1) Explain what is MatLab? Where MatLab can be applicable?

MatLab is a high-level programming language with an interactive environment for

visualization, numerical computation and programming function.
Matlab can be applicable at numerous instances like
Allows matrix manipulations
Plotting of functions and data
Implementation of algorithms
Creation of user interfaces
Analyze data
Develop algorithm
Create models and applications
Interfacing with programs written in other languages ( C++, C, Java and Fortran)
2) What does MatLab consist of?
MatLab consists of five main parts
MatLab Language
MatLab working environment
Handle Graphics
MatLab function library
MatLab Application Program Interface (API)
3) Explain MatLab API (Application Program Interface)?
MatLab API is a library that enables you to write Fortran and C programs that
interact with MatLab. It contains the facilities for calling routines from MatLab, for
reading and writing Mat files and calling Matlab as a computational engine.
4) What are the types of loops does Matlab provides?
Matlab provides loops like
While Loop
For Loop
Nested Loops
5) List out the operators that MatLab allows?

Matlab allows following Operators

Arithmetic Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Bitwise Operations
Set Operations

6) Explain what is Simulink?

Simulink is an add-on product to MatLab, it provides an interactive, simulating,
graphical environment for modeling and analyzing of dynamic systems.
7) In MatLab is it possible to handle multi-dimensional arrays?
Yes, it is possible in MatLab to handle multi-dimensional arrays. Matlabs internal
data structure is limited to a two-dimensional matrix. But to handle multi-dimensional
arrays in Matlab, you can create your own functions in Matlab language.
8) Mention what is the sign convention used in MatLabs fft
routines?

The sign convention used in MatLabs fft routines are defined as sum(x(i)*exp (j*i*k/N)) and not sum (x(i)exp(j*i*k/N)). The first version is used by engineers, and
the second is used by mathematician.
9) What are the four basic functions to solve Ordinary Differential
Equations (ODE)?
The four basic functions that MatLab has to solve ODEs are
Quad
Quad8
ODE23
ODE45
10) Explain how polynomials can be represented in MatLab?
A polynomial in MatLab is denoted by a vector. To create a polynomial in MatLab
enter each co-efficient of the polynomial into the vector in descending order
11) What is the type of program files that MatLab allows to write?
Matlab allows two types of program files
Scripts: It is a file with .m extension. In these files, it writes series of command that
you want to execute together. It does not accept inputs and do not return any outputs

Functions: They are also files with .m extension. Functions can accept inputs and
return outputs.
12) Explain how to modify the MatLab Path?
To modify the MatLab Path use the PathTool GUI. Also, you can use add path
directories from the command line and add the path to rc to write the current path
back to pathdef.m. In the case if you dont have permission to write for pathdef.m
then pathrc can be written into a different file, you can execute from your startup.m.
13) Explain what is LaTex in MatLab?
MatLab handles naturally simple LaTex encoding which allows introducing greek
letters or modifying the font size and appearance in plots.

14) Explain how you can pre-allocate a Non-Double Matrix?

Pre-allocating a block of memory for holding a non-double matrix is memory
efficient. While allocating blocks of memory for a matrix, zeros are pre-allocated to a
matrix.
The functions to pre allocate memory is int8(), example matrix =int8(zeros(100));
Repmat function is used to create a single double matrix, example
matrix2=repmat(int8(0), 100, 100)
15) What is Xmath-Matlab? Mention the Xmath features?
For Xwindow workstations, Xmath is an interactive scripting and graphics
environment.
Following are the X-math features
Scripting language with OOP features
Libraries that are LNX and C language compatible
A debugging tools with GUI features
Color graphics can be pointed and clickable
16) Name the graphic system used in MatLab?
Graphic system used in MatLab is known as handle graphics. It has a high level and
low-level commands.
High Level Commands: High level command performs image processing, data
visualization and animation for 2D and 3D presentation graphics
Low Level Commands: Full customization of the appearance of graphics and
building of complete graphical user interface
17) Explain what is M-file and MEX files in MatLab?
M files: They are just a plain ASCII text that is interpreted at run time. They are like
sub-programs stored in text files with .m extensions and are called M-files. For most
of the MatLab, development M-files are used.

