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Med14-Beenish Baloch
Med14-Beenish Baloch
information?
Introduction
Whilst information dissemination has been the subject of much
scrutiny, a recent PhD study highlighted the paucity of
research considering the dissemination of information in crisis
situations. Previous research has considered crisis situations from
a management perspective (Pijnenburg & van Duin, 1990), an
information systems perspective (Pelletier & Msukwa,1990) or a
risk communication perspective (MacLehose et al., 2001) but not
from a specific information behaviour perspective.Initially, it was
anticipated that the research project would produce guidelines
for practitioners detailing the procedures and methods required
for
effective
information
dissemination
in
crises.
It
was
dissemination
methods,
by
using
meta-
The study
The crisis at the heart of the study was a large-scale outbreak of
suspected tuberculosis (TB) infection. Two aspects of the
information dissemination process during the suspected TB
outbreak were examined. The study sought to identify the
existing
evidence
of
the
effectiveness
of
information
and
effectiveness
findings
of
of
existing
information
research
considering
the
dissemination
strategies.
The
of
and reproducible in
materials, objective in
its
conclusions"
its
interpretation
(University
of
to
an
interactive
computer
program
(Llewellyn-
increase
in
the
administrators'
understanding
of
the
A meta-ethnographic approach
Qualitative data analysis generally entails reducing the volume
of
the
data
connections
collected
between
by
categorising
the
categories.
and
then
making
Meta-ethnography,
substantive
interpretations
about
any
set
of
strategy.
This
method
of
synthesis
is
an
with
dissimilar
interests
may
read
the
accounts
advice-giving
is
sometimes
an
unwise
act
in
Nondirective
counseling
Counseling:Nondirective,
isthe
process
counselee,encouraging
of
the
or
skillfully
person
client-centered,
listening
to
to
explain
and
determine courses of
action.This
type
of
is
used
by
professional
counselors,but
problems.
Guidance
aims
at
aiding
the
the
individual
pupil,
to
perform
their
use
ofguidance
tools
and
techniques
techniquesemployed
objective
information.
should
The
use
give
of
reliable
a
and
particular
aperson
does.
It
is
basic
to
other
guidance
observation
effectiveness
of
the
by
trainedobserver.
technique
depends
The
upon
the
well
defined
behaviours
free
from
biases
of
behaviour
that
can
be
observed:study
of
dishonestyspeech
asking/answeringquestions
difficultiesways
of
3. 3EXAMPLE
OF
OBSERVATION:B.
SKETCHESAutobiography-
an
AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL
individual
life
story
which
is
counselingprocess.They
an
effective
source
in
of
are
form
in
the
therapeutic
difficult
to
writefreely
and
fully
about
ones
it
gives
valuable
information
about
the
AN
AUTOBIOGRAPHY:MynameisDianneRamos.Im17yearsold.I
wasbornonawarm,sunnydayinFebruary.IliveatDeCastroSu
bd.,PasigCity, Metro Manila. I go to school at STI College.
Ilive with my mom, Divina; and my dad,Diego. I have two
brothers,namely,Gerry &Robert. Mybrothers have their
own
family
tolivewithmy
now
thatswhy
Imthe
only
parents.Istartedschoolwhen
one
was
left
five-
Castro
Elementary
School.
Then
attended
CaintaCatholicCollegeafterIgraduatedinelementary.Iamno
wa2ndyearcollegestudentatSTICollege¤tlyaimingto
graduatemybachelorsdegreeinITinthenearfuture.Myfavori
tesportsarebadminton,volleyball,basketball&tennis.When
Idonthaveanythingtodo,Ilovetosurfthenet,openmymail,Fri
endsterthenwatchanimeseriesincrunchyroll.com.Iplayalot
ofcomputergameswithmyfriends&cousins.Icanplaysomem
usicalinstrumentslikeguitar,piano,flute,&lyre.Whenitcome
stoanime,Imsointo it. I love watching anime series like
Kyou Kara Maou, Ouran Academy, Prince of Tennis,
Tsubasa, Basilisk, SaiunkokuMonogatari, Melancholy of
Haruhi Surumiya, Fate Stay Night, Mushishi, Muteki
Kanban,
Code
Geass,
Naruto,
Bleach,
12kingdoms,etc..Myfavoritecolorsarered,blue&black.Myfri
endsseemeasakindsweetchildishfriendlyperson.Lifetome
meansfriendsandfamilywhoyoucantrustandwhotrustsyou.I
amprettymuchonthehappysideoflife,butlikeallteensIdoIha
vemy"daysof."ThatmeansIdohavesomesaddaysordepresse
ddays.Ihaveafewfriendsherethatsortoflookoutformeandw
henIamhavingabadday,Ihavesomeonehereatschooltotalkt
o.Imakemyschooldaysgobythinkingofeitherthenexthouror
whatIwilldowhenIgethomeorontheweekend.Imnotseeinga
nyonenow,really!
