2009 December

Dept Maths, Periyar Maniammai University, Tanjavur

Lecture by Prof. Dr Bhavanari Satyanarayana, Acharya Nagarjuna University, A.P.
:1:

Fuzzy Ideals in Γ -Near-rings

Prof. Bhavanari Satyanarayana

AP SCIENTIST-2009 Awardee

Department of Mathematics

Acharya Nagarjuana University

Nagarjuna Nagar 522 510

Andhra Pradesh, India.

The concept Γ -ring, a generalization of a ring was introduced by Nobusawa [1]

and generalized by Barnes [1]. A generalization of both the concepts near-ring and the

gamma-ring, namely Γ -near-ring was introduced by Satyanarayana [1] and later

studied by several authors like Booth [ 1, 2, 3 ], Booth & Greonewald [ 1, 2, 3 ], Jun ,

Sapanci , & Ozturk [ 1 ], Satyanarayana [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ], Satyanarayana & Syam

Prasad [ 1 ], Selvaraj & George [ 1, 2 ] , Syam Prasad [ 1 ], Syam Prasad &

Satyanarayana [ 1 ], Mustafa, & Mehmet Ali [ 1 ]

1. Fundamental Definitions & Results

1.1 Definition (Satyanarayana [1]): Let (M, +) be a group (not necessarily

Abelian) and Γ be a non-empty set. Then M is said to be a Γ -near-ring if

 2009 December
Dept Maths, Periyar Maniammai University, Tanjavur
Lecture by Prof. Dr Bhavanari Satyanarayana, Acharya Nagarjuna University, A.P.
:2:

there exists a mapping M × Γ × M → M (the image of (a, α , b) is denoted by

aα b), satisfying the following conditions:

(i) (a + b)α c = aα c + bα c; and

(ii) (aα b)β c = aα (bβ c) for all a, b, c ∈ M and α , β ∈ Γ .

M is said to be a zero-symmetric Γ -near-ring if aα o = o for all a ∈ M

and α ∈ Γ , where o is the additive identity in M.

A natural Example of Γ -near-ring is given below:

1.2 Example (Satyanarayana [1]): Let (G, +) be a group and X be a non-

empty set. Let M = {f / f:X → G}. Then M is a group under point wise addition.

If G is non-abelian, then (M, +) is non - abelian. To see this, let a, b ∈ Γ

such that a + b ≠ b + a. Now define fa, fb from X to G by fa(x) = a and fb(x) = b

for all x ∈ X.

It is clear that fa, fb ∈ M and fa + fb ≠ fb + fa.

Thus if, G is non-abelian, then M is also non-abelian.

Let Γ be the set of all mappings of G into X.

If f1, f2 ∈ M and g ∈ Γ , then, obviously, f1gf2 ∈ M.

For all f1, f2, f3 ∈ M and g1, g2 ∈ Γ , it is clear that

i) (f1gf2)g2f3 = f1g1(f2g2f3); and

ii) (f1+f2)g1f3 = f1g1f3 + f2g1f3.

But f1g1(f2 +f3) need not be equal to f1g1f2 + f1g1f3.

 2009 December
Dept Maths, Periyar Maniammai University, Tanjavur
Lecture by Prof. Dr Bhavanari Satyanarayana, Acharya Nagarjuna University, A.P.
:3:

To see this, fix o ≠ z ∈ G and u ∈ X.

Define Gu: G → X by gu(x) = u for all x ∈ G and

fz:X → G by fz(x) = z for all x ∈ X.

Now for any two elements f2, f3 ∈ M, consider

fzgu(f2+ f3) and fzguf2 + fzguf3. For all x ∈ X

[fzgu(f2+ f3)] (x) = fz[gu(f2(x) + f3(x))] = fz(u) = z and

[fzguf2 + fzguf3](x) = fzguf2(x) + fzguf3(x) = fz(u) + fz(u) = z + z.