MEX files: They are basically native C or C++ files which are linked directly into the
MatLab application at runtime. MEX files have efficiency to crash the MatLab
application.
18) Explain what is Interpolation and Extrapolation in Matlab?
What are their types?
Interpolation: Taking out function values between different data points in an array is
referred as Interpolation
Extrapolation: Finding function values beyond the endpoints in array is referred as
Extrapolation
The two types of Interpolation and Extrapolation are
Linear Interpolation and Extrapolation
Quadratic Interpolation and Extrapolation
19) List out some of the common toolboxes present in Matlab?
Some of the common toolboxes in Matlab are
Control System
Fuzzy Logic
Image Processing
LMI control
Neural Networks
Robust Control
System Identification
20) What is Get and Set in Matlab?
Get and Set are referred as getter and setter functions. For assigning properties,
setter functions are used while for accessing properties getter functions are used.

Describe the various system parts of MATLAB

Various system parts of MATLAB include:

1. The MATLAB language: consists of high level array language.
2. The MATLAB working environment: set of tools and facilities that you work with as
matlab user.
3. Handle Graphics: It includes high level and low level commands.
4. The MATLAB mathematical function library: Its a collection of computational
algorithms.
5. The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API): Its a library which allows to
write C and Fortran programs.

List down the things for which MATLAB can be used

Matlab can be used for following things:
o Performing very simple calculations
o Plotting mathematical relationships in two dimensional and three dimensional
o For operations of matrix
o For creating script files which is a type of programming
o For manipulating equations
o Advanced visualization, animation and GUI interface tools

What are the functions used to read text files from a certain
format in Matlab?
Following functions can be used to read a text file:
DLMREAD: It allows you to read files with fields delimited by any character.
TEXTREAD: It allows you to skip lines at the beginning, ignore certain comment lines,
read text as well as numbers, and more.
myfile.txt: It is for the file which has nothing but numbers separated by space, and has
a constant number of columns through the entire file. Other functions are FOPEN,
FREAD, FSCANF, FGETL, FSEEK and FCLOSE.

What do you mean by M-file in matlab?

M-files are nothing but just a plain ASCII text that is interpreted at run time. We can say
these are the subprograms stored in text files with .m extensions and are called M-files.
M-files are used for most of the MATLAB development, and for platform independence
and maintainability. It is parsed once and "just-in-time" compiled, but it is also
transparent to the user. Few e.g. of M-file functions are Derivative functions (derivs.m),
Definite Integral Function (defint.m) etc.

What is a P-code?
P-code files are purposely obscured; they offer a secure means of distribution outside of
your organization. Pcode is a preparsed and encoded version of the M-file. It saves on
the load time of the function. This is most likely not an issue except for very large M-files,
since most are parsed only once anyway. Pcode also lets you hide the source code from
others. There is no way to convert Pcode back to the M-file source. Pcode is platform
independent.

What are MEX files?

MEX files are basically native C or C++ files that are dynamically linked directly into the
MATLAB application at runtime. It allows to use C, C++ and fortran programs in
MATLAB. They must be compiled for each hardware architecture on which they are to be
run. MEX files have the potential to crash the MATLAB application, but rather large
speed gains are possible, depending on the algorithm.

How the source code can be protected in Matlab?

By default the code is saved in (.m) extension, which is secured but if the user wants it to
be stored in a more secured way then he can try the following methods:
1. Make it as P-code : Convert some or all of your source code files to a content-

obscured form called a P-code file (from its .p file extension), and distribute your
application code in this format.
2. Compile into binary format : Compile your source code files using the MATLAB
Compiler to produce a standalone application. Distribute the latter to end users of your
application.