HeheTheyear2010willbethetimeIwillgraduatefromCollege.
IthinkIwillprobablybestilllivinghereatPasigCitywithmypare
nts.AsIsaidinthebeginning,IwasbornhereinPasigCityandIv
elivedheremywholelife.IwouldliketoseemoreofthePhilippin
esbutunfortunately,IdonthaveanymoneytoleavePasigCityt
ogoanywhererightnow.Ihopeyouhaveenjoyedwatchingmyli
festoryasmuchasIhaveenjoyedmakingitforyou.Heresatipfo
ryoutoliveortrytoliveby:Hardworkwillgiveyoupower;beingl
azywillmakeyouaslave.
4. 4C.
ANECDOTAL
RECORDSShort
descriptions
of
his
good
improvement
and
are
badqualities
mentioned.An
and
suggestion
anecdote
may
for
be
show
certain
strange
behaviour.EXAMPLE
OF
11:45amSetting:
ClassroomPurpose:To
observe
for
15
minutes,
using
the
dress-ups
and
can
we
Christopher
go
outside?
shouted
The
adult
Yayand
replied
started
Yes!
packing
complex
sentence
structure.
He
demonstrated
The
first
type
of
record
contains
only
the
exactly
onhearsay.Types
on
of
ones
personal
Anecdotal
observation,
Records
not
Selectivity-
name,
age
thecounselee
anecdotal
and
is
specific
observed.
records
personalemotional
the
do
not
Objectivitygive
reaction
reporter. teacher/counsellor,
situations
with
an
wherein
means
account
of
of
that
the
the
thecooperation
with
to
be
significant
with
respect
to
agiven
5.
pensions
and
benefits
program,
altering
elements
in
executive
thinking
and
in
obtaining
and
benefits
system
that
was
in
need
of
use
of
tests,checklists,
interviews,
and
positively
and
with
confidence
that,
as
far
as
correctness
of
the
diagnosis
and
tomodify
the
presents
followingtopics:a)
basic
the
information
physical,
on
socio-economic
the
and
familyc)
his
own
development
and
present
even
the
slightest
detail
should
sources,
techniques,
tests,interviews,
used
when
thesolution
the
of
student
some
needs
our
educational
or
advice
for
vocational
for
guidance.A
what
is
method
called
of
the
recording,
inventoryservice
filing
and
of
using
Education
Plan).1908
the
first
cumulative
Birthday,
records1.
Birthplace,
Background:
Occupations
Civil
Parents
of
Identifying
Sttus,
name
Parents.3.
Data:
Address,
Religion.2.
Home
Number
of
siblings,
Health
Information:
and
corrections,
Chronic
schools,
standardized
Records/Remarks:
test
score.5.
observation
of
Anecdotal
interests,
notable
pupils
with
some
personnel/social
dilemma
records
which
result
from
the
the
child
at
different
anddevelopment.Need
and
levels
of
Importance
his
of
growth
Cumulative
information
to
teachers,counsellors
and
in
guidanceare
given
below:Importance
in
amount
individual
of
professional
students
at
assistanceneeded
various
stages
of
by
their
development.The
cumulative
record
is
permanent
are
in
proportion
to
his/her
mental
7.
It
should
be
usable.EXAMPLE
OF
CUMULATIVE
conversation
with
purpose.
It
is
serious
process.Can
have
meanings
only
to
(cumulative)
RecordPupil
Name:
Birthdate
including
health
and
special
education
and
Federal
law.Please
send
records
to:My
New
and
prejudices.
free
from
personal
opinions
and
from time-to-time.
recorded
should
be
true
and
valid.
adequate
so
that
validinferences
may
be
or
an
the
educational
students
one.Cumulative
who
need
records
individual
thereis
some
similarity
of
items
8.
counsellor
to
exchange
ideasand
attitudes
through
workexperiences,
for
special
leaving
abilities
his
and
former
will
ignore
inquiry.Easier
to
interviewees
when
many
compare
it
important
interviews
covers
the
areas
and
same
of
rate
topic.2.
are
not
possessed
guidance.8Advantages
by
of
other
Interview
exchange
of
personal
use.2.
To
give
distortion
as
noise
andinterruptions.
