Exam

Name___________________________________

MULTIPLECHOICE.Choosetheonealternativethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.
1) WhichstatementisgenerallyNOTtrue?
A) Microbialcellsexistassinglecells.
B) Microbialcellsexcludethecellsofplantsandanimals.
C) Microbialcellsincludebothbacteriaandviruses.
D) Microbialcellscarryouttheirlifeprocessesofgrowthindependently.

1)

2) Basicmicrobiologycanbeusedto
A) modelourunderstandingofcellularprocessesinmulticellularorganisms,includinghumans.
B) probethefundamentalprocessesoflife.
C) studycharacteristicsofcellsofmulticellularorganisms.
D) doalloftheabove.

2)

3) Appliedmicrobiologydealswithimportantpracticalproblemsin
A) medicine.
B) industry.
C) agriculture.
D) alloftheabove.

3)

4) ThelargestmassoflivingmaterialonEarthcomesfrom
A) animals.
B) plants.
C) microorganisms.
D) plantsandanimalstogether.

4)

5) Differentialselectionandreproductionofphenotypesoccursduringaprocesscalled
A) cellulardifferentiation.
B) growth.
C) transformation.
D) evolution.

5)

6) Inwhat/whichdomain(s)oflifeis/aremicroorganismsrepresented?
A) Bacteria
B) Archaea
C) Eukarya

6)
D) alloftheabove

7) Aspecificmolecule,usedespeciallybyevolutionarybiologists,thatisuniquetoaparticular
taxonomicalgroupiscalleda
A) biomarker.
B) taxon.
C) metabolictracer.
D) genome.

7)

8) Proteincatalystsinvolvedintheaccelerationoftherateofchemicalreactionsarecalled
A) enzymes.
B) growthagents.
C) evolutionarymolecules.
D) catalyticconverters.

8)

9) RegardingearlylifeonEarth,
A) microbiallifeexistedforbillionsofyearsbeforeplantandanimallife.
B) microbiallife,plantlife,andanimallifeallappearedataboutthesametime.
C) microbiallifeexistedlongbeforeanimalsbuthasbeenaroundforaboutthesameamountof
timeasplants.
D) itisimpossibletodeterminewhichtypeoflifefirstappeared.

9)

10) Mostprokaryoticcellsreside
A) intheoceanicandterrestrialsubsurfaces.
B) inlakes,rivers,andoceans.
C) inandonnonprokaryoticorganisms(includinghumansandotheranimals).
D) onEarthssurface.

10)

11) Thepersonwhodescribedtheweeanimalculeswas
A) LouisPasteur.
B) FerdinandCohn.
C) RobertHooke.
D) AntonivanLeeuwenhoek.

11)

12) FannieHesseiscreditedwithgiving________theideatouseagarasasolidifyingagent.
A) SergeiWinogradsky
B) RobertKoch
C) LouisPasteur
D) FerdinandCohn

12)

13) Whichofthefollowingis/arecharacteristicofcellularorganisms?
A) regenerationandreproduction
B) communication
C) metabolism
D) alloftheabove

13)

14) WhichofthefollowingisNOTamajorecosystem?
A) otherorganisms,suchasplantsandanimals
B) terrestrial
C) aquatic
D) atmospheric

14)

15) WhichstatementisTRUE?
A) Microbialcommunitiesareassemblagesofpopulations.
B) Populationsareassemblagesofhabitats.
C) Populationsareassemblagesofmicrobialcommunities.
D) Habitatsareassemblagesofmicrobialcommunities.

15)

16) LouisPasteurdevelopedthevaccine(s)for
A) anthrax.
C) fowlcholera.

16)
B) rabies.
D) alloftheabove.

17) Thediscoveryofantibioticsandotherimportantchemicalsledtothefieldof
A) aquaticmicrobiology.
B) agriculturalmicrobiology.
C) industrialmicrobiology.
D) marinemicrobiology.

