& ...

1945 - 1948

2016
1



.
,
.
, .
, ,
, .
,
, . ,
, . . ,
, , .


1945 1948
.
.
,

( 28 1945).
,

.


( 6 1945)
(
28 1945,
).
,
,
- 1.
,

.
: , , , , ,


.............................................................................................................. 5
....................................................................................................................... 6
1. ......................................... 7
2. ................................................................................................... 8
3. ............................................................................. 9
. 1: 1941 .............................. 10
. 2: (1941 1945) .................................................. 19
. 3: 1945 ................................................... 32
. 4: 1945 1948
............................................................................................................... 48
4.1 ................................................................................................. 48
4.2 ............................................................................................ 56
4.3 ................................................. 61
............................................................................................................. 70
................................................................................................................... 71
................................................................................................................ 74


NSDAP

Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, (

)



1945 1948
, ,
. ,

.

.
, ,
, 55.000
, 96%
. ,
.

, .
,
1945 1948
.

1.

, ,
.
, Paul Johnson, A
History of the Jews (Harper Perennial, U.S. 1988) ,

.
,
15 .
,

.
. , &
(University Studio Press, 1996).
Mazower Mark, Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and
Jews, 1430-1950 (Alfred A. Knopf, 2005),
1430 1950.

19 20, ,
:
1856-1919
( , 2006).
,
. Richarz
Monika The History of the Jews in Europe during the Nineteenth and Early
Twentieth Centuries,
20
,
( , 2004).
, 19
, , .

,
, , ,
, .
,
,
.
, , 1928-

1947: - (
, , 2004).
,
, (
, 2005),
.

, ,
(1941 1944): , ,
( , 2009), Mark Mazower, .
( , 1994), ,
( , 2015)
, : , , .
1940 ( , 2014) .. ,

Leon Saltiel, Dehumanizing the Dead: The Destruction of Thessalonikis
Jewish Cemetery in the Light of New Sources (Yad Vashem Studies),
.
. . , ,
( 1948).
, ,
Steven Bowman,
( , 2012)
, : ,
, ( , 2012),

K. E. Fleming, (
, 2009). ,

( , 1993)
, , , .
, 1.090

1945
1948. , 28 1945,
.

2.

15 1941,

 , ,
.
,
(1941-1944)
1945,
.

20
1945,
1945 - 1948
.
.
,
1945 1948.

3.
1945
1948, ,
,
. ,
,
6 1945
,
- .

. , 28 1945,
.

.
,
, 1945 1948 ,
.


1941
15 ,
, .
, 50 ..,

. , 1169 . .
500 . 1
2,
.

,

.
,

3.

15 ,
( ) . ,
15 ( ),
. , ,
. ,
,
4.

(1478), .
:
,
,
,
5.

, .
.
3
Melih OBAN, Ottoman Jews in Salonica: a community at the heart of Ottoman Enlightenment,
Turkish Review of Balkan Studies, (Foundation for Middle East and Balkan Studies, 2007), . 70 71.
4
., & , (University Studio Press,
1996), . 63.
5
, . 64.
2

10

 16
. 1520 ..
,

.

,
19 6.
17,
,

.
- ,
1666 7
.

,
. ,

8. , 18
, . 15
29.000, .
1913. 1882
, ,
34.5239, 1928
63.000 10.
18
.
,
.
, ,
18 .
. (1729-1786)
.
6

. , , (
), . 173, ( 2002), . 22.
7
Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews, (Harper Perennial, U.S. 1988), . 267 271.
8
Mark Mazower , Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430-1950, (Alfred A. Knopf,
2005), . 115.
9
, 1856-1919, ( , 2006), . 17 32.
10
. . , , 20 , 2
( , 2003), . 2.

11

 ,
.
,
.
,
11.
19 ,
,
.
,
.
. ,
, .
,
, 12.

,
1784 .

. 1847
13
, ,
. 1850
,
.
,
. 4.000 ,
,
150 . ,
, 12 185414.

11

Richarz Monika, The History of the Jews in Europe during the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth
Centuries, . 80 - 81.
12
, , ( , 2005), . 30 32.
13
, :
: ( , 1998), 26 - 27:
- ,
,
,
.

14
The Editors of Encyclopdia Britannica, ( 2/3/2016), Don Pacifico Affair,
Encyclopdia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com/event/Don-Pacifico-affair .

