Advanced Mobile Pone Service (Amps) : Unit V Multi-User Radio Communication

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Unit V
Multi-User Radio Communication
ADVANCED MOBILE PONE SERVICE (AMPS)

st
1906: 1 radio transmission of Human voice.
Whats the medium?
Used an RC circuit to modulate a carrier frequency that radiated up and down an

antenna.
Receiver had a matched RC circuit with an antenna
1910: Lars Ericsson in Sweden invents the first car phone.

However, Morse Code continues to be the primary method of sending information without
a wire.
1934: Federal Communications Commission is founded by Roosevelts New Deal.
Charged to allocate the radio spectrum with the public interest in mind.
The FCC was corrupt until the mid 60s, it propped up AM radio for years to keep out
newer FM stations.
The FCC gave priority in terms of broadcast channels to emergency and government units.
WW2: Many innovations, including RADAR.
Also the first mobile FM Transmitter/Receiver.
Weighed over 30 lbs.
More like a Walkie Talkie.
Developed by Motorola.
1946: In St. Louis, AT&T and Southwestern Bell introduced the first mobile telephone
service.
There were 6 channels in the 150 MHz band with 60 KHz allocated to each
channel.
A very powerful antennae sat atop a centrally located building. All calls were
routed through here.
Not full duplex; it was like a walkie/talkie.
Operators routed all calls
1954/1958: Silicon transistor and integrated circuits are invented at Texas Instruments.
Walkie/Talkies were now the size of a large shoe.
1960: Bell employees informally outline a cellular plan and request 75 MHz of bandwidth
around the 800 MHz band.
Everything that was needed to have mobile communications was invented at this
point except the microprocessor (1971 by Intel).
CS6304 - Analog & Digital Communication ,Unit 5
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1973: Martin Cooper from Motorola files for a patent on the first handheld mobile phone.
He didnt invent cellular phones, however,
Bell had a working system on trains 4 years earlier, but it wasnt handheld.
They were both cellular with frequency reuse.
1974: The FCC releases all the requested bandwidth

1975: Bell receives permission to start a commercial cellular network in Chicago.
They order 135 phones at a cost of over $500,000
1979: Lucent makes the first DSP on one chip.

October 12, 1983: Bell rolls out the first full-scale cellular network in Chicago.
Covers 2100 square miles with 12 cellular sites.
Uses a system called AMPS
Operated in the 800 MHz band that had been allocated by the FCC.
Telephones were expensive suit case type phones
1983 are cell phone.

AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System
Known as First Generation Wireless
Analog channels of 30 KHz.
Uses Frequency Division Multiple Access
Uses frequency reuse people in other cells can use your frequency without interference.
Very susceptible to static.
Very easy to ease drop.
Introduced in 1983.
Must be supported by every wireless carrier until February, 2008.
OnStar still uses AMPS.
In 2005, 15% of Alltels customers were still using AMPS.
Replaced by TDMA and now CDMA (all digital) technologies.
First generation of cell phones

3 basic devices
mobile
base transceiver
mobile telephone switching office (MTSO)
Voice and Control Channels

Outgoing from mobile
input phone number and press send
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mobile links to base xcvr via control channel
base to MTSO to POTS
MTSO routes connection back to mobile via voice channel
mobile shifts from control to voice
Incoming to mobile
call goes from POTS to MTSO
on control channel, MTSO searches for mobile by PAGING every active mobile
if found, MTSO rings it and establishes voice channel connection
uses xcvr with strongest signal from mobile

The only system available in the United States until about 1997
The first system used for cellular telephony- is analog
Uses the 800 MHz frequency band of the spectrum
Is still being used widely - The number of subscribers began to decrease in
1999 due to migration to digital
Utilizes FDMA (Frequency division multiple access) to separate users
In FDMA, users are separated in frequency. i.e. mobile phones communicate
at different frequencies than the others within each cell. The radio spectrum is
shared among users
GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS (GSM)
A version of time division multiple access (TDMA) technology, because it divides

frequency bands into channels and assigns signals time slots within each channel.
Makes more efficient use of limited bandwidth than the IS-136 TDMA standard common
in the United States.
Makes use of silences in a phone call to increase its signal compression, leaving more open
time slots in the channel.
More than 800 million end users in 190 countries and representing over 70% of today's
digital wireless market.
source: GSM Association
Orange uses GSM
Israel
Pelephone and Cellcom are about to use GSM
GSM Services
GSM was designed to do 3 things:
1. Bearer data services: Faxes, text messages, web pages.
Basic GSM had a basic data rate that is limited to 9.6 kbps
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Srividya college of engineering & Technology, Virudhunagar
Extended by GMRS and EDGE to around 384 Kbps

