Hydrodynamics of Gas Stirred Melts: Part II.

Axisymmetric Flows
Y. SAHAI and R. I. L. GUTHRIE
A predictive model of gas stirred melt is presented. Based on the differential approach and following
a review of previous models, the importance of natural convection or buoyancy driven phenomena is
underscored. Predicted flow patterns are shown to be consistent with laboratory and pilot scale
experiments, and with the macroscopic plume model in Part I of this paper.
I.

INTRODUCTION

IN Part I, the hydrodynamics of gas stirred melts were

considered and a simple macroscopic model for the representation of plumes and attendant recirculatory flow fields
developed. In the present paper, it will be shown that the
approach produces results which
(1) are consistent with an advanced differential model of gas
stirred systems,
(2) are consistent with experimental flow fields, plume profiles, and so forth presently available in model and pilot
scale ladle systems, and
(3) provide the necessary framework to predict behavior in
full scale injection systems.
II.

PREVIOUS

WORK

As previously noted, early experimental studies by

hydraulic engineers were largely confined to the case of
water entrainment into 'plume curtains' rising through large
bodies of water (section I). Little work seems to have been
conducted outside the field of process metallurgy regarding
stirring produced by gas injection into vessels of finite diameter or width.
Szekely, Wang, and Kiser ~were the first to attempt hydrodynamic modeling using the example of an argon stirred
ladle. Through solution of the Navier-Stokes equation
(using the k-W two equation model of turbulence) z, they
predicted flow patterns and turbulence energy fields in a
water model of the system. In the analysis, they considered
the upward movement of gas to be equivalent to the vertical
motion of a centrally placed solid core of material. At the
interface between this core and the liquid, the hypothesis
required that radial components of velocity were zero.
Consequently, only axial components of velocity were taken
to be responsible for generating recirculation within the
liquid. Boundary velocity values were obtained by hot wire
anemometry measurements in the water model. Predicted
velocity and turbulence energy fields were said to be in
qualitative agreement with experiment.
Szekely, Dilawari, and Metz 3 then studied the recirculatory flow pattern generated by a continuously moving
vertical cylindrical belt running at a velocity of 5 m per
second. In this case the authors found that predicted velocity
and turbulence fields were in more satisfactory agreement
with those measured experimentally.
In a subsequent paper, Szekely, Lehner, and Chang4
employed the same vertical shear stress conditions to predict
flow fields and eddy diffusivity values in seven ton and 60

ton argon stirred ladles. Boundary velocity values adjacent

to the cylindrical core of gas were estimated from the'plume
curtain' rise velocity relationship given by Bulson. 5 Mixing
times based on predicted eddy diffusivities were calculated
and claimed to be in good agreement with mixing times
measured experimentally.
More recent mathematical models include a paper by
Deb Roy, Majumdar, and Spalding 6 and an equivalent
by Szekely, E1-Kaddah, and Grevet. 7 In these, both sets
of authors recognized the importance of buoyancy and
proposed computational schemes wherein the gas-liquid
mixture contained within the jet region was represented by
fluid of variable density. In both schemes, the inlet velocity
of the gas was taken as a boundary condition for the
deduction of plume characteristics (voidage, and so forth).
To model turbulence within the system, both adopted the
effective viscosity formula of Pun and Spalding8 orginally
intended for gas flow through a combustion chamber.
Experimental pilot scale studies have also been carried
out recently for a water model of a seven ton ladle of steel
by Hsiao Chiang and Lehner. 9 Central plume velocities were
measured directly for various flowrates.
Summarizing, the importance of the bubble plume in
generating a buoyancy driven flow has now been recognized, and reasonably good agreement between computed
and observed flow patterns achieved. An extrapolative
model for flow field predictions in full scale systems has not
been possible to date.
III.

