs based LEDs and laser diodes having emission wavelength 0.8 micrometer
were used from 1974 to 1978, graded index multimode fibers were used. From 1978
onwards, only single mode fibers are used for long distance communication. During the
second generation the operating wavelength is shifted to 1.3 micrometer to overcome loss
and dispersion. Further In GaAsP hetero-junction laser diodes are used as optical sources.
In the third generation the operating wavelength is further shifted to 1.55 micrometer m
and the dispersion-shifted fibers are used. Further single mode direct detection is adopted.
In the fourth generation erbium doped optical (fiber) amplifiers are fabricated and the
whole transmission and reception are performed only in the optical domain. Wavelength
Division Multiplexing (WDM) is introduced to increase the bit rate. In the proposed next
generation (V generation), soliton based lossless and dispersion less optical fiber
communication will become a reality. At that time, the data rate may increase beyond 1000
Tb/s.
4.6 Advantages of optical fiber communication
Wider bandwidth: The information carrying capacity of a transmission system is directly
proportional to the carrier frequency of the transmitted signals. The optical carrier
frequency is in the range 1013 to 1015 Hz while the radio wave frequency is about 106 Hz
and the microwave frequency is about 1010 Hz. Thus the optical fiber yields greater
transmission bandwidth than the conventional communication systems and the data rate or
number of bits per second is increased to a greater extent in the optical fiber
communication system. Further the wavelength division multiplexing operation by the data
rate or information carrying capacity of optical fibers is enhanced to many orders of
magnitude.
17
Low transmission loss: Due to the usage of the ultra-low loss fibers and the erbium doped
silica fibers as optical amplifiers, one can achieve almost lossless transmission. In the
modern optical fiber telecommunication systems, the fibers having a transmission loss of
0.002 dB/km are used. Further, using erbium doped silica fibers over a short length in the
transmission path at selective points, appropriate optical amplification can be achieved.
Thus the repeater spacing is more than 100 km. Since the amplification is done in the
optical domain itself, the distortion produced during the strengthening of the signal is
almost negligible.
Dielectric waveguide: Optical fibers are made from silica which is an electrical insulator.
Therefore they do not pickup any electromagnetic wave or any high current lightning. It is
also suitable in explosive environments. Further the optical fibers are not affected by any
interference originating from power cables, railway power lines and radio waves. There is
no cross talk between the fibers even though there are so many fibers in a cable because of
the absence of optical interference between the fibers.
Signal security: The transmitted signal through the fibers does not radiate. Further the
signal cannot be tapped from a fiber in an easy manner. Therefore optical fiber
communication provides hundred per cent signal security.
Small size and weight: Fiber optic cables are developed with small radii, and they are
flexible, compact and lightweight. The fiber cables can be bent or twisted without damage.
Further, the optical fiber cables are superior to the copper cables in terms of storage,
handling, installation and transportation, maintaining comparable strength and durability.
Figure 18
18
Figure 19
Figure 20
Figure 21
19
5.1 EXCHANGES
All Telephone Exchanges shall be
Automatic
Electronic
Digital
The exchanges shall be Transit cum Local Exchanges providing connectivity between
Subscriber to Subscriber
Subscriber to trunk
Trunk to Subscriber
Trunk to trunk
20
Ordinary
Digital
Magneto
Highest level - Zonal Head Quarters (ZHQ) and Railway Board (RB)
The exchanges shall be interconnected using manual trunks through Trunk Operators or
through Subscriber Trunk Dialing (STD) channels. Where digital transmission system is
planned, the ZHQ to DHQ and DHQ to important location exchange shall be connected
through high speed 2 MB/s (30 channel) trunk groups.
All exchange shall be available on IR STD network subjected to availability of channels.
Each exchange shall have a distinct STD code. Alternate routing shall be provided as far as
possible.
Wherever possible interconnection to DOT exchange shall be provided through Direct
Inward Dialing (DID) and Direct Outward Dialing(DOD) facility. The traffic for such trunk
lines shall be taken as 0.8 Erlang/Trunk line and calculation of trunk lines shall be done
accordingly.