2. Tele Services:
Voice traffic But, at a lower quality than analog.
3. Supplementary services
Call forwarding, caller id, etc

Meaning, we need to connect to the SS7 network
GSM functional architecture
System architecture
As with all systems in the telecommunication area, GSM comes with a hierarchical,
complex system architecture comprising many entities, interfaces, and acronyms. A GSM
system consists of three subsystems, the radio sub system (RSS), the network and
switching subsystem (NSS), and the operation subsystem (OSS). Each subsystem will be
discussed in more detail in the following sections. Generally, a GSM customer only
notices a very small fraction of the whole network - the mobile stations (MS) and some
antenna masts of the base transceiver stations (BTS)
Radio subsystem
Base station subsystem (BSS): A GSM network comprises many BSSs, each controlled
by a base station controller (BSC). The BSS performs all functions necessary to maintain
radio connections to an MS, coding/decoding of voice, and rate adaptation to/from the
wireless network part. Besides a BSC, the BSS contains several BTSs.
Base transceiver station (BTS): A BTS comprises all radio equipment, i.e., antennas,
signal processing, amplifiers necessary for radio transmission. A BTS can form a radio
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cell or, using sectorized antennas, several cells, and is connected to MS via the Um
interface (ISDN U interface for mobile use), and to the BSC via the Abis interface. The
Um interface contains all the mechanisms necessary for wireless transmission (TDMA,
FDMA etc.) and will be discussed in more detail below. The Abis interface consists of 16
or 64 kbit/s connections. A GSM cell can measure between some 100 m and 35 km
depending on the environment (buildings, open space, mountains etc.) but also expected
traffic.
Base station controller (BSC): The BSC basically manages the BTSs. It reserves radio
frequencies, handles the handover from one BTS to another within the BSS, and performs
paging of the MS. The BSC also multiplexes the radio channels onto the fixed network
connections at the A interface.
Mobile station (MS): The MS comprises all user equipment and software needed for
communication with a GSM network. An MS consists of user independent hard- and
software and of the subscriber identity module (SIM), which stores all user-specific data
that is relevant to GSM.3 While an MS can be identified via the international mobile
equipment identity (IMEI), a user can personalize any MS using his or her SIM, i.e., userspecific mechanisms like charging and authentication are based on the SIM, not on the
device itself. Device-specific mechanisms, e.g., theft protection, use the device specific
IMEI. Without the SIM, only emergency calls are possible. The SIM card contains many
identifiers and identity number (PIN), a PIN unblocking key (PUK), an authentication
key Ki, and the inter-national mobile subscriber identity tables, such as card-type, serial
number, a list of subscribed services, a personal (IMSI) The PIN is used to unlock the
MS. Using the wrong PIN three times will lock the SIM. In such cases, the PUK is
needed to unlock the SIM. The MS stores dynamic information while logged onto the
GSM system, such as, e.g., the cipher key Kc and he location information consisting of a
temporary mobile subscriber identity (TMSI) and the location area identification (LAI).
Typical MSs for GSM900 have a transmit power of up to 2 W, whereas for GSM 1800 1
W is enough due to the smaller cell size. Apart from the telephone interface, an MS can
also offer other types of interfaces to users with display, loudspeaker, microphone, and
programmable soft keys. Further interfaces comprise computer modems, IrDA, or
Bluetooth. Typical MSs, e.g., mobile phones, comprise many more vendor-specific
functions and components, such as cameras, fingerprint sensors, calendars, address
books, games, and Internet browsers. Personal digital assistants (PDA) with mobile
phone functions are also available. The reader should be aware that an MS could also be
integrated into a car or be used for location tracking of a container.
Network and switching subsystem
The heart of the GSM system is formed by the network and switching subsystem
(NSS). The NSS connects the wireless network with standard public networks, performs
handovers between different BSSs, comprises functions for worldwide localization of
users and supports charging, accounting, and roaming of users between different
