JABATAN PENGANGKUTAN JALAN MALAYSIAMESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL, ROAD TRANSPORT DEPARTMENT OF MALAYSIA | would like to thank Allah S.W.T for His kindness in giving the strength to those who were involved in completing the English Version of the Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC).! would also like to express my heartiest congratulations to Road Transport Department especially to the DEC Special Task Group. Their dedication and determination have made the publication of this book a reality, The increasing demand from the public, especially among expatriates to acquire the Malaysian driving licence, has made the RTD realize the importance of publishing this book. Other than catering to the needs of this group of people, this book also grants the locals the privilege of choosing their language of preference for better understanding of current road rules and regulations, Education Curriculum (DEC) A special thank you goes to IDFR for their excellent job in translating the book in very simple forms to give better understanding. It is crucial that we get the help from the experts to ensure that nothing will be lost in translation. ‘Once again | would like to congratulate our Special Task Team for their continuous effort in educating and informing the public. It is my greatest hope that all the drivers, with their efforts and positive attitude would be responsible for a reduction in the accident rate in our country. Finally, | sincerely hope that with all the information and guidelines contained in this book, we would be able to produce disciplined and tolerance drivers. This book is a humble contribution by the RTD to the call of the nations, Dato’ Hj. Emran Bin Hj. Kadir DSSA,SSA,AMN,Driver's Education Curriculum (DE CONTENTS Message from the Director-General, Road Transport Department of Malaysia Aim and Objectives of Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) CHAPTER I: ROAD USER'S GUIDE SECTION 1: Attitude and Responsibility of Drivers SECTION2: Basic Driving Techniques CHAPTER I: THE HIGHWAY CODE TRAFFIC SIGNS 1- Danger Traffic Signs ll Prohibitive Traffic Signs Il- Mandatory Traffic Signs IV- Informative Traffic Signs V~ Temporary Traffic Signs VI- Lines on the Road Vil- Traffic Police Hand Signs and Signals Vill- Motorist's/Motorcyclist's Drivers' Hand Signals CHAPTER III; DEFENSIVE DRIVING SECTION 1: CONCEPT OF DEFENSIVE DRIVING - Definition of the Concept of Defensive Driving - Steps to Prevent Accidents - Planning the Journey Perfect Driving SECTION 2: POSITIONS IN WHICH ACCIDENTS COULD OCCUR SECTION 3: CONDITIONS THAT CAUSE ACCIDENTS - Drivers ~Roads -Vehicles -Weather ight “Traffic SECTION 4: OBSTACLES - Introduction - Types of Obstacles ~The Hazard Action Plan - Vehicle Controlling SystemsSECTION 5: RULES ~ Introduction = Rules of Distance - Rules for Overtaking Rules at Junctions SECTION6: MOVEMENTS SECTION7: MAKING DECISIONS / TAKING ACTIONS CHAPTER IV: DRIVING IN VARIOUS SITUATIONS, SECTION 1: DRIVING IN AN EMERGENCY ~ Brake Malfunction - Vehicle Swerving - Stuck Accelerator - Burst Tyre - Headlights Stop Working - Vehicle on Fire - Bonnet Flies Open Suddenly = Making an Emergency Stop on the Highway ~ Faced with an Accident - Vehicle Plunged into Water = Windscreen Breaks - Engine Refuses to Start ~ Damage toVehicle ~ Changing Tyre - Emergency Equipment Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) SECTION 2: DRIVING ON THE HIGHWAY - Introduction - Before Driving -While Driving ~ After Driving SECTION 3: DRIVING AT NIGHT ~The Human Factor ~ Physical Factors CHAPTER V: HEALTH AND SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR DRIVERS SECTION 1: HEALTH AND SAFETY OF DRIVERS ~Vision ~Hearing ~Being Cautious - Medication ~Health and Emotions ~Medical Checkup ~Attitude and Safety ~ Responsibility of Having Insurance SECTION 2: STRESS MANAGEMENT Introduction = Definition of Stress ~ Stress Categorization ~ Effects of Stress on Driving ~ Three Stages in Controlling Stress ~ Stress Management PlanDriver's Education Curriculum (DEC) SECTION 3: DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL AND DRUGS Introduction - Alcohol -Drugs/Medication CHAPTER VI:LAW AND DRIVING OFFENCES SECTION 1: DRIVING LICENCES ~Background ~Types of Driving Licenses ~Driving Licence Clauses ~Conditions Qualifying Drivers to Obtain a Licence ~Conditions for the Issue of Learner Driving Licence - Conditions imposed on Holders of the Learner Driving Licence ~Pre-qualifications to Sit for the Practical Test ~ Probationary Driving Licence SECTION 2: DRIVING OFFENCES AND THE PENALTIES UNDER THE ROAD TRAFFIC ACT 1987 ANDTHE RULES| ‘THEREUNDER (RTR 1959) =Introduction -Types of Violations SECTION 3: THE KEJARA SYSTEM ~Common Understanding Specific Understanding -Why the KEJARA System was Created a -How the KEJARA System Functions = Rehabilitation Courses ~The Granting of Bonus . - Penalty Fines ~ Scheduled Offences and Demerit Points Giv CHAPTER VIl : REGULATIONS AND LAWS. RELATING TO MOTORCYCLISTS SECTION 1: GUIDELINES FOR MOTORCYCLISTS -Wearing the Correct Gear - Examining the Motorcycle SECTION2: ‘SAFE RIDING TECHNIQUES = Introduction ~ Body Position =Turning and Cornering + Braking ~ Gear Shifts ~ Basic Techniques of Motorcycle Riding SECTION3: MAINTAINING THE DISTANCE = Frontal Distance - Side Distances ~ Rear Distance SECTION4: IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS - Looking ahead -Glancing back = Using the MirrorsDriver's Education Curriculum (DEC) SECTION 5: RIDING AT NIGHT SECTION 6: CARRYING PASSENGER AND LOADS SECTION 7; HANDLING THE MOTORCYCLE DURING AN EMERGENCYDriver's Education Curriculum (DEC) AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF DRIVER'S EDUCATION CURRICULUM. (DEC) ‘The Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) was formulated to help drivers/road users to master the aspects of safety and regulations that need to be practise on the road. The aspects of knowledge and integrated skills make up the backbone to this DEC. a) Aim ‘The DEC's aim is to produce drivers/road users who are knowledgeable, skilled, cautious and competent, and practise good values. b) Objectives To achieve its aim, the DEC enables the drivers/road users to: 1) Protect the safety of lives and property while on the road. 2) Be aware, responsible and obey the rules and regulations. 3) Increase knowledge and skills on road rules and regulations. 4) Be more efficient and self-confident while on the road, 5) Be more conscientious and practice good values while on the road. 6) Enhance understanding and effective communication skills while on the road. 7) Increase efficiency and skills in handling vehicles while on the road.CHAPTER 1 ROAD USER'S GUIDE SECTION 1 ATTITUDE AND RESPONSIBILITY OF DRIVERS A. Background Road accidents have caused a big loss to the country. They cause injury, suffering and the highest death rates in Malaysia. There seems no end to the history of road accidents. A safe and smooth journey though, is desired by the government and every road user. The question is, for how long are toad accidents going to continue? This is a national crisis for it causes numerous deaths among road users. In Malaysia, 96% of injuries and death from accidents are caused by negligent drivers. Apart from that, ‘natural hazards’ are also becoming a main factor in road accidents. What is clear is that road accidents are caused by the human failure and negligence when on the toad. Included here are accident statistics for the year 1993 to the year 2002. liad site| n Curriculum (DEC) aw erie DEATHS 1994 148, 801 5,759 1996 189, 109 6,304 1998 211,037 5,740 2000 250,429 6,035 2002 279,237 5,887Pr aed Lee ra (34) Ren aais es Pans Efforts in monitoring road safety carried out by individuals, government agencies, and regulatory bodies. Road safety ‘campaigns have been launched with the hope that drivers will have good attitude and skills when on the road. For this reason, the Driver's Education Curriculum has been introduced. B. General Guidelines for Vehicle Drivers 1- Various factors have been identified as causes of road accidents. One of the most important factors is related to the attitude of drivers. Accidents can easily happen to drivers who have a negative attitude and a short temper, who like showing off, driving at high speed, etc. On the contrary, drivers who are positive and considerate, careful and always respectful to other road users may be able to avoid accidents. 