Since z ≠ o, we have z ≠ z + z and hence fzgu(f2+ f3) ≠ fzguf2 + fzguf3.

Now we have the following:

If (G, +) is non-abelian and X is a non-empty set then M = { f / f: X → G } is

a non-abelian group under pointwise addition and there exists a mapping

M × Γ × M →M

Where Γ = { g / g: G → X } satisfying the following conditions:

i) (f1gf2)g2f3 = f1g1(f2g2f3); and

ii) (f1+f2)g1f3 = f1g1f3 + f2g1f3

for all f1, f2,f3 ∈ M and for all g1, g2 ∈ Γ . Therefore M is a Γ -near-ring.

1.3 Definition (Satyanarayana [1]): Let M be a Γ -near-ring. Then a normal

subgroup I of (M, +) is called

(i) a left ideal if aα (b + i) - aα b ∈ I for all a, b ∈ M, α ∈ Γ and i ∈ I;

(ii) a right ideal if iα a ∈ I for all a ∈ M, α ∈ Γ , i ∈ I; and

(iii) an ideal if it is both a left and a right ideal.

 2009 December
Dept Maths, Periyar Maniammai University, Tanjavur
Lecture by Prof. Dr Bhavanari Satyanarayana, Acharya Nagarjuna University, A.P.
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1.4 Definition: (Satyanarayana [1]): An ideal A of M is said to be prime if B

and C are ideals of M such that BΓ C ⊆ A implies B ⊆ A or C ⊆ A.

1.5 Definition (Satyanarayana [1]): Let M1 and M2 be Γ -near-rings. A group

homomorphism f of (M1, +) into (M2, +) is said to be a Γ -homomorphism if

f(xα y) = f(x)α f(y) for all x, y ∈ M and α ∈ Γ .

We say that f is a Γ -isomorphism f is one-one and onto.

For an ideal I of a Γ -near-ring, the quotient Γ -near-ring M/I defined as usual.

1.6 Theorem (Satyanarayana [1]): Let I be an ideal of M and f, the canonical

group epimorphism of M onto M/I. Then f is a Γ -homomorphism of M onto M/I

with kernal I. Conversely if f is a Γ -epimorphism of M1 onto M2 and I is the

kernal of f then M1/I is isomorphic to M2.

1.7 Theorem (Satyanarayana [1]): Let f be a Γ -homomorphism of M1 onto M2

with Kernal I and J*, a non-empty subset of M2. Then J* is an ideal of M2 if and

only if f-1(J*) = J is an ideal of M1 containing I. In this case we have M1/J, M2/J*

and (M1/I)/ (J/I) are Γ -isomorphic.

1.8 Example (Satyanarayana [1]): Let G be non-trivial group and X be a non-

empty set. If M is the set of all mappings from X into G and Γ be the set of all

mappings from G into X, then M is a Γ -near-ring. Let y be a non-zero fixed

 2009 December
Dept Maths, Periyar Maniammai University, Tanjavur
Lecture by Prof. Dr Bhavanari Satyanarayana, Acharya Nagarjuna University, A.P.
:5:

element of G. Define φ : X → G by φ (x) = y for every x ∈ X. Then o ≠ φ ∈ M,

where o is the additive identity in M and φ go = φ ≠ o for any g ∈ Γ . Therefore

M is a Γ -near-ring, which is not zero symmetric.

1.9 Notation: For any two subsets A, B of M the set { aα b | a∈A, α∈ Γ , b∈B}

is denoted by either AB or AΓ B. {x∈A| x∉B} is denoted by A \ B. For any

subset X of M, the smallest ideal containing X is denoted by <X>. If X = {a}

then <X> is denoted by <a>.

2. The f-Prime Radical in Γ -Nearrings

Satyanarayana [2] introduced the concepts of f-prime ideal and f-prime radical

in Γ -near-rings, and obtained a characterization of f-prime radical in terms of f-

strongly nilpotent elements.

