CHEMISTRY

FOLIO
MANUFACTURED
SUBSTANCES IN
INDUSTRY

NAME: NG JIA HAO

CLASS: 4S2
SCHOOL: SMJK POI LAM, IPOH
TEACHER: Puan Para

INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, there are many industrial
products are manufactured to make our life easier
and more comfortable. They are either made from
sulphuric acid, ammonia, alloys, synthetic
polymers, glass, ceramics, or composite
materials. These products can be made for many
uses. Even though the products of these materials
are invented and designed for good uses, there are
always the disadvantages. Therefore, we need to
know that how these products were manufactured,
what their physical and chemical properties are,
etc. Later, we should also go through the
environmental pollutions caused by the products of
these materials, when manufacturing and also
during their usage so that we can avoid the effects
caused by these products.

SULPHURIC ACID (HSO)

The structure of a Sulphuric Acid molecule

USES OF SULPHURIC ACID
1.Sulphuric acid is used to produce chemical
fertilizer such as ammonium sulphate
and potassium sulphate, which are highly
soluble in water and can be easily absorbed
by plant.
2.Car batteries contain sulphuric acid which is
used as the electrolyte.
3.Sulphuric acid also used in the making of
artificial silk-like fibres and rayon.
4. Chemical like paints, dyes and drug use
sulphuric acid as one of their component
materials.

 MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ACID

1.Sulphuric acid is manufactured in industry
through contact process.
2. The process contains three stages.
STAGE 1: Production Of Sulphur Dioxide
From Sulphur
i. Combustion of sulphur or sulphide ores in
the air produce sulphur dioxide SO.
S(s)+O(g) SO(g)
ii. Sulphur dioxide is dried and purified.
iii.
STAGE 2: Production Of Sulphur Trioxide
From Sulphur
Dioxide
i. The purified sulphur dioxide SO and
excess air are passed over vanadium(V)
oxide VO at controlled optimum condition
to produce sulphur trioxide SO.
2SO(g)+O(g)2SO(g)
ii.

The optimum used are

a)
Temperature: 450-500C
b)
Pressure: 2-3 atmospheres
c)Catalyst: Vanadium (v) oxide

iii. Under controlled optimum conditions, 98%

conversion is possible. Sulphur dioxide and

oxygen that have not reacted are allowed to

flow back again over the catalyst in the
converter.
STAGE 3: Conversion of trioxide to sulphuric
acid
i.

Sulphur trioxide SO is dissolved in

concentrated sulphuric acid HSO to form
oleum HSO which is then diluted with water
to form sulphuric acid HSO.
SO(g)+HSo(l)HSO(l)
HSO(l)+HO(l)2HSO(aq)

ii.

The two reactions in stage 3 are equivalent to

adding sulphur trioxide directly into water.
SO(g)+HO(l)HSO(aq)

1.

The addition of sulphur trioxide directly into is

not carried out because the reaction is very
vigorous; a lot of heat is given off. As a result,
a large cloud of sulphuric acid fumes is
produced, which is corrosive and causes
severe air pollution.

The Contact process

SULPHUR DIOXIDE AND ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION
1.

2.
3.

Sulphur dioxide is one of the by-products of

contact process. It is a colourless and
poisonous gas with a very pungent smell.
Sulphur dioxide which escapes into the air
causes air pollution.
Sulphur dioxide is an acidic which dissolves
in water to form sulphurous acidic, HSO. In
the atmosphere, sulphur dioxide dissolve in
water droplets to form sulphurous acidic.

SO(g)+HO(l)HSO(aq)
4.

Oxidation of sulphur acid by oxygen produces

sulphuric acid, HSO, which falls to the
earth as acid rain. Sulphur trioxide is also
easily oxidised in the air to form sulphur
trioxide. Sulphur trioxide dissolve in
rainwater to produce sulphuric acid.

SO(g)+HO(l)HSO(aq)

Acid rain and environmental pollution

AMMONIA (NH)

The structure of an Ammonia molecule

USES OF AMMONIA
1. Ammonia that is produce commercially
has many uses.
2. It uses:
i.