5.2 SPECIFICATION & PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
The digital exchanges shall be of the following basic capacity and shall be modularly
expandable:
128 port
256 ports
512 ports
1024 ports
2048 ports
4096 ports
21
Decadic phones
DTMF phones
Digital phones
Hot line
Long distance
The capacity of the exchange shall be defined with the following details:
Wire Capacity
Equipped Capacity with
No. of subscriber ports- decadic/DTMF and digital phones.
No. of long distance subscriber, trunk ports with various type of signaling
2 MB or higher speed trunk port.
Ports for attendant console
The Architecture of the Exchange shall be with the following protection arrangement.
a) Up to 128 ports
CPU and control cards -1 + 0 Configuration
Memory -1 + 0 Configurations
Power supply unit -1 + 1 hot Stand By (S/B)
b) Exchange with capacity higher than 128 ports
CPU and control card -1+1 hot Standby configuration & hot swappable
Memory -1+1 hot Standby configuration & hot swappable
Power supply card -1+1 hot Standby configuration & hot swappable
The exchange shall be fully non-blocking.
The minimum BHCA (Busy Hour Call Attempts) for exchange shall be as follows:-
22
The exchange software shall be loaded on hard disc or flash RAM for operation as well as
a backup copy must be available. The software must have self-diagnostic feature and the
failure must be available as print out.
The basic requirements of the protective device provided on MDF shall be as under:
i) The device shall not operate on speech or signaling currents.
ii) It shall not decrease the efficiency of speech or signaling circuit.
iii) The device shall promptly operate in cases of the specified voltages or currents being
reached.
iv) The device shall promptly isolate the equipment and prevent further damage in cases of
overload due to artificial or natural causes.
v) The current rating of the device shall be such that they do not produce noticeable heat in
the components of the main equipment.
vi) The device shall prevent transient discharges which would normally injure the audio
system of the listener.
vii) The device shall be as far as possible self-restoring type.
viii) The prospective devices shall consist of fuse & lightning discharger. The fuse shall be
connected in series with each external line.
ix) The Integrated Protection Modules shall be provided in case of Krone type connectors.
x) The rating of the fuse shall be as per the requirement of exchange equipment.
xi) The Protection arrangement shall be installed on IDF or MDF.
xii) The subscribers protective device assembly shall consist of a single compact dust
proof unit containing fuse and lightning arrester.
The Signaling used shall be:
i) User line signaling
DTMF signaling
4W E&M Signaling
DC - loop/disconnect signaling
24
Figure 23
25
Figure 24
26
The data networks can also be used for other applications like videoconferencing, data
conferencing, VOIP, IVRS, disaster management, office automation etc.
Private and Public Networks: Railway applications primarily run over Railways Private
Network, i.e. only Railway applications are transported by the network. In contrast, in the
Public Networks, like INTERNET, various applications used by the public are carried by
the data networks. In special cases, Railway may make use of public networks using
Virtual Private Network (VPN) solutions.
Railways Private Network is built up by utilising bandwidth from Railways own Railtel
Corporation of India (RCIL) or leasing bandwidth from BSNL or otherservice providers.
Communication Media:
The communication links making up the data network may be over a combinationof any of
27
the following media such as Digital MW, IP Radio links, VSAT, Analog MW, Twisted pair
copper for last mile connectivity. For Local Area Network (LAN) in the same building
Optic Fiber Cable/Cat 6 cables are used. Wherever feasible wireless LAN (WiFi, WiMax)
as per latest international standards may also be adopted.
6.1 Classification of Networks:
Networks can be classified into 2 main categories:
(i) IP Networks: Networks which adopt packet data transmission and use IP protocol are
called IP networks. In Railways all packet data transmission is done on IP protocol. In
these networks, virtual connection is established between the client and server and data
transmission takes place in packets. For delay to be within limits , maximum of 3 router
hops is permitted in the primary path between the client and the server. In the alternate
routed paths, the router hops should be limited to a maximum of 5. All new networks
should preferably be IP based.
(ii) Non-IP networks: In these networks, direct connection exists between the client and
server. Non-IP networks adopt either synchronous or asynchronous transmission.
Synchronous transmission is followed for transmission of large blocks of data.