2- Driving courteously and responsibly will actually set a good example for other road users, thus decreasing the rate of road accidents. 3- Vehicle drivers need to be courteous and considerate towards all other road users especially cyclists and pedestrians. Drivers need to control their emotions while driving and obey all traffic regulations, Also, they should not be easily offended by the behaviour of other road users, and not be influenced in their judgement and action while driving. 4- The attitude of drivers who are not courteous is seen not only from the way they drive, such as driving too fast or overtaking from the side and the middle without heed to other vehicles, but also from other actions such - Failing to signal properly; - Honking without any apparent reason; ~ Parking at the bend of the road or jutting far into the toad; - Driving with one hand, while the other hand is on the side of the carroof; - Driving in the middle of the road when other vehicles are trying to overtake; and = Driving fast through a wet and muddy road, splattering pedestrians.5 Some actions that are not courteous and are unwise can bring about danger and can be considered dangerous. For example: ~ Driving fast when visibility is impaired, such as in heavy rain, ~~ Overtaking at the bend of the road or at 2 hill slope where traffic conditions cannot be seen easily, and - Purposely interfering with the vision of drivers coming rom the opposite direction by switching on the high beam. 6- All road users are advised against taking alcohol while driving on the road. Alcohol intake can affect the brain and blur judgement and alertness while driving. Accident statistics show that high rates of accidents are caused by drink driving. 7- A positive attitude has to be instilled in drivers as responsible road users. For example, drivers of big vehicles need to respect drivers of smaller vehicles. The same applies for when there is a blind or disabled person crossing the road. Drivers or pedestrians need to give the necessary help. Drivers need to stop their vehicles until the disabled person has crossed the road, Pedestrians should approach the disabled and offer help in crossing the road. Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC)Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) C.Attitude and Responsi ity of Drivers |. Drivers and Pedestrians As a vehicle driver, you must never assume that pedestrians are always alert when on the road. It thus becomes your responsibility to share the road with pedestrians wisely by observing and paying attention every time you see a pedestrian, There are several places where drivers have to be more alert while driving. Among them are as follows: (i) School children crossing zone Vehicle drivers must drive defensively and should be able to stop their vehicles immediately when necessary, . Vehicle drivers must stop their vehicles when they see school children stepping onto the road or at the crossing even if there is no warden or traffic guard present. . Vehicle drivers are not allowed to move until these pedestrians have left the crossingVehicle drivers must always be alert because not all pedestrians are careful when using the zebra crossing. Some pedestrians are of the opinion that they are free and safe when using the zebra crossing without first looking left and right. (iii) Bus/taxi stand Vehicle drivers must be careful when passing the bus/taxi stand, because it is possible that passengers/alighting from the bus or taxi might cross the road without first looking left or right. The situation becomes more dangerous if there are pedestrians crossing from the front or back of a bus which has just stopped where the driver will not be able to see them because they are blocked from the driver's view. (iv) Housing areas Vehicle drivers must be cautious every time they pass through a housing area. There is a possibility that children may suddenly appear in the path of the driver.Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) (v) Senior citizens and the disabled Generally, the hearing and sight of the elderly and the disabled are weak and can be the cause of accidents. They are also incapable of seeing clearly the presence of vehicles in their surroundings. Therefore, drivers must be careful when passing through areas where there are senior citizens and the disabled. f necessary, you are advised to honk. (vi) Crowded attraction areas (Entertainment centres, shows, markets, talks, ete.) There are various categories of pedestrians in these areas of attraction. There may be pedestrians who are drunk, carrying a lot of things, not paying attention or are enjoying themselves too much to concentrate and pay attention while walking. Therefore, drivers must pay attention when passing these areas. (vii) Bad weather Itis the norm for pedestrians to rush and not pay attention while walking in bad weather. The vision of drivers becomes blurred, and these circumstances can contribute to accidents involving pedestrians. Vehicle drivers shouldUl. Drivers and Cyclists Penns Te wrete - When a driver sees a cyclist, the driver must immediately anticipate danger in front because the cyclist might turn right and move out of his path, especially if the cyclist is a children. Furthermore, every vehicle driver must understand the safety procedures that need to be taken ifa dangerous situation arises, for example, prepare to use the emergency brake or to turn right. - A driver should also act immediately when seeing a cyclist in front because a driver cannot anticipate danger with a careless attitude. Such an attitude can be dangerous. Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) 3-A drivers needs to slow down his vehicle when nearing school areas, where many students bicycle on the left and right of the road, 4-A driver should not honk when seeing a cyclist in front, for this can startle the cyclist, unless the intention is to let the cyclist know that he wants to overtake the cyclist orif the driver is at an area where his front view is being blocked such as ata road bend or ahill slope. 5-A vehicle driver should not leave his vehicle on a dark road without turning on the lights for this can endanger cyclists. ifthe lights fail to function, move the car from the road as soon as possible or turn on the hazard lights to indicate the position of the vehicle. 6-A vehicle driver needs to give sufficient signals and ensure that it is safe before leaving a parking lot and Joining the traffic, so that the signals can be seen clearly bby other road users, especially cyclists.Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) Ill. Drivers and Motorcyclists 1 Motorcyclists are the group most frequently involved in road accidents, because apart from the high number of Motorcycles on the road, this group comprises young riders and school children. Therefore, when faced with a motorcyclist, drivers of bigger vehicles must constantly be more alert and careful. 2-Vehicle drivers are prohibited from honking when aE} pessing/overtaking motorcyclists for this might startle them and cause them to move out of their lane and into the lane on the right. However, honking is necessary if motorcyclists are riding abreast. 3-Vehicle drivers should also give sufficient and clear signals and assume a safe distance before overtaking a motorcyclist. The same step should be taken when re- entering the lane after overtaking, 4- Vehicle drivers should follow the motorcyclists at a safe distance and not too closely, because this can disturb the concentration of the motorcyclists and can also scare them. Use the two-second and four-second distance rules. 5-Vehicle drivers should also give sufficient and clear signals when changing directions or when turning left or right. Also, drivers should look into their rearview and side mirrors to check their blind-spots to ensure there are no motorcyclists when making a tum. o While driving at night, vehicle drivers should be more careful and cautious because many motorcycles do not have rear lights that are bright and clear. Vehicle drivers are also prohibited from using their high beam at oncoming motorcyclists because the glare could momentarily blind them and cause accidents, 7- When driving on a road that is packed with vehicles, drivers should be more careful and cautious for there will be motorcyclists riding in between the slow moving cars.1V. Drivers and Other Vehicles 1, Driving School/Institute Vehicles used for teaching/tests by RTD officers 1.1. When you come across a vehicle from a driving schoolfnstitute that is being used to teach and has an'L' plate displayed, you have to assume that this vehicle can be potentially dangerous to you, for it is being driven by someone who is just learning how to drive and is not yet skilled or efficient in driving. Therefore, these situations might occur:- i) The vehicle is driven slowly; ii) The vehicle is driven to the side and to the middle of the road; ii) The vehicle may stop suddenly. 1.2 As a wise vehicle driver, when faced with these situations you have to immediately take the following safety precautions: i) Do not follow the vehicle in front too closely; ii) Make sure the distance between your vehicles is safe enough for the vehicle in front to stop suddenly; Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) iii) Do not honk or give any warning/obscene signs if that vehicleis being driven slowly; iv) Be patience and respect the other driver, for you too would have been in the same situation before.7 Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) 2. Vehicles driven by a probationary licence driver When you are faced with a vehicle that is being driven by a probationary (P) licence driver, you have to be alert because the driver has just obtained his licence and his skill is not quite adequate. Therefore, you have to focus on the probability of a mistake occurring and be prepared to take safety precautions. 3. Public transport vehicles Whenever you are faced with a public transport vehicle such as a bus or taxi, extra attention has to be given towards the vehicle, Look out the following: i) The vehicle will stop suddenly to pick up and drop off Passengers; There will be passengers who cross the road from the front or the back of the bus without first looking to the left and right of the road; iii) The vehicle starts moving without the driver looking back or giving way to other vehicles from behind, ‘Therefore, when you are faced witha public transport vehicle you should always be prepared and be a safe distance away.& Heavy machinery (such as wheeled machinery/tractor) When you come across heavy machinery, you will encounter problems such as the vehicle moving too slowly. You have to follow this vehicle carefully and find a safe way 10 overtake. You have to apply the overtaking procedures when you want to overtake this vehicle. Make sure you are overtaking at 2 safe area and never overtake at a dangerous spot. Drivers and vehicles that have the right of way (POLICE, AMBULANCE, FIREBRIGADE, RTD, and CUSTOMS) Drivers of all vehicles must give way to any vehicles belonging to the police, ambulance, firebrigade, RTD and Customs that have their sirens on even if at that moment the drivers have the right of way. 6.0- Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) EWE ed Eras | = A Traffic priority must be given to these vehicles because the law has given them the right. Failure in giving Priority to these emergency vehicles will risk involving your vehicle in an accident. Legal action can be taken against those who fail to give way. Commerced vehicle drivers (lorry, trailer, container lorry, etc.) Whenever you encounter commerced vehicles such as lorries, trailers and container lorries whether moving or stopping at the side of the road, you must be more careful by taking these steps:- i) Observe the signs are on the body of the vehicles such as the words ‘dangerous’, ‘long vehicle’, ‘air brakes’ and ‘highly flammable’;PU tad ee Ta Nie) Aa) } f ~ a ~ | | | L L 1) Avoid from going into / suddenly stopping in the space in front of heavy vehicles because they require a distance to stop. iii) Determine the safe distance when following a heavy vehicle while it is moving, going up a hill or taking a comer. iv) Be extra careful when overtaking a heavy vehicle because it has bigger blind-spots. You must initiate ‘communication with the driver by honking to inform him of your intention to overtake his vehicle.SECTION I BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES 1.Actions before driving a) Pre-driving check As a driver, you should do a pre-driving check. Pay attention to the followings: ’) Look over your car, making sure there is no damage toits body, plate number and lights; li) Make sure the tyres have enough air, are not punctured and are in perfect condition; iii) Make sure there are no children/animals/vehicles or any other obstructions around that can cause accidents. Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) eke tadDriver's Education Curriculum (DEC) b) Clothes Clothes play an important role while driving. These rules should be followed :- i) Clothes worn should not obstruct movement of the hands and arms; ii) Tight trousers should be avoided because they will obstruct leg movement; iii) Soft-soled shoes are suitable for driving because you can feel the pedal as you step on it. Wearing slippers not encouraged. vADriver's Education Curriculum (DEC) ) Basic preparations when inside the vehicle ’) Before beginning your journey, adjust your seat so that control instruments such as the light switch and signal can be reached without having to stretch your arms and legs; ii) Make sure the rear view and side mirrors are in their correct positions; iii) Make sure the signals, hom and winds screen wipers are functioning; iv) Make sure the temperature is stable and there is enough fuel; v) Make sure the gear is in neutral before starting the engine, Pra ee ee RRCDriver's Education Curriculum (DEC) 2. Actions while driving a) Rules of moving Before putting the vehicle in motion, you are advised to take note of the following: i) Use of mirtor Make sure you look into the rear-view and side mirrors