NANOTECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanotechnology (sometimes shortened to "nanotech") is the manipulation of matter
on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology works with materials, devices,
and other structures with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometres. Quantum
mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale. With a variety of potential
applications, nanotechnology is a key technology for the future and governments have
invested billions of dollars in its research. Through its National Nanotechnology Initiative,
the USA has invested 3.7 billion dollars. The European Union has invested 1.2 billion and
Japan 750 million dollars.[1]
Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device
physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from
developing new materialswith dimensions on the nanoscale to direct control of matter on the
atomic scale. Nanotechnology entails the application of fields of science as diverse as surface
science, organic chemistry,molecular biology, semiconductor physics, microfabrication, etc.
Scientists

currently

debate

the

future implications

of

nanotechnology.

Nanotechnology may be able to create many new materials and devices with a vast range
of applications, such as in medicine,electronics, biomaterials and energy production. On the
other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as any new technology, including
concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials,[2] and their potential
effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday scenarios. These
concerns have led to a debate among advocacy groups and governments on whether
special regulation of nanotechnology is warranted.
Although nanotechnology is a relatively recent development in scientific research, the
development of its central concepts happened over a longer period of time. The emergence of
nanotechnology in the 1980s was caused by the convergence of experimental advances such
as the invention of the scanning in 1981 and the discovery of fullerenes in 1985, with the
elucidation and popularization of a conceptual framework for the goals of nanotechnology
beginning with the 1986 publication of the book Engines of Creation.

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NANOTECHNOLOGY

The scanning tunneling microscope, an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic
level, was developed in 1981 by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM Zurich Research
Laboratory, for which they received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986.[3][4] Fullerenes were
discovered in 1985 by Harry Kroto, Richard Smalley, and Robert Curl, who together won the
1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[5][6]
Around the same time, K. Eric Drexler developed and popularized the concept of
nanotechnology and founded the field of molecular nanotechnology. In 1979, Drexler
encountered Richard Feynman's 1959 talk There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom. The term
"nanotechnology", originally coined byNorio Taniguchi in 1974, was unknowingly
appropriated by Drexler in his 1986 book Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of
Nanotechnology, which proposed the idea of a nanoscale "assembler" which would be able to
build a copy of itself and of other items of arbitrary complexity. He also first published the
term "grey goo" to describe what might happen if a hypothetical self-replicating molecular
nanotechnology went out of control. Drexler's vision of nanotechnology is often called
"Molecular Nanotechnology" (MNT) or "molecular manufacturing," and Drexler at one point
proposed the term "zettatech" which never became popular.
In the early 2000s, the field was subject to growing public awareness and controversy,
with prominent report on nanotechnology,[7] as well as the feasibility of the applications
envisioned by advocates of molecular nanotechnology, which culminated in the public debate
between Eric Drexler and Richard Smalley in 2001 and 2003. [8] Governments moved to
promote and fund research into nanotechnology with programs such as the National
Nanotechnology Initiative.
The early 2000s also saw the beginnings of commercial applications of
nanotechnology, although these were limited to bulk applications of nanomaterials, such as
the Silver Nano platform for using silver nanoparticles as an antibacterial agent, nanoparticlebased transparent sunscreens, and carbon nanotubes for stain-resistant textiles.

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NANOTECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 2
WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanotechnology is the newly derived concept of creating a smaller world. The tools and
techniques used in it are used as CMS or STM. The most important part of it is

Nanomaterials.
The nanomaterials field includes subfields which develop or study materials having unique
properties arising from their nanoscale dimensions.[24]

Interface and colloid science has given rise to many materials which may be useful in
nanotechnology, such as carbon nanotubes and other fullerenes, and various nanoparticles
and nanorods. Nanomaterials with fast ion transport are related also to nanoionics and
nanoelectronics.

Nanoscale materials can also be used for bulk applications; most present commercial
applications of nanotechnology are of this flavor.

Progress has been made in using these materials for medical applications;
seeNanomedicine.

Nanoscale materials are sometimes used in solar cells which combats the cost of
traditional Silicon solar cells.

Development of applications incorporating semiconductor nanoparticles to be used in

the next generation of products, such as display technology, lighting, solar cells and
biological imaging; see quantum dots.

Bottom-up approaches
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NANOTECHNOLOGY
These seek to arrange smaller components into more complex assemblies.

