Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lee1997 - 97 - Removal of Ethylene Blue Onto HExane Extracted Spent Bleaching Earth
Lee1997 - 97 - Removal of Ethylene Blue Onto HExane Extracted Spent Bleaching Earth
Abstract : The removal of some organic dyes from aqueous solution by hexaneextracted spent bleaching earth, a waste material from the palm oil industry, was
investigated. It was noted that the material had better affinity for basic than acid
dyes. Various parameters aecting the removal process were studied. These were
pH, initial dye concentration, sorbent dosage, temperature and agitation rate in
the batch process. Experimental data show that both the boundary layer and
intraparticle diusion eect play important roles in the rate of dye removal.
Maximum sorption capacities for some basic and acid dyes studied compare
favourably with those reported using other low-cost sorbents.
Key words : basic dyes, acid dyes, hexane-extracted spent bleaching earth, sorption
INTRODUCTION
2 EXPERIMENTAL
Spent bleaching earth obtained from a palm oil processing plant was extracted several times with hexane to
remove as much oil as possible and the resulting earth
was dried at 80C, ground and sieved to less than
93
J. Chem. T ech. Biotechnol. 0268-2575/97/$17.50 ( 1997 SCI. Printed in Great Britain
94
150 km in size. The removal of oil from SBE was conrmed by recording the infra-red spectrum of the
solvent-treated SBE. The absence of the characteristic
bands at 2928, 2845 cm~1 (CwH stretching) and
1746 cm~1 (CxO) for triglyceride in HSBE indicates
that palm oil has been successfully removed from the
SBE. The basic dyes used were Basic Blue 3 (CI 51004,
80% purity Sigma) and Methylene Blue (CI 52015, 85%
purity BDH), whereas the acid dyes used were Acid
Blue 25 (CI 62055, 45% purity Sigma), Acid Blue 29 (CI
20460, 40% Sigma), Reactive Blue 2 (CI 61211, 60%
purity Aldrich) and Reactive Yellow 2 (CI 18972, 60%
purity Sigma). All the dyes were used without further
purication. Standard solutions of 500 mg dm~3 were
prepared and subsequently diluted when necessary. The
concentration of dye in the solution was determined
using a Shimadzu 160 double-beam UV spectrophotometer with a 10 cm quartz light cell. The wavelength
was selected so as to obtain maximum absorbance for
each dyestu and the j
values were 654 (Basic Blue
max
3), 664 (Methylene Blue), 600 (Acid Blue 25), 602 (Acid
Blue 29), 607 (Reactive Blue 2) and 403 nm (Reactive
Yellow 2).
All the experiments were carried out in duplicate.
Sorption was measured by equilibrating 01 g of HSBE
with 25 cm3 of dye solution of concentration
500 mg dm~3 at an agitation rate of 200 rpm for 6 h
unless otherwise stated. At the end of equilibration the
sorbentdye mixture was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for
phase separation and the dye concentration of the
supernatant determined.
To study the eect of pH on sorption, the pH of the
dye solution was adjusted to the range of 2 to 10 by
addition of 01 M HCl or 01 M NaOH prior to experimentation. The eect of initial dye concentration was
investigated using dye solutions of concentrations
ranging from 500 to 2000 mg dm~3. In the study of
temperature eect, a thermostatted water bath was used
and the temperature was varied between 10 and 50C.
The concentration of the dye solutions were 1000 and
500 mg dm~3 for Basic Blue 3 and Methylene Blue
respectively.
3.2. Eect of pH
The eect of pH on the uptake of Basic Blue 3 and
Methylene Blue by HSBE is shown in Fig. 2. Sorption
capacity increased with increasing pH. This could be
attributed to the increase in electronegative charge on
the surface of the sorbent as the pH of the solution
increased. The surface hydroxyl groups of HSBE at different pH values can be represented as :
SOH` \ SOH ] H` \ SO~ ] 2H`
Protonated
Neutral
Deprotonated
Fig. 2. Eect of pH on the uptake of Basic Blue 3 and Methylene Blue by HSBE.