before signalling. ii) Signalling Make sure you signal sufficiently before moving. Glancing back Make sure you glance back a little after signalling and before moving to avoid vehicles that cannot be seen from the rear view and side mirrors or because of blind-spots. y) Gear and clutch ~ Make sure the gears in neutral. ~ Depress the accelerator slightly and turn the key to start the engine. Release the accelerator as soon as the engine starts. Make sure there are no other road users in front or behind. Signal to indicate what you want to do next. ~ Depress the clutch and put the vehicle in first gear, then release the brake hand, = Depress the accelerator slightly while slowly letting out the clutch. Make sure the situation allows for the car to begin moving safely by glancing over your shoulder to the blind-spot. Let the car move slowly. ~ Release the clutch completely.b) Rules of stopping the vehicle The following is what you should always remember and Pay attention to while stopping at an intersection or behind another vehicle: = Monitor other road users in front of you. ~ Use the rear view mirror to look and notice the traffic behind. ~ Signal to indicate what you intend to do. ~ Be alert to the areas hidden from view on your left. ~ Depress the accelerator. ~ Follow the left lane or the correct lane, ~ Depress the brake pedal slowly, - Completely depress the clutch pedal when your vehicle is close to stopping. ~ Continue depressing the clutch and the brakes, ~ Pull the brake hand and push the gear into neutral. ~ Place your foot on the brake pedal when stopping. 3. Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) Rules of balancing the use of the gear, clutch and accelerator Changing gears is another important aspect of basic driving. While driving, you have to choose a suitable gear by observing the speed of the vehicle through the sound of the engine, briefly glancing at the speedo meter occasionally or looking at the moving view outside. Training in gear changing is an important aspect in turning you into a skilled driver. Apply as follows: First Gear ~ Depress the clutch pedal. ~ Put the vehicle in first gear ~ Release the clutch halfway while slowly depressing the accelerator. ~ Release the rest of the clutch and step on the accelerator to increase speed. - Depress the accelerator until the car achieves a speed of 15-20km per hour Second Gear ~ Depress the clutch pedal while releasing the accelerator, ~ Push the gear from first to second. ~ Release the clutch halfway, then slowly release it altogether while depressing the accelerator.Pama cele eee ra it mie) e) Third Gear - Depress the clutch while releasing the accelerator, ~ Change from second gear to third gear. - Release the clutch completely in one movement while stepping on the accelerator, - Step on the accelerator until the car achieves a speed of 40-45 km per hour. Fourth Gear and Onwards - Depress the clutch while releasing the accelerator, = Change from third gear to fourth gear and onwards. - Release the clutch completely in one movement while stepping on the accelerator. - Depress the accelerator gradually to the permitted speed. 4, Steering Control Controlling the steering correctly is the basis of vehicle stability and security. Therefore, itis important to maintain maximum control of the steering wheel at all times while in the vehicle. Hold the steering wheel gently to maintain the movement of the car in a straight direction. However, you may need to hold the steering wheel tightly so you can maintain your vehicle's smooth journey while negotiating road bends, braking, driving over uneven roads such as roads with puddles, muddy and bumpy roads. The correct way of holding a steering wheel: i) Hold the steering wheel with both hands in the position of the hands of a clock with the left hand at 10 and the right hand at 2; li) Do not let go of the steering wheel and let it turn back by itself after making a turn; iii) Do not move your body when turning the steering wheel. Drivers need to constantly look further ahead to monitor the different road conditions so that swift turning of the steering wheel can be done wisely. When driving around a sharp road bend, turn the steering wheel little by little without removing both your hands.After negotiating the bend, turn the steering wheel back toits original position to continue your journey. When reversing your vehicle, drive as though you are going forward. You should turn the steering wheel in the desired direction. 5. Blind-spots Blind-spots are the two areas to the left and right of the vehicle that are hidden from the view of the driver. They are also hidden from view through the side and rear view mirrors. There are two areas on the feft and right of the vehicle that are hidden from view Of the diver, side and rear view mirrox. These areas ‘ore called “blind-spots' Before overtaking, changing lanes or even entering an intersection, a river should turn his head 10 see If there are any vehicles in these areas. Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) As a driver, care should be taken before deciding to: a) Change lanes while drivin. b) Overtake other vehicles; c) Enter an intersection. Actions to be taken to overcome blind-spots are as follows: a) Glance a slightly to your right or left before making any move; ) Signal before moving; ¢) Sound the horn before moving. Blind-spot areasPU aed cae ia nC) Aa} 6.Actions After Driving Observe the following when you want to leave your vehicle: i) Stop at a safe place; ii) Make sure the brake hand is engaged; il) Switch off the engine and remove the key; iv) Unbuckle your seat belt; vv) Look into the side and rear view mirrors before opening the door; vi) Open the door slowly and step out of the vehicle; vil) Close the door; Vili) Lock all the doors before leaving your vehicle. yaCHAPTER II THE HIGHWAY CODE TRAFFIC SIGNS All drivers have to constantly follow the traffic signs and rules of the road that have been set to ensure safety. Therefore, itis very important to learn, know and understand the meaning of each traffic sign that is used on the road such as the ones categorized under the 1985/5 Road Procedures. The 5 categories are as follows: 1. DANGER TRAFFIC SIGNS 1, UNEVEN ROAD, a) Slow down b) Change or lower the gear and continue driving 2. DANGEROUS BEND a) Slow down b) Overtaking not allowed ©) Drive carefully Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) 3.ROAD INTERSECTION a) Stop at every cross junction b) Observe the vehicles on your right and in the front €) Give way to the vehicles from your right 4. RAILWAY CROSSING WITH GATES ) Slow down when nearing this sign b) Stop and wait until the gates open © Drive carefully 5.LEVEL CROSSING WITH AUTOMATIC GATES a) Slow down when nearing this sign b) Stop and wait until the gates open ©) After the gates open, drive carefully heaPUNT ara Clee ita um} 6. LEVEL CROSSING WITHOUT GATES a) Slow down when nearing this sign b) Stop and make sure there is no train crossing before continuing journey 7.DANGEROUS DESCENT ) Slow down when coming across this sign b) Use low gear ©) Overtaking notallowed d) U-turn not allowed 8.DANGEROUS ASCENT 2) Drive carefully b) Use low gear ¢) Overtaking not allowed ‘d) U-turn not allowed ‘9. CARRIAGEWAY NARROWS: a) Slow down b) Give way to the vehicles from the front 10. WINDING ROAD FOR..../KM. 2) Slow down b) Overtaking not allowed ©) Drive carefully 11.SOFT ROAD SHOULDER a) Drive carefully b) Be careful before overtaking ©) Beware of the soft road shoulder 12, SLIPPERY ROAD 