17)

18) Microbialsterilizationisusedto
A) killallmicrobesinoronobjects.
B) killbacteriabutnotnecessarilyvirusesorothermicrobes.
C) cleanaworkarea.
D) decreasethepossibilityofcontaminantsgrowinginaculture.

18)

19) Transparentdouble-sideddishesusedforgrowingmicrobesaremostcommonlycalled
A) bakerdishes.
B) Petridishes.
C) culturemediumplates.
D) sterilizationplates.

19)

20) Microbesplayingaroleinnitrogenfixationinplantslivein________,whilethoseplayingarolein
thedigestivetractofcertainherbivoreslivein________.
A) nodules/fortrans
B) rumens/nodules
C) nodules/rumens
D) fortrans/rumens

20)

21) WhichofthefollowingisNOTanaccomplishmentofLouisPasteur?
A) developedthefirstrabiesvaccineandtreatedthousandsofindividuals
B) developedheatsterilizationtechniquesthatinvolvedthecreationofaspecialized
swan-neckedflask
C) developedenrichmentculturetechniques
D) determinedthatthealcohol-makingprocesswasmediatedbymicrobialfermentationand
thusrefutedthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration

21)

22) Thetheoryofspontaneousgenerationwasrefutedbytheworkof
A) LouisPasteur.
B) AntonivanLeeuwenhoek.
C) RobertKoch.
D) RobertHooke.

22)

23) APasteurflaskhasa(n)
A) secondaryopeningatthebasetoallowfordrainage.
B) invertedupperedgetopreventspillagewhileswirling.
C) doublenecksotwosubstancesmaybeaddedatthesametime.
D) swannecktopreventparticulatematterfromgettingintothemainbodyoftheflask.

23)

24) RobertKochsgreatestaccomplishmentinthefieldofmedicalbacteriologywaswith
A) Escherichiacoli.
B) Mycobacteriumtuberculosis .
C) Bacilluscereus.
D) Bacillussubtilis.

24)

25) Apureculture
A) ismadeofaclearlydefinedchemicalmedium.
B) wasculturedforacertifiedstockculture.
C) issterile.
D) isapopulationofidenticalcells.

25)

26) MartinusBeijerinckwasthefirsttoisolate
A) certainnitrogen-fixingrootnodulebacteria.
B) greenalgae.
C) certainsulfate-reducingbacteria.
D) alloftheabove.

26)

27) Chemolithotrophyinvolves
A) reductionoforganiccompounds.
C) metabolicautotrophy.

27)
B) oxidationoforganiccompounds.
D) oxidationofinorganiccompounds.

28) Developmentsinthefieldsofimmunologyandmedicalmicrobiologywerepracticalextensionsof
theworkof
A) SergeiWinogradsky.
B) AntonivanLeeuwenhoek.
C) RobertKoch.
D) JosephLister.

28)

29) Microbialcontrolinwastewaterswouldmostlogicallybeapartof
A) bacterialenergetics.
B) aquaticmicrobiology.
C) microbialtechnology.
D) microbialgenetics.

29)

30) RobertKochcontributedtothefieldofmicrobiologybybeingthefirstpersonto
A) formulatefourpostulatesfordefinitivelylinkingaspecificmicroorganismtoaspecific
disease.
B) useagarasasolidifyingagentingrowthmedia.
C) developthetuberculintest.
D) alloftheabove.

30)

31) Thescienceofgroupingandclassifyingmicroorganismsisknownas
A) metabolomics.
B) microbialphysiology.
C) proteomics.
D) microbialsystematics.

31)

32) Mycobacteriumtuberculosisisverydifficulttostainbecauseofthe
A) lackofacellwall.
B) largeamountsofawaxylipidpresentinitscellwall.
C) locationoftheDNAwithinthecell.
D) presenceofribosomesinthecytoplasm.

32)

33) LouisPasteursmostfamoussuccesswashisworkon
A) Mycobacteriumtuberculosis.
B) fermentationinthewinemakingprocess.
C) therabiesvaccine.
D) opticalisomers.

