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Sanskrit Full PDF
Sanskrit Full PDF
iI
eE
AaE
ai
au
iI
eE
AaE
A
is pronounced as in down, noun etc.
---------------------------------------------------------------------The Support Vowels
The two support vowels are known as "ubhayakshara"
and are mostly appended to syllables. They are not
used independently like other vowels.
They add specific sounds to the syllables they are
appended to. These two support vowels are represented
using the first vowel A .
A|
A:
(ka)
ka
kha
ga
gha
H
sounds like the ng in finger
---------------------------------------------------------------------The second group consists of the Palatals.
c
ca
cha
ja
jha
sounds as in chair
M
sounds similar to the last syllable of the
spanish word espana where the n has the
combination sound of the English n and y.
---------------------------------------------------------------------The third group of consonants are the cerebrals.
z
ha
ha
N
sounds similar to the n in fund.
---------------------------------------------------------------------The fourth group is made up of the dentals.
t
ta
tha
da
dha
na
pa
pha
ba
bha
ma
Semivowels
y
ya
ra
la
va
sa
Sibilants
Aspirate
h
ha
--------------------------------------------------------------------y sounds like the y in young
r
ka
ja
is also a conjunct j + M
Vowel:
Aa
iI
matra :
k\
Ex. :
ka
k[
Vowel:
eE
AaE
matra :
Ex. :
k]
kE
kW
kaE
da
d^
dE
dW
daE
do
and U .
are and
respectively.
The combination of h and
is written as .
d#
qv
s combine with
and not r .
Note on timing.
The short vowels are pronounced for one unit of
time and the long ones two units. The unit of time
is not an absolute value by itself.
---------------------------------------------------------------------Letters which look similar and thus might confuse the
student initially are shown below..
i
ha
y,
m,
D,
tha
ya,
bha
ma,
gha
dha,
d,
n,
x,
ha
da,
ta
na,
pa
a,
ba
va
kI
tI
yI
yI
with r
c#
p#
m#
kra
cra
ra
tra
pra
mra
eE
AaE
haE
dE
va
ma
FaE
p#E
lE
la z nh b#
A vE s- ta
ja p n sA mE r k nAaE mW gafq
ds- iIs- nzq
gfq esEsIsAt this point you would see the advantage of a
phonetic system of writing!
sp#vES:
INTRODUCTION:
In this first lesson, the student will learn some
expressions of common everyday use. In these
expressions, the verb As- (to be) is understood
and is not explicitly used.
Sanskrit, like other classical languages, has three
genders- masculine (m), feminine (f) and neuter (n).
These are indicated in the examples given. The student
is advised to learn these expressions by memory.
The prelude to these tutorial lessons introduced the
vowels and consonants of Sanskrit and also indicated
how they are to be pronounced. The student is advised
to refer to this prelude as well to memorize the basic
letters.
1.1 Here are some common expressions
in the first person.
mm nam ram:
mama nma st
mm nam SEKr:
mama nma um
mm dEv: Sv:
mama dvaha
mm dEv pavIt
mama dv prvat
mm pO: maDv:
mama putra
mm pO vjya
mama putr vijay
mm BtaI vN
mm B#ata vjy:
mama mitra ka
mm vahn| taEyaEta
tava nma ki
tv dEv: k:
tava dva ka
tv dEv ka
tava dv k
tv pO: k:
tava putra ka
tv pO ka
tava putr k
tv B#ata k:
tava bhrt ka
tv vsa ka
tava svas k
tv mO| k|
tava mitra ki
tv vahn| k|
tava vhana ki
Observe that there are no question marks in any
of the sentences. In Sanskrit, no punctuation is
ever used. Generally, the punctuation is recognized from the intonation.
Even in the interrogative form, the verb As(to be) is not explicitly used.
Gender becomes apparent in these sentences as
can be observed with the ending akshara of the
words i.e., k: , ka and k| .
k: is the masculine form known as
p|l:
(pumliga)
(napumsakaliga)
Feminine
Neuter ett-
ex:
He (who is nearby)
s:
exa
sa
This
tt-
That
s:
and
(masculine)
sa
exa
sa
and
(feminine)
ett-
tt-
and
tat
(neuter)
tat
kak:
aha kka
exa
mala
ml
ex: mm gj:
mama bhry
ett- kmlmtat
kamalam
tava
kamalam
s: k]N:
sa ka
sa k]Na
That is Krishnaa (f)
(Krishnaa is a feminine name)
tt- Aasnm-
tat sanam
tt- tv Aasnm-
Greeetings
namast
sp#Batm-
Good Morning
suprabhtam
k[Slm- va
kualam v
Dyvada:
dhanyavd:
vagtm-
Welcome
svgatam
DyaEm
I am thankful
(I am grateful)
dhanysmi
pnmIlam:
punarmilma
Xytam-
Please excuse me
kamyatm
SBmt
Best wishes
ubhamastu
-----------------------------------------------------------------Glossary:
Words already seen in the sections.
dEv:
- God
mOm-
- friend
pta
- father
nam
- name
pO:
- son
vahnm-
- vehicle
B#ata
- brother
dEv
- Goddess
mata
- mother
pO
- daughter
vsa
- sister
mm
- my
BtaI
- husband
BayaI - wife
- man
myr:
- peacock
vanr:
- monkey
kr:
- hand
gj:
- elephant
majaIr:
cat
A:
- horse
kak:
- crow
Snk:
- dog
Acl:
- mountain
kTa
- story
Baxa
- language
Sn
- female dog
myr
- peahen
2. Feminine gender
mala
- garland
dya
- mercy
sBa
- hall
k]pa
- sympathy
lta
- creeper
vanr
- female monkey
bdva
- mare
majaIr
- female cat
nar
- woman
Sarda
- name of a Goddess
- house
kmlm-
- lotus
jlm-
- water
Aannm- - face
Aasnm- - seat
Dnm- wealth
------------------------------------------------------------------
Exercises.
1. Learn to pronounce all the words introduced in the earlier
sections. Correct pronounciation is essential for Sanskrit.
Make use of the Roman transliteration given alongside when
necessary.
Try and pronounce the following words.
gaEvd:
Brt:
vamn:
ptkm-
camt
ANa
llta
Aba
Bakr:
gNt:
laEk:
pft:
skya
lm
vaN
gaEmt
singular
kavacanam
bhvcnm-
plural
bahuvacanam
vcnm-
dual
dvivacanam
As in other languages, Sanskrit also distinguishes
sentences in first, second and third person. The
sanskrit terms for these are.
uOm px:
- First Person
uttama purua
mym px:
- Second Person
madhyama purua
p#Tm px:
- Third Person
prathama purua
Let us first look at some sentences.
-------------------------------------------------------------------This section deals with the verb As- .
Ah|
AacayI: Am
I am a teacher
As
At
a mahrja asti
exa mharaO At
mahrj asti
She is a queen.
vm vaidyau sva
yva|
yuvm
T:
bhaktau stha
et sEvk
t:
(servant-masculine)
etE sEvkE
t:
svik sta
PlE AO t:
phal atra
(maid - feminine)
Two fruits are here
sta
pE tO t:
t yuvakha santi
eta: yvty: st
I have a son or
My son is here
mm pO
t:
mm pOa:
st
in different forms.
Dual
Plural
Ist person
Am
v:
m:
IInd person
As
T:
IIIrd person
At
t:
st
and Number.
The table below gives examples of the three noun forms
(in the nominative) of the nouns pO:, sEvka and PlmSingular
Dual
Plural
Masculine
pO:
pO
pOa:
Feminine
sEvka
sEvkE
sEvka:
Neuter
Plm-
PlE
Plan
I per.
II per.
Singular
Dual
Plural
Ah|
Aava|
vy|
We two
We
v|
yva|
yy|
You
You two
You(many)
mm
AavyaE:
Amak|
my
our
our
tv
yvyaE:
ymak|
your
your(two)
your
Dual
Plural
Mas.
Fem.
Neut.
ex:
et
etE
he
these two
these
s:
tE
exa
etE
eta:
she
these two
these (many)
sa
tE
ta:
ett-
etE
etan
this
these two
these
tt-
tE
tan
Q.
k| ett- tv ptk|
A.
yes, it is my book.
Q.
k| ex: tv
Is he your brother ?
A.
B#ata
k| sa tv
vsa
Aa| _______________________
2.
k| exa tv BayaI
n _______________________
3.
k| tt- tv vahnm-
n _______________________
4.
k| ex: tv g:
Aa| ______________________
-------------------------------------------------------------------Lesson-2
Exercise-2
tO E ptkE t:
E - two
Questions:
1.
