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Permutation & Combination (P&C) - Formulas & Shortcuts

b) P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A) P(B)
1. Probability of an Event
P(E) = Number of Favorable Outcomes (m)
Total Possible Outcomes (n)
a) All the outcomes are equally likely, mutually exclusive
and exhaustive ways
b) As 0 m n, therefore 0 P(E) 1
c) Sum of all probabilities = 1
d) P(not E) = P(E) = 1 P(E)

2. Odds in Favour = Number of Favorable Cases = m/(n-m)

Number of Unfavorable Cases
3. Odds Against = Number of Unfavorable Cases = (n-m)/m
Number of Favorable Cases
4. Addition Law of Probability
a) If events are not mutually exclusive
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A and B)
b) If events A and B are mutually exclusive
then P(A and B) = 0

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)

6. Conditional Probability
If A and B are dependent
a) P(A and B) = P(A) P(B|A)
b) P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A) P(B|A)

7. Binomial Distribution
If P(A) = p (exactly once) & P(A) = q = 1 p (not happening)
then P (A happening exactly r times) = nCr pr qn-r
(where r = 0, 1, 2 n)
8. Bayes Theorem.
If E1, E2, ..., En are n non empty events which constitute a
partition of sample space S, i.e. E1, E2 ,..., En are pair wise
disjoint and E1 E2 ... En = S and A is any event of non
zero probability, then
P(Ei|A) = P(Ei) P(A|Ei )
P(Ej) P(A|Ej )

i = 1, 2, 3, ..., n

c) P(A or B) = 1 P(A or B)
5. Multiplication Law of Probability
If A and B are independent
a) P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
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