33)

34) Microorganismsplaykeyrolesinthecyclingofimportantnutrientsinplantnutrition,particularly
thoseof
A) sulfur.
B) carbon,nitrogen,andsulfur.
C) nitrogen.
D) carbon.

34)

35) Microbialecologyisthestudyof
A) thediversityandactivitiesofmarinemicroorganisms.
B) thegroupingandclassifyingofmicroorganisms.
C) microorganismsintheirnaturalenvironments.
D) microbialprocessesinthesoilthatbenefitplantgrowth.

35)

36) Thestructurethatconfersstructuralstrengthonthecellisknownasthe
A) cellwall.
B) cytoplasmicmembrane.
C) ribosome.
D) cytoplasm.

36)

37) Whichpartofthehumanbodydoesnotcontainasignificantnormalmicrobialflora?
A) stomach
B) oralcavity
C) skin
D) largeintestine

37)

TRUE/FALSE.WriteTifthestatementistrueandFifthestatementisfalse.
38) Withoutmicroorganisms,allhigherlifeformsonEarthwouldceasetoexist.

38)

39) Mostmicroorganismsarepathogenic.

39)

40) Allmicroorganismsrequiremolecularoxygentocarryonlifefunctions.

40)

41) Metabolismiscommontoallcellularorganisms.

41)

42) Accordingtoourpresentunderstanding,eachofthemajordomainshaswhatisknownasitsown
universalancestor.

42)

43) Microbiologyasadistinctsciencedidnotdevelopuntiltheeighteenthcentury.

43)

44) Theenvironmentinwhichamicrobialpopulationlivesisitshabitat.

44)

45) Differentiationoccursonlyinmulticellularorganisms.

45)

46) Thedisciplineofmicrobiologyisintimatelyassociatedwithbiochemistryandgenetics,because
cellsarebothbiochemicalcatalystsandgeneticcodingdevices.

46)

47) Smallpoxisamajorkillerinpartsofthedevelopingworld.

47)

48) SergeiWinogradskyworkedwithbacteriainvolvedincyclingnitrogenandsulfur.

48)

49) Treponemapallidum,abacteriumassociatedwithsyphilis,isnotconsideredapathogenbecauseto
dateitremainsunculturableinthelab,and,therefore,Kochspostulatesareunabletobefulfilled.

49)

50) Marinemicroorganismslikelycontrolmanyimportantglobalparameters,includingclimateand
atmosphericchemistry.

50)

SHORTANSWER.Writethewordorphrasethatbestcompleteseachstatementoranswersthequestion.
51) Amicrobialcellsmembraneisconsidered________,becauseitsinternalconstituentsare
maintainedwithinthecell,howeveritalsoimportsandexportsothermoleculesin
responsetoitsenvironment.

51)

52) Somemicroorganismscanundergo________inwhichvariouscelltypescanbecome
specializedandarisefromoneparentcelltype.

52)

53) Cyanobacteriaandpurplebacteriabothobtainenergyfromlight,howeveronlythe
________arecapableofreleasing________.

53)

54) Theprocesswherebymicroorganismsareusedtohelpcleanuppollutioncreatedby
humanactivitiesisknownas________.

54)

55) Anecosystemcouldbedefinedas________alongwiththeir________.

55)

56) RobertKochreceivedthe1905NobelPrizeforPhysiologyorMedicinefor________.

56)

57) Thethreemajorbioenergyproductsofmicroorganismsare________,________,and
________.

57)

58) Microbialbiochemistryinvolvesthediscoveryof________andthe________.

58)

59) DNAsequencingtostudyorganismsentirenucleotidesequencesinitiallybroughtabout
thefieldof________,whichhasitselfspawnedthesubdisciplinesof________and
________thatrepresentmorefunctional -basedapproaches.

59)

60) The________isthefundamentalunitoflife.

60)

61) Thediseaseanthraxiscausedbythepathogenicbacterium________,whichproduces
heat-resistantstructuresknownas________.

61)

62) Groupsofcellsderivedfromasingleparentcellbysuccessivecelldivisionsareknownas
________andwhichliveinenvironmentsknownas________.