2) Slowdown b) Drive carefully ©) Overtaking is dangerous d) Requires safe distance to stop 13. PEDESTRIAN CROSSING a) Slow down when seeing this sign bb) Stop if there is anyone crossing and rive carefully ©) No honking SD D”O14. CHILDREN CROSSING a) Slow down in this area ‘b) Follow instructions of the traffic control guard ¢) Give way to people crossing and drive carefully d) Nohenking 15, OTHER DANGER a) Drive carefully in case of possible hazards 16. CAUTION a) Drive carefully because cerain danger probably exist 17. STOP SIGN AHEAD a) Slow down when approaching this sign. b) Stop and make sure the road is clear before moving on. a . a) Follow the arrow and turn right only PINT ree ar ine) 18. GIVE WAY SIGN AHEAD a) Slow down b) Prepare to stop as there is a give way sign ahead 19. LEFT BEND a) Follow the arrow and turn left only 20. RIGHT BEND. 21. ROAD NARROWS ON THE LEFT 8) Slow down when seeing this sign b) Give way to vehicles on the front right side ¢) Overtaking not allowed d) Drive carefully o 222. ROAD NARROWS ON THE RIGHT a) Slow down when seeing this sign b) Give way to vehicles on the front leftside ©) Overtaking not allowed ¢) Drive carefully 23. TRAFFIC SIGNAL AHEAD a) Drive carefully b) Obey traffic lights ©) Red - stop Yellow - prepare to stop Green - drive if safe 24, OBSTRUCTION MARKER a) Beware! Obstruction ahead b) Slow down 25. OBSTRUCTION SIGN a) Drive carefully when passing the obstruction sign b) Make sure the road is clear before moving on Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) VW 26. STAGGERED JUNCTION a) Slow down b) Signal when turning c) Inch vehicle closer to the desired side road 27.ROAD JUNCTION WITH MINOR ROAD. ON RIGHT a) Slow down b) Signal if you wish to turn right ©) Give way to vehicles coming from the ‘opposite direction 28, ROAD JUNCTION WITH MINOR ROAD ONTHE LEFT a) Slowdown b) Signal when turning left ¢) Turn left only ifit is safe 29.ROAD JUNCTION ON THE RIGHT a) Slow down b) Signal if you wish to turn right ©) Give way to vehicles from the opposite direction Sooo30. ROAD JUNCTION ON THE LEFT a) Slow down 'b) Signal if you wish to turn left 31, ROAD JUNCTION ON THE RIGHT a) Drive carefully b) Signal before turning right ¢) Give way to vehicles coming from the opposite direction 4) Drive to the middle of the road then turn right 32, ROAD JUNCTION ON THE LEFT a) Drive carefully ) Signal before turning left GJ Inch closer to the left d) Turn left and continue journey 33.T-JUNCTION a) Signal before turning left or right b) Stop when arriving at junction c) If there are no vehicles, continue journey ® © ® > 34. CLIMBING LANE (TWO LANES) a) Heavy vehicles should be on the left lane b) Overtaking vehicles should use the right lane ©) Be careful when going uphill 35. CLIMBING LANE (ONE LANE) a) Slow-moving heavy vehicles should use the left lane ) Overtaking vehicles should use the right lane ©) Be careful of vehicles that you are ‘overtaking and those coming from the opposite direction 36. FALLING ROCKS OR LANDSLIDE 2) Be careful when passing this area b) Make sure it is safe before you continue driving Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC)Pelee ne ra un) 3} 37.ROUNDABOUT AHEAD a) Make sure you are positioned in the correct lane when seeing this sign b) Give way to vehicles on your right ©) Slow down, give the correct signal and continue on 38. CATTLE CROSSING a) Slow down b) Prepare to stop your vehicle if an animal crosses 39.BLIND PEOPLE a) Slow down and stop your vehicle if there is blind person crossing 40. CROSSING FOR THE DISABLED a) Slow down and stop your vehicle ifa disabled person is crossing 41. DIVIDED HIGHWAY (ROAD) ENDS SIGN a) You will pass the divided highway. Observe the vehicles coming ahead. 42. DIVIDED HIGHWAY (ROAD) AHEAD 2) Youwillbe going through a divided highway. Be careful and look at the divider for the vehicle in front of youDriver's Education Curriculum (DEC) 43. FORKED ROAD (DOUBLE ARROW SIGN) 4G, DIRECTION SIGN FOR RIGHT ROAD. BEND a) Slow down b) Give way to the vehicle in front a) Slow down when nearing the bend Follow the correct lane b) Observe direction of bend 44. TWO-WAY TRAFFIC 47. DIRECTION SIGN FOR LEFT ROAD BEND. a) Be careful while driving, and make a) Slow down when nearing the bend sure traffic conditions are safe before b) Observe direction of bend overtaking 45.NARROW BRIDGE AHEAD 48. SCHOOL AREA AHEAD 4) Slow down and give way to the a) Slow down and obey the speed limit vehicle in front allowed b) No honkingbey taa tee ea se (ea) 49. ROAD JUNCTION ON THE LEFT AND RIGHT a. Slow down. b, Signal when turning. . Inch vehicle closer to the desired side road. 50. WILD ANIMAL CROSSING a) Slow down. b) Prepare to stop if a wild animal crosses. 51. WEIGHING BRIDGE STATION a) All heavy vehicles must obey the signboard permitting the crossing of the bridge. 52. BUMPER AHEAD a.Slow down. b. Drive carefully. OOO © 53. STAGGERED JUNCTION VEHICLES PROHIBITED FROM TURNING INTO RIGHT SIDE ROAD. a) Junctions to the left and right ahead. b) Make sure which of the roads cannot be entered. c) Enter only the road allowed. 54. PLAYGROUND AREA a) Slow down. b) Prepare to stop if there is something on the road. 55. CROSS WIND a) Drive carefully. b, Prepare to stop if the wind too strong.Il. PROHIBITIVE TRAFFIC SIGNS 1, NO ENTRY FOR ANY VEHICLE a) All vehicles are not allowed to enter this area. 2. TURNING TO THE LEFT PROHIBITED. a) All vehicles are not allowed, toturn left, 3. TURNING TO THE RIGHT PROHIBITED a) All vehicles are not allowed toturn right. 4,NO U-TURN a) All vehicles are not allowed to make a U- turn. QGeeo0o Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) 5.NO ENTRY FOR HEAVY VEHICLES EXCEEDING...TONS LADEN WEIGHT a. All vehicles exceeding the limit of the ’ weight are not allowed. 6.NO ENTRY FOR BULLOCK CARTS, BICYCLES, TRISHAWS AND TRICYCLES a) The above mentioned vehicles are not allowed to use the roads. 7.NO ENTRY FOR VEHICLES HAVING OVERALL HEIGHT EXCEEDING THE HEIGHT INDICATED (4..) 2) Vehicles with a height exceeding the limit in the sign are not allowed entry. 8.SPEED LIMIT a) Allvehicles are not allowed to exceed the fixed speed limit.Predera ne} 9. SPEED LIMIT ENDS a) When seeing this sign, drivers can increase speed 10, STOP AT INTERSECTION a) All vehicles must stop at this sign 'b) Stop, look left and right ) When there are no other vehicles, continue driving 11. PARKING TOTALLY PROHIBITED a) All drivers are not allowed to park their vehicles wherever this sign is present 12, STOPPING TOTALLY PROHIBITED a) All vehicles are not allowed to stop in this area. @®@eo 13. GIVE WAY a) Slow down, b) Give way to vehicles coming from the right 14.NO OVERTAKING a) When passing areas with this sign, is prohibited overtaking 15.NO ENTRY FOR MOTORCYCLES a) Motorcycles are not allowed entry 16. NO ENTRY FOR VEHICLES HAVING OVERALL WIDTH EXCEEDING ss METRES a) Vehicles exceeding the width limit are not allowed entryIll. MANDATORY TRAFFIC SIGNS 1. DIRECTION TO BE FOLLOWED. a) Drive according to the arrow sign 2. DIRECTION TO BE FOLLOWED a) Drive according to the arrow sign 3. TURN RIGHT ONLY a) Drive according to the arrow sign 4. DIRECTION TO BE FOLLOWED So @SO0 a) Drive according to the arrow sign ») If you wish to turn right, slow down, signal then turn right Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) ‘5. COMPULSORY CYCLE LANE 2) Use only the lane provided 'b) Vehicles other than bicycles are Prohibited from using this lane 6. COMPULSORY TRICYCLE LANE a) Use only the lane provided b) Vehicles other than tricycles are prohibited from using this lane 7. COMPULSORY MOTORCYCLE LANE a) Use only the lane provided b) Vehicles other than motorcycles are prohibited from using this lane ‘8. COMPULSORY TRISHAW LANE a) Use only the lane provided b) Vehicles other than trishaws are prohibited from using this lane ‘9. COMPULSORY ANIMAL DRAWN VEHICLE/CART LANE a) Use only the lane provided i b) Vehicles other than bullock carts ; are prohibitedDriver's Education Curriculum (DEC) IV. INFORMATIVE TRAFFIC SIGNS 1.PARKING AREA 2] 2) Parking is allowed in this area. ‘2.HOSPITAL a) Slow down, 'b) No honking. 