AO pO: At
tO Oy: _____ st
(Oy: -three)
2.
AO sEvka At
tO cta#y: ____ st
(cta#y: - four)
3.
AO yvt At
tO sO _______ st
(sO - seven)
4.
AO yvk: At
tO A _______ st
(A - eight)
5.
AO Pl| At
tO E
________ t:
------------------------------------------------------------------Lesson-2
Exercise-3
Fill up the blanks with appropriate demonstrative
pronouns. An example is given first.
tO gh| At
tt- mm gh|
----
1.
tO pta At
______ mm pta
2.
tO nar At
______ tv mata
(nar - lady)
3.
ett-
Pl|
________ mm Pl|
4.
AO px: At
_______ mm pta
5.
AO lEKn At
_______ tv lEKn
(lEKn - pen)
-------------------------------------------------------------------Lesson-2
Exercise-4
Fill in the blanks With the appropriate form of the noun
and the verb As . An example sentence is given.
kt A^y: st
dS
A^y: st
-----
1. kt syaI: st
ek:
2. kt tara: st
bhv: ________________
________________
(bhv: - many)
3. ek htE kt A^y: st
p _____________
4. kt nynan st
E ___________________
__________________
Ay cvar: __________
7. kayaIny kt c@aN st
cvar ____________
E ___________
9. kt vNa: st
E ___________________
-------------------------------------------------------------------Lesson-2
Exercise-5
Fill up the blanks with the appropriate form of As- .
Example.
Ah| BartE
Am
s: AmErkaya| At
-----
Ah|
nEpalE Am
t paktanE t:
1. Ah| nEpalE Am
tE BartE _______
(Dual)
2. nyagra AmErkaya| At
kkOa ev| mdqras- BartE __________
3. Ah| k]x: Am
tE
k]xa: ___________
ta: _________
mm Dn|
ett- k| tv Dnm----
1.
2.
ett- Asmak|
3.
ett- mm p|
etE k| ______ pE
4.
ett- mm kayaIn|
Dn|
Table of Numerals.
N0.
Name
Sym.
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
ek
ek:
eka
ek|
Oy:
ta#:
ON
ctrq
cvar:
cta#:
cvar
pn-
xzq
xzq
xzq
xzq
sOn-
sO
sO
sO
An-
nvn-
nv
nv
nv
10
dS
10
dS
dS
dS
Summary
- It is early morning
dmyt -
hE DmI
dtDavn| k]t| va ?
Have you brushed your teeth ?
-
dmyt -
dtPEnk| k[O At ?
Where is the toothpaste ?
vk[ , ymnaya: dtk\cI| yC .
Here, take this, give Yamuna the toothbrush
dmyt -
nl:
A little later:
dmyt -
ekWk|
a"an| k[ .
ymnE
AagC .
- Afterwards:
svI AagCt , upahar:
sj:.
dmyt -
A upaharE k| k]tvt ?
What have you made for breakfast ?
daEsa
ev|
sabarq .
ymna
DmI:
klaSalaya| vSExkya At .
At: vrE SG#| gCam .
I have a special class in the college (so)
I am hurrying.
nl:
dmyt -
nl:
kayaIlyE
mEln|
AagCEy| .
At .
pnmIlam: .
Damayanthi, I will be late in the evening.
There is a meeting in the office.
See you.
dmyt -
pnmIlam:
See you.
ymna
ApraE
- Afternoon
hE
mat: ! py
gNtE
AhmEv
kt Aa: p#aOa: .
p#Tma .
dmyt - Aa
SaEBnm- .
Oh, good!
saymDmI:
kalE
- In the evening
Aagtvan- .
- Later
mat:
pta
Aagtvan- .
Atv
ataEm .
kraEm .
PEnk| k[O ?
(I am) very tired.
Bring warm water. I will take bath.
Where is te soap?
raO:
dmyt -
- Night
svI
k| k| BaEjnay ?
What is for dinner ?
dmyt -
AaEdn| , sp:
dD At , Sak:
At .
At .
Later
SBraO:
Good night.
nl: , dmyt-
SBraO:
Good night.
-----------------------------------------------------------------Lesson-3 Grammar
We now look at some points related to grammar.
We have already seen the conjugation of the verb
At in all its present tense forms in the previous
lesson.
Aast- is the past tense for As- in the third person,
singular form. Past tense itself will be discussed
in a future lesson.
There is a verb introduced in this lesson which starts
with the vowel Aa , AagCt. For many verbs, the
addition of Aa as a prefix results in the action
taking place in the reverse direction.
gCt - goes
AagCt -
comes or returns.
Aanyt (brings)
ddat (gives)
Aaddat (receives)
yat (goes)
Aayat (comes)
yC
ddat
pbt|
nyt
Dual
Plural
person
nyan
nyav
nyam
II person
ny
nyt|
nyt
III person
nyt
nyta|
nyt
- to wake up
jagry
Ah|
v|
object
verb
Baxa|
dEvaly|
kayaIly|
gCam
gh|
pZam
AapN|
gCs
mO|
pZs
pO|
ptk|
.
.
CaO:
bal:
jnk:
Bvan-
. .
kmt
k|
kda
. ex: .
. .
sa .
kT| .
. .
gCt
. .
kmTI|
k[t:
k[O
. exa
.
.
s:
.
.
.
.
.
jnn
bala
AacayI:
Bvt
. .
Select a word each from the outer ring and the
middle ring and add the verb gCt .
You will have a question.
Examlple: Bvan-
kda
gCt ?
____________ uOam .
myaE - at noon
kayaIly| gCam .
----1
Ah| paZ|
______ .
Ah| kayI|
______.
Ah| Xr|
______ .
_______.
Ah| pO|
______ .
A: SG#| Davt .
pZam, kraEm,
Kadam,
uOam,
Ah|
AO upvSam .
v| AO upvSs .
v| cO| _________ .
v| pO|
v| s|k]t| ________ .
v| gan|
v| s|k]t|
v|
Ah|
kml| nyam.
v| kml|
Ah|
Dn| ddam .
v|
_________ .
________ .
_______ .
dEv|
________ .
________ .
Dn| _________ .
Lesson 3 - Ex.5
Change the following sentences from third person dual to
first person dual. Look at the example.
t valy|
gCt: .
yva|
ram AO vst: .
Aava|
AO
________ .
Aava|
Pl|
_________ .
majaIr AO @ft: .
Aava|
AO
gj mdrE
tt: .
Aava|
mdrE
vdt: .
Aava|
s|k]t: ______ .
Aava|
s|k]t|
tE (n) tO tt:
Aava|
tO
_______ .
t dEv|
Aava|
dEv|
_______ .
10 bal
dordSIn|
s|k]t|
pyT:. Aava|
nmt:
ptk| pZt: .
Aava|
dordSIn|
_______ .
ptk|
_______ .
_______ .
_____ .
_______ .
vy| ngrE
tE clcO| pyt .
vy| clcO|
tE AaEdn| Kadt .
vy|
AaEdn|
vy|
smd#tr| ______ .
vy|
dnpOka| _____ .
vy|
pp| _________ .
vnta:
ny| k[vIt .
vy|
ny|
vy|
s|k]t| ________ .
vy|
vO|
10 tE vO| p#Xalyt .
_________ .
______ .
________ .
_________ .
_________ .
Kadam:, pyam:,
nra: tO hst .
yy| tO
____________ .
Aa: tO Davt .
yy|
tO
___________ .
yy| Baxa|
__________ .
Plan Bm ptt .
yy| Bm
tE ptk| nyt .
yy| ptk|
__________ .
_________ .
tE kayaIly| AagCt .
10
tE @faNE @ft .
yy|
kayaIly|
_____ .
pZT, nyT,
bal: paz|
____________ .
mO| AO AagCt.
mO| AO
________ .
s: AasnE upvSt.
s: AasnE
________ .
Bvan- kTa|
________ .
v| ghE upvSs .
v| ghE ____________ .
v| Pl| Kads.
v| Pl|
____________ .
_____________ .
gC ,
pZ , vd ,
upvS
-----------------------------------------------------------------Lesson 3 - Ex.9
Change the following sentences in third person plural
yy|
clcO| ___ .
tE gan| Syt .
tE p#at: uOt .
SNt,
uOt,
k[t, pZt .