WORK

A. Mathematical Model
The approach adopted in the present analysis is different,
and advantage can be taken of the plume analysis presented in Part I. This enables plume dimensions, voidage,
and center line velocities to be specified and the whole
field analyzed.
Consider, therefore, a cylindrical vessel as show in Figure 1, where gas is injected at the center of the base. The
governing equations are:

Equation of continuity
Ou 1 0 (rv)
-- + - ~
= 0
Oz r Or
Momentum balance equation in axial direction

[1]

~z(pUu) + ! O (pruv) = _ ap0_._~+a(_0z Iz~fOV-~z

)

Y. SAHAI, Senior Research Associate, and R. I. L. GUTHRIE,

Professor, are both with the Department of Mining and Metallurgical
Engineering, McGitl University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2AZ
Manuscript submitted June 26, 1981.
METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS B

PRESENT

ISSN 0360-2141/82/0611-0203500.75/0
9 [982 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR METALS AND
THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY OF AIME

, o( r ~-/"eff;)

"~- -- - -

r Or

"~- Su

[2]

VOLUME 13B, JUNE 1982--203

where Sk = G - pe
and

[{( )
ou2

G =pc

li

'~ ~., I;
tt

I ~ -" t t t

I i ..,' 1
.. t r t ~ '

l\"llt

~ -'

i x " "z

z :}-I

(ova2 +

~z

+ \Or/

(Vr;)

(Ou
Ov~21
+ 7r + Oz/J

[7]

Dissipation rate of turbulence energy:

I,]

0
1 0
"~z (pue ) + -r --Or(prve )

II

11

.~ L(~'/~eff Oe~ ..~._ 1 0 (rls Oe)

Oz \ ~ Oz/
r Tr ,, o'~ Tr + s~
where

S e -- CIE~G

C2pe2
k

[9]

Effective viscosity, /~eff = ~gl "j- ~'T

Fig. 1--Schematic of axisymmetricgas injection system, illustrating

hydrodynamicphenomenatakingplaceand the grid systemused for their
mathematicalrepresentation.

[11]

p = ctpc + (1 - a)pL

[12]

Following the recommendations of Launder and

Spalding," the five constants appearing in Eqs. [6] to [11]
take the values given in Table I.
Boundary conditions:
at the axis
v =0,

Ou
Or

[3]

Momentum balance equation in radial direction:

--

lO(
Ov)
+ r ~r r/~eff-~r + S~

= O,

u = U,

Ok
Or

--

= O,

[13]

de
Or

--

=0

[14]

at the free surface

u = 0

(prvv ) = - - -Or + -Oz

- m,

oz (puv ) + -r

[10]

P~r = CDpk2/e

where
v)
0 [
0u'~ 1.00 ( 0r/&ff~z
+ pga
Su = ~ ~,/&ff-~zJ + r Or

[8]

Ov
Oz

--

[4]

=0,

Ok
Oz

--

[15]

Oe
Oz

=0,

--

=0

[16]

at the walls

where

O(Ou)

Sv = ~

/d,eff~r

8 [r
'{--~rr~r /s

av~
v
/ - /'/'effV

u ---0,

[5]

B. Turbulence Model
For modeling turbulence, the k-e two equation turbulence model of Launder and Spalding ~~can be used. The
governing transport equations for turbulence kinetic energy,
k and its dissipation rate, e, can be represented in cylindrical form according to:*
*The interested reader is referred to Reference 10 or I 1 for more complete descriptions of the model.

Turbulence kinetic energy:

204--VOLUME 13B, JUNE 1982

[6]

[17]

Close to solid walls, the variation in flow properties are

much steeper than within the bulk fluid. Consequently, the
momentum (u, v) and scalar (k, e) transport properties were
modeled using wall functions.

C. Numerical Solution Procedure

Finite difference equations derived from Eqs. [1] to [8]
were solved, using an implicit finite difference procedure
referred to as SIMPLE 12(Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure
Linked Equations). To represent plume hydrodynamics
(i.e., the gas-liquid region), the SIMPLE procedure was
modified by introduction of GALA ~3 (Gas and Liquid
Analyzer). In this, the physical properties of the fluid mixture in a cell in the two-phase region (plume) is averaged on
Table I.

1 0 (r~f~Ok~
+ Sk
+ 70-7\ ~k Or/

v =0

V a l u e s of C o n s t a n t s in k - e T u r b u l e n c e M o d e l

Cl

C2

O"k

OFf

CD

1.43

1.92

1.00

1.30

0.09

METALLURGICAL"FRANSACTIONSB

a volumetric basis. This required replacing the more conventional mass continuity equation with a volume continuity
equation. In this way, the volume (rather than mass) of
fluids entering a fluid volume element was taken to equal the
volume of fluids flowing out. This is necessary because
there must often, in two phase flow problems, be a significant discrepancy between the total in-and-out flow of mass
to a cell. As previously indicated, the use of GALA allowed
computation of hydrodynamic variables over the entire
flow domain. Computations were performed on McGill's
Amdahl V7. Typical execution times of 90 seconds were
involved for a 12 10 grid.

