9/18/2016

PolareffectWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Polareffect
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

ThePolareffectorelectroniceffectinchemistryistheeffectexertedbyasubstituentonmodifyingelectrostatic
forcesoperatingonanearbyreactioncenter.Themaincontributorstothepolareffectaretheinductiveeffect,
mesomericeffectandthethroughspaceelectronicfieldeffect.
AnelectronwithdrawinggrouporEWGdrawselectronsawayfromareactioncenter.Whenthiscenterisan
electronrichcarbanionoranalkoxideanion,thepresenceoftheelectronwithdrawingsubstituenthasastabilizing
effect.
Examplesofelectronwithdrawinggroupsare
halogens(F,Cl)
nitrilesCN
carbonylsRCOR'
nitrogroupsNO2.
AnelectronreleasinggrouporERG(mayalsobecalledelectrondonatinggroupsorEDG's)releaseselectrons
intoareactioncenterandassuchstabilizeselectrondeficientcarbocations.
Examplesofelectronreleasinggroupsare
alkylgroups
alcoholgroups
aminogroups.
Thetotalsubstituenteffectisthecombinationofthepolareffectandthecombinedstericeffects.
Inelectrophilicaromaticsubstitutionandnucleophilicaromaticsubstitutionsubstituentsaredividedintoactivating
groupsanddeactivatinggroupswherethedirectionofactivationordeactivationisalsotakenintoaccount.

Externallinks
PolareffectdefinitionbytheIUPAC(http://goldbook.iupac.org/P04709.html)GoldBook
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Categories: Physicalorganicchemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_effect

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