DNA nanotechnology utilizes the specificity of WatsonCrick basepairing to construct

well-defined structures out of DNA and other nucleic acids.

Approaches from the field of "classical" chemical synthesis (inorganic and organic
synthesis) also aim at designing molecules with well-defined shape (e.g. bis-peptides[25]).

More generally, molecular self-assembly seeks to use concepts of supramolecular

chemistry, and molecular recognition in particular, to cause single-molecule components
to automatically arrange themselves into some useful conformation.

Atomic force microscope tips can be used as a nanoscale "write head" to deposit a
chemical upon a surface in a desired pattern in a process called dip pen nanolithography.
This technique fits into the larger subfield of nanolithography.

Top-down approaches
These seek to create smaller devices by using larger ones to direct their assembly.

Many technologies that descended from conventional solid-state silicon methods for
fabricating microprocessors are now capable of creating features smaller than 100 nm,
falling under the definition of nanotechnology. Giant magnetoresistance-based hard
drives already on the market fit this description, [26] as do atomic layer deposition (ALD)
techniques. Peter Grnberg and Albert Fert received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2007
for their discovery of Giant magnetoresistance and contributions to the field of
spintronics.[27]

Solid-state

techniques

can

also

be

used

to

create

devices

known

asnanoelectromechanical systems or NEMS, which are related to microelectromechanical

systems or MEMS.

Focused ion beams can directly remove material, or even deposit material when
suitable pre-cursor gasses are applied at the same time. For example, this technique is
used routinely to create sub-100 nm sections of material for analysis in Transmission
electron microscopy.

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NANOTECHNOLOGY

Atomic force microscope tips can be used as a nanoscale "write head" to deposit a
resist, which is then followed by an etching process to remove material in a top-down
method.

Functional approaches
These seek to develop components of a desired functionality without regard to how they
might be assembled.

Molecular scale electronics seeks to develop molecules with useful electronic

properties. These could then be used as single-molecule components in a nanoelectronic
device.[28] For an example see rotaxane.

Synthetic chemical methods can also be used to create synthetic molecular motors,
such as in a so-called nanocar.

Biomimetic approaches

Bionics or biomimicry seeks to apply biological methods and systems found in nature,
to

the

study

and

design

of

engineering

systems

and

modern

technology. Biomineralization is one example of the systems studied.

Bionanotechnology is the use of biomolecules for applications in nanotechnology,

including use of viruses.[29] Nanocellulose is a potential bulk-scale application.

Speculative
These subfields seek to anticipate what inventions nanotechnology might yield, or attempt to
propose an agenda along which inquiry might progress. These often take a big-picture view
of nanotechnology, with more emphasis on its societal implications than the details of how
such inventions could actually be created.

Molecular nanotechnology is a proposed approach which involves manipulating

single molecules in finely controlled, deterministic ways. This is more theoretical than
the other subfields and is beyond current capabilities.
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NANOTECHNOLOGY

Nanorobotics centers on self-sufficient machines of some functionality operating at

the nanoscale. There are hopes for applying nanorobots in medicine,[30][31][32] but it may
not be easy to do such a thing because of several drawbacks of such devices.
[33]

Nevertheless, progress on innovative materials and methodologies has been

demonstrated with some patents granted about new nanomanufacturing devices for future
commercial applications, which also progressively helps in the development towards
nanorobots with the use of embedded nanobioelectronics concepts.[34][35]

Productive nanosystems are "systems of nanosystems" which will be complex

nanosystems that produce atomically precise parts for other nanosystems, not necessarily
using novel nanoscale-emergent properties, but well-understood fundamentals of
manufacturing. Because of the discrete (i.e. atomic) nature of matter and the possibility of
exponential growth, this stage is seen as the basis of another industrial revolution. Mihail
Roco, one of the architects of the USA's National Nanotechnology Initiative, has
proposed four states of nanotechnology that seem to parallel the technical progress of the
Industrial Revolution, progressing from passive nanostructures to active nanodevices to
complex nanomachines and ultimately to productive nanosystems.[36]

Programmable matter seeks to design materials whose properties can be easily,

reversibly and externally controlled though a fusion of information science and materials
science.

Due to the popularity and media exposure of the term nanotechnology, the
words picotechnology and femtotechnology have been coined in analogy to it, although
these are only used rarely and informally.