Ah| Dn|
p#tdn| v| Pl|
tE dEv|
2 kZ
chest
neck
3 Sr: -
head
4 jmlm- -
5 dtm- -
teeth
6 nask
nasal
7 AaE -
lips
8 tal palatte
-----------------------------------------------------------------Aa
- marks (awarded)
ADkm-
- more
AtmEt
AapNm-
- pilgrimage
iIS:
upvS
- sit down
upahar:
- breakfast
uNjlm-
- warm water
ekWkm-
- one by one
kTa
- story
klaSala
kya
- lecture
kayaIlym-
- place of work
kt-
- a little
k\cIm-
k]t
- done
@f
- to play
k]tvt - (f)
@faNm-
- playground
gay
- sing
clcOm-
- movie
cal
- to drive ( a vehicle)
- to stand
dtDavn|
dnpOka
- Daily (Newspaper)
dordSInm-
- television
daEsa
Davt
- moves fast
nm
- worship
nd#a
- sleep
nt
py
- see
ppm-
- flower
ptkalym-
p#ayapk:
- professor
p#aO:
- to get or receive
p#aTInam-
- prayers
PEnk|
- paste
balka
- little girl
B:
- devotee
BaEjnm-
mElnm-
- meeting
yC
- give
lK
- write
laEkyanm-
vd
- say
vst
- live (plural)
vOm-
vanrm-
- monkey
valym-
vSEx
- special
SaEBnmat:
sj:
smd#trm-
- ready
- beach (sea shore)
sabarq
savDan:
syI:
- the Sun
sEvk:
- man servant
a"anm-
- bath
vsa
- sister
vk[
Xrm-
- milk
Lesson-4 Part-1
rv: saEm: c . Ravi and Soman.
This lesson continues in the same style as lesson-3.
The student is introduced to new words and
expressions through a conversation between two
friends.
Ravi, and Soman are in conversation. They are
old schoolmates meeting in their home town
Madras, after a span of a year. Ravi had continued
school in Madras while Soman had gone to a
school in Srinagar, a city in the state of Jammu
and Kashmir, in the northern part of India.
rv:-
saEm:-
rv:-
saEm:-
rv:-
saEm:-
rv-
saEm:-
n,
rv-
saEm:-
phl-g#amat- 25 klaEmzrq
dorE At .
tt- At bht- va ?
Is it very big ?
saEm:-
ya ________ sa
y: dGIbah:
s: ram: .
ya sdr
sa sta .
tt-
pym- .
SSrE
in hEmt
- and
and SSr
s: Pl| ev Kadt .
klaSala smpE ev At .
The college is nearby (only)
9. At: - Therefore
This word is used in the sense of therefore.
mm vr: At , At: klaSala| n gCam .
I have fever, therfore (so) I am not going to college.
Often in India people say " I have fever " though one
should probably say "I am running temperature"
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
uOra or udc
north
|
Aag"EyaE
.
pma or
p#tc
eSan
|
|
.
.
|
.
. | .
..............|.................
west
|
|
|
.
.
nWrqt
pvaI or p#ac
east
.
vavya
|
south
dXNa or yaya
dSa: cta#: . p#at: syI pyn- t .
tv prt: p#ac dSa .
tv dXNE dXNa dSa .
tv pE p#tc dSa .
tv vamE udc dSa .
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Relative Positions.
UvI Bag:
upr above
. pt:
|
|
|
_______
dXNE right
||
.
.
.
. ||
||-------------- vam: Bag:
------------|| .
dXN: Bag: . . ||
||
.
_______
.
|
.
|
prt: in front
praE Bag:
at the back
vamE left
|
below AD:
ADaE Bag:
- indeclinables.
Ap - also
sda - always
svIda - at all times
tO - there
AO - here
svIO - everywhere
p#at: - in the morning
say| - in the evening
say|p#at: - In the morning and evening
p#tdn - daily
tt: - later , then
AT - later
At: - therefore
yt: - because
At: ev - only because
va - or
ATva - else / or
kTmp - somehow
kdap
prm-
- sometime
- but
kt - but
prt - but
A
- today
ADna - now
iv
- like
ev - only
ucW: - above , loud
evm- - thus
crm- - for a long time
p#ay: - mostly
n: - again
rt: - earlier, before
SnW: - slowly
sykq - well
s: - immediately
tda - then
kda ? - when
k[O ? - where
kTm- ? - how
k[t: ? -why , from where
kmTIm- ? - for what (reason)
kmt ? - for what (purpose)
------------------------------------------------------------------------Lesson - 4 Exercise - 1.
The questions given below relate to the conversation in the
lesson. You will be able to answer them if you have understood
the sentences spoken.
1
ngr| k[O At ?
g#mkalE k| d#vt ?
10
11
12
hml| k[O At ?
13
pvItyaEpr ghaya| k| At ?
14 ty ly k| nam ?
------------------------------------------------------------------------Lesson -4 Exercise 2.
Fill up the blanks with appropriate indeclinables.
Example: nr:
nr:
ucW:
pZt .
Ah|
Exercise - 3
Fill up the blanks selecting suitable words from
mata
A: _______ tO tt .
_________ sjn: At .
AakaSE
mm lEKn _______ At .
__________ dorE
10
________ mEGa: st .
nd At .
p#at:
, say| , A , : , /:
Example: p#at:
pp|
vkst
A rvvasr: ,
At: __________ kayaIlysy vramdnm- .
Exercise -5
Fill up the blanks by selecting suitable words from
kt , At: , yt: , ATva
Example:
Ah| p#at: gNt| n pZam , kt say| pZam .
---1
s: Pl| ev Kadt ,
________ Pl| Atv iCt .
10
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lesson -4 Exercise 6.
Fill up the blanks by selecting suitable words from
cr| , pn: , ucW: , ncW:
Example: s: pn: Pl| Kadt .
---
AEn s:
Exercise 7.
Below you will see many questions. They require
the word sykq in their answers. Understand
the questions and in the process, improve your
vocabulary.
Example: Bvan- s|k]t| kT| pZt ?
Ah| s|k]t| sykq pZam .
1
_____ calyam .
- in front of
vamt: - at right
Example: p#at:
mm prt: syI: .
-----
________ mm pO: .
mm _____ mEGa: .
subject
indeclinable
verb
ram:
gCt
ppm-
vkst
CaOa:
p#at:
pZt
gj:
ADna
tt
Aava|
tO
pZav:
AO
Davt:
tE
vdt
Exercise 9.
Here are many sentences that require the
use of yda --- tda .
Example: yda raEg: Bvt , tda AxD| vkraEm .
1
_____ syI:
____ mEG:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lesson -4 . Exercise
Here are some sentences for you to understand the use of
yavt- ...... tavt- . Figure out where these
should be added in the sentences.
Example: yavt- AacayI: n AagCt ,
tavt- paZ: n p#clt .
1
nzn| Ap kraEm .
Srs tafyt .
------------------------------------------------------------------------Lesson -4 Chart.
Here is a chart containing nouns, a verb and many
indeclinables. By selecting a noun and an indeclinable,
you can form a short sentence with the verb.
Try and form as many sentences as you can.
If you have a liking for mathematical work, try and
figure out how many different sentences you can
make and how many of them will correctly convey
a meaning.
__________________________________________________
sa
ex: exa
CaO:
|___________________________________|
|
|
| nr:
| sda
| bal:
| bala
|p#at:
| ADna |
| pO:
|pZt
|say|
| p#tdn| |
|
|
|
|
|
s:
tO
AO svIda
| pO
|
cr| pn: sykq
ev|
|
|___________________________________|
|
|
|
ucW: ncW: A: s:
|
maDv:
uma
|
|__________________________________________________|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lesson - 4.
Glossary
The seasons:
hEmt: - (m) winter with snow
Srt-
- (m) winter
- (f)
SSr:
rainy season
(n) - snow
sdrm-
(n) - beautiful
- very
t - but
prt - but
kdact- - sometimes
AyDkm- - very much
yda -when tda - then
the two are always used together
i.e., tda always follows yda .
idanm- - now
At: - so, therefore
tdanm- - then (usually refers to the time
of occurrence of a particular event)
n kEvlm- - not only kt - but also
(in using the above two the word Ap c
is used at the end of the sentence)
Ap - also c - and
p#ay: - almost
iv - like
ATva - alternatively
it
- so
kEvlm- - only
tt: prm- - thereafter
in Sanskrit.
LESSON 5
zam-
hr:
- tO hr: At va ?
Is Hari there ?
