10/12/2014

Funciones Intelectuales del

Cerebro, memoria

13

Evolucin cerebral

Nerve net of jellyfish

Nerve
net

10/12/2014

Evolucin cerebral
The flatworm nervous system has a
primitive brain.

Primitive brain
Nerve cords

Evolucin cerebral
The earthworm nervous system has a
simple brain and ganglia along a nerve cord.

Esophagus
Primitive
brain
Mouth

Subpharyngeal
ganglion

Ventral nerve cord

with ganglia

10/12/2014

Evolucin cerebral

The fish forebrain is small

compared to remainder of brain.

Forebrain

Evolucin cerebral

The goose forebrain is larger.

Forebrain
Cerebellum

10/12/2014

Evolucin cerebral

The human forebrain dominates the brain.

Forebrain

Cerebellum

Embriologa
Day 20
In the 20-day embryo (dorsal view), neural plate cells
(purple) migrate toward the midline. Neural crest cells
migrate with the neural plate cells.

Neural crest

Neural plate

10/12/2014

Embriologa
Day 23
By day 23 of embryonic development, neural tube formation is
almost complete.
Neural crest
becomes peripheral
nervous system.

Anterior opening
of neural tube

Dorsal body
surface

Neural tube
becomes CNS.

Posterior opening
of neural tube

Embriologa

4 Weeks
A 4-week human embryo showing
the anterior end of the neural tube
which has specialized into three
brain regions.

Hindbrain
Forebrain

Midbrain

Spinal
cord

Lumen of neural tube

10/12/2014

Embriologa

6 Weeks
At 6 weeks, the neural tube has differentiated
into the brain regions present at birth. The central
cavity (lumen) shown in the cross section will
become the ventricles of the brain (see Fig. 9.4).

Hindbrain
Medulla
oblongata
Cerebellum
and Pons

Midbrain
Forebrain
Diencephalon

Medulla
oblongata

Cerebrum

Spinal
cord

Diencephalon
Cerebrum
Eye

Midbrain

Embriologa

11 Weeks
By 11 weeks of embryonic development, the
growth of the cerebrum is noticeably more rapid
than that of the other divisions of the brain.

Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Midbrain
Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla
oblongata

Spinal
cord

10/12/2014

Desarrollo
40 Weeks
At birth, the cerebrum has covered
most of the other brain regions.
Its rapid growth within
the rigid confines of
the cranium forces
it to develop a
convoluted,
furrowed
surface.

Cerebrum

Pons
Cerebellum
Medulla
oblongata
Cranial
nerves

Spinal cord

Desarrollo

Child
The directions dorsal and
ventral are different in the
brain because of flexion
in the neural tube during
development.

Dorsal (superior)

Rostral

Caudal
Rostral

Ventral
(inferior)
Dorsal
(posterior)

Ventral
(anterior)
Caudal

10/12/2014

Figure 9.8 ANATOMY SUMMARY Central Nervous System

Anatoma

Lateral view of the CNS

Lateral View of Brain

Cerebrum

Spinal
cord

Parietal
lobe

Frontal
lobe

Vertebrae

Temporal
lobe

Pons

Occipital
lobe

Cerebellum

Medulla oblongata

10/12/2014

Anatoma
ANATOMY SUMMARY
Mid-Sagittal View of Brain

Frontal
lobe

Cingulate gyrus

Parietal
lobe

Corpus
callosum
Occipital
lobe

Temporal
lobe

Cerebellum

Pons
Medulla oblongata

Histologa
Cell bodies in the cerebral cortex form distinct layers
and columns.
Outer surface of the cerebral cortex
1
2

Layers

Gray
matter

4
5
6
White
matter

10/12/2014

reas Funcionales del crtex cerebral

FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
The cerebral cortex contains sensory areas for perception, motor areas that direct movement,
and association areas that integrate information.
FRONTAL LOBE

PARIETAL LOBE

Primary motor cortex

Skeletal
muscle
movement

Primary somatic sensory cortex

Motor association
area (premolar cortex)

Sensory
information
from skin,
musculoskeletal
system, viscera,
and taste buds

Sensory association area

Coordinates
information from
other association
areas, controls
some behaviors

OCCIPITAL LOBE
Visual
association
area

Prefrontal
association
area

Taste

Gustatory cortex

Smell

Olfactory cortex

Vision

Visual
cortex

Auditory
cortex

Auditory
association area
Hearing

TEMPORAL LOBE

reas Funcionales del crtex cerebral

reas motoras y
sensoriales primarias
reas secundarias

10

10/12/2014

reas Funcionales del crtex cerebral

reas de asociacin

rea de asociacin parieto-occpito-temporal

1.
2.
3.
4.

