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    The Cell Theory (2.1.1 / 2.1.2) Function of Life (2.1.3)

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    1. The cell theory states that the cell is the basic unit of life, all living things are made of cells, and new cells are produced from existing cells. 2. Cells come in a wide range of sizes, from bacteria around 1-5 micrometers to plant and animal cells that can be 10-100 micrometers. Smaller cells have a higher surface area to volume ratio to exchange materials. 3. Cells differentiate during development as different genes are expressed, leading to specialized cell types that perform distinct functions and give rise to emergent properties in multicellular organisms. Stem cells can differentiate into different cell types and may be useful for regenerative medicine.

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    The Cell Theory (2.1.1 / 2.1.2) Function of Life (2.1.3)

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    OhannesOhannes
    8 views1 page
    1. The cell theory states that the cell is the basic unit of life, all living things are made of cells, and new cells are produced from existing cells. 2. Cells come in a wide range of sizes, from bacteria around 1-5 micrometers to plant and animal cells that can be 10-100 micrometers. Smaller cells have a higher surface area to volume ratio to exchange materials. 3. Cells differentiate during development as different genes are expressed, leading to specialized cell types that perform distinct functions and give rise to emergent properties in multicellular organisms. Stem cells can differentiate into different cell types and may be useful for regenerative medicine.

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    IB Biology SL and HL

    Original Title

    2.1 Cell Theory

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    1. The cell theory states that the cell is the basic unit of life, all living things are made of cells, and new cells are produced from existing cells. 2. Cells come in a wide range of sizes, from bacteria around 1-5 micrometers to plant and animal cells that can be 10-100 micrometers. Smaller cells have a higher surface area to volume ratio to exchange materials. 3. Cells differentiate during development as different genes are expressed, leading to specialized cell types that perform distinct functions and give rise to emergent properties in multicellular organisms. Stem cells can differentiate into different cell types and may be useful for regenerative medicine.

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    The Cell Theory (2.1.1 / 2.1.2) Function of Life (2.1.3)

    Uploaded by

    OhannesOhannes
    1. The cell theory states that the cell is the basic unit of life, all living things are made of cells, and new cells are produced from existing cells. 2. Cells come in a wide range of sizes, from bacteria around 1-5 micrometers to plant and animal cells that can be 10-100 micrometers. Smaller cells have a higher surface area to volume ratio to exchange materials. 3. Cells differentiate during development as different genes are expressed, leading to specialized cell types that perform distinct functions and give rise to emergent properties in multicellular organisms. Stem cells can differentiate into different cell types and may be useful for regenerative medicine.

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    of 1

    Cell Theory (2.

    1)
    The cell theory (2.1.1 / 2.1.2)

    Function of life (2.1.3)

    1. The cell is the smallest unit of life

    Remember: MRS GREN

    2. All living things are made of cells (or cell products)

    Movement
    Reproduction
    Sensitivity (to stimuli)

    3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells


    Evidence:

    Growth
    Respiration
    Excretion
    Nutrition

    With the invention of microscopes (Janssen)


    scientists could see cells (Hooke, Leeuwenhoek)
    Pasteur demonstrated that cells couldnt grow in
    sterile conditions (disproved abiogenesis)

    Cell size (2.1.4 - 2.1.6)


    The rate of metabolism (e.g. cell respiration) is a function of a cells volume
    The rate at which material is exchanged (needed for metabolism) is a function of a cells surface area
    When a cell grows, volume grows quicker than surface area and the cell must divide or die
    Many cells contains structures (e.g. microvilli) to increase their SA:Vol ratio
    Calculating cell sizes:
    Magnification = Size of image (magnified) Actual size of object
    Relative sizes:
    Eukaryote (10 - 100m) > Organelle (~10m) > Bacteria (1 - 5m) > virus (100nm) > membrane (7.5nm)

    Differential gene expression (2.1.7 / 2.1.8)


    Differentiation is the process by which newly-formed cells specialize as they mature
    Cells in multi-cellular organisms share identical genomes but differ in gene expression
    Chemical signals lead to differential gene expression and thus specialization of cells
    The combination of different cell types can give rise to emergent properties

    Stem cells (2.1.9 / 2.1.10 / 4.4.12 / 4.4.13)


    Stem cells retain the capacity to divide and differentiate along different pathways
    Therapeutic cloning can be used to regenerate skin cells in burns victims
    somatic cell

    nucleus
    Reproductive
    cloning

    fusion
    surrogate
    stem cells
    egg cell

    Therapeutic
    cloning

    enucleated
    egg
    tissue culture

    Arguments For Therapeutic Cloning:


    May be used to cure diseases (e.g. diabetes)
    Stem cell research may promote future discoveries
    Cells cultured when embryos lack nervous system

    Arguments Against Therapeutic Cloning:


    Involves creation and destruction of embryos
    Rapidly dividing cells may become cancerous
    At more cost, other technologies fulfill same role

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