62)

63) Thefirstdocumenteddescriptionofamicroorganismwasofa________by________.

63)

64) ________producedbymicrobialfermentationofglucosefromsugarcaneorcornstarchis
becomingamoreimportantcomponentofbiofuelsintheUnitedStates,andspecialized
________microbiologistsareneededtomakethisacommerciallyavailableproduct.

64)

65) ________wasthefirsttodescribemicroorganisms,while________wasthefirstpersonto
seebacteria.

65)

66) Apopulationofidenticalcellsisknownasa(n)________.

66)

67) ________describedthefirstvirusandthebasicprinciplesofvirology.

67)

68) ThediscoveriesofMartinusBeijerinckandSergeiWinogradskyledtopracticaladvances
inthefieldof________.

68)

69) Bioremediation________byintroducingpollutant -consumingmicroorganismsorspecific

nutrientsthathelpmicroorganismsdegradepollutants.

69)

70) ________wasthefirsttoidentifyanewformofautotrophyinwhichenergyisobtained
fromoxidizinginorganiccompoundscalled________.

70)

ESSAY.Writeyouranswerinthespaceprovidedoronaseparatesheetofpaper.
71) Explainthenatureandfunctionofanenrichmentculture.
72) Whyisitincorrecttosaythatanobjectispartiallysterile?
73) Microbeswerefirstformallyobservedduringthemid-1600s,butthecelltheorywasnotenunciateduntil1839.
WriteabriefessayexplainingwhymicrobiologydidnotbecomeaformallyrecognizedscienceuntilLouis
PasteursandRobertKochstime.
74) ListthreecontributionsofFerdinandCohntothedevelopmentofmicrobiology.
75) CompareandcontrasttheworksofLouisPasteurandRobertKochintermsofbothappliedandbasicscience.

76) Explainwhymicrobialcellsareexcellentmodelsforunderstandingcellfunctioninhigherorganisms.
77) Compareandcontrasttheleadingcausesofdeathin1900withtheleadingcausesofdeathtoday.Whatroles
havemicrobiologistsplayedinthedramaticchangesthatareevident?
78) ExplainhowyouwoulduseRobertKochspostulatestodeterminethatStreptococcuspyogenes isthecausative
agentofstreptococcalpharyngitis(strepthroat).
79) Thetextstatesthatantibioticsarederivedfrommicroorganisms.Whatisthebenefittoanantibiotic -producing
microorganismofproducinganantibioticinitsnaturalhabitat?
80) Describebeneficialandharmfulwaysinwhichmicroorganismsinteractwithagriculturalcrops.
81) Provideevidencesupportingthestatementthatanecosystemiscontrolledbymicrobialactivities.
82) ExplainwhyonlyanaerobicbacteriainhabitedEarthforthefirsttwobillionyearsofitsexistence.
83) HowwouldthepresenceofendosporesinLouisPasteursnutrientsolutionshaveaffectedhisconclusions
aboutspontaneousgeneration?
84) Usingspecificexamples,explainwhyitissometimesimpossibletosatisfyRobertKochspostulates.
85) Explainwhyinfectiousdiseasesaremuchlesslethalindevelopedcountriesthaninunderdevelopedcountries.
86) Describetwocapabilitiesofmicrobesthatexemplifytheirdynamicnature.
87) Compareandcontrastthefunctionsmicrobesserveinthedigestivesystemsofbothhumansandrumens(e.g.,
cattle).