Anlisis de las coordinadas espaciales del cuerpo

rea de Wernike: comprensin del lenguaje
rea de procesamiento visual del lenguaje (lectura, Girus angularis)
rea de denominacin de objetos

11

10/12/2014

rea de asociacin parieto-occpito-temporal

rea de asociacin parieto-occpito-temporal

12

10/12/2014

rea de asociacin parieto-occpito-temporal

rea de asociacin prefrontal

1. Programas motores complejos y su planificacin
2. Elaboracin de pensamientos
3. rea de Broca: Programas motores de elaboracin de palabras

13

10/12/2014

rea de asociacin prefrontal: lobotoma

rea de asociacin prefrontal

14

10/12/2014

rea de asociacin Lmbica

1. Conducta, emociones y motivacin (S. Kluber-Bucy)

rea de asociacin Lmbica

1. Conducta, emociones y motivacin

15

10/12/2014

rea de reconocimiento de caras

1. Lesin: Prosopagnosia

Lenguaje: reas de Wernicke y Broca

1. Lesin: afasia de Wernicke y Broca

16

10/12/2014

rea de Wernicke y Broca

1. Lesin: afasia de Broca

rea de Wernicke y Broca

1. Lesin: afasia de Wernicke

17

10/12/2014

rea de Wernicke y Broca

1. Lesin: afasia de Wernicke y Broca

Lenguaje

18

10/12/2014

Lenguaje

Figure 9.20c (4 of 4)

PET scan of the brain at work

FIGURE QUESTION
In the image above, the brain area active
in seeing words is in the _________ lobe,
and the brain area active during word
generation is in the _______ lobe.

19

10/12/2014

Hemisferio dominante y lateralizacin

CEREBRAL LATERALIZATION
The distribution of functional areas in the two cerebral hemispheres is not symmetrical.

RIGHT HAND

LEFT HAND

Prefrontal
cortex

Prefrontal
cortex

Speech
center

C
O
R
P
U
S
C
A
L
L
O
S
U
M

Writing
Auditory
cortex
(right ear)
General
interpretive center
(language and
mathematical
calculation)

Analysis
by touch

FIGURE QUESTIONS
1. What would a person see if a
stroke destroyed all function in
the right visual cortex?
2. What is the function of the corpus
callosum?
3. Many famous artists, including
Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo,
were left-handed. How is this
related to cerebral lateralization?

Auditory
cortex
(left ear)
Spatial
visualization
and analysis

Visual cortex
(left visual field)

Visual cortex
(right visual field)
LEFT
HEMISPHERE

RIGHT
HEMISPHERE

20

10/12/2014

Hipocampo

THE LIMBIC SYSTEM

The limbic system includes the amygdala, hippocampus, and
cingulate gyrus. Anatomically, the limbic system is part of the
gray matter of the cerebrum. The thalamus is shown for
orientation purposes and is not part of the limbic system.

Cingulate gyrus
plays a role
in emotion.
Thalamus

Hippocampus is
involved in learning
and memory.

Amygdala is
involved in emotion
and memory.

MEMORY PROCESSING
New information goes into short-term memory but is lost unless
processed and stored in long-term memory.

Amnesia antergrada
Information
input

Short-term
memory

Hipocampo
Processing
(consolidation)

Long-term
memory

Locate and
recall

Amnesia retrgrada
Output

21

10/12/2014

Memoria a corto plazo: habituacin y facilitacin

El caracol Aplysia
emite tinta cuando se le
agrede
Habituacin
Facilitacin

Memoria a corto plazo: habituacin y facilitacin

22

10/12/2014

Memoria a largo plazo

Hipocampo

23