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providers in different countries. The NSS consists of the following switches and
databases:
Mobile services switching center (MSC): MSCs are high-performance digital ISDN
switches. They set up connections to other MSCs and to the BSCs via the A interface,
and form the fixed backbone network of a GSM system. Typically, an MSC manages
several BSCs in a geographical region. A gateway MSC (GMSC) has additional
connections to other fixed networks, such as PSTN and ISDN. Using additional
interworking functions (IWF), an MSC can also connect to public data networks (PDN)
such as X.25. An MSC handles all signaling needed for connection setup, connection
release and handover of connections to other MSCs. The standard signaling system No. 7
(SS7) is used for this purpose. SS7 covers all aspects of control signaling for digital
networks (reliable routing and delivery of control messages, establishing and monitoring
of calls). Features of SS7 are number portability, free phone/toll/collect/credit calls, call
forwarding, three-way calling etc. An MSC also performs all functions needed for
supplementary services such as call forwarding, multi-party calls, reverse charging etc
Home location register (HLR): The HLR is the most important database in a GSM
system as it stores all user-relevant information. This comprises static information, such
as the mobile subscriber ISDN number (MSISDN), sub-scribed services (e.g., call
forwarding, roaming restrictions, GPRS), international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI).
Dynamic information is also needed, e.g., the current location area (LA) of the MS, the
mobile subscriber roaming number (MSRN), the current VLR and MSC. As soon as an
MS leaves its current LA, the information in the HLR is updated. This information is
necessary to localize a user in the worldwide GSM network. All these user-specific
information elements only exist once for each user in a single HLR, which also supports
charging and accounting. HLRs can manage data for several million customers and
contain highly specialized data bases which must fulfill certain real-time requirements to
answer requests within certain time-bounds.
Visitor location register (VLR): The VLR associated to each MSC is a dynamic
database which stores all important information needed for the MS users currently in the
LA that is associated to the MSC (e.g., IMSI, MSISDN, HLR address). If a new MS
comes into an LA the VLR is responsible for, it copies all relevant information for this
user from the HLR. This hierarchy of VLR and HLR avoids frequent HLR updates and
long-distance signaling of user information. Some VLRs in existence, are capable of
managing up to one million customers.
Operation subsystem
The third part of a GSM system, the operation subsystem (OSS), contains the necessary
functions for network operation and maintenance. The OSS possesses network entities of
its own and accesses other entities via SS7 signaling The following entities have been
defined:
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Operation and maintenance center (OMC): The OMC monitors and controls all other
network entities via the O interface (SS7 with X.25). Typical OMC management
functions are traffic monitoring, status reports of network entities, subscriber and security
management, or accounting and billing. OMCs use the concept of telecommunication
management network (TMN) as standardized by the ITU-T.
Authentication centre (AuC): As the radio interface and mobile stations are particularly
vulnerable, a separate AuC has been defined to protect user identity and data
transmission. The AuC contains the algorithms for authentication as well as the keys for
encryption and generates the values needed for user authentication in the HLR. The AuC
may, in fact, be situated in a special protected part of the HLR.
Equipment identity register (EIR): The EIR is a database for all IMEIs, i.e., it stores all
device identifications registered for this network. As MSs are mobile, they can be easily
stolen. With a valid SIM, anyone could use the stolen MS. The EIR has a blacklist of
stolen (or locked) devices. In theory an MS is useless as soon as the owner has reported a
theft. Unfortunately, the blacklists of different providers are not usually synchronized and
the illegal use of a device in another operators network is possible (the reader may
speculate as to why this is the case). The EIR also contains a list of valid IMEIs (white
list), and a list of malfunctioning devices (gray list).
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

