Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A. Barron Foucault and Law
A. Barron Foucault and Law
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Foucault and
government icelf, bur the welfare of the population, the mproyement of its condtjon,
rh. increase of its wealth, longevity, health, etc.; and the means thal the governmeni
uses ro aftain these ends are themselves all in some sense immanent to the population;
t is the population itself on which government will act either directly through largescale campaigns, or indirectly through techniques that will make possible, without the
fuil awareness of the people, the stimulation of birth rates, the directing of the flow of
population into cercain regions or activities, etc. The population now represents mcre
rhe end of government than the power of the sovereign; the popuration is the sub,iect
oi neecis, o aspirations, but it is arso the object in the hands of the go,rernrlenq a.r'are,
from that of the family, and the problem of population are all interconnected.
It was through the development of the science of government that the notiorl of economy
as
vis-d-vis rhe government, of what t wanrs, but gnorant of what is being done ro ir. ln[erest
at the level of the consciousness ofeach individual who goes to make up the populatiorr,
and inrerest considered as the interesr ofthe population regardless ol'what rhe parricuiar
interescs and aspirations may be of rhe individuals who compose ir, this s the new
target and the fundamental instrument of the government of population: the bifth of a
new aft, or at any rate of a range of absolutely new tactics and techniques.
ln what way did the problem of population make possible the derestrction of the an
of governmentl The perspective of population, the reality accorded to specific
phenomena of population, render possible the final elimination of the model of the
family and the recentring of the notion of economy. Whereas sttistcs had previously
worked within the adminstrative frame and thus in terms of the functioning of
sovereignty, it now gradually reveals that population has its own regularities, its own
rate of deaths and diseases, its cycles of scarcity, etc.; statistics shows also that the
domain of pcpulation involves a range of intrinsic, agregate effects, phenomena that
are irreducible to those of the family, such as epidemics, endemic levels of mortality,
ascending spirals of labour and wealth; lastly it shows that, through its shifu, customs,
activities, etc., population has specific economic effects: statistics, by making it possible
to quantify these specific phenomena of population, also shows that this specificity is
irreducible to the dimension of the family. The latter now disappears as the model of
governmenr, except for a certain number of residual themes of a religious or moral
nature. What, on the oher hand, now emerges into prominence is the famlly considered
as an element internal to population, and as a fundamentl instrument in its Sovernment.
population. ln other words, the transition which takes place in the eighteenth century
from an art ofgovernment to a political science, from a regime dominated by structures
This is not to say that sovereignty ceases to pray a rore from the moment when the art
of governmenr begins to become a poritical science; lwould say that, on the conrrary,
the problem ofsovereignry was never posed with greater force than at this time, because
it no longer involved, as it did in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, an attempt to
derive an art of government from a theory of sovereignty, but instead, given that such
an arr no, existed and was spreading, involved an attempa to see what juridical and
the art of government except on the model of the family, in terms of economy conceived
as the management of a family; from the moment when, on the contrary, population
appears absolutely irreducible to the family, the latter becomes of secondary imPortance
the middle of the eighteenth century that the family appears in this dimension of
instrumentalirT relative to the population, with the institution of campaigns to reduce
mortalit/, and to promote marriages, vaccinations, etc. Thus, what makes it possible
for the theme of population to unblock the field of the art of government is this
elimination of the family as model.
of
ln the second place, population comes lo aPPear above all else as the ultimate end
of
act
the
governmert. tn contrast to so'ereiSnty, government has as its purPose not
Law l(
institutional form, what foundation in the law, could bh given to the sovereignty that
characterizes a stare "". Iln] rhe sociolcontroa...
poses the probrem of
[Rousseau]
how it is possible, using concepts rir<e nature, contract and generar wiil, to provide a
general principle of government which allows room both for a juridical principle
of
sovereignry and for the elements through which an an ofgovernment can be defined
and characterized. consequently, sovereignry is far from being eliminated by rhe
emergence of a new art ofgovernment, even by one which has passed the threshold
of
political science; on the conrrary, rhe problem of sovereignty is made more
acute than
ever.
for discipline, this is nor eliminated either; ctearly irs modes of organrzation, alf rhe
institutions within which it had developed in rhe se.enreenth and eighteenth
As
centuries
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