Throughout this section f stands for a mapping from M into the set of all

ideals of M, satisfying the following conditions:

(i) a ∈ f(a);

(ii) x ∈ f(a) + A, A is an ideal ⇒ f(x) ⊆ f(a) + A

Such type of mappings may be called as ideal mappings.

 2009 December
Dept Maths, Periyar Maniammai University, Tanjavur
Lecture by Prof. Dr Bhavanari Satyanarayana, Acharya Nagarjuna University, A.P.
:6:

A natural example for this is given here. Let M be a Γ -near-ring and Q ⊆ M.

Define, for each a ∈ M, f(a) = <{a} U Q>, the ideal generated by the union of Q

and {a}.

Then f satisfies the above two conditions, and hence f is an ideal mapping.

2.1 Definition (Satyanarayana [2]): A subset H of M is said to be

(i). an m-system if, for every h1, h2 ∈ H there exist

h11 ∈ <h1 > and h12 ∈ < h2>, α ∈ Γ such that h11α h12 ∈ H;

(ii). an f-system if H contains an m-system H*, called a kernal of H, such that,

for every h ∈ H, f(h) ∩ H* ≠ φ . In this case we write that H(H*) is an f-system.

2.2 Definition (Satyanarayana [2]): An ideal A of M is said to be

(i) Prime if B and C are ideals of M such that BΓ C ⊆ A ⇒ B ⊆ A or C ⊆ A.

(ii) f-prime if M\A is an f-system.

2.3 Note (Satyanarayana [2]) The following statements are clear.

(i) A is a prime ideal if and only if M\A is an m-system;

(ii) Every m-system is an f-system.

(iii) A is a prime ideal ⇒ M\A is an m-system ⇒ M\A is an f-system ⇒ A is f-prime

(iv) Every f-prime ideal need not be a prime ideal.

2.4 Example (Satyanarayana [2]): Let N1 be a near-ring with a non-nilpotent

element x. Let N2, N3 be near-rings.

 2009 December
Dept Maths, Periyar Maniammai University, Tanjavur
Lecture by Prof. Dr Bhavanari Satyanarayana, Acharya Nagarjuna University, A.P.
:7:

Consider M = N1 ⊕ N2 ⊕ N3 , the near ring which is the direct sum of N1, N2, N3.

Write Γ = {.}, where “.” is the product in M.

Now, M is a Γ -near-ring and Ii = Ni, 1 ≤ i ≤ 3 are ideals of M.

Write S* = {x, x2, x3, ...} and f(a) = <{a, x}> for all a ∈ M.

Now S* is an m-system, S* ⊆ M\I2 and M\I2 is an f-system with kernal S*.

Therefore I2 is an f-prime ideal.

But I2 is not a prime ideal because I1 ⊄ I2, I3 ⊄ I2 and I1 I3 ⊆ I2 .

Hence, in general, every f-prime ideal need not be a prime ideal.

2.5 Definitions (Satyanarayana [2]): (i) A subset H of M is said to be

nilpotent if Hn = {0} (that is, HΓ HΓ ...H = {0} for some integer n ≥ 2.

(ii) An element a ∈ M is said to be nilpotent if {a}n = 0, that is, (a Γ )n-1a =

{0} for some n ≥ 2.

(iii) A subset H of M is said to be nil if every element of H is nilpotent.

(iv) An element a ∈ M is said to be f-nilpotent (resp. f-nil) if f(a) is nilpotent

(resp. nil).

(v) A subset H of M is said to be f-nil if every element of H is f-nilpotent.

2.6 Remark (Satyanarayana [2]) Let a ∈ M and H ⊆ M. Then the following

holds:

(i) a is f-nilpotent ⇒ a is f-nil ⇒ a is nilpotent;

 2009 December
Dept Maths, Periyar Maniammai University, Tanjavur
Lecture by Prof. Dr Bhavanari Satyanarayana, Acharya Nagarjuna University, A.P.
:8:

(ii) H is f-nilpotent ⇒ H is f-nil ⇒ H is nil;

(iii) H is f-nilpotent ⇒ H is nilpotent ⇒ H is nil.