AnswerKey
Testname:UNTITLED1

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AnswerKey
Testname:UNTITLED1

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80)

semi-permeable
cellulardifferentiation
cyanobacteria/oxygen
bioremediation
livingorganisms(biotic)/chemicalandphysicalenvironments(abiotic)
hiscontributionsontuberculosis
biodiesel/methane/ethanol(anyorder)
microbialenzymes/chemicalreactionstheyperform
genomics/proteomics/metabolomics(secondandthirdineitherorder)
cell
Bacillusanthracis/endospores
(microbial)populations/(microbial)habitats
mold/RobertHooke
Ethanol/industrial
RobertHooke/AntonivanLeeuwenhoek
pureculture
MartinusBeijerinck
agriculturalmicrobiology
acceleratesthenaturalcleanupprocess
SergeiWinogradsky/chemolithotrophy
Answerswillvary,butanenrichmentcultureusesmedia,chemicals,orcultureconditionstoselectfororenhance
specificcharacteristicsofanorganism.
Answerswillvary,butsterilemeanstheabsenceoflivingorganisms.Somethingiseithersterileoritisnot.
Answerswillvary,butathemeshouldbethelackofpowerfulmicroscopytools.
Answerscouldpossiblyinclude:foundingbacteriologyasaseparatescience,studyingBeggiatoa,discoveringthegenus
Bacillus(alongwithitsendosporeformationanditslifecycle),devisingmethodstopreventcontamination,and
foundingamajorscientificjournal.
Answerswillvary,butshouldhighlightthedifferencesbetweenbasicscientificresearchinwhichfundamentalideas
arediscoveredopposedtotheusageofmicrobiologicalprinciplestosolvelargerquestions.ExamplesofPasteursbasic
sciencecontributionsarehisworkshowingthatfermentationwasmediatedbymicroorganismsandthepreferential
metabolismofparticularopticalisomersbymicrobes.Pasteuralsoappliedhisideastodevelopsterilization
techniques.RobertKochfocusedmoreontheapplicationofmicrobiologytoidentifythecauseoftuberculosisby
developingpureculturingtechniquesandthefourpostulatestolinkmicrobestoadisease.
Answerswillvarybutshouldincludecommonalityoffunction,biochemicalandgeneticsimilarities,andeaseand
speedwithwhichtheycanbegrowninlargequantities.
Answerswillvary,butafocusshouldbethatpathogensthatkilledpeopleintheearly1900sarenowtreatabledueto
knowledgelearnedfrommicrobiologists.
AnswerswillvarybutwillneedtodetailhowS.pyogenes willbesubjectedtoallfourpostulates.
Answerswillvary,butitmustfirstbestatedtheantibiotic-producingmicrobewouldneedtoberesistanttothe
antibiotic.Thisshouldthenfollowintoadiscussiononhowantibioticproductioncouldbeviewedasawaytopersist
intheenvironment,suchasmaintainingdominanceinacommunityoverothers.
Certainmicrobesarebeneficialtocropswhentheyproducenutrients(e.g.,NH 4 + ,SO 4 2- )usablebyacropfroma

substratethatwasunusable.Othermicrobescancausediseasesinplants,muchlikepathogenscausediseasein
humans.
81) Answerswillvary,butoneexamplecouldbeoxygendepletion,wherealossofoxygenwouldthenfavoranaerobic
microorganisms.
82) Answerswillvary,butthekeyideaisananoxicenvironmentwillnotallowaerobicorganismstosurvive.
83) Answerswillvary,butultimatelythiscouldhaveconfoundedPasteuriftheendosporessometimeswentintoa
vegetativegrowthphaseandothertimesnogrowthwasobserved.
9

AnswerKey
Testname:UNTITLED1

84) Answerswillvary,butoneissueistheconsiderationforamodelanimalhostthatwillreacttothe(human)pathogen
inthesamemannerasinahumanhost.Forexample,achickenwouldnotshowflu -likesymptomswheninfected
withtheinfluenzavirus.
85) Answerswillvarybutshouldemphasizewaysinwhichincreasedknowledgeaboutmicrobialpathogenesishas
influencedpreventativecare(e.g.,sanitation)andtreatment(e.g.,antimicrobialdrugs).
86) Answerscouldpossiblyincludecell-cellcommunication,abilitytomove(motility),andexchangeofmaterials(any
two).
87) Answerswillvarybutshouldfocusonhumanshavingahighcelllocalizeddensityinthecolon(largeintestine),
whereasrumenshavehighermicrobialpopulationsintherumen.

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