The
Establish
from
rapportThis
tests
can
or
be
other
done
by
conflicts.
thinking,reach
Hence,
he
conclusion
is
helped
and
to
do
probably
his
change
own
his
interview,
made
in
to
a
determine
subsequent
whetherimprovements
interview
with
the
of
interviewAn
interview
is
intelligence,
aptitudes
is
chosen
after
itsdifficulty
and
value
have
beendetermined
processes.
by
means
of
rigidexperimental
10.
such
as
Mathematics,
English
usages,
amount
of
learning.the
rate
of
in
other
areaslevel
of
learning
in
sub-areas,
score
intellectual
which
level.IQ=
indicates
MA
the
(Mental
individualsgeneral
Age*)
100CA
one
information
school
about
to
another.2.
an
Tests
individuals
serve
ability,
to
give
interests,
11. 113.
Aptitudes
Tests-
measure
the
probable
mayidentify
individuals
is
not
potential
aware;
abilities
(2)
they
of
may
which
the
encourage
for
developmental
and
other
educational
purposes.Types of Aptitude TestsSpecial Aptitude Testsrefer to those that seek to measure an individuals
potential ability toperform or to acquire proficiency in a
specific occupation or other type of activity.Vocational
Aptitude BatteriesScholastic Aptitude Tests- Scholastic
academic
aptitude
forperforming
in
tests
measure
academic
ones
potential
situations.4.
Interest
specialization.Methods
InterestsObservationClaims
of
of
the
Measuring
CounsellorUse
of
measure
the
sum
total
of
an
individuals
occupation
as
tests
for
engineers,
coursereading
disabilitiessocial
which
isexpected
of
him.Case
conference
is
12.
Distrust/conflictNext
we
interview
each
group
Moderate
trust12homeroom
sponsor,
the
The
theory
isthat
people
can
be
more
The
information
for
technique
appraisal
is
a
of
useful
social
source
of
behaviour
revised
in
1943,
this
techniquehas
been
friendly
and
would
prefer
not
tohave
in
his
students
asked
toexpress
his/her
sociometric
evaluation.A
graphic
representation
of
the
particularmembers
SOCIOMETRY:Suppose
of
we
the
want
group.EXAMPLE
to
know
how
OF
much
oralagreements
and
commitments,
and
not
to
With
littleanalysis
the
matrix
becomes
conducting
all
the
interviews
and
the
responses
in
the
sociomatrix.Here
is
the
we
between
couldstart
Cey
togetherfor
and
by
Cai
improving
before
teambuilding.To
the
bringing
avoid
relationship
the
group
confusion
in
undifferentiated
in
social
relationships.Another
the
case
may
psychologists,psychiatrists
with
the
special
study
of
services.A
personality
clinical
assessments
to
be
made
by
cooperation
of
psychologist
can
use
help
the
best
choose
with
very
young
children.The
use
of
vague,
thesubject
projects
his
or
her
personality,
structure.These
are
indirect
and
unstructured
motivation
which
many
consumers
finddifficult
to
in
waythey
feel
comfortable
with.GelArgelJoeyAdrianChachaCeyKatSarahKimRinaJeth
15. 15Types of Tools used in Projective Techniques:1.
Completion- The subject is given an incomplete sentence,
story, argument orconversation, and asked to finish it. It
may also be in the *means of showing thesubject a
picture of an incomplete situation and asked on how he
will respond tothe situation.Example: If my mother....
(Sentence
Study,
Completion)Rosenzweigs
1948-
the
client
is
Picture-Frustration
given/presented
with
24
orsituation.Example:
Figure
Drawings,
Handwriting
Projective
Analysis,
Puppet
Play3.
picture
from
astimulus
concept.Example:
Hood
or
thought
elicited
by
the
stimulus.Example:
the
first
five
contains
only
black
and
kind
characteristics
of
checklist
checked
in
are
which
the
items
or
ratedquantitatively
or
numerical
scales
employing
numbers
to
signify
byindicating
describes
orcharacteristics
possesses.
to
what
place
the
he
extent
is
marks
to
like
to
which
or
which
in
the
traits
trait
he
individuals,
especially
to
get
facts
or
conditions
and
practicesabout
which
the
types-
require
the
individual
to
think
and
collection process.
The
three
most
crucial
Accurate
help with
verbal
and
non-verbal
ques. A
face-to-face
interview is no doubt going to capture verbal and nonverbal ques, but this method also affords the capture of
non-verbal ques including body language, which can
indicate
level
of
discomfort
with
the
questions.
employee
that
is
less
skilled,
but
displays
on
track
to
completion.
Online
and mobile
with
any
data
collection
method,
face-to-face
is
major
disadvantage
for
face-to-face
the
manually,
data
or
questionnaire
collected
scanned,
is
created.
will
if
Data
need
to
be
entered
scannable
interview
entry
scanning
and