Tools and techniques

There are several important modern developments. The atomic force microscope
(AFM) and the Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) are two early versions of scanning
probes that launched nanotechnology. There are other types of scanning probe microscopy,
all flowing from the ideas of the scanningconfocal microscope developed by Marvin
Minsky in 1961 and the scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) developed by Calvin
Quate and coworkers in the 1970s, that made it possible to see structures at the nanoscale.

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NANOTECHNOLOGY
The tip of a scanning probe can also be used to manipulate nanostructures (a process
called positional assembly). Feature-oriented scanning methodology suggested by Rostislav
Lapshin appears to be a promising way to implement these nanomanipulations in automatic
mode.[37][38] However, this is still a slow process because of low scanning velocity of the
microscope.
Various
lithography dip

techniques
pen

of

nanolithography

such

nanolithography, electron

beam

as optical

lithography, X-ray

lithography or nanoimprint

lithography were also developed. Lithography is a top-down fabrication technique where a

bulk material is reduced in size to nanoscale pattern.

CHAPTER 3
CLASSIFICATION & APPLICATIONS OF
NANOTECHNOLOGY

Nanotechnology can be classified in many ways but here we shall be discussing about just two
eminent parts of it.

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NANOTECHNOLOGY
NN
AA
NN
OO
ERT
LO
E
EBC
CO
H
TTN
RIO
OCL
NSO
IG
CY
S

Nanotechnology has these two eminent parts on which the world is partially dependent.
1. Nanoelectronics
2. Nanorobotics.

Applications of nanotechnology.
As of August 21, 2008, the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies estimates that over
800 manufacturer-identified nanotech products are publicly available, with new ones hitting
the market at a pace of 34 per week. [10] The project lists all of the products in a publicly
accessible online database. Most applications are limited to the use of "first generation"
passive nanomaterials which includes titanium dioxide in sunscreen, cosmetics, surface
coatings,[39] and some food products; Carbon allotropes used to producegecko tape; silver in
food packaging, clothing, disinfectants and household appliances; zinc oxide in sunscreens
and cosmetics, surface coatings, paints and outdoor furniture varnishes; and cerium oxide as a
fuel catalyst.[9]
Further applications allow tennis balls to last longer, golf balls to fly straighter, and
even bowling

balls to

become

more

durable

and

have

harder

surface. Trousers and socks have been infused with nanotechnology so that they will last
longer and keep people cool in the summer. Bandages are being infused with silver
nanoparticles to heal cuts faster.[40] Cars are being manufactured with nanomaterialsso they
may

need

fewer metals and

less fuel to

operate

in

the

future.[41] Video

game

consoles and personal computers may become cheaper, faster, and contain more memory
thanks to nanotechnology.[42] Nanotechnology may have the ability to make existing medical
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NANOTECHNOLOGY
applications cheaper and easier to use in places like the general practitioner's office and at
home.[43]
The National Science Foundation (a major distributor for nanotechnology research in
the United States) funded researcher David Berube to study the field of nanotechnology. His
findings are published in the monograph Nano-Hype: The Truth Behind the Nanotechnology
Buzz. This study concludes that much of what is sold as nanotechnology is in fact a
recasting of straightforward materials science, which is leading to a nanotech industry built
solely on selling nanotubes, nanowires, and the like which will end up with a few suppliers
selling low margin products in huge volumes." Further applications which require actual
manipulation or arrangement of nanoscale components await further research. Though
technologies branded with the term 'nano' are sometimes little related to and fall far short of
the most ambitious and transformative technological goals of the sort in molecular
manufacturing proposals, the term still connotes such ideas. According to Berube, there may
be a danger that a "nano bubble" will form, or is forming already, from the use of the term by
scientists and entrepreneurs to garner funding, regardless of interest in the transformative
possibilities of more ambitious and far-sighted work.
Computers :
Nanotechnology is used for making of microprocessors of computer system.
Its use in the field of computer has made the greatest inventions like laptops, tablet pcs,
ipads, ipods, touch screen mobile phones