12

 ,
. 2 1891
, ,
,
. , ,
. ,
, 15.
1890
,
.
.
,
.
1890 191716.
, 19
, . ,
,
, , , .
,
20 17.
, ,
,
. 1880,
,
Fratelli Allatini, , Bank de
Salonique.
Alliance Israelite
Universille . 1911, ,
,
18.
, ,
, , , .

1550 1911 ( 32 ) ,
.
15

, . ., 34 35.
, . ., . 109 110.
17
, , , ( 25 26,
1994), . 27 28.
18
, :
, ( , 2000),
. 170.
16

13

 19
.
Alliance Israelite Universille 1873,
.
, .
.
,
,
19.

. , 1874,
. , 1881
, .
20.
, ,
, ,
,
. ,

. ,

,
,
. 1909

( ).
,
.
21
22.
19

, . ., . 27 - 29.
,
, : , , , 18
20 , ( , 1997), . 129.
21
(1948 53, 1955 63).
Plonsk .
1906, 1915 .

. (1921 1933)
1930 .
( ,
, ( , 2004), . 32).
22
, . 26 33.
20

14

 ,
, 1906 ,
.
, .
. 1907
,
23.


,

1911 .
, 1912,
,

. ,
, ,
.
,
.
,
,
,
1912, ,
. ,
24.
,
1917, .
18 19 , ,
74.000 , 52.000 ,
, .

, 75% .

,
. 1394, 18 1918,

23

, , (
), . 173, ( 2002), . 16 17.
24
, . ., . 273 281.

15

, .
25.

, . M 1913,

, B ,

.
. ,
, . 1912

.
,
. ,

, , ,
, , ,
. 26 .
,
.

,
, .

.
1915

.
,
T, B, E A ... M E! 27.

,
191228
.
25

, . 120 124.
, H E: , 19121914, I , A 34 A 1998, ( I M, 1999),
. 5.
27
, . 3 6.
28
, (1941 1944): , ,
, ( , 2009), . 49.
26

16

 1917,
,
, 29.
,
, E E,
T M, Z
, A Z K K,
K A.
, , ,
, ,
, ,
30.
.
1921 1924, ,
. ,
,
,

. , 97.025
, 1920 1928
74.380. ,
1921 1924.
, ,
,
,
1930 31.


1928
32 ,
,
29 1931.
.
,
33 .
( ), ,
29

. . , . ., . 15.
, , E E, (
2007), . 7.
31
, . 13 14.
32
, , ( , 2013), . 114.
33

42 43 .
30

17

 , ,
.

6 15134.
35
,
- 36 ,
, , ,


, 37 .
1941
.

34

, ( 2/3/2016) , 2012:
: (1931), Alter Thess,
http://www.alterthess.gr/content/afieroma-2012-ellines-exontosate-evraioys-pogkrom-toy-kampel-1931 .
35
, ( 2/3/2016) , 2012:
(1932), Alter Thess, http://www.alterthess.gr/content/afieroma-2012-i-dikigia-ton-emprismo-toy-kampel-1932 .
36
H - ,
.
37
, . ., . 85 - 89.

18

 (1941 1945)
9 1941
.
, , , .
, , ,
, ,
.
. ,
,
,
.
, .
,
NSDAP ( ),

(). ,
1935, ,
. ,
. , ,
, ,

1.
, (20 1
1941) . ,
,
. ,
, , ,
, , ,
2 .
,
. ,
, 3.

, (1941 1944): , ,
, ( , 2009), . 134 - 138.
2
. , 1800, ( , 2002), .
334 335.
3
Mark Mazower, . , ( , 1994),
. 266.

19



. ,
,

. ,
,
4.
1938
SS . ,
,

().
. , ,
1940
, ,

. ,
,

Sonderkommados Rosenberg. 1941
.
, , , .,
. , 1943:

500.000
10.000 5.
,
: ,
, , , ,
( )
, . , .
, , ,
.
, ,

6.
4

, . ., . 143 - 144.
Mazower, . ., . 263 266.
6
, : , , .
1940, ( , 2014), . 258 259.
5

20



. . 1930
,
. ,
,
. ,
. ,
.
.
. , ,
. , 1934

,
, .
.
.
. ,
. 17 1942
, ,
7.
1942,
,
. ,
1942,
,
,
. 1942
, 8.190.