Table H. Physical Parameters Used in Full

Scale and Experimental Model of Gas Stirred System

Height, (m) (as filled)

Diameter, (m)
Nozzle diameter (mm)
Gas flow* rate,
(m3 s -t)
Liquid

Full Scale
150 t
Cylindrical Ladle

Model
0.17 Scale Acrylic
Cylindrical Tank

2.70
3.00
13

0.45
0.50
2.16

5.937 X 10 -2
Steel

4.3 10-"
Water

*referenced to mean height and temperature of liquid

D. Experimental Work
Experimental work was carried out in a 0.17 scale model
of a 150 ton ladle desulfurizing operation. Gas was injected
through a central vertical lance into a cylindrical tank of
plexiglass filled with water, as shown in Figure 2. Key
dimensions of the model, together with principal operating
parameters are given in Table II. Experimental data on velocity fields were obtained on the basis of video recordings
of the motion of small, rectangular cards (IBM computer
punchings, 1 mm x 3 mm x 0.1 mm). These punchings,
when wet, provided excellent photographic properties and
were neutrally buoyant.
In determining flow fields, a 20 6 grid was chosen,
and a minimum of five data points taken at each grid 1o-

cation within the flow. A typical set of data obtained at a gas

flowrate of 430 cc per second is shown in Figure 3(a),
together with predictions, in Figure 3(b).
As well as investigations of flow fields, experiments were
carried out to study plume geometry as a function of gas
flowrate, vessel size, and aspect ratio. Some typical results
are shown in Figure 4. In this work, plume dimensions refer
to the boundary separating the bulk of the liquid and the two
phase gas mixture. Together with results from the present
investigation, useful experimental data on plume velocity
profiles in both water and steel are also available through the
work of Hsiao, Lehner, and Kjellberg. 9 As mentioned,
these authors used a one-ton water model of a seven-ton
pilot scale ladle.

IV.

Fig. 2 - - W a t e r model showing gas injection through a vertical lance into

cylindrical tank of plexiglass.
METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS B

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

From Figure 3(a) it is seen that the flow generated in the

0.17 scale model produces a recirculating vortex located
high in the ladle and displaced toward the outside wall.
Thus, a strong outflow of high velocity liquid from the
bubble column passes across the top surface of the liquid, is
deflected down the sidewalls of the ladle, and is then turned
back toward the rising plume. Predicted results based on the
plume model (Part I) and the governing differential equations are given in Figure 3(b). Inspection of Figures 3(a) and
3(b) reveals close geometric similarity between measured
and predicted flow fields and precise agreement on the main
vortex location. To illustrate the quantitative nature of these
predictions, vertical velocity components of the flow at various locations up the ladle are compared directly in Figure 5.
Within expected experimental errors of ---20 pct in the measurement technique used, agreement is most reasonable.
It is also useful to provide data on the spatial distributions
of turbulence kinetic energy. The latter parameter is of technological significance in identifying those locations where
mixing is at a maximum and where alloying additions might
best be introduced. Turbulence energy and effective viscosity fields are therefore shown in Figures 6 and 7. One
should note the higher values located in the upper liquid
regions adjacent to the plume. Flows at other injection rates
were also studied, 14 and Table III compares mean experimental speeds of bath recirculation with those predicted. As
seen, agreement is good (---12 pct).
Predictions are next made for the pilot scale data of
Hsiao, Lehner, and Kjellberg9 carried out in the one-ton
water model. Figure 8 compares their experimental velocity
VOLUME 13B, JUNE 1982--205

I
i

ilt

i x---i

t',tt

',

k ---- /

Ji-x

t',

,' tit I

t
I

iI

, ",---<" / I Ii t
i

t
t

,,------'-------/it

0.5
4
0-25
-

0.1
<
,
0.05
-

0.5

>

VEL

>

0-25

0.5

0.5

>

VEL

>

0.25

0.25

>

VEL

>

0.1

0.1

>

VEL

>

0.05

0.05

>

VEL

0.25
0.25
0.1

>
>

VEL
VEL

>
>

0.1

0.05

0.1
-,
0.05

0.05

>

VEL

(a)