CHAPTER 4
NANOELECTRONICS

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NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanoelectronics refer

to

the

use

of nanotechnology on electronic components,

especiallytransistors. Although the term nanotechnology is generally defined as utilizing

technology less than 100 nm in size, nanoelectronics often refer to transistor devices that are
so small that inter-atomic interactions and quantum mechanical properties need to be studied
extensively. As a result, present transistors do not fall under this category, even though these
devices are manufactured with 45 nm,32 nm, or 22 nm technology.
Nanoelectronics are sometimes considered as disruptive technology because present
candidates are significantly different from traditional transistors. Some of these candidates
include: hybrid molecular/semiconductor electronics, one dimensional nanotubes/nanowires,
or advanced molecular electronics.
n 1965 Gordon Moore observed that silicon transistors were undergoing a continual
process of scaling downward, an observation which was later codified as Moore's law. Since
his observation transistor minimum feature sizes have decreased from 10 micrometers to the
28-22 nm range in 2011. The field of nanoelectronics aims to enable the continued realization
of this law by using new methods and materials to build electronic devices with feature sizes
on the nanoscale.
The volume of an object decreases as the third power of its linear dimensions, but
the surface areaonly decreases as its second power. This somewhat subtle and unavoidable
principle has huge ramifications. For example the power of a drill (or any other machine) is
proportional to the volume, while the friction of the drill's bearings and gears is proportional
to their surface area. For a normal-sized drill, the power of the device is enough to handily
overcome any friction. However, scaling its length down by a factor of 1000, for example,
decreases its power by 10003 (a factor of a billion) while reducing the friction by only
10002 (a factor of "only" a million). Proportionally it has 1000 times less power per unit
friction than the original drill. If the original friction-to-power ratio was, say, 1%, that implies
the smaller drill will have 10 times as much friction as power. The drill is useless.

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NANOTECHNOLOGY
Applications of nanoelectronics:

Nanoelectronics holds the promise of making computer processors more powerful than are
possible with conventionalsemiconductor fabrication techniques. A number of approaches are
currently being researched, including new forms ofnanolithography, as well as the use of
nano

materials such

as nano

traditional CMOScomponents. Field

wires or small
effect

molecules in

transistors have

been

made

place

of

using

both

semiconducting carbon nanotubes and with heterostructured semiconductor nanowires.

Advanced research in nanoelectronics

The research field has given nanoelectronics a wider and greater dedication. Due to this
extreme research done on it the signal point has far reached to the height of changing the
world.

1) The SMT & CMS research project

2) The core processors of intel
3) Shorted Technized Application (STA)
4) Highly defined tablet pcs and smart phones.

CHAPTER 5
NANOROBOTICS
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NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanorobotics is

the emerging

technology field

creating

machines

or robots whose

components are at or close to the scale of a nanometer (109 meters).[1][2][3] More specifically,
nanorobotics

refers

to

the nanotechnology engineering

discipline

of

designing

and

building nanorobots, with devices ranging in size from 0.110 micrometers and constructed of
nanoscale

or

molecular

components.[4][5] The

names nanobots, nanoids, nanites, nanomachines or nanomites have also been used to describe these
devices currently under research and development. [6][7]

Nanomachines are largely in the research-and-development phase, [8] but some

primitive molecular machines have been tested. An example is a sensor having a switch
approximately 1.5 nanometers across, capable of counting specific molecules in a chemical
sample. The first useful applications of nanomachines might be in medical technology,
[9]

which could be used to identify and destroy cancer cells. [10][11] Another potential application

is the detection of toxic chemicals, and the measurement of their concentrations, in the
environment. Rice University has demonstrated a single-molecule car developed by a
chemical process and including buckyballs for wheels. It is actuated by controlling the
environmental temperature and by positioning a scanning tunneling microscope tip.
Another definition is a robot that allows precision interactions with nanoscale objects,
or can manipulate with nanoscale resolution. Such devices

are more related

to microscopy or scanning probe microscopy, instead of the description of nanorobots

as molecular machine. Following the microscopy definition even a large apparatus such as
an atomic force microscope can be considered a nanorobotic instrument when configured to
perform nanomanipulation. For this perspective, macroscale robots or microrobots that can
move with nanoscale precision can also be considered nanorobots.

CHAPTER 6
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NANOTECHNOLOGY

USES AND CONCEPT OF NANOROBOTICS

The nanorobotic concept
Nanorobot Race
In the same ways that technology development had the space race and nuclear arms race, a
race for nanorobots is occurring.[31][32][33][34][35] There is plenty of ground allowing nanorobots
to be included among the emerging technologies.[36] Some of the reasons are that large
corporations, such as General Electric, Hewlett-Packard and Northrop Grumman have been
recently working in the development and research of nanorobots; [37][38] surgeons are getting
involved and starting to propose ways to apply nanorobots for common medical procedures;
[39]

universities and research institutes were granted funds by government agencies exceeding

$2 billion towards research developing nanodevices for medicine;[40][41] bankers are also
strategically investing with the intent to acquire beforehand rights and royalties on future
nanorobots commercialization.[42] Some aspects of nanorobot litigation and related issues
linked to monopoly have already arisen. [43][44][45] A large number of patents has been granted
recently on nanorobots, done mostly for patent agents, companies specialized solely on
building patent portfolio, and lawyers. After a long series of patents and eventually
litigations, see for example the Invention of Radio or about the War of Currents, emerging
fields of technology tend to become amonopoly, which normally is dominated by large
corporations.