(literally, is Hari in there ? )
do ca - Aam- ddam
hr:
zam-
n Av cEW t:
zam-
k[O tE vas: ?
Where are you (put up) staying ?
haEzEl- caELa, p#kaEs|ya
pv|SyDk OStm- (325)
Hotel Chola, Room Number 325
hr:
zam-
A smy: At va ?
Do you have time today ?
Aam- , ApraE tv kayaIly| AagCam .
hr:
hr:
zam-
n kmp .
k[Sln va sarhq ?
Is Sarah well ?
bl- pvxIy: yat- Kl ?
Bill should be (must be) five years old, no ?
zam-
I am still a bachelor.
At, yOk[Oap gCav:
- At the beach
- AO valkaya| upvSav:
- tahI gCav: .
- At the Supermarket
- BaE, k| va Aavykm- ?
Sir, may I help you ?
(literally, what would you like ? )
hr:
rya (f)
rym-
(n)
beautiful lady
rym- cOm-
beautiful painting
rytra nar
rytr| cOm-
The superlative.
rytm: pz:
rytma nar
rytm| cOm-
a tall mountain
. Ayodhya is big.
maya vSaltra .
kaS vSaltma .
nr:
gj:
maDv:
nr
gj
maDv
respectively.
nran-
gjan-
maDvan-
respectively.
Case
Singular
Dual
Plural
Nominative
bal:
bal
bala:
Accusative
bal|
bal
balan-
Lesson 5 - Grammar
-------------------We have seen in the earlier sections that the Nominative
and Accusative forms of nouns will be found in sentences
containing a subject, verb and direct object.
Let us look at the declensions of a couple of nouns.
Singular
Dual
Plural
Nominative
gj:
gj
gja:
Accusative
gj|
gj
gjan-
Nominative
CaO:
CaO
CaOa:
Accusative
CaO|
CaO
CaOan-
Singular
Dual
Plural
Nominative
mala
malE
mala:
Accusative
mala|
malE
mala:
Nominative
kTa
kTE
kTa:
Accusative
kTa|
kTE
kTa:
Plural
Nominative
jl|
jlE
jlan
Accusative
jl|
jlE
jlan
Nominative
vn|
vnE
vnan
Accusative
vn|
vnE
vnan
Dual
Plural
III Person
pZt
pZt:
pZt
II Person
pZs
pZT:
pZT
I Person
pZam
pZav:
pZam:
Dual
Plural
III P
root+A+t
root+A+t:
root+A+At
II P
root+A+s
root+A+T:
root+A+T
I P
root+Aa+m
root+Aa+v:
root+Aa+m:
Observations
In Sanskrit when conjugations of verbs are shown, the third
person conjugations are shown first followed by second person
and then first person, an indirect reminder that the I (ego !)
should find the last place in the world !
------------------------------------------------------------------------Lesson-5 Exercise I
The exercises in this section are meant to familiarize
the student with the usage of nouns in different persons
and number (Singular, Plural or Dual).
A Brief Review - Formation of simple sentences.
In forming simple sentences the noun and the verb used
should correctly reflect the Number and Person in
respect of the subject. Look at:
nr: kayaIly| gCt .
Man goes to the workplace (office)
This when changed to plural becomes
nra: kayaIly| gCt .
Men go to the workplace
The verb is conjugated in accordance with the form of
the noun. The forms in which the verb As- is used was
discussed in lesson
and also the different forms of
the personal pronouns. In this lesson we have also seen
declension of Akarat pl| words in the nominative
case.
Nominative
Singular
dual
Plural
nr:
nr
nra:
dual
Plural
t:
At
Aam
Aav:
Aam:
pZt
pZt:
pZt
pZam
pZav:
pZam:
Suffix for
Present tense
in third
person
first
person
ex: 3rd
person
first
person
Dual
Plural
Ah|
Aava|
vy|
pZs
pZT:
pZT
(Singular)
(Dual)
(Plural)
Dual
Plural
v|
yva|
yy|
..
.
pZt
..
. s|k]t|
dEvaly|
. paZ: .. gh|
. Pl| .. jl| .
.--.
gCt
. s:
ptk|
pys
.
kayaIly|
Kadt
pbt .
..
------------------------------------------------------------------------Here are some simple questions based on the lesson.
Try and answer them. An example is given.
hr: tO At va ?
Example:
Aa|
hr: AO At .
Aa| ----------
2. ptk| tO At va ?
n-----------
Aa|,-------------
4. hE k[mar , Sr mrs va ?
Aa|,-------------
----------------
?
?
-----------------
7. hE gaEvd , AaEdn| Kads va ? ----------------8. hE zam- , sEllar dorvaya| Baxs va ? -----------Here are some direct questions.
1. ArE, vly|, k[t: ?
2. k[O tE vas: ?
mE - my,
- student hostel;
a place where students live.
and vas:
4. k[O tE ptk| ?
This question may be answered with a single
word, p#kaEE.
p#kaEm- means room. One word answers are perfectly
appropriate. Now try and answer the questions below.
5.k[O tE vahnm- ?
6.A smy: At va ?
7.A jlcO| At va ?
8.A prXa At va ?
Here are some more questions, good for daily use!
1. k| pbs ?
Lesson 6 : Part-1
A Conversation
Here is the text of a simple conversation between
two friends lm and vmla. Try and understand
the conversation. Word meanings for new words
are given at the end.
vmla
- lm ! nmtE
lm
- vmlE nmtE .
vmla
sp#Bat| tE
Ap k[Sln ?
lm - Aa| Atv k[Sln . v| kT| As,
AyE c ?
vmla
- cvar
nv Sy| ek| ON p
4
lm
- Aa|
9 0 1
3 5
sO
vmla
lm
p#Tmjmdn| : ev .
vmla
lm
vmla
lm
vmla
Word meanings :
---------------kTms
AyE c
- others too
cray
- in a long while
mm iCa At
d#m-
- I am anxious too
- to see
- elder brothers
p#Tmjmdn|
- first birthday
- good
dSInBaym-
p#va
saD
sta
ABc
vTIta
- happy
- interest
- increased
Word Meanings:
SS:
rabbit
k\mI:
Tortoise
ekda
ekmn- vnE
in a forest
ty
his
mdm-
slowly
clt
moves
SG#m-
fast
running race
dorm-
distance
vjy
winner
AtmTanm-
finishing point
ctn| k]va
thinking over
bhdorm-
vat| rest
vXymlE at the bottom of the tree
AOava unnoticed
nd#am-
sleep
vat| vna
vpsmyEn
in a short time
tdan|
then
uTay
arising
vjyp#apt:
the attainment of success.
------------------------------------------------------------------The conversation below is supposed to have
taken place between Kalidasa, the undisputed
king among the Poets of India who composed
in Sanskrit, and a little girl.
Many things are obvious from the text seen,
from literacy and education for girl children
to the fact that writing was done on Palm
leaves. There is no information available about
Kalidasas time, though scholars have conjectured
kanmala .
kaldas: kya: pO ?
bala
knkltaya: .
kaldas: htE k| tE ?
bala
talpOm- .
kaldas: ka va rEKa ?
bala
ka Ka ga Ga .
letters ( of a script)
maEhn- - sykq
Good
---------They go to their Grandfather-------maEhn- , uxa - tat tat ! kTa| vdt
kTa| vdt .
- Bvan- pvI| Avdt-kl , kT| pra Bgvanb#af| Asjt- it . ta| kTa| kTyt .
- sha#vxIy: p#akq ?
A thousand years ago ?
idan| s| smarBE it .
Ay| it k| ?
What is Avyaktam ?
- mht- it k| ?
What is Mahat ?
prt smYamn:
b#afy sE: pvIvp| mht- it yatm- .
Mahat is not any matter (which you see).
Mahat is the state of the Supreme
being before the creation of the Universe,
(referred to as the whole - yet to take
different forms).
tt: pr| tt- mht- Ahar: ABvt- .
Then the Mahat form became the Supreme Ego.
Ahar: OEDa yBjt- .
The Ahankara divided into three.
tE savkrajsktamskahara: .
They are Satvik Rajasik and Tamasik
Ahankaras.
maEhn-
- tm: it ?
Thamasa means ?
ptamh: A Av smapyam: .