Network Speeds: The earlier networks were non-IP based and worked at speeds of 9.6
Kbps. Gradually some of the non-IP based network speeds were upgraded to 64 Kbps.
Generally higher speeds are not adopted in non-IP networks.
Presently networks are mostly IP based and operate at speeds of 2 Mbps at the core and
distribution levels and 64 kbps at the access level. Speeds of nx 64 Kbps may be used at
important access points depending on the network traffic. Similarly at the core level n x 2
Mbps may also be adopted.
In a centralized system as in FOIS, the core level comprises the communication links
between CRIS (Centre for Railway Information System)/ Rly.Board and zonal
Headquarters. Distribution level comprises the communication links between zonal Hqrs.
and divisions and access level is made up of links connecting the division to the activity
centers.
In a distributed system as in PRS, the computers at the 5 metro cities are connected in a
mesh topology and form the core network. The network connecting the 5 locations to other
zonal headquarters and divisional headquarters forms the distribution layer and the
connections from the zonal/divisional headquarters to the other locations forms the access
network.
6.2 Bandwidth Requirement for Applications
The Bandwidth requirement will depend on
28
1. Network Architecture: Access layer, Distribution and Core layer- lowest for access layer
and highest in the core in that order
2. Type of Application design: Text/Character based-PRS,GUIFOIS/ CAD/Graphics/Videolowest for character based and highest for video in that order. Ex: for a town like Nellore in
AP- a 64Kbps bandwidth is sufficient for UTS and PRS combined.
3. Number of concurrent users at that location.
4. Type of Process: transactional process/ Batch process
5. Database design: Distributed-PRS/Centralized-FOIS
The various devices used in the data network other than the nodes on which the
applications reside, along with their interface specifications are given below:
Non-IP Networks: Modems: V.24, RS 232.
Statistical Multiplexers
Line drivers
IP Networks
LAN extenders.
Firewalls
Gateways
Link balancers
The complexity of the data devices will depend on their capabilities to handle various
functionalities like support for VPN, data encryption, data handling capacity, compression,
29
Optical fibre
30
(a) This equipment shall multiplex 30 analogue and/or data channel to 2048 kbps ITU
compatible digital stream on transmit side and on receive side, it shall demultiplex ITU
compatible 2048 kbps digital stream to 30 analogue voice /data channels.
b) Following type of primary multiplexers are in use:
(i) TERMINAL MUX - It shall have one 2048 kbps port each for trans and receive side
and shall be used as end multiplexer.
(ii) PRIMARY DROP/INSERT MUX -This shall have at least two 2048 kbps ports (P1
and P2 port) each for send and receive side. It shall be possible in drop/insert any channel
to P1/P2 port or make a time slot through P1 port to P2 port and vice versa.
(iii) DROP/INSERT MUX WITH CONFERENCE FACILITY- Its function is similar to
drop insert MUX described above with additional facility of at least 3 party conference
between any combination of time slots of either P1 port or P2 port and voice interface.
(c) TYPE OF INTERFACE CARDS FOR THE PRIMARY MULTIPLEXER:
Following types of interface cards are provided in primary digital multiplexer:
- 2W speech card with E&M signaling
- 4W speech card with E&M signaling
- Exchange end interface cards
- Subscriber side interface cards
- Hotline interface cards
- Magneto telephone interface cards
- Conference circuits, omnibus voice circuits
- Data interface cards of various types like:
G703 co-directional/contra-directional
V.24/RS232C interface
V.35 interface
Second Order Multiplexing Equipment - This equipment shall convert four 2048 kbps
tributary signal into a 8448 kbps digital signal and vice versa with positive justification.
31
Third Order Multiplexing Equipment- This equipment shall convert four 8448 kbps
tributary signal into a 34368 kbps signal and vice versa with positive justification.
Third Order Skip Multiplexer -This equipment shall convert sixteen 2048 kbps
tributaries signal into a 34368 kbps signal and vice versa with positive justification.
Third Order Drop Insert Multiplexer: This equipment shall be used for dropping
inserting either 8448 kbps tributary or 2048 kbps tributary from/to 34368 kbps main
tributary signal and vice versa with positive justification.