.
8. ,
,

.
11 1942 ,
9 .
7

, , ( , 2015), . 88 91.
, . ., . 267 268.
9
, . ., . 91.
8

21



. ,
. ,
9.000
.

. ,
,
. ,
,

10. .

,
.
100 . ,
, ,
11.
. ( 9 )
, .
.. . .
,
,
.
.
11 ..
. ..

.. .

. , ,
. ,
12.
,
,
10

Mark Mazower , Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430-1950, (Alfred A. Knopf,
2005), . 395.
11
Mazower, . ., . 267.
12
. . . , ,
, ( 1948), . 23.

22

. , ,
, :


. ,


13.

. ,
,
, 500.000 , 350.000
.
, 1925
campus .
50.000
. 1937 ,

, .14


. 1 1942 , ,
.
, ,
,
, .
, 13
, ,
.
,
.
2 . .
15 ,
: 15.
, ,

.
13

Mazower, . ., . 396.
Leon Saltiel, Dehumanizing the Dead: The Destruction of Thessalonikis Jewish Cemetery in the Light of
New Sources, (Yad Vashem Studies), . 1-2.
15
, . 6 7.
14

23

 . ,
. 6 1942

. ,

.
,
, ,
.
1942

16,
.
[
].
. .

,
. (
)17.
1942

. ,
.

. 1942

.
, ,
.
, ,

. 1943
.

18.

16

, . ., . 64 65.
, . ., . 27.
18
Mazower, . ., . 268 269.
17

24


13 ,
, . 8

, ,
19, ,
.,
20.
: ( 25 ),
( , ,
) , ,
, 21.

.
, .
, , .
,
.
,
.
22.
,

.
23 , .
6
,
. .


24.
, , 104
,
, ,
19

, . ., . 276 277.
Mazower, . ., . 269 270.
21
, . ., . 277.
22
, . 277 283.
23

, ,
.
24
Mazower, . ., . 401 402.
20

25

 25. , 14

. ,
15 2.800 (80 ) ,
30 .26
,

.
.
, , 11 1943,
.
, .
,
, 2
74 367
.
, .27
(7 ),
, ,
,
, ,
.

. .
,
, ,
,
, .
. ,
,
. ,

28.
,
. . 48163,
2836 1940 309 1941
. ,
25

, . ., . 283 284.
Mark Mazower , . ., . 401 403.
27
, . ., . 91 92.
28
, . ., . 268 280.
26

26

 ( 1940, )
. 29
(), 15
1943, . . 5/98 98
.
. , ,
, .
50.000 ,
. ,
,
,
, ,
( ) ,
15.000 29.
:
10
.
30.
,
1943,
.
,
,
, .
,
.
,
1943,
, ,
. ,
,

. ,
,
31.

,
29

, . 280 - 283.
. , :
(), , ( , 2011), . 335.
31
, . 335 345.
30

27

 ,
,
10% . 2, 6,
27/10/1944
32.

, .

. ,
,
, ,
, 400 .
.

.
, ,
.
,
,
.
, .
, ,
.
,
33.
,
.
(),

() 34.
1943, 35 .

.
. ,
, 650
32

, . ., . 96.
, :
, ( ),
. 244, ( 2015), . 18 19.
34
, . ., . 47.
35
, . 59.
33

28

 30.000 ,
1943,
3.000 , ,
40.000 50.000 . , Steven Bowman

1.00036.

: ()
1941,
()
1942, () 1943, ()
1943,

194437.
,
,
,
,
21 194338. :
1943,
300 ,
. 21 1943 []
12 ,
,
, []

, .
[] 22 1943 ,
[] , ,
.

39.

36

Steven Bowman, , (
, 2012), . 26 28.
37
, . 38.
38
, ,
( ), . 244, (
2015), . 16 17.
39
, : ,
, , ( , 2012), . 283 284.

29

 20 1944 1.180,
,
205/1943 .
( ), 23
25 , , ,
, , , ,
2
( 10 19
)40.

, ,
,
, 60.000 ,
.
, 75%
.
,
. ,

41.
(Sonderkommando)
.

. ,
.
42.
.
:
[] 390,
. ,
,
.
. , ;43.
7 1944 II ,
VI 450,
.
40

, . ., . 437 - 438.
K. E. Fleming, , ( , 2009), . 217 220.
42
, . ., . 59.
43
K. E. Fleming, . ., . 231.
41

30

 ,
, 24 200
, : ,
. , 1942
44.