(b)

Fig. 3--(a) Experimentally measured velocity field (m s-j) in the water model due to submerged gas injection. Tank diameter = 0.50 m, liquid
depth = 0.45 m, and gas flow rate = 430 cm3 s-L (b) Theoreticallypredicted velocityfield (m s -]) in the water model of dimensions and gas flow rate
same as in Fig. 3(a).
distributions across the plume with predicted vertical velocity components in that region (Q = 3.33 x 10 -3 m3s-l).
As seen, close matching between experiment and theory is
again achieved.
Table IV provides average velocities and effective
viscosities computed for all conditions of gas flow
which they studied. Figure 9 gives a flow field and effective viscosity field computed for one such condition
(Q = 1.67 x 10 -3 m 3 s - l ) . The geometric similarity of
their flow to the present smaller scale experiment reflects the
major influence of inertial forces on the hydrodynamics of
these flow systems.
Based on these and other tests of the model's applicability, 14 it was concluded that close matching between predictions of the mathematical models presented in Parts I
and II and laboratory and pilot scale data could be achieved.

V.

A P P L I C A T I O N T O I N D U S T R I A L SYSTEMS

Predictions for Industrial Vessels

Since the primary objective of this research was to describe gas/liquid interactions in industrial gas injection
2 0 6 - - V O L U M E 13B, JUNE 1982

systems, z4 some predictions have been made for stirring

generated in typical 250-ton ladles commonly used in
modem steelplants, and also for possible 500-ton vessels
of the future. Respective gas flow rates of 0.25 Nm 3 min -]
and 0.5 Nm 3 min -~ were considered. The various physical
parameters chosen for the two vessels are summarized
in Table V.
Predicted velocity fields are presented in Figures 10 and
11. The strong recirculatory vortex characteristic of the 0.17
scale model is again in evidence. Flow patterns in both cases
are very similar, with velocities some 10 to 12 pct higher in
the larger vessel. Average recirculation speeds 0.16 m.s -1
and 0.18 m.s -~ are predicted. Figures 12 and 13 give predicted distributions of turbulent kinetic energy. It is interesting to note that the average fluctuating component of
mean velocities as calculated from the turbulent kinetic values given are about 55 pct of the mean velocities in both
cases. This parameter would be important in influencing the
rate at which alloy additions can be dispersed throughout the
contents of a ladle.
Finally, Figures 14 and 15 show predicted effective viscosity distributions for the flow fields of the 250- and
500-ton vessels just considered. Referring to the 250-ton
vessel, maximum turbulent viscosities in the range 90 to
METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS B

1.2 rn

1-2 m

I,-- A --'t
*0.2

.0-1
0.0

I
E

0-8

I-c-I

-0.1

.L

9 0.1

l I

4DI,

0.0
0.6

iv}

-0.1

---IEl.--

E
>!-

+0-1 0~

.-I

Q,I miR1 A, mm

C, mm

a, rnm

D, mm

IJJ
0.0 >

E, mm

50

399

219

257

37

37

100

426

235

269

~5

~0

150

460

250

282

50

43

0.4

0.1

0.1

Fig. 4 - - Plume geometry as a functionof gas flow rate and liquid depth.

0.0

130 kg m -1 s -~ (900 to 1300 Poise) are found in the bubble

plume region close to the surface, showing that turbulent
mixing is most intensive in this region. With the larger
500-ton vessel, the intensity of turbulence in that region
spreads outward, and is also increased. Similarly, one
should note that the magnitude of the average effective
viscosity within the 500-ton vessel is predicted to be about

h/Z=

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.1

0-2

Experimental
Prediction

Table III.

Average Bath Recirculation Speeds

at Different Gas Flow Rates

Vessel Diameter = 0.50 m

Water Depth = 0.45 m

Average Bath Recirculation Speed, m s-~

Gas Flow Rate,

m 3 s -1

Experimental

Predicted

0.11
0.135
0.15

0.10
0.12
0.14

2.5 10-4
4.3 10-4
7.2 10-4

Table IV.