3. KEEP LEFT a) Drive to the left. 4. RESTRICTION ON USE OF HORNS: 2) Honking is totally prohibited. 5.BUS STOP: .2)Slow down. b) Drive carefully. ©) Parking wiyhin a9 metre range is prohibited. 6. NAME OF TOWN OR VILLAGE a) You are in the town or village shown WAN ELMS] on the signboard. 7. DIRECTIONS, a) Drive according to the directions shown. fDi K.Kangsar Se eg = 8. ROUNDABOUT DIRECTIONS a) The sign ahead shows a roundabout. Make sure you are in the correct lane according to your destination. 58 b) Slow down when nearing the roundabout. 9, APPROACH TO JUNCTION OF ROADS LEADING TO SUSUR KELUAR KE MAIN TOWNS Pee Sonai a) Ahead isa road that leads Eo toa big towns.10. DIRECTIONS WITH TOURIST oe SS AREA DIRECTION a) Ahead is a road that leads to tourist area and big towns. 11. DIRECTIONS WITH HIGHWAY DIRECTION a) Ahead is a road that leads to tourist area and big towns. 12, DIRECTIONS ON GANTRY a) Ahead is a road that leads to big towns. ere bet | Se oe Primate) s 13. DIRECTIONS IN A HIGHWAY a) Ahead is a road that leads to big towns. 14, DISTANCE DIRECTIONS a) Distance to the big towns are_km. 15. DISTANCE DIRECTIONS 2) Distance to the big towns are__km. Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) ae KotaTingsl 38km oer eye} a eee Sea) ore a Cen eT}Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) 10.DIRECTIONS AWAY FROM. Erion as} JUNCTION Pe yt a) Ahead is a road leading out ey of the intersection 11, PLACES OF IMPORTANCE ON ROADS LEADING FROM JUNCTION a) Indicator shows directions of areas from intersection 12, AIRPORT a) Direction to the airport 13. PUBLIC TELEPHONE ) Public telephone ahead b) No honking 14. PETROL STATION a) ... Petrol station ahead 15, DEAD END a) Coution: No through road 16. HEALTH CENTRE / HOSPITAL, a) Slow down b) Always be careful. Give way to ambulance ¢) Do not leave your vehicle in front of the hospital entrance or exit 4) No honking 17. U-TURN ALLOWED a) Taking a U-turn is allowed ‘18. SPEED LIMIT ZONE AHEAD a) Be careful when arriving at this area and obey the fixed speed limit b) Areas with this sign are usually the city area close to schools and accident areas19. FIRE HYDRANT ) Parking within a 3-metre radius from a fire hydrant is prohibited (20. LANE FOR THESE TYPES OF VEHICLES ONLY a) Only these types of vehicles are allowed to use this road Pat tenner Ns) a)Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) V. TEMPORARY TRAFFIC SIGNS 1.WORKS ROAD a) Slow down and observe the temporary signs provided b) Give way to vehicles coming from the front ¢) Start moving only when itis safe 2. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS PILED BY THE SIDE OF THE ROAD. a) Slow down and observe the temporary signs provided b) Stop when you see vehicles coming from the opposite direction ©) Start moving only when it is safe d) Don't drive too near to the construction materials 3.60 2)When the lightis green, you may continue driving if there are no obstructions 4.STOP a) When the lightis yellow, stop; if you are too close to the white line and stopping is not safe, continue driving 5) STOP a.When the traffic light is red, you must stop and never cut across or continue driving @e6@ 6.STOP FOR CHILDREN CROSSING a) Slow down when nearing this area 4 b) If there are children crossing,stop uaa and let them cross ¢) After looking left and right and making sure it is safe, continue journey7. ADVANCE WARNING SIGN a) Slow down when you see this sign because the roads are being repaired 8.DETOUR a) Slow down when you see this sign and follow the arrow indicator 9. OBSTACLES a) Follow the divension sign as there is an obstacle ahead 10. OBSTRUCTION SIGN 2) Drive carefully when you pass an obstruction sign. b) Make sure the road is safe before continuing | Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) 11, MIDDLE LANE CLOSED TO TRAFFIC a) Slow down and follow traffic instructions b) Follow the allowed lanes and drive carefully 12, RIGHT LANE CLOSED TO TRAFFIC a) Slow down and follow traffic instructions b) Follow the allowed lanes and drive carefully 13. LEFT LANE CLOSED TO TRAFFIC a) Slow down and follow traffic instructions b) Follow the allowed lanes and drive carefully 14, OBSTRUCTION SIGN, a) Drive carefully when you pass an obstruction sign b) Make sure the road is safe before continuing ae?e®VI. LINES ON THE ROAD Examples:- Chevron Driving in this area Prohibited To channel the traffic Two Straight Lines Overtaking is prohibited Making a U-turn is prohibited line A straight line and a dotted Vehicles on the bend of the straight line are prohibited from overtaking Adotted line Overtaking is allowed if itis safeGorse GUESS ele Crete UNE renter Pini rer A straight yellow line that is 12 inches from the side of the road Parking along the yellow line is prohibited Follow instructions of the words or arrows Shows special stop areas, parking areas or prohibited areas Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC)Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) VII. TRAFFIC POLICE HAND SIGNS AND SIGNALS Vehicles from the front and back must stop, and vehicles from the front are ordered to move right Vehicles from the front and back must stop. Traffic from the right continues moving following the direction shown Vehicles from the right, left and back must stop. Vehicles in front may turn right Vehicles from the left and right mayDriver's Education Curriculum (DEC) Vehicles in front [ |Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) Vill - MOTORIST'S / MOTORCYCLIST'S HAND SIGNALS (itinerant) Cit ncaa) * Note: Motorists should also pay attention to the latest signals issued by the Public Works Department of MalaysiaCHAPTER III DEFENSIVE DRIVING SECTION 1 CONCEPT OF DEFENSIVE DRIVING 1. Definition of the Concept of Defensive Driving Generally, defensive driving means driving that could avoid and prevent accidents from happening. It covers knowledge, skill and the right attitude while driving. According to Duanne R. Johnson (1979), defensive driving means that a driver is prepared to face obstructive situations caused by other drivers or road conditions by applying the technique ‘identify, Predict, Decide and Act’ (IPDA). Briefly, the concept of defensive driving means that the driving is being done by someone with knowledge of traffic regulations, considerable skill in all aspects of driving and the fight attitude while driving and readiness in identifying, analysing, deciding and acting towards the obstruction, whether caused by other road users or that exists naturally. 