All digital multiplexing equipment shall be as per approved specification of RDSO.
Emergency call
32
Functional addressing
Location dependent addressing Provides the routing of mobile originated calls to the
correct controller e.g. relative to the geographic area.
eMLPP (enhanced Multi-Level Allows resource preemption for priority calls
Precedence and Preemption)
The figure given below illustrates the system architecture. In this architecture a mobile
station (MS) communicate with a base station subsystem (BSS) through the radio
interface. The BSS is connected to the network switching subsystem (NSS) using the
interface.
Interface
Um
Interfaces Description
Radio link between MS and BTS- Air interface
Abis
Ater
A
B
Figure 25
33
Dispatcher
Cab Radio
The Radio link uses both FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) and TDMA (Time
Division multiple Access) . The 900 MHz frequency bands for down link and up link signal
are 935-960 MHz and 890-915 MHz respectively.
Frequency Used for GSM-R in Eastern Railway Spot Frequencies are:
Uplink
Downlink
952.8 MHz
908.0 MHz
953.0 MHz
908.2 MHz
953.2 MHz
908.4 MHz
953.4 MHz
908.8 MHz
953.8 MHz
909.0 MHz
954.2 MHz
909.2 MHz
954.2 MHz
909.4 MHz
954.4 MHz
code and a national destination code which identifies the subscribers operator. It is stored
in the HLR.
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) for Railway Network.
Railway
MCC
MNC
MSIN
HLR Identification Code
Eastern Railway
405
48
250
00000009999999
Table 1
CC
AC
(2D)
(2D)
CT8(1D)
Zone(2D)
Divn.(1D)
Dept.(1D)
Subscriber
Number (4D)
+91
99
25
0-9
0-9
XXXX
Table 2
User ID No
iii)
The call type prefix identifies the user number dialed. The call type distinguishes between
the different types of user numbers that are allowed within the national EIRENE
numbering plan. The call type prefix tells the network how to interpret the number dialed.
It is one digit long.
The user identification Number can be one of the following:
35
Description
2+TRN+FC
3+EN+FC
4+CN+FC
6+LN+TT+Y+XX
(5-8 digits)
EN:
Engine Number
(8 digits)
CN:
Coach Number
(9 digits)
FC
Function Code
(2 digits)
LN:
Location Number
(5 digits)
TT:
Team Type
(1 digit)
Y:
Team Member
(1 digit)
XX:
Team Number
(2 digits)
Train Functional Number is used for calling the driver by its train number. The following
numbering scheme is used in the Railway.
Functional Number of driver in Rajdhani Express for Thursday is as follows.
2
2301
01
Train Number
Schedule Train
Driver
Table 4
36
User can register itself as a driver / guard of any train from their handset by dialing 091 i.e.
Railway access code following the above digits for a specific train.
For details, uniform numbering plan circulated by RDSO may be referred.
Brief description of sub system:
Mobile Sub system (MS) :
The MS consists of two parts
i)Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
ii)Mobile Equipment (ME)
The SIM is removable and can be moved from one terminal to another. It is authenticated
via a personal Identity Number (PIN) between four to eight digit. This PIN can be
deactivated or changed by the user. If PIN is entered incorrectly in three consecutive
attempts, the phone is locked for all but emergency calls, until a PIN unblocking key
(PUK) is entered.
The SIM contains subscriber information and International Mobile Subscriber Identity
(IMSI).
ME is a Mobile hand set equipped with a soft touch key pad and display screen. Some
additional key (button) is provided to meet the special features of GSM-R (emergency call
etc.). Though ME having a robust structure, it should be kept in safe position to prevent
mechanical damage.
7.3 Base Station Sub system (BSS)
The BSS connects the MS and the NSS.
ii)
iii)
MEs in air interface at one side (via antenna) and with BSC in Abis interface (through
PCM 2Mb/s in OFC network) at the other side.
The general architecture of the Base station is based on the following modules:
The Compact Base Common Function (CBCF) performs all common functions such as
concentration, transmission, supervision and synchronization. A CBCF can be dimensioned
according to traffic.