2.7 Examples (Satyanarayana [2]) (i) Let N be a near-ring with x, y ∈ N such

that x is nilpotent and y is not nilpotent.

Now, M = N is a Γ -near-ring with Γ = {.}.

Write f(a) = <{a, y}> for all a ∈ M.

Now, y ∈ f(a), y is not nilpotent and so f(a) is not nil.

So x is not f-nil but it is nilpotent.

(ii) If Q is an ideal of N which is nil but not nilpotent, then define

f(a) = <({a}U Q)> for all a ∈ M.

For any q ∈ Q, we have f(q) = Q and so Q is f-nil but not f-nilpotent.

2.8 Lemma (Satyanarayana [2]) Let P be an ideal of M.

Then, for any two subsets A and B of M, we have (A +P)Γ (B + P) ⊆ AΓ B + P.

2.9 Lemma (Satyanarayana [2]) Let S (S*) be an f-system in M and let A be an

ideal in M which does not meet S. Then A is contained in a maximal ideal P

which does not meet S. The ideal P necessarily be a f-prime ideal.

2.10 Definition (Satyanarayana [2]) The f-radical (denoted by f-rad (A)) of an

ideal A is defined to be the set of all elements a of M with the property that

every f-system which contains ‘a’ contains an element of A.

 2009 December
Dept Maths, Periyar Maniammai University, Tanjavur
Lecture by Prof. Dr Bhavanari Satyanarayana, Acharya Nagarjuna University, A.P.
:9:

2.11 Theorem (Satyanarayana [2]) The f-radical of an ideal A is the intersection

of all f-prime ideals containing A.

2.12 Definition (Satyanarayana [2]) Let A be an ideal of M.

An element a in M is said to be strongly nilpotent modulo A if, for every

sequence x1, x2 , . . . of elements of M such that x 1 = a and xi = xi-11 α i-1 x*i-1 ∈

<xi-1>, there exists an integer k such that xs ∈ A for s ≥ k.

An element a ∈ M is said to be strongly nilpotent if it is strongly nilpotent

modulo (0).

An element x ∈ M is said to be f-strongly nilpotent modulo A if every

element of f(x) is strongly nilpotent modulo A.

It is clear that every f-strongly nilpotent element is strongly nilpotent.

The following example establishes that the converse is not true.

2.13 Example (Satyanarayana [2]) Let N be a near-ring such that (0) does not

equal the prime radical of N ≠ N.

Let x ∈ N \ (prime radical of N).

We consider M = N as a Γ -near-ring with Γ = {.}.

Write f(a) = <{a, x}> for every element a ∈ N.

Now by a known result (the prime radical of a near-ring N is the set of all

strongly nilpotent elements of N) we get that x is not strongly nilpotent.

 2009 December
Dept Maths, Periyar Maniammai University, Tanjavur
Lecture by Prof. Dr Bhavanari Satyanarayana, Acharya Nagarjuna University, A.P.
:10:

Since x ∈ f(a) for all a, we have that no element of N is f-strongly nilpotent,

where all elements of the prime radical of N are strongly nilpotent.

2.14 Lemma (Satyanarayana [2]) Let a1 , a2 , . . . be a sequence of elements of

M with ai = a1i-1α a*i-1, for some α

i-1 i-1 ∈ Γ and a1i-1, a*i-1 ∈ <ai-1>.

Then {ai | i ≥ 1} is an m-sequence.

2.15 Theorem (Satyanarayana [2])

f-rad M = {x ∈ M| x is f-strongly nilpotent} U {0}

2.16 Theorem (Satyanarayana [2]) If A is an ideal of M, then

f-rad (A) = {x ∈ M | x is f-strongly nilpotent modulo A} U A.