( 1943)
() 194445, 1945 400 ,
,

. ( )
15 .


46. , .

44

, . ., . 55 67.
, . ., .
46
, , (
, 1993), . 116 117.
45

31

 1945
,

,
. ,
1864, . ,
.
, , .,

,
Alliance Israelite Universille. (1826
1899) .
. 1 , 1420 ., 38
() 2.
,
- (
, 18201903),
. , :
,
.
! ,
, ,
. 3.
() 1
1875.
,
. ,

4 .
1911 , ,
3223 . . ,

.
, : , (University Studio Press,
2000), . 360 362.
3
Aron Rodrigue (Editor), Sarah Stein, Isaac Jerusalmi, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica - The
Ladino Memoir of Sa'adi Besalel a-Levi, (Stanford University Press, California 2012), . 3.
4
, , , ( , 1995), . 12.
2

32

 , , 1895 5 ,
,
. ,
1915, .
,
6.
( ),
16 1897,
.
,

. ,
,
.
1911 .
19167.
(, , ,
.) Selanik (),
1869
. ,
.
(, , ). ,
8.

.

1876, 1908.
, 1908,
,

. , ,
,
, 9.


5

,
.
6
, . ., . 360 371 398 400.
7
, . ., . 12 13.
8
, , , ( , 1995), . 15.
9
, . ., . 19 21.

33


10 . 1875,
.

. ,
11 .
,
. , ,
1850 ,
( ) 12 .
, 13 1875
,
(2223 .13), ( 9 .)14.
3
, 4 6 .
,
.
, ,
1877 , , 15.
.
,
.

. ,

,
. ,

, ,
.. , ,

10

, , ( , 1994), .
40.
11
, , , ( , 1995),
. 8.
12
, ( 3/3/16) , 2012:
(1875), Alter Thess, http://www.alterthess.gr/content/afieroma-2012-idrysi-tisefimeridas-ermis-1875 .
13
.
14
, . ., . 51.
15
, . ., http://www.alterthess.gr/content/afieroma-2012-idrysi-tisefimeridas-ermis-1875

34


16.
1881
4 1895.

,
,
.
.
, , 1888
500
. ,
,
17.
1903 . .
. . ,
( ),
.
, .
, ,
, 1909
. (3351 .18)
7 ., 21 1908 6,5 .
.
.: 4 80
, 5 25 .
1909
1911.

1971.
, , 4256
. 10 .
. ,
1912, 989
(4062 .).
,
.
16

, . , , ( ,
1995), . 10 11.
17
, . ., . 67 84.
18
.

35

 . 1
1928
,
. ,
,
, 19.
,
,
. . 1915
,
20
. ,
21.
, ,

. : , ,
. , 1911
, 10
,
, 22 . ,
,
. 22 .
, .
,
, .
, , 5640 ., .
, ,
,
,

19

, . 115 173.
.

1919 ( , , ( , 1994),
. 51).
21
, : 1912 - 1923, (University Studio Press,
2000), . 57.
22
, (
.., 2007) . 21
. ,
,
.
.
20

36

 23 .
,
,
24 .
, 10 1911
, :


.
, , ,
.

,
,
. . : )
,
, . )
, . )


. )
,

, . )
. )

.
, ,
,
, ,
,
,
25.
, ,
. ,
.
23

, ,
1912-2012: , ( - ,
2012), . 40 42.
24
, . ., . 179.
25
, . ., . 40 41.

37

.
,
,
(
). ,
.
,
. , ,
. 9 1912

26.
27 1912,
.
, , 28 ,
, 8
,
. ,
. 1915
,
1.000
. ,
2.000 ,
, 500
.
191827.
, .
: ,


,
28.
,
. 1915

.
,
. 29.
26

, . ., . 191 199.
, . 59 - 67.
28
, . 63.
29
, . ., . 85.
27

38

 ,
, ,
.
, ,
.
. , ,
, ,
.
1936
30.
,
. 1935

. , . 378543
21.12.1935 ,
.
,

. , 27

. ,
31.

. 5.3.1914,

.
. , 1915
. 1920
.
. 1917 2.500 , 1919,
, 9.000 . 1921
10 12.000 . ,
, 1926, ,

.
,
. ,
30

, , 1928-1947:
- , ( ,
, 2004), . 21 22.
31
, . 47.