The Power Amplifiers (PA) amplify the RF signal delivered to antenna through the TX
combiner. Each PA is physically independent unit, characterized by its frequency band,
output power can be controlled independently.
The Driver receiver units (DRX) amplify the RF signals (two, for diversity), process the
TDMA frames and drive the power amplifier. Each DRX is associated with one RF
channel, connected to the Frequency Hopping bus (FH bus) in order to allow base band
hopping and packed as a physically independent unit. One TRX is then made up of one PA
and one DRX. Depending on frequency band , a specific DRX is available to support
EDGE (e-DRX).
The Transmission Combiners (TX combiners) combine the RF signals delivered by
several power Amplifiers and duplex them with the received signals. A variety of coupling
modules can be selected, depending on the type of combining (duplexer, hybrid), the
frequency band and the configuration (number of TRXs and antennas).
The reception multicouplers (LNAs + RX splitters) pre-amplify and split the received
signal towards the DRX receivers. A variety of RX-splitters can be selected, depending on
the frequency band.
The Alarm module (RECAL) collects internal and external alarms. The number of
external alarms is up to 8.
Fan tray is kept at the bottom of the cabinet for keeping the module inside cabinet cool by
air circulation inside cabinet.
Power supply card to receive 48V DC supply from external source and to cater required
supplies to different active modules inside BTS cabinet.
CPCMI board on front panel inside BTS cabinets equipped with different LEDs to indicate
different status of the equipment.
fixed signals,
hand signals,
flare signals
Stop
Proceed
INDICATION Proceed
Wave length
VLF
10-30 kHz
30,000-10,000 m
LF
30-300 kHz
10,000 - 1,000 m
MF
HF
3-30 MHz
VHF
UHF
300-3000MHz 100-10cm
MW
3 to 30 GHZ 10-1 cm
100-10m
The objective of any communication is to pass information from one place to other. Radio
Communication consists of generation, propagation and reception of electromagnetic
waves. Modes used in Indian Railways areH.F. Communication
VHF Communication
UHF Communication
M/W Communication
VERY HIGH FREQUENCY (VHF) COMMUNICATION
The frequency band of VHF Communication is 30 to 300 MHz The frequency allotted by
WPC (Wireless Planning and Coordination wing of ministry of communication) in VHF
for Indian Railways are in the band (a) 85.5 to 86.5 MHz (b) 146.2 to 167.95 MHz.
Communication in this range of frequencies is mainly due to line of sight, reflection and
scattering of waves.
Uses of VHF:
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Traffic Control
Police Duties.
Mobile Communication
Disaster management
Yard communication
Emergency Communication:
1.
ART equipped with hand held and base station VHF sets.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Universal Emergency Communication for communication between driver, guard,
station master & Cabin.
8.2 SPECIFICATION & PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
High Frequency Radio Communication:
1.
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2.
Mode of Propagation: The frequency band of HF Communication is 3 to 30 MHz
Waves in HF range are propagated through ionosphere and are known as sky waves.
3.
Dipole
Folded dipole
Rhombic
Log Periodic
T. Type
Inverted L type
VHF PARAMETERS
1. Frequency Range
-30 MHz to 300 MHz
-Frequency Band allotted for Railways are 85.5 MHz to 86.5 MHz and 146 MHz to 174
MHz
-One spot frequency is used for each channel
2. Type of operation: Simplex
Duplex
3. Channel capacity: - Single channel/Four channel/Sixteen channel
- Voice or Low speed Data or both.
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[Sets are equipped for more than one channel i.e. up to 16 channels or so. Crystal
controlled or synthesized version, out of them one channel can be used at a time. ]
Type of Equipment:
I) Walkie-Talkie (Hand Held) Set1W/2W to 5W switchable output power operated on in-built NI-CD/ NiMH / Li-ion
batteries.
ii)
Mobile Sets
iii)
Base Station
External antenna with feeder cable connector mounted on a mast (Roof top)
needed.
Antennas used:
-
Whip Antenna
Dipole
Low Profile
Yagi Antenna
6.
Feeder cable:
7.
Communication Range:
Average range
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License:
Mandatory
Frequencies allotment:
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Figure 26
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Figure 28
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