Some aspects of radical theory (Jocobson radical type, etc) were studied by

Booth [ 1,2,3] and Booth & Gronewald [ 1,2,3].

 2009 December
Dept Maths, Periyar Maniammai University, Tanjavur
Lecture by Prof. Dr Bhavanari Satyanarayana, Acharya Nagarjuna University, A.P.
:11:

3. Fuzzyness in Γ -Near-Rings

The concept of Fuzzy ideal of a near-ring was introduced by Abou-Zaid [1]

and later it was studied by Datta & Biswas [1].

Jun, Sapanci and Ozturk [1] intoruced the concept of “fuzzy ideal” in

Γ -near-rings and studied some fundamental properties.

Henceforth, M stands for a zero-symmetric Γ -near-ring.

3.1 Definition: Let µ : M → [0, 1]. Then µ is said to be a fuzzy ideal of M if it

satisfies the following conditions:

(i) µ (x + y) ≥ min{µ (x), µ (y)};

(ii) µ (-x) = µ (x);

(iii) µ (x) = µ (y + x – y);

(iv) µ (xα y) ≥ µ (x); and

(v) µ {(xα (y + z) – xα y} ≥ µ (z) for all x, y, z ∈ M and α ∈ Γ .

 2009 December
Dept Maths, Periyar Maniammai University, Tanjavur
Lecture by Prof. Dr Bhavanari Satyanarayana, Acharya Nagarjuna University, A.P.
:12:

3.2 Proposition (Jun, Sapanci & Ozturk [1]): Let µ be a fuzzy subset of M.

Then the level subsets µ t = { x ∈ M / µ (x) ≥ t }, t ∈ im µ , are ideals of M if

and only if µ is a fuzzy ideal of M.

3.3 Note (Satyanarayana & Syam Prasad [1]): (i) If µ is a fuzzy ideal of M then

µ (x + y) = µ (y + x) for all x, y ∈ M.

(ii) If µ is fuzzy ideal of M then µ (o) ≥ µ (x) for all x ∈ M.

Verification: (i) Put z = x + y. Now µ (x + y) = µ (z) = µ ( -x + z + x)

(since µ is a fuzzy ideal) = µ ( -x + x + y + x) = µ (y + x).

(ii) Clearly o = oα x for all α ∈ Γ and x ∈ M.

This implies µ (o) = µ (oα x). Consider µ (o). Now

µ (o) = µ {oα (o + x) – oα o} ≥ µ (x) (since µ is a fuzzy ideal of M).

Therefore µ (o) ≥ µ (x) for all x ∈ M.

3.4 Lemma (Satyanarayana & Syam Prasad [1]): Let µ be a fuzzy ideal of M.

If µ (x – y) = µ (o) then µ (x) = µ (y) for all x, y ∈ M.

3.5 Proposition (Th. 2.2 of Syam Prasad & Satyanarayana [1]): Let I be an

ideal of a Γ -near-ring M and t < s in [0,1]. Then the fuzzy subset µ defined by
 2009 December
Dept Maths, Periyar Maniammai University, Tanjavur
Lecture by Prof. Dr Bhavanari Satyanarayana, Acharya Nagarjuna University, A.P.
:13:

 s i f x∈ I
µ ( x) =  (generalized characteristic function)

t o t h e r w i s e
is a fuzzy ideal of M.

3.6 Definition: Let X and Y be two non-empty sets and f: X → Y.

Let µ and σ be fuzzy subsets of X and Y respectively.

Then f(µ ), the image of µ under f, is a fuzzy subset of Y defined by

 s u pμ ( x )i f f - 1( y ≠) φ

(f(µ ))(y) =  f ( x =)y

 0 i f f -1 ( y =) φ
and f-1(σ ), the pre-image of σ under f, is a fuzzy subset of X defined by

(f -1(σ ))(x) = σ (f(x)) for all x ∈ X.