39

 1915,
.
,
. ,
, 1920 ,
,
,
, 25 1914
, , , , 32. 1924

9, 1924 ,
, .
195933.
1918
, .
, ,
34 .
,
.
,
.
1920
.
.
,
. ,
, .
35. 1941
1946 195036.
, ,
.
, 14 1936
.
,
. ,
, 4
32

, . ., . 125 144.
, . ., . 64.
34
, . ., . 235.
35
, . 235 241.
36
, . ., . 86 87.
33

40


. 21
1945,
1 1 2001.
,
:
,
,
,

37. ,

38.
,
,
50 (26
1962) :
, , ,
. ,
,
,
. .
.
, ,
, , 39.
,
13 1920
17 . ,
.

. ,
17.000 28.000 .
,
.
.
, ,
. ,
37

, . ., . 34 36.
, , , ( ,
1995), . 27.
39
, . ., . 34.
38

41


.
1937 1945,
40.
,
,
.
1931,
,
.
(1930),
. ,
23
.

:
,
,
.
[] !
.

. , , . 29
,
41.

.
, ,
. , ,
. , ,

. ,

. , 29 1931,
,
42.

40

, . ., . 245 - 267.
, , ( , 2005), . 58 60.
42
, (1941 1944): , ,
, ( , 2009), . 80 - 82.
41

42

 ().
2 19 1932,
,
( ), 43.
, ..
,

. 44.

45 ,
. 19.2.1928
:
,
,
,
, ,
, 20.2.1928,

.

.

. ,
,

46.
1928 1931,
1933
.
, ,
. ,
. 28
,
, .
: , ,
,
. 7.000 ,
43

, . ., . 11.
, . ., . 83 - 84.
45
, , ( , 2013), . 114.
46
, . 114 119.
44

43

 ,
,
, 47 .
,

. :
.

,
,
48.
,
.
9 1941 ,
24 1933
. . . 49.
,

. ,
,
. 10 ,
,
.
,
. ,
. ,
, ,
. ,
, 19
,
.
-
, .
. 15 ,
. 50.
47

, : 1923 - 1941, (University Studio Press,

2008), . 65 66.
48
, . 66.
49
, . ., . 29.
50
, : , 19411967, (University Studio Press, 2008), . 99 113.

44


. :

Wehrmachtsender Saloniki, .
, .
, ,
. .
51.

.
, .

. .
, ,
.
.
, . 27
1941, . , 4
. . 16
1943 . .
40 ,

. 4265 .,
4240 . 3448
. 3042 .
, Das Neue Europa.

.
,
. ,

, , , 8
1944 ( )

. :
. (), . (), . (
), (, ),
(), . (), .
( ,
51

, . ., . 71 - 72.

45


), . ( ,
), . (
), . ( ), .
(), . (), . ( ,
1942) . (
)52.

.
, . 1
1994 .
( ),
. ,
. .
29 194453.
[] ,
, , , , ,
, ,
, ,
54. , ,
.
,
, ,
, ..
,
. .
,
55. ,
.
40 45 ,
56.

. ,
28 1945 ,
52

, . ., . 115 134.
, . 134 136.
54
news247, ( 14/2/16),
: , , news247,
http://news247.gr/eidiseis/koinonia/se-pshfiakh-morfh-o-dosilogikos-tupos-ths-katoxhs-paraplhroforhshpropaganda-kai-antishmitismos.3456395.html
55
.
56
, . ., . 75.
53

46

 ,
. 57
, .

57

, . ., . 317 318.

47

 1945 1948

4.1
,
,
. ,
, 1,

:
,


, .

, ,
, ,
. .
2.


3. ,

, ,
.

. , ,

6 1945
.
( ),
- , !
.
1

K. E. Fleming, , ( , 2009), . 246.

, 19/08/1945.
3
Bea Lewcowicz, :
, .
1943 1960, ( , 2004), . 270.
2

48

, ,
(114258 122355 122067 114582),
. ( , ,
)
, ,
,
: []
,
, .

,
.
4 ,
122067.
: 30-40
. .
.
. .
.
.
5 . ,
. ,

.
, 181201.
.
: , :
.
, , ,
.
[] 70
, (
, ) .
6.

,
.
(Roy Arad, ( 14/2/16), New Israeli Film
Debunks Myth That Nazis Made Soap From Jews , Haaretz.com,
http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/features/.premium-1.527623).
5
, 7/04/1945.
6
, 10/04/1945.