The processors of nanorobots :

Basically used processors in nanorobots gives us the combination of nanoelectronics and
nanorobotics.
Itanium gretoff 7 compatible processors used in the ultra robots and functioning of robots.

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NANOTECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 7
INTEL THE BASE OF NANOELECTRONICS
Intel Corporation is an American multinational semiconductor chip maker corporation
headquartered in Santa Clara, California. Intel is the world's largest and highest valued
semiconductor chip maker, based on revenue.[3] It is the inventor of the x86series
of microprocessors, the processors found in most personal computers. Intel Corporation,
founded on July 18, 1968, is a portmanteau of Integrated Electronics (the fact that "intel" is
the

term

for

intelligence

information

makes motherboard chipsets, network

was

interface

also

quite

suitable). [4] Intel

controllers and integrated

also

circuits, flash

memory, graphic chips, embedded processors and other devices related to communications
and computing. Founded by semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce andGordon Moore and
widely associated with the executive leadership and vision of Andrew Grove, Intel combines
advanced chip design capability with a leading-edge manufacturing capability. Though Intel
was originally known primarily to engineers and technologists, its "Intel Inside" advertising
campaign of the 1990s made it and its Pentium processor household names.
Intel was an early developer of SRAM and DRAM memory chips, and this represented the
majority of its business until 1981. Although Intel created the world's first commercial
microprocessor chip in 1971, it was not until the success of the personal computer (PC) that
this became its primary business. During the 1990s, Intel invested heavily in new
microprocessor designs fostering the rapid growth of the computer industry. During this
period Intel became the dominant supplier of microprocessors for PCs, and was known for
aggressive and sometimes illegal tactics in defense of its market position, particularly
against Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), as well as a struggle with Microsoft for control
over the direction of the PC industry.[5][6] The 2011 rankings of the world's 100 most valuable
brands published by Millward Brown Optimor showed the company's brand value at number
58 and in 2012 at number 49.[7]
Intel has also begun research in electrical transmission and generation.[8][9] Intel has recently
introduced a 3-D transistor that improves performance and energy efficiency.[10]Intel has
begun mass producing this 3-D transistor, named the Tri-Gate transistor, with their 22 nm
process, which is currently used in their 3rd generation core processors initially released on

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NANOTECHNOLOGY
April 29, 2012.[11] In 2011, SpectraWatt Inc., a solar cell spinoff of Intel, filed for bankruptcy
under Chapter 11

Intels microprocessors made under use of nanoelectronics:

1. Intel Pentium
2. Intel itanium
3. Intel core
4. Intel centrino
5. Intel Pentium 4
6. Intel core duo
7. Intel core 2 dou
8. Intel core i3
9. Intel core i5
10. Intel core i7
And the latest releasing in next year 2014 will be intel core xenon 700.
Intel has shown a rapid growth in the field of nanoelectronics.

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NANOTECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 8
STEVE JOBS THE DIGITAL EYE IN THE WORLD OF
NANOELECTRONICS
Steve jobs was regarded and also is regarded the father of technology and the man
responsible for the growth of technology and nanoelectronics. Here his work in
microprocessors is derived. Steve Jobs had some choice words for Intel that went beyond just
censure to hubris in the just-released biography.
In Walter Isaacson's biography, "Steve Jobs," the former Apple CEO, who recently
passed away, had significant issues with Intel as a company as well as its world-renowned
processors.
Apple switched to Intel's X86 chip design in 2005 when it dropped IBM's and
Motorola's PowerPC processors. And Intel chips have been powering Apple's MacBooks and
Macs exclusively ever since.
But Jobs implies in the biography that Intel wasn't keeping up with the times. He
explains why Apple didn't select Intel chips for the iPhone.
"There were two reasons we didn't go with them. One was that they [the company] are
just really slow. They're like a steamship, not very flexible. We're used to going pretty fast.
Second is that we just didn't want to teach them everything, which they could go and sell to
our competitors," Jobs is quoted as saying.
On one level that last statement is rather remarkable. Jobs, of course, was saying that
Apple would have to teach the world's premier chipmaker how to design better chips. But, on