What is Interpolation and extrapolation in Matlab? What are

its different types?
Interpolation can be defined as taking out function values between different data points
in an array whereas finding function values beyond the endpoints in an array is called
extrapolation. Commonly both can be done by using nearby function values to define a
polynomial approximation to the function that is good over a small region.
There are two types of Interpolation and Extrapolation:
o Linear Interpolation and Extrapolation
o Quadratic Interpolation and Extrapolation

What is fminsearch?
General fits which are fitted by giving a decent initial guess for fitting parameters in it is
done by fminsearch which is a multidimensional minimizer routine.
Suppose we have a set of data points (xj , yj) and a proposed fitting function of the form
y = f(x, a1, a2, a3, ...).
For example : we could try to fit to an exponential function
With two adjustable parameters a1 and a2 as is done in the example in leastsq.m below:
f(x, a1, a2) = a1ea2x
Or we could fit to a cubic polynomial in x2 with four adjustable parameters a1, a2, a3, a4
with this f:
f(x, a1, a2, a3, a4) = a1 + a2x2 + a3x4 + a4x6

What are housekeeping functions in matlab?

Functions are those functions which do not really do math but are useful in
programming.
Some functions are mentioned below:
clc - clears the command window; useful for beautifying printed output
ceil(x) - the nearest integer to x looking toward +1
close 3 - closes figure window 3
fix(x) - the nearest integer to x looking toward zero
fliplr(A)- flip a matrix A, left for right
floor(x) - the nearest integer to x looking toward -1
length(a) - the number of elements in a vector
mod(x,y) - the integer remainder of x/y; see online help if x or y are negative
rem(x,y) - the integer remainder of x/y; see online help if x or y are negative

How Logarithmic plots can be plotted in Matlab? Explain

with the help of an example?
Log and semi-log plots are plotted with the help of semilogx, semilogy, and loglog
commands.
For Example
x=0:.1:8;
y=exp(x);
Semilogx(x, y);
title (Semilogx)
pause
Semilogy(x, y);
title(Semilogy)
pause

loglog(x,y);
title(Loglog)

What is rand in Matlab?

The function rand(m,n) produces an m _ n matrix of random numbers, each of which is
in the range 0 to 1. rand on its own produces a single random number.
For Example
>> y = rand, Y = rand (2, 3)
y=
0.9191
Y=
0.6262 0.1575 0.2520
0.7446 0.7764 0.6121

Write a program to print a simulink model from an M-file

Following program will run only in Unix.
function printsys(sys)
open_system(sys);
blocks=get_param(sys,'blocks');
= size(blocks);
for i=1:r
if( get_param([sys,'/',blocks(i,:)],'blocks')~=[] )
open_system([sys,'/',blocks(i,:)])
%disp(blocks(i,:))
print('-s')
end
end
close_system(sys)

How can you change the ratio of the axis in a 3-D plot?

For changing the ratio of the axis in a 3-D plot, you will need to change the xform
property of the current axis. The property transforms the 3-D data to be plotted on the 2D screen.
Following code will work:
function aspect3(x,y,z)
v = get(gca,'xform');
d = diag([x y z 1]);
set(gca,'xform',v*d);

What is the process to change default settings for an

objects properties?
To change the default settings for an object, first parent of the object should be find
which can be done by following code:
h=get(object's_handle,'Parent')
To set the default, type the following:
set(h,'DefaultObjectPropertyName','PropertyValue')
No spaces should be there in the Default Object Property Name expression.
For Example
set(gca,'DefaultLineLineWidth',25)
Any line plotted after this statement will have a line width of 25.

Give an example to use grid data to contour irregularly

spaced data in matlab

x,y,z => irregularly spaced data

xmin=min(x);
ymin=min(y);
xmax=max(x);
ymax=max(y);
xi=xmin:0.02*(xmax-xmin):xmax;
yi=ymin:0.02*(ymax-ymin):ymax;
zi=griddata(x,y,z,xi',yi);
contour(xi,yi,zi).

What is pseudo random binary sequence and numeric

precision in matlab?
pseudo random binary sequence : A form of generating an M-file in the new
Frequency Domain System Identification Toolbox, for a specified set of lengths (2^2-1 to
2^30-1) is called pseudo random binary sequence. It is also known as mlbs (for
Maximum Length Binary Sequence).
numeric precision : Numeric quantities which are represented as double precision
floating point numbers is called numeric precision. On most computers, such numbers
have 53 significant binary bits, which is about 15 or 16 decimal digits.