3.7 Lemma (Syam Prasad [1]): Let M and M1 be two Γ -near-rings and f: M → M1

be a Γ -near-ring homomorphism. If f is surjective and µ is a fuzzy ideal of M,

then so is f(µ ). If σ is a fuzzy ideal of M1 then f -1(σ ) is a fuzzy ideal in M.

3.8 Proposition (Syam Prasad [1]): Let M and M1 be two Γ -near-rings,

h: M → M1 be an Γ -epimorphism and µ , σ be fuzzy ideals of M and M1

respectively; then

(i) h(h-1(σ )) = σ ;

(ii) h-1(h(µ )) ⊇ µ ; and

 2009 December
Dept Maths, Periyar Maniammai University, Tanjavur
Lecture by Prof. Dr Bhavanari Satyanarayana, Acharya Nagarjuna University, A.P.
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(iii) h-1(h(µ )) = µ if µ is constant on ker h.

3.9 Definition: Let µ and σ be two fuzzy subsets of M. Then the fuzzy subset

σ oτ of M, defined by

(σ oτ )(x) = xsup {min (σ (y), τ (z))} if x is expressible as a product x =

=y αz

yα z for some α ∈

Γ.

= o, otherwise, for all x, y, z ∈ M.

4. Fuzzy Cosets in Γ -Near-rings

4.1 Definition (Def. 2.1 of Satyanarayana & Syam Prasad [1]): Let µ be a

fuzzy ideal of a Γ -near-ring M and m ∈ M. Then a fuzzy subset m + µ defined

by (m + µ )(m1) = µ (m1 – m) for all m1 ∈ M, is called a fuzzy coset of

the fuzzy ideal µ .

4.2 Proposition (Lemma 2.2 (i) of Satyanarayana & Syam Prasad [1]): If µ is

a fuzzy ideal of M. Then x + µ = y + µ if and only if µ (x – y) = µ (o).

4.3 Corollary (Lemma 2.2 (ii) of Satyanarayana & Syam Prasad [1]):

If x + µ = y + µ then µ (x) = µ (y).

 2009 December
Dept Maths, Periyar Maniammai University, Tanjavur
Lecture by Prof. Dr Bhavanari Satyanarayana, Acharya Nagarjuna University, A.P.
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4.4 Proposition (Lemma 2.2 (v) of Satyanarayana & Syam Prasad [1]):

Every fuzzy coset of a fuzzy ideal µ of M is constant on the ordinary ideal

Mµ = { x ∈ M / µ (x) = µ (o) }.

4.5 Corollary (Lemma 2.2 (vi) of Satyanarayana & Syam Prasad [1]):

If z ∈ Mµ then (x + µ )(z) = µ (x).

4.6 Theorem (Th. 2.4 of Satyanarayana & Syam Prasad [1]): Let µ be a fuzzy

ideal of M. Then the set of fuzzy cosets of µ is a Γ -near-ring with respect to the

operations defined by

(x + µ ) + (y + µ ) = (x + y) + µ ; and

(x + µ )α (y + µ ) = xα y + µ for all x, y ∈ M and α ∈ Γ .

4.7 Proposition (Lemma 2.6 of Satyanarayana & Syam Prasad [1]):

Let µ be a fuzzy ideal of M; the fuzzy subset θ µ of M/µ , is defined by

θ µ (x + µ ) = µ (x) for all x ∈ M, is a fuzzy ideal of M/µ .

4.8 Theorem (Th. 3.3 of Satyanarayana & Syam Prasad [1]): If µ is a fuzzy

ideal of M then the map

 2009 December
Dept Maths, Periyar Maniammai University, Tanjavur
Lecture by Prof. Dr Bhavanari Satyanarayana, Acharya Nagarjuna University, A.P.
:16:

θ : M → M/µ defined by θ (x) = x + µ , x ∈ M, is a Γ -near-ring homorphism

with

kernal Mµ ={ x ∈ M / µ (x) = µ (o) }.