Gas Flow Rate and Other Flow Characteristics

Relating to 1 t Water Model

Ladle Diameter = 1.1 m

Center
Gas
Line Plume
Flow Rate, Velocity,
m3 s-'
m s-1
5.0
3.33
1.66
8.33

x
x
x
x

10-3
10-3
10-3
10-4

1.05
0.95
0.77
0.60

Liquid Depth

Average
Plume
Velocity,
m s-1
0.84
0.76
0.62
0.48

METALLURGICALTRANSACTIONS B

Fig. 5--Comparison of experimentallymeasured and theoretically predicted vertical velocitycomponentsat differentdepths in the water model.

= 1.0 m

Average
Average
Recircula- Effective
tory Speed, Viscosity,
m s -~
kg m -~ s -~
0.185
0.17
0.135
0.105

1.90
1.67
1.33
1.06

40 pct higher than that in the 250-ton ladle. The results

indicate the possible advantage of designing larger processing vessels for ladle metallurgy operations, wherein
longer contact times of reactants together with more
intensive mixing phenomena could lead to improvement in
process efficiencies.
While this generalized mathematical model is able to
predict hydrodynamics in industrial scale vessels, it is
Table V. Vessel Dimensions and Plume
Characteristics Relating to 250 t and 500 t Industrial Vessels

Parameters
Diameter of ladle, m
Depth of liquid, m
Gas flow rate, Nm 3 min-1
Average plume velocity, m s -I
Maximum velocity at the plume axis, m s -~
Volume fraction of gas in the plume

250 t

500 t

3.57
3.57
0.25
1.07
1.32
3.2 pct

4.50
4.50
0.50
1.27
1.60
3.0 pct

VOLUME 13B, JUNE 1982--207

0.5
+[][][][]~[]+

.~[]~[]~[]+I,
i

0.0

9 [] D v v ~ [ ]

+.

9 ~ v ~ + []![]

~]

0.5
I

0.0

I
i
t

T o.5

X X X X X X ~iX!

'I
0.01 < T E <
[] 0.006 < T E <
v 0.004 < T E <

0.022
0.01
0.006

+ 0.002 < T E <

9 0.0005 < T E <
X
TE <

0.004
0.002
0.0005

Fig. 6--Predicted turbulence energy distribution (m 2 s -2) in the water

model.

E
>,,

- 0.0

. - -

~0.5

0.55

0.0

I
[

0.5
0.0

0.75

'

x + + + ~ + %

,-----....

0.0

X/H=0.35

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

gwNNN[]~wX
X w w w + w~

/
" ~

0.5

,.~

"-

X
9

X + + +

X * ~ x x g ~ g
i

X X X X X X~iX

[]
v
+
a,

1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

< VIS <

< VIS <
< VIS <
< VIS <
< V/S <

1.2
1.0
0.B
0.6
0-4

VIS <

0-2

Fig. 7--Predicted effective viscosity distribution (kg m -~ s -t) in the

water model.

important to mention its major limitation: being a

two-dimensional model, only a cylindrical vessel with axisymmetric gas injection can be handled. Consequently,
off-center gas injection situations remain to be studied in

208--VOLUME 13B, JUNE 1982

0.6

Experimental
Prediction

Fig. 8--Comparison of experimental velocity distribution 9 and predicted

vertical velocity component for different sections of plume in pilot scale
(1 ton) water model.

more detail and analyzed with a turbulent three-dimensional

flow model.

VI.

CONCLUSIONS

A steady state, two phase, turbulent flow model for the

central injection of gas into cylindrical vessels has been
presented. Its efficiency and usefulness in predicting flow
fields in laboratory, pilot, and industrial scale systems has
been demonstrated. The work represents a first step needed
in the quantitative analysis and description of many ladle
metallurgy operations.

METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS B

|
i

;IKIA\ll/

I
I

ll~-Irtlt[
t ill
tit

I
i

I ~,,-../t

t,,I,t [
I
I

i it \ \',,-

,' ~

Iit

,-

',, ",, - . -

It , - / l r f

x--/llr

lII

'I
I ,,---.i,/// t,,
1.0
:

'I

0.25

0,50 < VEL< 1.00

.,,

0,25< VEL< 0,50

O.lO

0,i0< VEL< 0,25

o.5o

VEL< 0,10

1.50
=
:

Fig. 9 - - P r e d i c t e d velocity field (m s - l ) and effective v i s c o s i t y

(kg m -l s -l) field in pilot scale water model. Vessel diameter = 1.1 m,
liquid depth = 1.0 m, and gas flow rate = 1.67 x 10 -~ m ~ s -l.

