INDEX:-

Serial
no
1

Chapter no.

Page no

Contents

List of Tables
List of Figures
Preface
Fixed line Telephony

DSL Technology

2
3

3
4-5
6

Conventional redundancy of
available Local Loop
Basic idea behind using DSL
Technology

DSL Flavors

Asymmetric DSL
Symmetric DSL
Symmetric and Asymmetric
DSL

7-11

List of Tables:Serial no.

1
2
3

Contents in Tables
Showing sub-variants of
ADSL
showing sub-variants of
SDSL
Table showing subvariants of symmetrical
and asymmetrical
variant.

Page no.
9
11
12

List of Figures:Serial no.

List of Figures

Figure showing
conceptual view of
telephone network.
Figure showing inner
view of telephone
network.

Page no.
4

Pie chart that shows

xDSL worldwide
implementation

Showing higher down

streaming in ADSL

Showing symmetrical
up-down stream rates in
SDSL.

Preface
As we earlier discussed in synopsis, Formerly named HFCL Group has
established a HFCL Infotel Limited which offers various services which
are as follows: Fixed Line Telephony (Telephone Services).
Broadband Services.
Mobile telephony.
Many other services like Value Added Services (VAS),
Customized Data Services are also provided by Infotel.
Infotel was launched in Punjab in year 2000 under the brand name
Connect.
As I mentioned in synopsis, I have gotten chance to have my
training under Data Support department. This department not
only handles data related problems but also handles the voice
related problems.
In this report, we will understand how telephone works, services in
fixed line telephony, DSL technology and its variants.

Chapter: 1
Fixed line Telephony
As we know, wired telephone is telecommunication equipment that facilitates two
or more customers to carry out their talk when they are not in same locality to hear
each other directly.
Let us see the abstract view of telephone network as follows:-

Fig: 1. Figure showing conceptual view of telephone network.

Here we can easily see in above diagram that all the telephones in the network are
connected to each other via Telephone networks. These connections are normally
Dial-up links i.e. instead of permanent links; these links are generated while
making call.
Necessary parts of telephone (at customer premises) are as follows:
Microphone (i.e. transmitter).
Earphone (i.e. Receiver).
Dialer.
Ringer.

Now, let us see the inner look of Telephone networks which is as follows:-

Fig: 2. Figure showing inner view of telephone network.

Chapter: 2
DSL Technology
DSL can be expanded as Digital Subscriber Line. It is a Broad band access
technology that facilitates High speed transmission over the existing copper
telephone wires (i.e. local loops) that connects the subscribers premises to the
local telephone company central offices.

2.1: Conventional redundancy of available Local Loop Bandwidth:The PSTN (Public Switching Telephone
Network) i.e. the set-up of switching centers which transmits the telephone calls
from one phone to another was designed to carry voice frequency i.e. Bandwidth
limited to 3.4 KHz.
Before DSL, Voice-Band Modems transmits information through the telephone
network with audio frequency within that Bandwidth, which in essence limited
them to a data rate of about 56 Kbps.
Conversely, the copper wires that use in making of local loop are actually capable
to carry a much wider Band of frequencies up to several Megahertz.
This precious capacity was unused in normal phone services.

2.2: Basic idea behind using DSL Technology:Basic idea behind this technology is to exploit the un-used
Bandwidth of twisted pair cable in local loop. To utilize this Bandwidth, it uses a
suitable modulation as well as multiplexing techniques to achieve this.

Chapter: 3
DSL Flavors
There are number of different DSL Standards defined by American National
Standard Institute (ANSI) and European Telecommunications Standard
Institute (ETSI).
These DSL technology variants are typically characterized by different UpstreamDownstream data rates and some designated customer applications.
Collectively, DSL standards are referred as xDSL.
Broadly, xDSL standards can be divided into the following categories as follows:
Symmetric DSL.
Asymmetric DSL.
Symmetric and Asymmetric DSL.

Fig: 3. Pie chart that shows xDSL worldwide implementation.

Lets try to understand these variants one by one. =

3.1: Asymmetric DSL:As we know asymmetric means non-uniformity. Its name is due to the reason that
this variant provides unequal down loading and uploading speeds.
This variant is most suitable for Internet browsing applications which require high
downloading speeds.

Fig: 4. Showing higher down streaming in ADSL.

It has its sub-variants which are shown below in tabular form:- =

Table: 1. Showing sub-variants of ADSL.

3.2: Symmetric DSL:As its name implies, this variant provides identical
(symmetrical) upstream and downstream data rates. Normally, SDSL is used by
businesses which have Web presence, VPN, Intranet like needs.
In these cases, the customer server may be required to upload large streams of data
to the internet on a regular basis.

10

Fig: 5. Showing symmetrical up-down stream rates in SDSL.

It has its sub-variants which are shown below in tabular form:-

11

Table: 2.Table showing sub-variants of SDSL.

3.3: Symmetric and Asymmetric DSL:This variant as its name implies can provide same uploading and downloading
speeds or it can provide high downloading and low uploading speeds. This variant
is the highest rate DSL technology. Its sub-variants are nearly 10 times faster than
ADSL and 30 times faster than HDSL.
Here trade-off for increased speed is Loop Length. Firstly lets see the sub
-variants of this modification. These are shown on the next page.

12

Table: 3.Table showing sub-variants of symmetrical and

asymmetrical variant.
Interesting Fact:VDSL began its life as called VADSL but was renamed VDSL by the ANSI due to
the fact that unlike ADSL, VDSL is both symmetric and asymmetric.

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