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NANOTECHNOLOGY
another, it speaks to Intel's Achilles Heel: its chips are fast but not comparatively power
efficient.
"At the high-performance level, Intel is the best," Jobs is quote in the book. "They
build the fastest, if you don't care about power and cost."
Jobs didn't stop there. "We tried to help Intel, but they don't listen much," he said.
The book depicts Tony Fadell, a senior vice president at Apple, as instrumental in moving
Apple to an alternative chip design. He "argued strongly" for a design from U.K.-based
ARM--which powers virtually all of the world's smartphones and tablets. (In addition to
Apple and its A4 and A5 chips, companies like Texas Instruments, Qualcomm, Marvell, and
Nvidia make chips based on the ARM design.)
Subsequently, Apple went out and purchased P.A. Semi, which helped to create
Apple's first high-profile system-on-a-chip, the A4. Apple then later purchased ARM design
house Intrinsity.
And Jobs also voiced a gripe that many PC game enthusiasts have been leveling at
Intel for many years. "We've been telling them for years that their graphics [silicon] suck."
Isaacson also includes a rebuttal from Intel CEO Paul Otellini. "It would have made sense for
the iPad to use Intel chips. The problem...was that Apple and Intel couldn't agree on price.
Also, they disagreed on who would control the design," according to the book.
It would be unfair not to note that Intel has apparently gotten the message. Intel's most
power-efficient Sandy Bridge processors now power all of Apple's MacBook Air laptops. And
Apple switched to Intel graphics silicon in the latest MacBook Air models and dropped
Nvidia, whose graphics-centric chipset had been inside previous generations of Airs.
And Intel is now on a crusade to build power-efficient chips, evidenced by the
creation of a $300 million fund to spur the development of Ultrabooks, which are an
emerging category of very thin laptops that use Intel's most power-efficient "ULV" (ultra-low
voltage) chips.

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NANOTECHNOLOGY
Intel is also working toward the 2013 debut of a very power efficient chip dubbed
"Haswell," that the company is calling a system-on-a-chip, the same kind of highly-integrated
design that is used in ARM-powered smartphones and tablets. Haswell is considered
important because it is based on Intel's mainstream X86 architecture--the same as Sandy
Bridge and its successor, Ivy Bridge--not on the less-well-received Atom processor.
And there was another side to Jobs relationship with Intel, particularly its highly-respected
former CEO Andy Grove. Isaacson describes Grove as a "mentor" to Jobs.
Rodman & Renshaw analyst Ashok Kumar agrees. "Jobs was very deferential to Andy Grove.
Jobs looked up to him," said Kumar.

CHAPTER 9

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF

NANOTECHNOLOGY
Advantages :
To enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of nanotechnology, let us first run through
the good things this technology brings:

Nanotechnology can actually revolutionize a lot of electronic products, procedures,

and applications. The areas that benefit from the continued development of
nanotechnology when it comes to electronic products include nano transistors, nano
diodes, OLED, plasma displays, quantum computers, and many more.
Nanotechnology can also benefit the energy sector. The development of more
effective energy-producing, energy-absorbing, and energy storage products in smaller
and more efficient devices is possible with this technology. Such items like batteries,
fuel cells, and solar cells can be built smaller but can be made to be more effective with
this technology.
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NANOTECHNOLOGY

Another industry that can benefit from nanotechnology is the manufacturing sector
that will need materials like nanotubes, aerogels, nano particles, and other similar items
to produce their products with. These materials are often stronger, more durable, and
lighter than those that are not produced with the help of nanotechnology.
In the medical world, nanotechnology is also seen as a boon since these can help with
creating what is called smart drugs. These help cure people faster and without the side
effects that other traditional drugs have. You will also find that the research of
nanotechnology in medicine is now focusing on areas like tissue regeneration, bone
repair, immunity and even cures for such ailments like cancer, diabetes, and other life
threatening diseases.