Today we shall conclude with this.
maEhn-
uxa
prN|
+ Ap
= prNmp
+ Aast-
= nast-
+ Aann|
= gjannm-
+ ctn|
= tctn|
Aavrq + ABvt-
= AavrBvt-
kam-
= kamp
+ Ap
i.e. n-
+ k
likewise
= k
BgvSN
mOvd
is
is BgvnmOn-
+ SN
+ vd
+ Ag#E
+ Aast-
Bvt
is it
+ Ay
is At + Apmis it
+ Aad
k:
+ ATI:
st- + it
tdt
tt- + it
tdEv
tt- + ev
tdp
tt- + Ap
td^|
tt- + u|
dkq
+ ev
or Aa :
mmWv
mm + ev
ydWv
yda + ev
mmWy|
mm
+ eEy|
unclear
Truth
Asym-
- Falsehood
mrNm-
death
AmrNm-
- immortality
- end,
tm-
- Truth
Antm-
- endless
Antm- false
(note is a swara)
uNm-
- heat
AnNm-
- lack of heat
atheist
agnostic
anaerobic
unofficial
unending
A Word of Caution
The student is advised that he\she should remember
that the meaning of a word is negated with the
prefix A only when the word is a noun or adjective.
Any word beginning with A is not a negation of the
word without the A. When A precedes a verb, the
meaning may be different. The student is informed
that most verbs in their simple past tense take the
prefix A . This will be explained later in the course
of the lesson. We did see however in lesson 2 that
the prefix Aa (long vowel) will give the opposite
AagCt
goes
comes
nyt
Aanyt
takes along
Ahar:
rajsk Ahar:
is
and
Dual
Plural
III person
pZt
pZt:
pZt
II person
pZs
pZT:
pZT
I person
pZam
pZav:
pZam:
Singular
Dual
Plural
2.Past Tense
3rd person
ApZt-
ApZta|
ApZn-
2nd person
ApZ:
ApZt|
ApZt
1st person
ApZ|
ApZav
ApZam
-----t
----t:
2nd person
-----s
----T:
----v:
-----At
-----T
1st person
-----m
Past Tense
Singular
3rd person
A----t-
A---ta|
A---n-
2nd person
A----:
A---t|
A----t
Dual
-----m:
Plural
A----m-
1st person
A----v
A---m
gaEltrSOE ptk| .
2.sdq ev saEy id| Ag#E Aast-_it
upnxt- vaym- .
3.st- it Ay k: ATI: ?
--------------------------------------------------------------------Lesson-7 Exercise -3
1. Try and read the following sentences. They
contain some verbs in the past tense. You
should be able to translate the sentences as well.
a. eb#ha| ln- AmErka dESy p#EsfEz Aast- .
b. lEnn- ev| zaln- rya dESy nEtar Aatam- .
c. sBaxcd# bs , srq s v ramn- , haEm baba
iyEtE svI laEkp#sa: Aasn- .
The sentences have used the past tense of the verb
At in singular, dual as well as plural.
2. Fill up the blanks in the following sentences with
the appropriate form of the verb, as in the sentences
above:
1. Srramanj BartE AacayaI ------.
2. nvasramanj: gNtE npN: ------.
3. jvhlaIl- nEh Barty p#DanmO ------.
4. ASaEkc@vtI Ah|satvy p#cark: ------.
5. vvEkandcmyand AayamkacayaI ------.
6. AayIB BakracayI vrahmhra:
yaEtBaIlSOOa: ------.
7. kaldas: kv ------.
8. yagraj: p#smak: ------.
9. idragaD rajvgaD c BartE
p#DanmON ------.
ApZn- .
v| s|k]t|
ApZ: .
1. sa kayaIly| AgCt- .
AgCt- - went
2. bal: Pl| AKadt- .
AKadt- - ate
3. s: bal| Anyt- .
Anyt- - led
4. nr: ngrE Avst- .
Avst- - lived
5. maDv: jl| Apbt- .
Apbt- - drank
2. Choose the appropriate word from those given in
parantheses to fill up the blanks. (you will also have
to use the appropriate conjugation).
3. mata pO|---------.
(A@ft-, Acbt-, AKadt-
4. v| iIr| ---------.
(AyCt-, Anmt-, AlKt- )
5. Ah| clcO| ---------.
(AgjIt-, Ajyt-, Apyt- )
6. vy| drd#Ey Dn|
---------.
- to the poor
------------------------------------------------------------II
See if you can write Ten simple sentences about
your childhood. The list of verbs given in section
will be more than adequate for you to form the
required sentences.
ty @fa| d#|
Atv uskaE{m .
But of course I am eager to see the dark blue
Krishna and his (divine) actions.
uxa-
maEhn- - mm Ap ev| ev .
Same here. (means: I too have the same question)
tO ptamh: it y| tE Aah: , s: vtt:
tEjv mhan- c p#tBat .
The one whom they called grandfather, appeared
really radiant and great.
uxa -
due to disease.
ty BayIyaE: ev| daya|
vcOvyIy
BmEN k: s|bD: ?
Mohan, tell the relationship between
Vichitraveerya and Bhishma.
maEhn- - smatjaE B#ata .
Step brother.
cOad: vcOvyIy B#ata .
Chtrangada was the brother of Vichitraveerya.
ptamh: - uxE , v| b#h
pafaE:
vcOvyIN k: s|bD: it .
Usha, you tell, what is the relationship between
Pandu and Vichitraveerya.
uxa -
pta c pO: .
Father and Son.
Aasn- ? kE etE ?
Usha, now tell, how many sons did Kunthi have?
Who are they?
uxa -
spy .
Wives of the same person.
vna ev
vna
even without
without.
Please remember that the noun against which
vna
ekmn-
(f).
tExam-
nlyamlm-
even then
mm Ap ev| ev
tEjv
vtt:
vNIyam
@mEN
pafaE:
vow of celebacy
of Pandu
k]Ny SriKrishnas
md#dESya of Madra Desa
All the above four words, reflect the use of nouns
in different vB:
ymat- tmat-
similar to yavt- tavtymat- means "since" or "because" and tmatmeans "as a consequence". Here is an example
of a sentence using this pair.
ymat- vs|pkIjal| At , tmat- Bvan- etts|k]tpaZ| pZt| S;t
Since the internet is there, you are able to read this
Sanskrit lesson.
vs|pkIjalm- A compound noun built up of
v: world, s|pkI communication, jalm- net
Based on the ending word, the compound noun
becomes neuter.
jmp#Bt
twins
vB: Case
It is assumed that the reader has reached this point
after reading the introduction to the "cases".
Case declensions for a noun are obtained by adding
different suffixes to the basic form of the noun.
The suffix will be different based on the case,
gender and number of the noun.
The word ram: is the word representative of
most masculine nouns in Sanskrit which end in
the vowel A . This coupled with the fact that the
name ram: has a special significance for people
in India, is the reason why most Primers for
Sanskrit start with ram: for illustrating the
declensions.
Case
1.
ram:
2.
ramm-
3.
ramEN
4.
ramay
5.
ramat-
6.
ramy
7.
ramE
8.
hE ram !
1.
gr
2.
gr|
3.
gyaI
4.
gyI
5.
gyaI:
6.
gyaI:
7.
gyaI|
8.
hE gr !
ram
rama:
k]N:
k]N
k]Na:
gj:
gj
gja:
vX:
vX
vXa:
stE
sta:
rma
rmE
rma:
lta
ltE
lta:
PlE
Plan
nEO|
nEOE
nEOaN
ptk|
ptkE
ptkan
pO|
pOE
pOaN
ram|
rm
raman-
(gj:)
gj|
gj
gjan-
(ht:)
ht|
ht
htan-
(vX:)
vX|
vX
vXan-
sta|
stE
sta:
(rma)
rma|
rmE
rma:
(lta)
lta|
lt
lta:
Plm-
PlE
Plan
( nEO| )
nEOm-
nEOE
nEOaN
( ptk| )
ptk|
ptkE
ptkan
( pO| )
pOm-
pOE
pOaN
ma|, ma
Aava|, n
Aman- , n:
v|
va|, va
yva|, va|
yman- , v:
s:
t|
tan-
sa
ta|
tE
ta:
tt-
tt-
tE
tan
Ay|
im|
im
iman-
Ay|
en|
en
enan-
iy|
ima|
imE
ima:
iy|
ena|
enE
ena:
id|
id|
imE
iman
ex:
et|
et
etan-
ex:
en|
en
enan-
exa
eta|
etE
eta:
exa
ena|
enE
ena:
ett-
ett-
etE
etan
k:
k|
kan-
ka
ka|
kE
ka:
k|
km-
kE
kan
s: k| tO pyt ?