49

 ,
1944, ,
7
1944 7 : 1944
. 17
, , . ,
. 4
.
.
.
. . .
.
.
.
. .
170 .
17 ; .
.
, ,
,
,
: , , ,
12.000 45.000.

.
300 .
45 ,

, 8 . ,
,
, ,
9:
,
.
, , ,

. 10.
7

30 - 31 .
, 15/07/1945.
9
, 18/07/1945, 19/07/1945.
10
, 21/07/1945.
8

50


, .
(American Joint Distribution Committe)
, 1946,
10.000, .
,
11 .

8.467 12 . ,
(
):

4.500
175
180
80
35
50
500
750
700
800
70
370
7
30
120
100

,
1/10 : .


200.000 .
. 75.000 ,
, 8.500.
, 13.
11

Lewcowicz, . ., . 270 271.

, 6/04/1945.
13
, 24/04/1945.
12

51


.


14:

[] 200
, , ,

. ,
., , , ., .,
., ., . .
, ,
15 .

. 16
9.000
, :
,
, ,
30 ,
.
,

:
, ,
85.000
. 50.000 . 35.000.
, 8.000 ,
. 35.000
2.200 . 1.400 , 500
300
17.

,
, -.
, ,
14

, 7/06/1945, 8/06/1945, 28/06/1945, 24/08/1945.

, 2/07/1945.
16
, 2/08/1945.
17
, 21/10/1945.
15

52


,
, ,
,
, ,
. , ,
.
, 18.
, ,
1945 1948. ,

,
19.
,
20, . 22
1943

. ,
,

( ).
, ( []
). , ,
, :
( 12 ).
(12 13 15 )
( [] ).
,
, ,

,
:

,
,
18

, ,
1912-2012: , ( - ,
2012), . 46.
19
. , .
, ( , 2005), .
202.
20
, 21/07/1945.

53

 ,
.
.
,
,
,


! .
3 .

.
:
, , ,
, ,
()

!21.
, ,
. ,
,
.
9 1945,
28


,
:



, 28
1945

.
1947,
.
20 ,

21

, 13/11/1946.

54

 .
: ,
,

.
,
,


.
, . .
:

60 , , ,
41, .
22.
, 23 ,

:
, .
.
.
. , .
.

24.

22

, 20/04/1947.
,
.
24
, 16/10/1948.
23

55

4.2

.
, , ,
, , , .

,
,
1 .
.
,
:
, .
. .
, .
.
,

,
2.

,

,
3 . 6 1945:
,
, ,
205)43
-

205)1943
.

,
,
1

. , :
(), , ( , 2011), . 346.
2
, 16/05/1945.
3
, :
(1945-1948), ( , 2010), . 133.

56

 , ,
,
. ,

,
, :
.

.
, , ,

.


,
.


.



.
, .

.


4.
5
.
,

, . ,
7 1945.

. , , :
,
4
5

, 26/05/1945.
, 29/05/1945, 19/06/1945, 4/07/1945, 14/07/1945.

57

 , ,
, ,
,
, , ,
.

: . - . , ,
, : .
. . :
,
, .
. . , ,
, , ,
.
.
:
, ,
, ,
. ,
, .
,
, ,
,
, .

, ,
.

6 ....

.
,
..... ....
, .
7. ,
,

6
7

, 6/10/1945.
, 28/10/1945.

58

 ,
:
,
151,
, ,
,
. -
, 151
,

8. 10
1946, :
.
9 . ,
3 23 1947,
846 1946,
, ,
, , .
,
10. ,
:
, . ,
....
.
....11.
,
,
: .

. ,
. .
12
.
. , .

8

, 18/11/1945.
, 10/01/1946.
10
, , ( , 2015), . 81.
11
, 28/04/1946.
().
12
, 15/01/1948.
9

59

 13 . ,
,
,
.
,

. 14.

13
1948: , 12.
, ,
,

.
,
31 1947, ,

, .

, , ,
15
.
12.000
.
, . 600
, , 350 16.

13

, 16/1/1948.
, 21/1/1948.
15
, .., . 129.
16
, .., . 71.
14

60

4.3

.
,
.
1945. : 1)
, 2) , 3) , 4)
, 5) , 6) ..1

1945,
. 8 1945 ...,
,
.

, 1959
.
1945,
2. ,

,
, .