4.9 Theorem (Th. 3.3 of Satyanarayana & Syam Prasad [1]): The Γ -near-ring

M/µ is isomorphic to the Γ -near-ring M/Mµ . The isomorphic correspondence is

given by x + µ ↦ x + Mµ .

4.10 Lemma (Lemma 3.5 of Satyanarayana & Syam Prasad [1]): Let µ and σ

be two fuzzy ideals of M such that σ ⊇ µ and σ (o) = µ (o).

Then the fuzzy subset θ σ of M/µ defined by θ σ (x + µ ) = σ (x) for all x ∈ M is

a fuzzy ideal of M/µ such that θ σ ⊇ θ µ .

4.11 Notation: The fuzzy ideal θ σ of M/µ is denoted by σ /µ .

4.12 Lemma (Lemma 3.7 of Satyanarayana & Syam Prasad [1]): Let µ be a

fuzzy ideal of M and θ be a fuzzy ideal of M/µ such that θ ⊇ θ µ . Then the

fuzzy subset σ θ of M defined by σ θ (x) = θ (x + µ ) for all x ∈ M is a fuzzy ideal

of M such that σ θ ⊇ µ .
 2009 December
Dept Maths, Periyar Maniammai University, Tanjavur
Lecture by Prof. Dr Bhavanari Satyanarayana, Acharya Nagarjuna University, A.P.
:17:

4.13 Theorem (Th. 3.9 of Satyanarayana & Syam Prasad [1]): Let µ be a fuzzy

ideal of M. There exist an order preserving bijective correspondence between

the set P of all fuzzy ideal of σ of M such that σ ⊇ µ and σ (o) = µ (o) and the

set θ of all fuzzy ideal θ of M/µ such that θ ⊇ θ µ .

4.14 Proposition (Th. 3.11 of Satyanarayana & Syam Prasad [1]): Let

h: M → M1 be an epimorphism and σ is a fuzzy ideal of M1 such that µ = h-1(σ ).

Then the map ψ : M/µ → M1/σ defined by ψ (x + µ ) = h(x) + σ is a Γ -near-

ring isomorphism.

5. Fuzzy Prime ideals of Γ -near-rings

5.1 Definition (Def. 2.1 of Syam Prasad & Satyanarayana [1]): A fuzzy ideal µ

of M is said to be a fuzzy prime ideal of M if µ is a not a constant function; and

for any two fuzzy ideals σ and τ of M, σ ο τ ⊆ µ implies that either σ ⊆ µ or

τ ⊆ µ .

5.2 Theorem (Th. 2.3 of Syam Prasad & Satyanarayana [1]): If µ is a fuzzy

prime ideal of M, then Mµ = {x ∈ M / µ (x) = µ (o)} is a prime ideal of M.

5.3 Proposition (Syam Prasad [1]): Let I be an ideal of M and α ∈ [0, 1).
 2009 December
Dept Maths, Periyar Maniammai University, Tanjavur
Lecture by Prof. Dr Bhavanari Satyanarayana, Acharya Nagarjuna University, A.P.
:18:

 1 i f x∈ I
Let µ be a fuzzy subset of M, defined by µ (x) =
 .

s o t h e r w is e
Then µ is a fuzzy prime ideal of M if I is a prime ideal of M.

5.4 Corollary (Syam Prasad [1]): Let I be an ideal of M. Then λ I (the

characteristic function of I) is a fuzzy prime ideal of M if and only if I is a prime

ideal of M.

5.5 Lemma (Lemma 2.6 of Syam Prasad & Satyanarayana [1]): If µ is a fuzzy

prime ideal of M, then µ (o) = 1.

5.6 Proposition (Th. 2.7 of Syam Prasad & Satyanarayana [1]): If µ is a fuzzy

prime ideal of M, then |Im µ | = 2.