Indeclinables which go with the Accusative
There are some indeclinables which must be
used with the accompanying nouns in the
Accusative. These are
p#t towards
vna without
ramEN
ramayam-
ramW:
gj:
gjEn
gjayam-
gjW:
ht:
htEn
htayam-
htW:
vX:
vXEN
vXayam-
vXW:
mnna
mnyam-
mnB:
hr:
hrNa
hryam-
hrB:
S|Bna
S|Byam-
S|BB:
vay:
vayna
vayyam-
vayB:
jnk: father
gaEpal: Cowherd
Masc. i
Masc. u
syI: Sun
A:
horse
bal: boy
baN: Arrow
nD: treasure
AtT: guest
Ad#: mountain
raS: heap
gr: mountain
vn:
sound
p#B: boss
bah:
hand
sEt: bridge
prS: axe
tt: manuscript
staya
stayam-
staB:
rma
rmya
rmayam-
rmaB:
lta
ltaya
ltayam-
ltaB:
bala
balaya
balayam-
balaB:
mya
mtyam-
mtB:
Bm
Bya
Bmyam-
BmB:
DEnna
DEnyam-
DEnB:
cna
cyam-
cB:
Fem. i
va education
yaOa journey
nd#a sleep
cd#ka moon
rEKa line
p#Ba light
y tinsel
nt moral
Bt fear
S strength
Asa general rule, the declensions given above are
representative of declensions of feminine nouns ending
in the specified vowels.
Now for Neuter nouns.
PlEn
Playam-
PlW:
nEO|
nEOEN
nEOayam-
nE:
ptk|
ptkEn
ptkayam-
ptkW:
pO|
pOEN
pOayam-
p:
varNa
varyam-
varB:
mDna
mDyam-
mDB:
vt
vtna
vtyam-
vtB:
pNm- town
sym- truth
BaEjnm- food
tWlm- oil
blm- strength
mya
Aavayam-
AmaB:
s:
tEn
tayam-
tW:
sa
tya
tayam-
taB:
tt-
tEn
tayam-
tW:
Ay|
AnEn
Aayam-
eB:
iy|
Anya
Aayam-
AaB:
id|
AnEn
Aayam-
eB:
ex:
etEn
etayam-
etW:
exa
etya
etayam-
etaB:
ett-
etEn
etayam-
etW:
k:
kEn
kayam-
kW:
ka
kya
kayam-
kaB:
k|
kEn
kayam-
kW:
s|k]tEn Alm- ?
Certainly not of course, if you want to continue
the lessons!
Of course, this is getting to be a little prolonged.
We must go over to the next case.
Before that, be sure to look at the section on exercises
and answer the questions given there.
--------------------------------------------------------------------Case-4, the Dativ case.
This case relates to the meanings such as
"for whom", "regarding", " for the sake of",
"in connection with" etc..
Declensions:
Masculine nouns ending in A
ram:
ramay
ramayam-
ramEy:
gj:
gjay
gjayam-
gjEy:
ht:
htay
htayam-
vX:
vXay
vXayam-
htEy:
vXEy:
dEv: Deity
stayW
stayam-
stay:
rma
rmayW
rmayam-
rmay:
lta
ltayW
ltayam-
ltay:
Play
Playam-
PlEy:
nEO|
nEOay
nEOayam-
nEOEy:
ptk|
ptkay
ptkayam-
ptkEy:
Other examples:
Masc. i
hr:
hryE
hryam-
hry:
Ad#:
Ad#yE
Ad#yam-
Ad#y:
S|B:
S|BvE
S|Byam-
S|By:
p#B:
p#BvE
p#Byam-
p#By:
rp:
rpvE
rpyam-
rpy:
Masc. u
Feminine i
mt
mtyE
mtyam-
mty:
SyE
Syam-
Sy:
DEnvE
DEnyam-
DEny:
varyE
varyam-
vary:
mDvE
mDyam-
mDy:
Feminine u
DEn
Neuter i
var
Neuter u
mD
m/| ,mE
Aavaya| ,n
Amy| ,n:
v|
ty| ,tE
yvaya| ,va|
ymy| ,v:
s:
tmW
taya|
tEy:
sa
tyW
taya|
tay:
tt-
tmW
taya|
tEy:
Ay|
AmW
Aaya|
ey:
iy|
AyW
Aaya|
Aay:
id|
AmW
Aaya|
ey:
ex:
etmW
etaya|
etEy:
exa
etyW
etaya|
etay:
ett-
etmW
etaya|
etEy:
k:
kmW
kaya|
kEy:
ka
kyW
kaya|
kay:
k|
kmW
kaya|
kEy:
va kmTIm- ?
va Oanay .
ramat-
ramaya|
ramEy:
gj
gjat-
gjaya|
gjEy:
ht
htat-
htaya| htEy:
gh
ghat-
ghaya|
ghEy:
vX
vXat-
vXaya|
vXEy:
mn:
mnE:
mnya|
mny:
hr:
hrE:
hrya|
hry:
Masc. i
S|BaE:
S|Bya|
S|By:
vay:
vayaE:
vayya|
vayy:
sta
staya:
staya|
stay:
rma
rmaya:
rmaya|
rmay:
lta
ltaya:
ltaya|
ltay:
Feminine i
mt:
mtE:
mtya|
mty:
Bm:
BmE
Bmya|
Bmy:
DEnaE:
DEnya|
DEny:
c:
caE:
cya|
cy:
Plat-
Playa|
PlEy:
nEO
nEOat-
nEOaya|
nEOEy:
ptk
ptkat-
ptkaya|
ptkEy:
pO
pOat-
pOaya|
pOEy:
varE:
varya|
vary:
mD
mDaE:
mDya|
mDy:
vt
vtaE:
vtya|
vty:
Neuter i
var
Neuter u
Example sentences.
SOaE: Bt: jaytE . From the enemy arises fear.
saDaE: scrO| SXtE . (He) learns good behaviour
from good people.
traE: pN|I ptt . The leaf falls from the tree.
grE: nd p#vht . From the mountain flows the river.
graE: va| ADtE . (He) learns from the preceptor
In the following sentences the process of one thing
getting separated from the other is very clear.
htaya| ptkan ptt .
The books drop from the hands.
t pvItat- Avtrt: .
They descend from the mountain
ramy
ramyaE:
ramaNa|
gj:
gjy
gjyaE:
gjana|
gh:
ghy
ghyaE:
ghaNa|
vX:
vXy
vXyaE:
vXaNa|
Nouns such as
dEv: deity vgI: compilation gN:
character
Masc. i
mn:
mnE:
mnyaE:
mnx
hr:
hrE:
hyaI:
hrx
Nouns such as
nD: treasure rm: ray of light AtT guest
raS: heap Al: bee vn: sound
yaD: disease d^d^B: large drum (Musical Inst.)
Ad#: mountain AaD: mental illness
will decline as in hr:
Masc. u
S|B:
S|BaE:
S|vaE:
S|Bx
Nouns such as
prS: axe bah: hand p#B: boss rp: enemy
vay: air sEt: bridge hEt: cause
vEN: flute SS: baby mE: mountain
iX: sugarcane TaN: Lord Shiva
tt: manuscript A|S:
ray of light
decline as in S|B:
staya:
styaE:
stana|
rma
rmaya:
rmyaE:
rmaNa|
lta
ltaya:
ltyaE:
ltana|
Nouns such as
Feminine i
mt:
mtE:
myaE:
mtna|
Nouns such as
y: Maize v: rain nt: moral
kat: luminance gt: shelter
ktI: fame Bt: fear Bm: earth
S: strength Dl: dust ut: greatness
b: knowledge mtI: shape raO: night
decline as mt:
Feminine u
DEn:
DEnaE:
DEvaE:
DEnna|
Ply
PlyaE:
Plana|
nEO|
nEOy
nEOyaE:
nEOaNa|
pO|
pOy
pOyaE:
pOaNa|
ptk|
ptky
ptkyaE:
ptkana|
bl|
jl|
sll| also
decline as in Pl|
mm ,mE
AavyaE: ,n
Amak| ,n:
v|
tv ,tE
yvyaE: ,va|
ymak| ,v:
s:
ty
tyaE:
tExa|
sa
tya:
tyaE:
tasa|
tt-
ty
tyaE:
tExa|
Ay|
Ay
AnyaE: ,enyaE:
exa|
iy|
Aya:
AnyaE: ,enyaE:
Aasam-
id|
Ay
AnyaE: ,enyaE:
exam-
ex:
ety
etyaE: ,enyaE:
etExam-
exa
etya:
etyaE: ,enyaE:
etasm-
ett-
ety
etyaE: ,enyaE:
etExam-
k:
ky
kyaE:
kExam-
ka
kya:
kyaE:
kasam-
k|
ky
kyaE:
kExam-
tyt .
pvIt: (to the east of) pmt: (to the west of)
dXNt: (to the south of) uOrt: (to the north of)
g#amy pvIt: nd p#vht .