Disadvantages :
When tackling the advantages and disadvantages of nanotechnology, you will also need to
point out what can be seen as the negative side of this technology:

Included in the list of disadvantages of this science and its development is the possible
loss of jobs in the traditional farming and manufacturing industry.
You will also find that the development of nanotechnology can also bring about the
crash of certain markets due to the lowering of the value of oil and diamonds due to the
possibility of developing alternative sources of energy that are more efficient and wont
require the use of fossil fuels. This can also mean that since people can now develop
products at the molecular level, diamonds will also lose its value since it can now be
mass produced.
Atomic weapons can now be more accessible and made to be more powerful and
more destructive. These can also become more accessible with nanotechnology.
Since these particles are very small, problems can actually arise from the inhalation of
these minute particles, much like the problems a person gets from inhaling minute
asbestos particles.
Presently, nanotechnology is very expensive and developing it can cost you a lot of
money. It is also pretty difficult to manufacture, which is probably why products made
with nanotechnology are more expensive.

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NANOTECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 10
FUTURE OF THE WORLD DUE TO NANOTECHNOLOGY
This technology could end world hunger. At the same time, this process could lead to
experimental molecular manufacturing with live beings.
The future of nanotechnology could improve the outlook for medical patients with
serious illnesses or injuries. Physicians could theoretically study nano surgery and be able to
attack illness and injury at the molecular level. This, of course, could eradicate cancer as the
surgical procedures would be done on the cellular base.
Cancer cells would be identified, removed, and the surgical implantation of healthy
cells would soon follow. Moreover, there would be an entire nano surgical field to help cure
everything from natural aging to diabetes to bone spurs. There would be almost nothing that
couldnt be repaired (eventually) with the introduction of nano surgery.

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NANOTECHNOLOGY
While this sounds like a promising future, the natural process of life and death would
be completely interrupted. Without death, the world would become overpopulated and leave
no place for the ecosystems that we rely on for our survival. We could potentially end up in a
world that requires the personally controlled delivery of oxygen through tanks and masks.
The future of nanotechnology could very well include the use of nanorobotics. These
nanorobots have the potential to take on human tasks as well as tasks that humans could
never complete. The rebuilding of the depleted ozone layer could potentially be able to be
performed.
Nanorobots could single out molecules of water contaminants. We could put these
tony robots to use keeping the environment cleaner than ever since they could break it down
to each atom of water pollution. These nanorobots could also take over human jobs,
especially those in high tech positions. If we wipe out too many human high paying, high
tech positions then we threatened the world economy.
The future of nanotechnology rests in the hands of the current scientists that are ready
and able to help guide this very young science into the next realm. There are those who fear
the future of nanoscience and there are those who are ready to embrace it. Walking a careful
line in cohesive junction with human interests is going to be a tricky but worthwhile
accomplishment.
There is a possibility that the future of nanotechnology could also be the end of the
science. There is a great burden on the scientists of nanotechnology. These men and women
have to be able to keep the progress in play while keeping the interest in nanotechnology
alive despite the potential limitations.
Nanotechnology is already quietly expected within the scientific community to be the
answer to the worlds problems. Just like the previous answer to the worlds problems the
human element cannot be factored in until the future becomes the present.
Much of the funding for nanoresearch may very well require something amazing in
order to continue. The funding that keeps nanotechnology alive is invested in the potential
future progress that this technology promises.

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If it fails to deliver at least some of the potential, funding and interest might vanish
right before the eyes of the scientists who spend their lives trying to increase lifes wonders
through the manipulation of atoms and molecules.

CHAPTER 11
CONCLUSION
As a conclusion to this topic I would like to say that Nanotechnology is a brand
new technology that has just began, it is a revolutionary science that will change all what we
knew before. The future that we were watching just in science fiction movies will in the near
future be real. This new technology will first of all, keep us healthy because of nanorobots
that will repair every damage that we have in our body.Secondly it will give scientists the
ability to manipulate the combination of atoms in an object and to turn it into a lighter,
stronger, and more durable object than before, just by using carbon nanotubes that are known
to be a hundred times stronger than steel and in addition to that they are very flexible. That
will lead to the creation of objects that can change their forms and have multiple purposes as
the Nokia Morph for example which is a prototype that will soon be out on the market.
Thirdly, Nanotechnology will give us an abundant energy because it will transform energy
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more effectively, for example windmills which are known to have the ability to transform
wind energy into electrical energy, well new windmills that will use Nanotechnology will
have lighter and stronger blades (using carbon nanotubes) that will transform a lot more
energy than before. Nanotechnology covers a lot of domains today and will cover a lot more
in the near future, it is infinitely big and will make a lot of inventions come true like
teleportation for example which scintists are working on today.

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