CDMA
Third generation system
Separates users by assigning them digital codes within a broad range of the radio
frequency
First technology to use soft-handoff
Employs spread spectrum technique
Advantages
Improved capacity, coverage, voice quality, and immunity from

interference
Each voice signal is digitized and assigned a unique code, and then small components of
the signal are issued over multiple frequencies using the spread spectrum technique.
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Cells
In a city, there might be one MTSO
There will be many xcvrs, each in its own area or CELL
Cell is hexagonal, with dia. of 6 miles or less
Channels
Every mobile in a cell who is talking must have its own channel
Otherwise, there will be interference
More channels = more users
Rule of thumb - one channel can support 20 users
Cell Sectorization
Cells can be divided into sectors to provide a smaller coverage area, and therefore, more
frequency reuse.
Cell Area
Cellular areas arent really circular as the area depends on the terrain and the interference
thats present.
Why Hexagons?
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Using hexagons, as opposed to circles or boxes, allows for a better visualization of the
coverage areas.
Also, a system of hexagons helps offset cells from linear road boundaries (where cell
phones were envisioned to be used).
Making a Call
When a mobile is idle, i.e., it is not experiencing the process of a call, then it searches all
the FCCs to determine the one with the highest signal strength. The mobile then monitors
this particular FCC. However, when the signal strength falls below a particular threshold
that is insufficient for a call to take place, the mobile again searches all the FCCs for the
one with the highest signal strength. For a particular country or continent, the control
channels will be the same. So all mobiles in that country or continent will search among
the same set of control channels. However, when mobile moves to a different country or
continent, then the control channels for that particular location will be different and hence
the mobile will not work. Each mobile has a mobile identification number (MIN). When
a user wants to make a call, he sends a call request to the MSC on the reverse control
channel. He also sends the MIN of the person to whom the call has to be made. The MSC
then sends this MIN to all the base stations. The base station transmits this MIN and all
the mobiles within the coverage area of that base station receive the MIN and match it
with their own. If the MIN matches with a particular MS, that mobile sends an
acknowledgment to the BS. The BS then informs the MSC that the mobile is within its
coverage area. The MSC then instructs the base station to access specific unused voice
channel pair. The base station then sends a message to the mobile to move to the
particular channels and it also sends a signal to the mobile for ringing. In order to
maintain the quality of the call, the MSC adjusts the transmitted power of the mobile
which is usually expressed in dB or dBm. When a mobile moves from the coverage area
of one base station to the coverage area of another base station i.e., from one cell to
another cell, then the signal strength of the initial base station may not be sufficient to
continue the call in progress. So the call has to be transferred to the other base station.
This is called handoff. In such cases, in order to maintain the call, the MSC transfers the
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call to one of the unused voice channels of the new base station or it transfers the control
of the current voice channels to the new base station.
Spectral Allocation
In U.S., we use two 25mHz bands
l
one band from mobile to xcvr
one band from xcvr to mobile
Each channel uses 30 kHz

So - about 832 channels for a city
But - channels split between two companies
21 for control, 395 for voice
So - can support about 7900 users
Frequency Reuse
Also called Spatial Allocation
Cells are small, so signals can be low power
Can use same freq. in a cell that is far away, but not one nearby
l
at least 7 cells must intervene
So - each cell can use about 57 channels

So - each cell can support 1140 users
Hand-offs
Mobile phones move from cell to cell
As signal fades, mobile asks MTSO for a new base xcvr
MTSO polls all base xcvrs to see which has strongest signal with mobile
Mobile shifts to new channel coming from new base
Roaming
Mobile has moved to a different city or subscriber area
MTSO will check with your provider, via land-line
Then will allow you access
Keeps track of billing data
Multiple Access
First generation system
Based on FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access), where frequency band is
divided into a number of channels. Each channel carries only one voice
conversation at a time.
AMPS operates on 800 MHz or 1800 MHz
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Advantages:
Widest coverage
Limitations:
Inadequate to satisfy the increasing demand
Poor security
Not optimized for data
FDMA
TDMA
Second generation system

Enables users to access the whole channel bandwidth for a fraction of the time,
called slot, on a periodic basis
Has applications in satellite communications
Advantages
Improved capacity
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CDMA
Third generation system

Separates users by assigning them digital codes within a broad range of the radio
frequency
First technology to use soft-handoff
Employs spread spectrum technique
Advantages
Improved capacity, coverage, voice quality, and immunity from interference
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