The river runs east of the village (on the eastern side)
Aalyy dXNt: tfag: At .
To the south of the temple is the tank (pond)
valyy pmt: @faN| At .
To the west of the school is the playground.
It may be noted that the four words given above
are actually indeclinables.
There are instances of use of the indeclinables
in a slightly different form as in
pvIN
case-2 or
g#amE
g#amyaE:
g#amEx
Ary:
AryE
AryyaE:
AryEx
pad:
padE
padyaE:
padEx
udD:
udD
udyaE:
udDx
paN:
paN
payaE:
paNx
gr:
gr
gyaI:
grx
g:
gr
gvaI:
gx
bD:
bD
bvaE:
bDx
SO:
SO
SO-vaE:
SOx
my
AavyaE:
Amas
v|
vy
yvyaE:
ymas
s:
tmn-
tyaE:
tEx
sa
tya|
tyaE:
tas
tt-
tmn-
tyaE:
tEx
Ay|
Amn-
AnyaE:
ex
enyaE:
iy|
Aya|
AnyaE:
Aas
id|
Amn-
AnyaE:
ex
enyaE:
ex:
etmn-
etyaE:
etEx
enyaE:
exa
etya|
etyaE:
etas
ett-
etmn-
etyaE:
etEx
k:
kmn-
kyaE:
kEx
ka
kya|
kyaE:
kas
k|
kmn-
kyaE:
kEx
Example sentences
payaE: A^y: st . Fingers are (present) in both hands
grx gha: st . Caves are present in mountains
maNvky gx AaDka p#t: .
The students has much affection for his teacher.
paOEx jl| nat . There is no water in the vessels
udD tmla: crt .
Whales roam about in the ocean
hE ram
hE ram
hE rama:
hr:
hE hrE
hE hr
hE hry:
S|B:
hE S|BaE
hE S|B
hE S|Bv:
Feminine
mala
hE malE
hE malE
hE mala:
mt:
hE mtE
hE mt
hE mty:
DEn:
hE DEnaE
hE DEn
hE DEnv:
vn|
hE vn
hE vnE
hE vnan
var
hE varE
hE varN
hE varN
mD:
hE mDaE
hE mDn
hE mDn
Neuter
Lesson-10
General introduction to the tenses.
In Sanskrit, verbs are associated with ten different
forms of usage. Of these six relate to the tenses and
four relate to moods. We shall examine the usages
now.
Six tenses are identified as follows. The tenses
directly relate to the time associated with the
activity specified in the verb, i.e., whether the
activity referred to in the verb is taking
place now or has it happened already or if it
will happen or going to happen etc.
Present tense:
vtIman kal:
Bt kal:
Bvyt- kal:
applies)
1.
lzq
Present tense
2.
lHq
3.
lHq
4.
lzq
5.
lzq
6.
lzq
7.
lHq
Conditional mood
8.
vDlHq
Potential mood
9.
AaSlIHq
Benedictive mood
10.
laEzq
Imperative mood
Sing.
Dual
Pl.
III.
t-
ta|
An-
II.
t|
I.
A|
A+vr+A+t-
III Dual
A+vr+A+tam-
III Pl.
A+vr +A+An-
II Sing.
A+vr+A+s
II Dual
A+vr+A+tm-
II Pl.
A+vr+A+t
I Sing.
A+vr+Aa+A|
I Dual
A+vr+Aa+v
I Pl.
A+vr+Aa+m
Sing.
Dual
Pl.
III.
II.
I.
AgCt-
AgCta|
AgCn-
He went
They two
went
They went
AgC:
AgCt|
AgCt
You went
You two
went
You went
AgC|
AgCav
AgCam
I went
We two
went
We went
Likewise,
pa , pb- for pbt and
Ta , tq for tt .
The form of the verb for future tense will be based
on the first root where two roots are specified.
As seen earlier, the second form of the root will be
used in generating the verb in present tense, past tense
and imperative mood.
Let us look at the terminations for future tense.
The infix and the tense terminations are combined
together and shown here.
The table applies to verbs in "parasmaipada"
Per.
Sing.
Dual
Pl.
III
yt
yt:
yt
II
ys
yT:
yT
yam
yav:
yam:
II
gmyt
gmyt:
gmyt
He will
go
They two
will go
They
will go
gmys
gmyT:
gmyT
You will
go
You two
will go
You
will go
gmyam
gmyav:
gmyam:
I will go
We two
will go
We will
go
II
payt
payt:
payt
He will
drink
They two
will drink
They will
drink
pays
payT:
payT
You will
You (two)
You will
drink
will drink
drink
payam
payav:
payam:
I will
drink
We (two)
will drink
We will
drink
AamnEpd
III
t:
At
tE
itE
AtE
II
T:
sE
iTE
vE
v:
m:
vhE
mhE
t-
tam-
An-
ita|
At
II
tm-
Ta: iTa|
vm-
Am- v
vh
mh
yt yt: yt
ytE
yEtE
ytE
II
ys yT: yT
ysE
yTE
yvE
yE
yavhE yamhE
ta|
II
tat-
t|
At
ta|
ita|
Ata|
iTa|
vm-
eE
AavhW AamhW
iIt-
iItam-
iIy:
iIt
iIyata|
iIrn-
II
iI:
iItm-
iIt
iITa: iIyaTa|
iIv|
iIy|
iIv
iIm
iIy
iImh
iIvh
Lesson-11
tTIyaOa
- A pilgrimage
vstkal: - Springtime
k[z|bm- - ptamh: , pta (Sr:), mata (uma),
uxa maEhn- c .
Family - Grandfather, Father (Shankar), Mother (Uma),
Mohan and Usha.
uma -
Sr: - ctyEym- .
Let me think.
Amn- s|vsrE mm el- z s vram: p#aytE .
This year my paid vacation is due.
tmat- yyy k]tE cta| vna doryaOa|
kpyt| S;[m: .
We can think of a long trip not worrying about the
expenses (or: and not worry about the expenses)
ptamh:- Sr !, crEN mya bdrnaT| kEdarnaT| c d#|
ABkatm- . tc mm myaE: p#akq .
Shankar, for a long time I have had a wish to go to
Badrinath and Kedarnath before my death.
tv mata Ap ett- ev katvt. prt vly|
Alva ev sa mta .
Your mother too had the same wish. But she died
without achieving her desire ( without getting her
wish fulfilled)
uma- Aa| vy| hmalypvIt| ev gmyam: .
tTa svaIOm Aaly d#yam: .
Yes, we will go to the Himalayas only and see two
of the most important shrines (temples).
mrs va ? " ptraE{p tOa: Aam#a: Ap sa: it " .
Remember the saying? The manes are satisfied and the
mangoe trees also watered.
tt- p#k]t| Ap BaEyam: ev| pygaa"anmp
kryam: .
Like that we shall enjoy nature and also take our bath
in the holy Ganges.
Sr: - ev| thI tdTI| yaEjna| kryam: .
If so, we shall plan our trip.
uxE , maEhn- yvyaE: valyy g#mvram: kda
AarytE ?
Usha, Mohan when does your schools summer
vacation begin?
uma -
through my office.
---------------------------------------------------------------------lesson 11 Part-3
cWO myE
tTIyaOaya: dvs: .
uma -
uxa -
p#ayam: .
Sr: - OanaTI| ev .
Just to know.
prvExk: - zaEzq ev AalEzq .
Toast and Omelette.
Sr: - Amak| ctr: upaharan- Aanyt . Sakahar: ev .
ev| ev BaEjn| kda lytE ?
We will have four breakfasts. Vegetarian only.
By the way, when do we get lunch ?
prvExk: - vadnE nagpyaI| , smyE p#ayam: cEt- .
- Afternoon
- sykq .
Good.
SvaE{p ?
Shiva too?
rEnly| p#yagta:
Sr:-
py holy
sOmaEXpyI: As per the traditions of Sanathana Dharma,
residing and leaving the mortal body in one
of these seven towns in India, takes the soul
to heaven. maEXm- is usually taken to mean
Heaven. In the scriptures it refers to the
liberation of the person from worldly distress.