6/45,
, .
,

.
,

. ,
,
.
, ,

. , (1942
1959), , ( , 2011), . 382.
2
, . 383 384.

61

 ,
3.

. ,
,
.
,

. 24 , 1945,

. .
.

, ,
.
,
,
.
. ,
4.
, 17 1945

, 4
. .
, , : ,
,

,
,
.

, .
,
,
.
, ,

3

, : , .
1943 1960, ( ,
2004), . 55 56.
4
, . 60 61.

62

 .
5 , 6
. ,
: .
, , .

.
. ,
.
30 ,
:
. , ,
, ,

. 34
,
32, 33,
.
,
.
.

,
[] ,
,
. ,
7.

53
,
1943.

,
.
16 . 16

, 10/07/1945.
, 15/08/1945.
7
, 11/09/1945.
6

63

 ( ), , , ,
...8


. .
: 1) , 2)
, 3) , 4) , 5) , 6)
, 7) 8) .
(
) 9, 20
1945 .
, . , :

, , , ,
. , ,
, .
, .
, .

, .

. 959
, 663 ,
253, 410 . 78
65 ,
10:
.
.
18 ,
. . 6)45 11 . ,

.
,
.
. 138 ,

, : , , .
1940, ( , 2014), . 329 330.
9
, 18/09/1945.
10
, .., . 58 60.
11
, 1/05/1946.

64

98 , 12 16
12.
,
,
:

,
,
13 10
1946
.
. , ,
. .
, ,
,
.
.

.
. ,

.

. 1945 1946 27
14. , . ,
:
, , ,

.

.
.
15.
2 1946
16 :

12

, .., . 62 63.
, 8/12/1945.
14
, .., . 61 62.
15
, 9/05/1946.
16
, .., . 330 331.
13

65


.

, ,
.
, ,
. 40 ,
17.
:

, ,
, .
.
,
( ) .
, .
.

18:
(.).
;
.
.
. ;
. , ,
. ,
. ,
, ,
19.
4 .
. , ,
:
: 2
3.30
, , ,
, , , . ,
, : ,
17

, 2/07/1946.
, 4/07/1946.
19
, 3/07/1946.
18

66

, , ,
15 8 .
.

. 20.

, ,
. ,
.
. ,
.

,

, . ,
,

.
,
, 50%
21.
2 1946
:
13
. .
.
.
- ; .
.
,
:
- , ,
,
. ,
,
. ,
, , ,
, , , :
20
21

, 4/07/1946.
, .., . 331 335.

67

 ,

.

.
,
22. , 10 ,
.
,
:
,
, ,
, ,
. , ,
.

1945 1946
, , ,
.
, 12
,
10 20 , .
(
), ( ),
( ), (
), ( ), (
), ( ),
( ),
( ), ( ),
( ), (
), (
), (, ),
( ),
( ) - (
), ( )
23.

22

, 3/10/1946.
, ( 7/05/2016), : ,
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, :
https://www.ushmm.org/outreach/el/article.php?ModuleId=10007722 .
23

68

 16 1947
:
.
,

[] 4.500.000
, , , , , , ,
,
1948 ,
:

,
,
.

,
, ,
.
,
,
24.
,
,
. 1945,
, .
, ,
,
.
,
, ,

25.

24
25

, 20/06/1948.
, .., . 65.

69


, ,
. ,

.

1
. , ,

,
,
, ,
, ,
2.
,

. , 3
4. ,
-
,
5
, ,
6 .
,
,

7
8.
, 1945 1948
,
.

. 55.
. 52 - 53.
3
. 56.
4
. 59.
5
. 62.
6
. 54 - 55.
7
. 53 - 54.
8
. 69.
2

70



(8/08/1948)
1918


.





,
.




.

.
:
,
, . ,
, .

, ,


: ;
;
,

.





.
,
, ,
,
.

.

.
.

: (
)
;
.

.



.
.


,
.



,

.
, ,
; ( ).
, ,
,



:

.


.
,


,
.

71


(17/08/1948)

, 1918
.
,

.

,


.

,
,
.


,
, ,
.
,

, .

,
.

,
,
,

,
.

.
,
,
,
,
,
.

,
.

,
,
, :
- , (
),
,
.
- ,
.

.
, :
- ,

.
-

, .
- ;
.
:
-
,
.
-, ,
.
- , ,

, ,
:
- ,
, ;

,
,

,
:
-
,
.