6. Mislaneous concepts on Γ -near-rings

Selvaraj & George [1] introduced the notion of strongly regular 2-primal Γ -

near-rings and studied some characterizations of 2-primal and strongly 2-primal

Γ -near-rings.

Selvaraj & George [2] gave some characterizations of left strongly regular
 2009 December
Dept Maths, Periyar Maniammai University, Tanjavur
Lecture by Prof. Dr Bhavanari Satyanarayana, Acharya Nagarjuna University, A.P.
:19:

Γ -near-rings. Also proved that in a weakly left duo Γ -near-rings N, N is left

weakly π -regular if and only if N is left strongly π -regular.

Mustafa Uckun and Mehmet Ali Ozturk [1] studied the notion of

symmetric bi-Γ -Derivations, symmetric bi generalization Γ -Derivations in Γ -

near-rings.

6.1 Definition: Let M be a Γ -near-ring and D(⋅ , ⋅ ) a symmetric bi-additive

mapping of M. D(⋅ , ⋅ ) is said to be a symmetric bi-Γ -derivation if

D(xγ y, z) = D(x, z)γ y + xγ D(y, z) for all x, y, z ∈ M and γ ∈ Γ .

Then, for any y ∈ M, a mapping x ↦ D(x, y) is a Γ -derivation.

Considering M as a 2-torsion free 3-prime left gamma-near-ring with

multiplicative centre C, Mustafa Uckun and Mehmet Ali Ozturk [1] studied

the trace of symmetric bi-gamma-derivations (also symmetric bi-generalized

gamma-derivations) on M.

6.2 Theorems (Mustafa Uckun and Mehmet Ali Ozturk [1]): Let D(.,.) be a

non-zero symmetric bi-gamma-derivation of M and F(.,.) a symmetric bi-additive

mapping of M. Let d and f be traces of D(.,.) and F(.,.), respectively.

In this case

(1) If d(M) is a subset of C, then M is a commutative ring.

 2009 December
Dept Maths, Periyar Maniammai University, Tanjavur
Lecture by Prof. Dr Bhavanari Satyanarayana, Acharya Nagarjuna University, A.P.
:20:

(2) If d(y), d(y) + d(y) are elements of C(D(x,z)) for all x, y, z in M, then M is a

commutative ring.

(3) If F(.,.) is a non-zero symmetric bi-generalized gamma-derivation of M

associated with D(.,.) and f(M) is a subset of C, then M is a commutative ring.

(4) If F(.,.) is a non-zero symmetric bi-generalized gamma-derivation of M

associated with D(.,.) and f(y), f(y) + f(y) are elements of C(D(x,z)) for all x, y,

z in M, then M is a commutative ring.

Acknoledgements

I thank the authorities of Periyar Maniammai University for giving me an

opportunity to deliver this Lecture to the Faculty and Scholars of the

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS.

References

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[ 1 ] “A Note on Γ -near-rings” Stud. Sci. Math. Hunger, 23 (1988) 471-475.

[ 2 ] “Radicals of Γ -near-rings” Publ. math Debrecen, 37 (1990) 223-230.

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Dept Maths, Periyar Maniammai University, Tanjavur
Lecture by Prof. Dr Bhavanari Satyanarayana, Acharya Nagarjuna University, A.P.
:21:

[ 3 ] “Radicals of Γ -near-rings” Questiones Mathematicae 14 (1991) 117-127.

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[ 1 ] Near-rings, North Holland Publ. Co., 1983.

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Lecture by Prof. Dr Bhavanari Satyanarayana, Acharya Nagarjuna University, A.P.
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[ 1 ] “Contributions to Near-ring theory - III”, Doctoral Thesis, Acharya Nagarjuna

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[ 1 ] “On fuzzy subnear-rings and ideals”, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 44 (1991) 139-146.

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Dept Maths, Periyar Maniammai University, Tanjavur
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[ 1 ] “On Strongly 2-Primal Γ -near-rings”, submitted.

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