1.50

>

VEL

>

0.75

0.75

>

VEL

>

0.35

0.35
9

0.35

>

VEL

>

0.15

0.15

>

VEL

0.75

0.15

Fig. 11 --Predicted velocity field (m S-1) in 500 t vessel at a gas flow rate
of 0.50 Nm 3 rain -l.

\
I
I
I

l~l-t~l!ttt

Iix-lrt:ttt
l ~ ' , . ' l c t O , t[

.v++++~[]v!

~+++++~,

X++++++~,

X+

++@

+v!Nw

il,-ll,t![t
t~,-,lltTt

I
I

XXXXXXX*~*
L

xxxxxxxx+~x

,
|

1.50
=
:
0.75
:

1.50
0.75

>
>

VEL
VEL

>
>

0.75
0.35

0.35
9
0.15

0.1

fl,t
0.35
0.15

>
>

VEL

>

MEL

Fig. 1 0 - - Predicted velocity field (m s -l) in 250 t vessel at a gas flow rate
of 0.25 Nm ~ min -l.
METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS B

0.15

<

0.13

~3 0.05 < T E

<TE

<

0.1

0.02 < T E

<

0.05

0.01 < T E

<

0.02

O.O03<TE <

TE <

0.01
0.003

Fig. 12--Predicted turbulent kinetic energy distribution (m 2 s -2) in the

250 t vessel.
VOLUME 13B, JUNE 1982--209

I
l
I

X + + + + + ~ v
i
X + + + + + + 133~ ~

~ + ~ + + ~ +
X*,i,,i,

a, X X + ~ +,

X+++++++~+
I

XZXZXXZ+~

!X**+**

:l
X X X Z X X X X ~+
I

0.1

~
w

0 . 0 g < T E < 0.1

O.02<TE < 0.05

<3"E<

0.1B

,
I

90

<

VlS <

190

[]
~'

70
50

<
<

VlS <
VI5 <

90
70

VlS <
VlS <
VlS <

50
30
I0

0.01 < T E <

0.02

30

<

0.003< T E < 0-01

+
x

10

<

TE < 0.003

Fig. 13--Predicted turbulent kinetic energy distribution (m 2 s -2) in the

500 t vessel.

i
i

'

,X v w w ~ N ~

~ wI

Fig. 15--Predicted effective viscosity distribution (kg m ' s -~) for the
flow field of the 500 t vessel.

G
k

P
r

Su,Sv,Sk, S~
u

X + ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ v ~i

X+++

+++

~ +
I
i

x+++++++b+

x+++++++~+

x X x x x x zX

+i~

90

<

VlS <

130

[]
v

70
50

<
<

VlS <
VIS <

90
70

30
10

<
<

VIS <

50

VIS <

30

VlS <

10

v
z
Ol

vr
p
pa, PL
crk,(r~

Generation term in turbulence model defined

by Eq. [7].
Kinetic energy of turbulence, m 2 s -2.
Pressure, kg m -t s -2.
Distance in the radial direction, m.
Source terms for u, v, k, and e given by
Eqs. [3], [5], [7], and [9], respectively.
Axial component of velocity, m s -L.
Vertical velocity of bubble plume, m s -~.
Radial component of velocity, m s -t.
Distance in the axial direction, m.
Volume fraction of gas.
Dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy,
m 2 s-3.
Molecular viscosity, kg m -~ s-L
Turbulent viscosity, kg m -~ s -~.
Effective viscosity, kg m -~ s-L
Turbulent kinematic viscosity, m 2 s -~.
Density of fluid in a control volume, kg m -3.
Density of gas and liquid, kg m -3.
Constants in the turbulence model.

REFERENCES
Fig. 14--Predicted effective viscosity distribution (kg m -j s - ' ) for the
flow field of the 250 t vessel.

LIST OF SYMBOLS

C1, C2, CD Constants in the turbulence model.

g
Acceleration due to gravity, m s -2.
210--VOLUME 13B, JUNE 1982

1. J. Szekely, H.J. Wang, and K.M. Kiser: Metall. Trans. B, 1976,

vol. 7B, pp. 287-95.
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