Write a program to use a filename which is a variable as an

input argument to the load, save and print functions
name = 'xyz.mat';
eval(['save ', name]);
eval(['load ', name]);
name = 'myfigure.ps';
eval(['print ',name]);

Define Xmath

Xmath can be fined as an interactive mathematics, scripting, and graphics environment

for X Window workstations. It has features which represent a significant improvement on
matlab-type software tools, including:
o Object-oriented scripting language.
o "Point-and-click" color graphics.
o Visual debugging tool.
o LNX and C-callable libraries.
o Programmable MOTIF GUI layer.

What are the common toolboxes present in matlab and how

these toolboxes can be accessed?
Various types of toolboxes available are:
o Control Systems
o Fuzzy Logic
o Image Processing
o LMI Control
o Neural Networks
o Optimization
o Partial Differential Equation
o Robust Control
o Signal Processing
o Statistics
o Symbolic Math
o System Identification
o Wavelets
To access this Toolbox, go to the MATLAB Start menu, then go to the Toolboxes

submenu, then select the Toolbox which you want to use.

How help command is used in various ways in matlab?

By typing help in different ways at matlab prompt gives following outputs:
"help" - gives a list of all the directories in which matlab can find commands (which also
tells you its "search path", or a list of the directories it is looking in for commands.)
"help directoryname" - gives a list of the commands in that directory and also a short
description of them.
"help commandname" - gives the help on some specific command.

Explain about the mentioned tools in matlab: who, whos, pi,

eps, type
Who: will tell you all the variables you have currently defined.
whos: will tell you the variables, their sizes, and some other info.
pi: is a function of that returns the value of pi.
eps: is a function that returns Matlab's smallest floating point number. This is useful if
you have a vector that might contain zeros that is going to wind up in the denominator of
something. If you add eps to the vector, you aren't actually adding anything significant,
but you won't run into divide by zero problems anymore
Type: function name for any function in Matlab's search path lets you see how that
function is written.

How does backslash (\) operator works in matlab?

Backslash operator is used to solve linear systems of equations in matlab. If you want a
solution for Ax = b, then type x = A\b. If A is an n by m matrix and b is a p by q matrix
then A\b is defined and is calculated, if m=p. For non-square and singular systems, the
operation A\b gives the solution in the least squares sense.
For Example.

>> A = [1 2; 3 4], x = [1 0]', A\x

A=
12
34

x=
1
0

ans =
-2.0000
1.5000

What is Matlab data handling? Explain about importing

ASCII data in?
Importing and Exporting ascii data in mat lab is called matlab data handling.
By typing help load, we can see how data is imported to Matlab. The data file must
contain n rows with m columns of data in each row. If the file is named foo.dat, then type
load foo.dat. Matlab will call the data foo.
For Example
>> load foo.dat
>> foo
foo =

12
34
56
78
9 10

Write a program in matlab to perform synthetic division of

(x^2 + x + 1)/(x + 1). Which command is used for it?
Matlab can perform the synthetic division with the command deconv, giving you the
quotient and the remainder.
% a=x^2+x+1 and b=x+1
a= [1, 1, 1]; b= [1, 1];
% now divides b into a finding the quotient and remainder
[q,r]=deconv (a, b)
After you do this Matlab will give you q= [1, 0] and r= [0, 0, 1],
which means that,
q = x + 0 = x and r = 0x^2+ 0x + 1 = 1 so
(x^2 + x + 1)/(x + 1) = x + [1/(x + 1)]

What is Set and Get in Matlab?

Set and Get are also known as setter and getter functions. Setter functions are used for
assigning properties whereas getter functions are used for accessing properties which
are executed whenever an attempt to set or get the corresponding property is made.
These are optional; they are only called if they exist. These properties can be made
public by using this approach so that it is easier for clients to use the dot notation, while
maintaining a level of indirection by effectively intercepting the call.
For Example
function day = get.day(obj)

day = obj.day; % We could execute other code as well.

end
function obj = set.day(obj,newday)
obj.day = newday;
end