2. Steps to Prevent Accidents There are four (4) important steps in preventing accidents from happening. A defensive driver should: Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) i) Define - Anything that could involve someone in an accident. ii) Analyse - How all these things might affect the driver while driving. iii) Decide - What is the best and safest decision to make while driving. Act - Identifying, analysing and deciding are still not enough if the driver's capabilities in steering the vehicle away from danger is insufficient. The driver must act skillfully and swiftly. iv) 3.Planning the Journey Before starting the journey, a driver should plan first. A journey that is planned correctly can result in a perfect and enjoyable trip. ‘Things that need to be planned: ~ Journey time ~ Mental and physical condition - 'Pre-Driving Check’ of the vehicle condition - Rest area for stopping - Necessary items for the journeyDyed tele Re tee) 4,Perfect Driving Only a driver with sufficient knowledge, skills ane. a positive attitude who plans the journey is a perfect driver. Perfect drivers will not be involved in any of the following ’) Accidents; ii) Committing traffic offences; iii) Misusing vehicles; iv) Delaying the Journey Schedule; v) Being discourteous. SECTION 2 POSITIONS IN WHICH ACCIDENTS COULD OCCUR Accidents may happen, and one of the causes is the collision between two vehicles. The main factor is carelessness of the drivers themselves. Drivers need to identify the positions that could cause collisions between two vehicles. Here are six (6) positions that have been identified as causes of accidents:- a) Collision with the car in front Drivers fail to use the safe-distance rule correctly. Usually, the drivers are following too closely behind. Drivers fail to look ahead at the signal given by the car in front and others.b) Collision with the car behind Drivers do not look into the rearview mirror. Defensive drivers would always look into the rearview mirror every 5 seconds. Drivers do not practice the safe distance rules if the car behind is following too closely. The safe distance rule to practice is the four second rule. Drivers fail to signal in due time. Signal should be given at least 3 seconds before changing course or lanes. ©) Collision while overtaking Drivers are not careful in making decision, when overtaking. Drivers fail to practice overtaking rules. They fail to look at least 100 meters ahead or apply the 12-second rule. Drivers fail to check their blind-spots by glancing to the right. d) Collision while being overtaken Drivers do not drive on the left side of the lane. Drivers fail to obey the rulas/discipline of using lanes. Drivers do not look into their rear-view mirror. In this situation, sometimes they too attempt to overtake. Drivers do not cooperate. There are drivers that accelerate when other vehicles try to overtake them. Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) e) Collision at the side of the road Drivers do not plan their journey. They are then unsure of their course of direction. Drivers fail to signal. When drivers fail to communicate with other road users, the situation becomes unsafe. Drivers do not practice the intersection rules. f) Collision with oncoming vehicles Drivers fail to look ahead at least in a distance of 12 seconds or 100 meters. Drivers do not understand the ‘rules of avoiding head-on collisions’. Drivers are inconsiderate/arrogant. There are those who will not give in by moving left again or by entering the left lane. These collisions can actually be avoided if the drivers practice the guidelines set. Drivers that place importance on the safety of others could also avoid collisions.Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) SECTION 3 CONDITIONS THAT CAUSE ACCIDENTS There are several factors that can cause us to be involved in accidents. As defensive drivers, we need to identify such situations before driving. This is important in preventing accidents. There are 6 conditions identified as possible causes of accident if the driver is not careful:- 1.Drivers ‘The main and most important factor that causes accidents is, driving in a physically tires, mentally and emotionally stressed States. Ensure good physical and mental health. Drivers who are tired, sleepy, angry, worried or panic should not be driving. Do not drive after consuming alcohol or under the influence of drugs. Driving is prohibited if your blood alcohol content is 80 milligrams per 100 millilitres of blood. It is wise to adapt to changes according to weather or road conditions. Do not take medicine that is not yet prescribed by a doctor if there is a health problem. Use the two-second rule when following a vehicle. Do not overtake where itis not allowed. Always glance into the rearview mirror. Always be patient and considerate. Always obey traffic signs/signals, 2.Roads The road was built so that vehicles can move around safely and easily, but road conditions are not good all the time. The roads may be damaged due to the rein, heat, spilled oil and others. ) Driving speed mu i) Decrease speed di uit the condition of the road; ing rain and on slippery roads. Driving fast on a waterly-logged road causes control of the steering wheel, tyres and brakes to ” malfunction. The process in which the tyres do not touch the ground owing to the layers of water beneath them is known as ‘hydro planing’.Vehicles will easily skid on @ toad surface containing water. This condition is called hydro planing’ 3.Vehicles After the drivers, vehicles that do not function well could cause accidents. The brakes, lights, brake lights, signal lights and car horn must always be functioning well Make sure that the tyres and windscreen wipers are in good condition and functioning. Ensure that the seat belts are usable and are strapped on while driving, Test the brakes, signal lights and adapt to the conditions of the vehicle before driving. Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) 4.Weather Heavy rain and thick fog can obstruct clear vision. Extremely heavy rain followed by rough winds can sometimes prevent us from driving on. Visibility through the vehicle windows becomes poor and the roads become more slippery. ; 5. Light i) Too much light or lack of it can cause obstructions, such as when the driver is facing the sun, glare of the morning sun or light from the opposite direction; ii) The eyes will recover from the glare in 7 seconds and if the driver is driving at a speed of 70 km per hour, the distance covered by the vehicle would be 140 meters. Therefore, adjust the rate of speed when faced with this condition.Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) 6. Traffic Heavy traffic can cause accidents. The frequency of accidents is usually during busy hours such as: Morning - (7.00 am - 8.00 am) Afternoon - (12.00 noon - 1.00 pm) Evening - (4.00 pm - 5.00 pm) Areas close to shopping centres, factories, schools, sports complexes, and others are accident-proned. These six (6) obstructive conditions can be overcome if drivers practice defensive driving techniques. oeSECTION 4 OBSTACLES 1.Introduction Obstacles are acknowledged risks for drivers on the road. Road users are bound to encounter some obstacles when they are on the road. The obstacles may be in the form of a road busy with vehicles, pedestrians and others. Thus, drivers need to take the four (4) precautionary steps to avoid accidents, First, drivers need to know what the obstacles are; then analyse the obstacles before making any decision to ensure their safety. This procedure of knowing and analysing the obstacles is known as DADA: D- Define A- Analyse D- Decide A-Act 2. Types of Obstacles There are three (3) types of known obstacles: Physical - in the form of junctions, roundabouts, corners, hills, pedestrian crossings, railway crossings and road works; ii) The movement and location of other road users - for example, the pedestrians; ili) The condition of the road surface or the weather. Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC)Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) 3. The Hazard Action Plan i) Identify - potential obstacles; ii) Forecast - possibility of the obstacles endangering the driver's safety; ill), Decide - evaluate and decide on the next course of action to be taken if the obstacle is still a potential danger; iv) Act-safety actions taken by the driver to control the car. 4. Vehicle Controlling Systems The systems to control the vehicle in dangerous areas are: i) Mirrors - look into the rearview and side mirrors to ascertain whether the vehicle at the back is too near; ii) Indicator light - signal early while taking into account the reaction of other road users; )) Brakes - apply the brakes when necessary, Do not brake suddenly; iv) Gear - the gear should be in accordance with the speed of the car; v) Speed - acceleration/decelaration should take into account the obstacles in the path of the vehicle. SECTIONS RULES 1. Introduction While driving, drivers should always obey the road safety rules. Road safety rules are important to prevent accidents from occurring. To ensure this, a few guidelines have been drawn up: i) The rules of distance; i) The rules in overtaking; ill) The rules in preventing a head-on collision; iv) The rules at the crossroads. 2.Rules of Distance Why are the rules of distance needed? Drivers need enough time and distance to stop the vehicle in the event that the vehicle in front makes a sudden stop. The higher the speed of the vehicle, the greater the distance needed to stop the car. ‘There are some known and proven rules to practice on how a driver can safely follow the car in front of him. These rules are:a) Applicability of this method Before practicing these rules, three (3) important aspects need to be taken into consideration: 1) The speed of the vehicle being driven must be equivalent to that of the car being followed; il) Use a stationary object at the roadside as a signpost. ‘The stationary object can be a lamp/telephone post, tree, bridge or any other stationary objects sighted; lil) Itis not necessary to rely on the speedometer to gauge the speed of the vehicle. b) The two-second rule Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) When the car being followed passes by a signpost that has been identified earlier (e.g. an electricity pole), count ‘one thousand one, one thousand two’. If the car being driven reaches the electricity pole after the count, then the distance between the two cars is considered as safe. But if the car being driven reaches the signpost before the counting finishes, then the distance between the two vehicles is deemed as unsafe. ¢) The safe distance to follow another car Use of the four-second rule. This four-second rule is applicable at all times regardless of the speed and whenever you are in these situations: |) The car at the back is following too closely; li) The car you are following is too close to the car in front of it; iil) While towing; iv) When the weather is bad, the road is slippery or sandy. ~The four-second rule is used when the car in front or at the back is following too closely, or when towing, This four-second rule ensures a good distance for the driver or any other vehicles to stop in time of emergencies.Driver's Education Curriculum (DEC) In diagram 3, the four-second rule means that driver A need not stop immediately in the event of driver B ramming into the car in front of him. eet In Diagram 3, driver A should use the four-second rule if driver Bis following driver C too closely. Diagram 4 When a car is towing a load, additional weight is added to the vehicle, as illustrated in diagram 4 above. Thus the four- second rule gives enough time and distance for the driver to stop, taking into account the combined weight of both vehicles.Pyaar e a geist) i (>) 2a} stationary object d) The twelve-second rule ‘The same technique applied to the two- and four-second rule can be used for the 12-second rule. Drivers can learn the skills of the 12-second glance or 100 meters ahead. ‘The 12-second rule enables drivers to observe the traffic from various directions and at all times. This enables them to adjust the speed and direction of their vehicle accordingly. When drivers are well-versed in the two- and four-second tules, they can start to use the 12-second rule. in the 12- second rule, drivers need to look ahead and start counting from one thousand one, one thousand two, one thousand three, and when they reach a stationary signpost at the count of one thousand twelve, it is considered visually safe and safe distance for overtaking. 3.Rules for Overtaking An excellent driver should be skilful at using the scanning technique, while understanding and learning the right techniques of overtaking, The situations below warrant overtaking: ’) When the vehicle in front is moving too slowly; ii) When the vehicle in front changes its direction; IFthere is a possibility of an accident happening when following another vehicle. 10 Rules for Overtaking i) While following Follow the vehicle in front from a safe distance and practice the two-second rule, ii) Check to see whatis in front While looking straight ahead, practice the two-second tule at all times. Remember that it takes you at least 10 seconds to overtake the vehicle in front of you.iit) iw) vy) vi) pa iea ee mea det in ela) Check to see whatis behind you Drivers need to make sure that no other vehicle is trying to overtake them before they overtake the vehicle in front of them. To make sure that it is safe to overtake, look into the rear-view and the side mirrors. Drivers could glance just a litle to the side for the blind-spot, Signalling to the right Use the 12-second rule simultaneously signalling to the right for at least three (3) seconds, Moving to the right Make sure there are a safe distance and ample space before moving to the right. It is not advisable to overtake a motorcycle within the same lane. Accelerating ‘The drivers should be in the correct lane for overtaking. While overtaking another vehicle, drivers need to be careful and in control of the vehicle. They should also be within the permitted speed limit when overtaking. vii) Communicating At a blind-spot, drivers are adviced to honk or signal by using the headlights to indicate to other road users their intention of overtaking. viii) Signalling to the left ix) x) Drivers should signal their intention with three-second tule to go left and at the same time make an estimation of the safe distance to move to the left. Moving to the left Make sure there is space for you to move to the front, before moving to the left when overtaking the vehicle in front of you. Itis considered safe to move to the left when you can see the front of the vehicle being overtaken in the rear view mirror. Accelerating Make sure you are in the right lane while taking into account the two-second rule for incoming vehicles and the 12-second rule for oncoming vehicles. Even though you may practice the 12-second rule, some unforeseeable conditions may happen; for example, the sudden appearance of another vehicle in the path of your car. In the event of this happening, what action should be taken? There is no cause to panic if you know the four (4) basic rules to avoid head-on collisions and are always on the alert. The four (4) rules that need to be practiced are: i) Observing the road ahead While observing the 12-second rule, drivers not only study their surroundings and what is in front of them, but also monitor the speed and the position of oncoming vehicles.