Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2 PDF
2 PDF
Environmental Chemistry
In this brief chapter, the topics have been selected with the goal of providing
only the essential chemical principles required to understand the nature of the
pollution problems that we face and the engineering approaches to their
solutions.
2. Stoichiometry
Butane(C4H10)
100 g
CO2
? g
<Solution>
- 1 -
moles of solute
1 L of solution
Molarity =
mg/L =
Molarity
(mol)
(L)
MW
103
(g)
(mol)
(mg)
(g)
<Question>
O2
?
CO2 + H2O
<Solution>
Equation :
mass :
Concentration
of glucose
C6H12O6
180
6O2
192
6CO2
264
6H2O
108
= 301 mg/L
(L)
301
O2 requirement
(mol)
mg glucose
=
L
192
(g)
g O2
180 g glucose
- 2 -
= 321 mg/L O2
Nm3
kJ
moles of CH4 =
yr
39103
mol
22.410-3
kJ
Nm3
= 12.51013
mol/yr
Carbon
Emission
mol
44
=
yr
mol
5.51015 g CO2 12
yr
MT = 1.5109
g C
44 g CO2
- 3 -
= 5.51015 g CO2/yr
1106
MT C/yr
U1 + Q = U2 + W
(4)
where
U1 = internal energy of the chemical system at the beginning
U2 = internal energy at the end
Q = heat absorbed during the reaction
W = work dobe by the system during the reaction
W = F d = (P A) d = P(V2 - V1)
(5)
(6)
By definition of Enthalpy(H), H = U + PV
(7)
H2 H1 = H = Q
(8)
- 4 -
2O2(g)
2 (0)
CO2(g)
(-393.5)
2H2O(L)
2 (-285.8)
- 5 -
2O2(g)
2 (0)
CO2(g)
(-393.5)
2H2O(g)
2 (-241.8)
- 6 -
4. Chemical Equilibria
aA + bB cC + dD
(13)
where
a, b, c, d = coefficients corresponding to the number of molecules or
ions of the respective substances.
A, B, C, D = chemical species
[C]c [d]d
[A]a [B]b
At equilibrium,
= K, equilibrium constant
(14)
(16)
<Acid-Base Reaction>
H2O H
+ OH
At equilibrium,
[H +][OH ]
[H2O]
= K
(18)
[H2O] = 55.56 mol/L = constant, since water dissociates only slightly, the
molar concentration after ionization is not changed enough to be of significance.
[H +][OH ] = Kw = 11014 at 25
(19)
(21)
- 7 -
(22)
Ka
[H+]
Ka
10pH
[CH3COO][H+]
[CH3COOH]
[CH3COO]
[CH3COOH]
= 104.76
Degree of
Dissociation
- 8 -
(23)
(24)
Environmental Importance
[HOCl]
[OCl ] + [HOCl]
> 95%
(25)
[OCl][H+]
[HOCl]
Eq(26) [H+] =
Ka1[HOCl]
[OCl]
107.6 95
5
= 107.6
= 4.77107
(26)
= 106.32
<Solubility Product(Ksp)>
Solid aA + bB
Eq(14)
Equilibrium constant =
(27)
[A]a[B]b
[Solid]
= K
- 9 -
(28)
Ca
2+
<Question> CaF2
+ 2F in pure water
sp
= 3 1011 = [Ca2+][F]2
310
11
[F] = 2s = 410
(30)
s = 210
mol/L
(31)
H g
where
[gas] = concentration of dissolved gas(mol/L)
where
P = atmospheric pressure at altitude H(atm)
H = altitude(m)
P0 = atmospheric pressure at sea level(atm)
- 10 -
H (32)
atm))
<Question>
<Solution>
[O2] =
H g
2.65104 mol
L
32 g
mol
103 mg
= 8.5
g
mol/L
mg
L
[O ] = K P
2
H g
2.19104 mol
L
32 g
mol
103 mg
= 7.0
g
- 11 -
mg
L
NH (g)+ H
By adding the base(OH, hydroxide ion) or pH
NH + OH NH (g) + H O
By driving the acid/base equilibrium, NH4+
(33)
(34)
<Question>
10
atm?
<Solution>
[NH3][H+]
[NH4+]
[NH3]
[NH3] + [NH4+]
Fraction of NH3 =
Eq(37)Eq(36) :
Eq(35)
[H+]
Ka
Fraction of NH3 =
=
[NH4+]
[NH3]
= 109.26
(35)
1
1 + [NH4+]/[NH3]
= [H+] 109.26
1
1 + [H ] 109.26
1
1 + 10(9.26pH)
+
- 12 -
(36)
(37)
1 +
10pH
109.26
(38)
10
H g
8
4
CO2(aq)
Carbonic acid
H2CO3
Bicarbonate ion
HCO3
Carbonate ion
CO32
CO2
H g
6
- 13 -
(39)
+ HCO3
(40)
(41)
2+
2
3
(42)
At 25
[H+][HCO3]
[CO2(aq)]
= K1 = 4.47107 mol/L
][CO ]
[H[HCO
= K = 4.6810 mol/L
]
Eq(42) & Table 3 [Ca ][CO ] = K = 4.5710 mol /L
+
11
2+
(43)
sp
(44)
(45)
Open to atmosphere
without CaCO3
Close to atmosphere
[HCO ]
[H ]
10
2
2
+
- 14 -
2
pH
(pH 11)
(47)
and 1 atm
[H ] = [HCO ] + 2[CO
+
+ [OH]
- 15 -
(48)
So, Eq(48)
[H ] = [HCO ] + [OH]
+
(49)
[H ][OH] = K = 10
Eq(19) Eq(49) : [H ] = [HCO ] + 10 / [H ]
K [CO (aq)]
Eq(43) [HCO ] =
Eq(50)
[H ]
+
Eq(19)
14
14
14
(aq)]
10
[H ] = K [CO
+
=
[H ]
[H ]
Rearrange to [H ] [H ] = K [CO (aq)] + 10
1
(50)
2
+
Eq(50)
(19)
2
+
+ 2
K1[CO2(aq)] + 1014
[H+]
14
(52)
[CO2]aq = KHPg =
Eq(52)
[H ]
+ 2
[H ] = 2.4110
+
or pH =
log [H ] = 5.62
+
- 16 -
mol
L