SJES 2271/ SJEM 2231

9/11/2013

What is programming?

SJEM 2231
Structured Programming
LECTURE NOTES (WEEK 1)
BY
DR NOOR FADIYA MOHD NOOR

process of designing, writing, testing,

debugging and maintaining the source code
of computer programs

written in one or more programming
languages

to create a set of instructions for computers
to perform specific operations

requires expertise i.e application knowledge,
specialized algorithms and formal logic

What is programming language?

What is syntax?

designed to communicate instructions to a

computer

set of rules that defines the combinations of

to create programms that control a machine

and to express specific algorithms

mostly describes computation as sequences
of commands

usually split into two components of syntax
(form) and semantics (meaning)

DR NOOR FADIYA MOHD NOOR, UM

symbols that are considered to be a correctly

structured document or fragment in that
language

Generally distinguished into three levels:
a) Words the lexical level, determining how
characters form tokens;
b) Phrases the grammar level, narrowly
speaking, determining how tokens form phrases;
c)Context determining what objects or
variables names refer to, if types are valid, etc.

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What is semantic?

What is C programming?

mathematical study of the meaning

of programming languages

developed by Dennis Ritchie

describes the processes a computer follows

when executing a program in that specific
language

helps to write compilers, better understand
what a program is doing and to prove the
consequence of a statement

in the early 1970s at Bell Labs

designed to map efficiently to
typical machine instructions

development in other
programming languages ie.
Java, JavaScript, Limbo, LPC,
Perl, PHP, Python, Unix's C
Shell and C++

What is C++ programming?

What is a computer program?

an improved version of C programming

language

a list of instructions that tells a computer to

do things

added with object orientation by Bjarne

Stroustrup in 1980s

need an editor to make changes and saved

into memory

has large number of operators

need a compiler to translate instructions into

computer readable form

has no command to perform input or output

a compiled language

DR NOOR FADIYA MOHD NOOR, UM

need to be run to generate result via output

device

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Designing A Program

9/11/2013

C++ Editor/Compiler

1. Define the problem

2. Design the program output

Instructions in C++ is called as source code

3. Break the problem into logical steps

i.e. Lab1.cpp

A compiled file has similar name with source
code but with .exe extension i.e. Lab1.exe

4. Write the program

5. Compile the program
6. Test the program

How we generate a C++ program?

1st Stage: Compiling
1. Each source file is compiled individually
2. The compiler generates each intermediate
file known as object file

Starting A C++ Program

1. Open

Microsoft
Visual C++

2nd Stage: Execution

1. The object files are linked together to
generate a C++ program.

DR NOOR FADIYA MOHD NOOR, UM

SJES 2271/ SJEM 2231

9/11/2013

Starting A C++ Program

Starting A C++ Program

2. In the start-

3. Select

up screen
go to File
> New >
Project."

Win32
Console
Application.
4. Name your

project and
save it i.e
trial

Starting A C++ Program

Starting A C++ Program

5. Select

empty
project

DR NOOR FADIYA MOHD NOOR, UM

SJES 2271/ SJEM 2231

Starting A C++ Program

9/11/2013

Starting A C++ Program

6. Open the

workspace

Starting A C++ Program

Starting A C++ Program

7. Add a

8. Save the file

source
code, go to
Project >
Add To
Project >
New

DR NOOR FADIYA MOHD NOOR, UM

as i.e.
Lab1.cpp
and open it

SJES 2271/ SJEM 2231

9/11/2013

Starting A C++ Program

Starting A C++ Program

9. Write a

10. Compile the

simple
program

program.

Starting A C++ Program

Starting A C++ Program

11. Click ! to

And the result

is printed on
the screen

run the
program.
Select Yes
to build the
program

DR NOOR FADIYA MOHD NOOR, UM

SJES 2271/ SJEM 2231

9/11/2013

A Program Structure

A Program Structure

// my first C++ program

comment

// my first C++ program

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

declaration

int main ()
{ cout << I am a C++ beginner!;
return 0; }

execution

All texts beginning with 2 slash signs // are

considered as comments and would not affect
the program execution.
Comments can be inserted as:

line comment (//my first C++ program)

block comment (/* my first C++ program */)

A Program Structure

A Program Structure

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

All texts beginning with # are directive for the

compiler preprocessor.
In this example it tells the preprocessor to
include a standard input-output library file
iostream so that the command cin and
cout will be valid

To declare all C++ elements within a namespace

called as std

DR NOOR FADIYA MOHD NOOR, UM

SJES 2271/ SJEM 2231

9/11/2013

A Program Structure

A Program Structure

int main ()

{ cout << I am a C++ beginner!;

Corresponds to the beginning of the main

function which serves the body of execution.
The word int means the execution only
involve integer value.
main () is a standard function declaration

{ indicates the starting point of the main

function
cout << I am a C++ beginner!; is a statement
that tells the preprocessor to print the output
I am a C++ beginner!
on the screen.

A Program Structure
return 0; }
This return statement causes the main function
to be ended.
A return code of 0 indicates that the program
is working without errors.
} indicates the ending point of the main
function.

DR NOOR FADIYA MOHD NOOR, UM