Indians view the seven towns as places which
remove bondage.
---------------------------------------------------------------------Lessson-11 Grammar Part-2
knKl-
yva Kl
Youth indeed
vatank\l
Air-conditioned
A new word in Sanskrit formed from vat:
and Ank\l . Surprisingly, even the English
term is coined !
sjkrNm- preparations
s|lapm- converse, talk to
ES:
trouble
@tan-
purchased, bought
v@tan- means sold, the opposite of @tan-
tTIpaO|
svtIka candle
AxDan
Medicines
dpnan
Digestive:
Also jrNyan from the root jrq
DnadES:
commence or begin
ghaN
hold
jnsmdEI
in the crowd
SynysHqya
nn|
smpE
SynTan|
S^
Synvtr|
bed
vjyvafa
AaD#
tElg
Bd#acl|
Bridge
p#acn|
ancient
klacar:
kEd#
Center kEd#y
central
vdBI
rajpO
princess
p#yattma
pTk|
Xr|
mD honey
sap#dayk| traditional
sp#day: tradition
p#tXv wait (imperative)
Sakahar:
samxahar:
meaning vegetable.
Afternoon
pvaI
vn
Forest
vn| , kann| , katar: all refer to forest
SWl|
mountain
gr: , SWl| , pvIt:
jamta
refer to mountains
boredom
kTyyam
sta
daughter
sta , pO , tnya , Aamja , kya , d^hta
all mean daughter
AnEka
many
The word is formed by prefixing ek: with AnThe prefix An- has the effect of negating or
giving the opposite meaning of the word to which
the prefix is added.
Some examples,
Atm- end or limit Antm- limitless
Now, do you see the connection in
ending and unending
oppose and unoppose
armed and unarmed ?
The connection you see is reason enough to
reckon Sanskrit as the very first language of
the world.
There are other prefixes which are similar
The prefix p# is also seen in the same manner.
It means before. For instance
preschool, predetermine !
p#Nam|
obeisance
vEx|
enmity
share, portion
njd^ht_:
ones daughters
nmON|
- invitation
stmhadEvyaE:
ptr
parents.
nvarta forbidden
Aata
smpItvan-
presented
BtI:
of husband
Apman| insult
ApCt- asked or questioned
nda
abuse
bearing or withstanding
(able to bear or withstand)
vy
ones
dEh|
body
yaEgag"
mrN|
- death
angry, angered
b#a
a center of Pilgrimage
In general it means a cultivated place.
But may have different meanings in
different contexts.
cmk|
p#S|sa
praise
---------------------------------------------------------------------Lesson 11 Grammar Part-6
taEO|
prE:
p#TmEN p#tXaly|
First class waiting room
in a railway station
id#p#T| The ancient name for Delhi when it was
the capital of the Pandava empire
rajDan Capital
pafvana| Of Pandavas,
Please refer to the previous lesson to
get the meaning
d^gaIN
p#asadan
palaces, buildings
dBaIyvSat-
unfortunately
is derived from d^BaIym- misfortune
by adding vSat- due to
snatnDmI:
mdr|
p#v|stan
demolished
Place of observation
nrXNm- observation
The word Aalym- is added as we have seen
earlier, to many nouns to denote the place of
occurrence of the action specified by the noun.
The word XEOm- is also used in place of Aalym- .
AvSm- remaining
Ayt|B:
p#tk:
symbolic representation.
Lesson-12 Part-1
tTI yaOa
Introduction: This lesson is a continuation of
events in lesson-11.The sequence of case endings
and tenses is also continued. The novelty here is
to introduce the student to usages of terms typical
of ancient Indian culture.
hrarq rEl- nlyE
Scene at the Haridwar Railway Station.
uxa
Sr:
- n uBy| .
mm kayaIly vatgh|
AO gak\lE At .
mnk rEt it TanE At .
vt t: grmagI ev At .
Amak| p#kaEan tO AarXtan .
Neither, my company has a rest house on the
banks of the Ganges, at a place called
Muni ki Reti. In fact, it is on the way to the
mountains. Our rooms are reserved there.
maEhn- - vajSkzEn gCam: ?
Shall we go by horse cart?
Sr: - Aa|
Yes.
tE vat gh| p#ap"vt
(or mm Ap)
v| AaHqlBaxa| janas va ?
Shankar - I too (dont understand)
Do you know English ? (this is addressed to the
caretaker)
nvaIhk: - sab- " m naE iHqlx- " hd AaEl .
caretaker - Saab, " me no english " Hindi only .
Sr: - ADna k| kryam: ?
Shankar - What shall we do now?
ptamh: - ha| ~ h| mdras- sE Aa rhE hW| .
hmarE rhnE kE lyE bdaEbtkya hAa hW ya ?
Grandfather- Yes, we are coming from Madras.
Has any arrangement been made for our stay here?
nvaIhk: - babaj, Aap kE lyE sb tyarq hW .
Aap AC hd baEtE hW|. AaiIyE .
Caretaker- Father, everything is ready for you. You speak
good Hindi. Please come.
uma, Sr: - tat, Bvan- kT| hd Baxa| vdt ?
kda k[O ApZt- ?
Uma, Shankar - Father,how are you able to speak Hindi?
When and where did you learn ?
ptamh: - k| mysE ? vy| va: kt- n janm:
it vcaryt va ?
pvI| vy| yda yvan: Aam , tda svI hd
Baxa| raBaxa it vcayI kthlEn pZtvt: .
Grandfather- What do you think? We old people do not
know anything- Is that what you think ?
When we were young, we learnt Hindi happily
p#at:kalE
- Next Morning.
Next Morning
At Rudraprayag
tat tat, AOap E naE: sCt: va ?
Grandfather, two rivers join here too?
ptamh: - Aa| .
Yes.
maEhn- - d#p#yag: ! hE Bgvn- !
Rudraprayag. Oh, God!
mya t t| AO nrBaEjn: yaG#a: bhv: st it .
I have heard that there are many man-eaters here.
ett- mya jm- kabIzq mhaEdyy
mEn- iIzs-I AaP k[maUn-
ptkE pZtm- .
kT| ?
How?
ptamh: - mdakn nd kEdarnaTat- XEOat- AagCt .
The Mandakini river comes from Kedaranath
temple town.
Alknda bdrnaTXEOat- AagCt ev| tyaE: AO
mEln| Bvt .
Alakananda comes from Badrinath and the two
join here.
pvaI| XEO| Bgvt: Svy Tan| . Apr| vNaE: Tan| .
The former is the abode of God Shiva and the latter
that of Vishnu.
mya u| kl yO yO yaE: naE: sm: , tO tO ttya
nd AtvaIhn pEN Bvt . sa srvt b#pN .
Have I not mentioned that wherever two rivers meet,
a third one flows as an undercurrent? That Sarawati is
of the nature of Brahma.
tmat- AO d#p#yagE hdona|| p#DandEvOy| vrajtE .
So, here at Rudraprayag, the important trinity of the
Hindu Gods reside.
Sr: - it: vy| mdakya: tr| Ansy
kEdarnaTpyIt| gCam: .
From here, we shall proceed along the Mandakini upto
Kedaranath.
sa k[Oct- Amt-smpE p#vht , kdact- ktpy
htygStW: nm"E p#vht .
At some places, she will flow near us and at places,
hundreds of yards, below us.
uma -
AO d#y| kmp At va ?
kT| Ay grk[f| it nam ?
Is there anything to see here? How did the name Gowri
Kund arise?
uma -
now
saDna| Aam:
Rest House
gak\l:
cart
Aa?l Baxa
two children
Note here that even if one of the two is a girl,
the masculine form is used. However, if both
the children are girls, the corresponding term
would be balkE .
a valley
javyman:
burning prominently
Fire
d#y|
worth seeing
penance
Atpt-
did penance
uxva
having stayed
AaEpr on horseback
bhvl|bEn After a long time or after much delay
p#tnvtItvt
returned (she)
svy yE
iISvyE
with comforts
pja
pja pt:
AadSrBgvdqpad:
A hallowed saint who lived in
the fifth century B.C. Sankara, was responsible
for teaching the people, the fundamental concept
of Advaita, or principle of non-duality.
kapaIs vOy|
vg#h:
image, idol
utm-
p#tapnm-
saDarN: ordinary
vSEx: special, the opposite of saDarN:
y:
individual
tree , so traEpr
vy|B
Alkk
on a tree