95
constant related to the sorption energy between the
sorbate and sorbent (dm3 mg~3) and N* the maximum
sorption of the dyeHSBE system. The linearity of the
plots for Basic Blue 3, Methylene Blue and Acid Blue 25
in Fig. 4 shows the applicability of the above model,
indicating the possible formation of monolayer coverage. The values of N* obtained from the plots are
shown in Table 1. N* values obtained from some earlier
studies using carbonized spent bleaching earth and biosorbents are included for comparison. The sorption
values obtained in the present study compared favourably with values obtained using other sorbents. It
appears that for spent bleaching earth, hexane extraction may be more advantageous than carbonization as
it is more economical and yields sorbents of higher
sorption capacity. A brief economic comparison
between these two sorbents prepared under laboratory
conditions is shown in Table 2. The relative cost to
remove 1 g of basic dye by CSBE is approximately
three times that of HSBE.
3.5 Sorption dynamics
In a well-agitated system, the colour removal can be
considered as consisting of three steps : (i) mass transfer
of dye molecules from the solution to sorbent surface (ii)
intraparticle diusion and (iii) sorption at an interior
site. The last step is assumed to be rapid while steps (i)
and (ii) are the rate determining steps, either singly or in
combination.
Determination of the rate-determining steps in sorption is important as it provides useful information on
rate parameters for design purposes. If mass transfer of
dye molecules is an important factor in controlling the
rate, then the rate of agitation would have an eect on
the uptake. Increasing agitation speed decreases the lm
resistance to mass transfer surrounding the sorbent particles and increases the mobility of the system. It was
96
TABLE 1
Maximum Sorption Capacity, N*, of Some DyeSorbent Systems
Sorbent
Dye
N* (mg g~1)
Reference
HSBE
HSBE
HSBE
CSBEa
CSBE
Cotton waste
Coconut husk
Hydrilla verticillata
Hydrilla verticillata
Water hyacinth root
Maize cob
Wood
Chrome sludge
Basic Blue 3
Methylene Blue
Acid Blue 25
Basic Blue 3
Methylene Blue
Methylene Blue
Methylene Blue
Basic Blue 3
Methylene Blue
Methylene Blue
Acid Blue 25
Acid Blue 25
Acid Blue 25
1580
1205
210
1026
945
2400
990
1270
1980
1289
414
83
323
Present study
Present study
Present study
Low et al.13
Low et al.13
McKay et al.19
Low and Lee4
Low et al.20
Low et al.20
Low et al.17
El-Guendi21
Poots et al.22
Lee et al.9
noted that a higher agitation rate resulted in higher percentage uptake for both Basic Blue 3 and Methylene
Blue, as shown in Fig. 5 for the former. The importance
of mass transfer or boundary layer eect can be further
tested using the Boundary Model which assumed that
the surface concentration of the sorbate is negligible at
TABLE 2
Relative Cost of Dye Removal
Dye
Basic Blue
Basic Blue
Methylene
Methylene
3
3
Blue
Blue
Sorbent
Sorption
capacity
(mg g~1)
Mass (g) of
sorbent to
remove 1 g
of dye
Relative cost
per kg of
sorbent
Relative cost
to remove 1 g
of dye
HSBE
CSBE
HSBE
CSBE
1580
1026
1205
945
6
10
8
10
1
2
1
2
1
333
133
333
97
500
750
1000
2000
Methylene Blue
180
271
274
279
319
392
98
TABLE 4
Eect of Temperature on the Uptake of Dyes
T emperature (K)
Uptake (%)
Basic Blue 3
(C \ 1000 mg dm~3)
0
Methylene Blue
(C \ 500 mg dm~3)
0
3747
5342
5975
6317
5137
7530
8608
9158
283
303
313
323
sorption process is further substantiated. The endothermic nature of the process can be conrmed by the
calculation of enthalpy (*H) using the vant Ho equation :
005
008
010
015
020
030
040
Uptake (%)
Basic Blue 3
(C \ 550 mg dm~3)
0
Methylene Blue
(C \ 450 mg dm~3)
0
5433
7859
9040
9910
9971
9990
9994
5032
6995
8188
9826
9992
9996
9997
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
99
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.