.

72



.
,

!
- , , ,
.
- ,
, .
, ,


, :
-, , ,
, .
,

,
.
- .

-, ,
,
.
- ; ,

;
- , ;
.
-
.


:
- ()
( )

.
,
,

.

73


, ,
( , 1993).
, : :
, ( , 1998).

, , ( ,
1994).
., ,
( ), . 173, (
2002).
, :
,
( , 2000).
., .
, ( ,
2005).
., :
(), , ( ,
2011).
,
, ( , 2004).
, (1941 1944): ,
, , ( , 2009).
, , , ( ,
1995).
, : ,
(University Studio Press, 2000).
, : 1912 - 1923, (University
Studio Press, 2000).
, : 1923 - 1941, (University
Studio Press, 2008).
, :
, 1941-1967, (University Studio Press, 2008).
,
, 1912-2012: ,
( - , 2012).
, . , , (
, 1995).
, , E E,
( 2007).

74

 ., 1800, ( ,
2002).
, , ( , 2005).
, H E:
, 1912-1914, I
, A 3-4 A 1998, ( I
M, 1999).
. ., , 20 ,
2 ( , 2003).
. . . , ,
, ( 1948).
, , , ( 25 26,
1994).
,
, : ,
, , 18 20 , (
, 1997).
, 1856-1919, ( , 2006).
, , ( , 2015).
, , , ( , 1995).
, : , , .
1940, ( , 2014).
,
, ( ), .
244, ( 2015).
, :
, (
), . 244, (
2015).
, :
(1945-1948), ( , 2010).
, : ,
, , ( ,
2012).
, , 1928-1947:
- , (
, , 2004).
, ,
( ), . 173, (
2002).

75

 , , , ( ,
1995).
, , , (
, 1995).
, : , .
1943 1960,
( , 2004).
., & , (University
Studio Press, 1996).
.,
(1942 1959), , ( ,
2011).
, , ( , 2013).
Bowman Steven, , (
, 2012).
OBAN Melih, Ottoman Jews in Salonica: a community at the heart of Ottoman
Enlightenment, Turkish Review of Balkan Studies, (Foundation for Middle East and
Balkan Studies, 2007).
Johnson Paul, A History of the Jews, (Harper Perennial, U.S. 1988).
Fleming K. E., , ( , 2009).
Lewcowicz Bea, :
, .
1943 1960, ( , 2004).
Mazower Mark, . , (
, 1994).
Mazower Mark, Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430-1950,
(Alfred A. Knopf, 2005).
Richarz Monika, The History of the Jews in Europe during the Nineteenth and Early
Twentieth Centuries.
Rodrigue Aron (Editor), Stein Sarah, Jerusalmi Isaac, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman
Salonica - The Ladino Memoir of Sa'adi Besalel a-Levi, (Stanford University Press,
California 2012).
Saltiel Leon, Dehumanizing the Dead: The Destruction of Thessalonikis Jewish
Cemetery in the Light of New Sources, (Yad Vashem Studies).

: 1945 1948

76


The Editors of Encyclopdia Britannica, ( 2/3/2016), Don Pacifico
Affair, Encyclopdia Britannica,
http://www.britannica.com/event/Don-Pacifico-affair .
, ( 2/3/2016) , 2012:
: (1931), Alter Thess,
http://www.alterthess.gr/content/afieroma-2012-ellines-exontosate-evraioys-pogkromtoy-kampel-1931 .
, ( 2/3/2016) , 2012:
(1932), Alter Thess,
http://www.alterthess.gr/content/afieroma-2012-i-diki-gia-ton-emprismo-toy-kampel1932 .
, ( 3/3/16) , 2012:
(1875), Alter Thess,
http://www.alterthess.gr/content/afieroma-2012-idrysi-tis-efimeridas-ermis-1875 .
news247, ( 14/2/16),
: ,
, news247, http://news247.gr/eidiseis/koinonia/sepshfiakh-morfh-o-dosilogikos-tupos-ths-katoxhs-paraplhroforhsh-propaganda-kaiantishmitismos.3456395.html .
Roy Arad, ( 14/2/16), New Israeli Film Debunks Myth That Nazis
Made Soap From Jews , Haaretz.com,
http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/features/.premium-1.527623).
, ( 7/05/2016), :
, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, :
https://www.ushmm.org/outreach/el/article.php?ModuleId=10007722 .

77