15, A group of 100 dental patents is randomly divided into ‘so groups: One group (ie “trestment” group) receives sup- plemental fluoride reatmenss monthly for two years, while fhe other group (the “sontrol” group) receives standard seu- ‘annual deatal care, At the end ofthe two-year study period each patent’ tooth decay is evaluated andthe two groups are compared. (@) Does this stady involve a conceptual ora physical popula (©) Whatis the purpose of randomly dividing the patient into ‘0 groupe? (©) Do you think thatthe study results would be valid ifthe pation elected which group they belonged to? (2) Why are to groups needed? Couldn't valid results be ob- tained just by puting a 100 patients into the treatment” group? 1-10, An automobile company analyzes warranty claim data reported by its desler network to determine potential design problems with its vehicles, (a) Can varanty data be viewed 2s a random sample of fires? (6) Is this an enumerative study or an analytic study” (6) Is this an observational study or a retrospective study?2.56, The pH of a solution is measured eight times by one ‘operator using the same instrument. She obtains the following Aaa: 7.15, 7.20, 7.18, 7.19, 7.21, 7.20, 7.16, and 7.18. {@) Calculate the sample mean. Suppose that the desirable value for this solution was specified to be 7.20. Do you think thatthe sample mean value computed bere is close enough to the target value to accept the solution as con- forming to targer? Explain your reasoning (b) Calculate the sample variance and sample standard devia- tion. What do you think are the major sourees of variability in this experiment? Why is it desirable to have a small variance ofthese measurements? 2-59. Suppose that we have a sample x1.35.00.% and We have calculated ands forthe sample. Now an (n + Istobser- ‘ation becomes valle. Let, ands, be the sample mean and sample variance forthe sample using all + observations. {a) Show how i. ca be computed using, and xe 0 Show tht mas = 0 D+ a (c) Use the results of parts (a) and (b) to calculate the new sample average and standard deviation for the data of Exercise 2-57, when the new observation isx, = 40,S-1L, IEPUCE A) = 04, and PUCE B) = 0.6 and the inter- section of sets 4 and B is empty, (9) Are sets 4 and B mutually elusive? (b) Find POE 49, (©) Find POE BY, (@ Find POE A UB), 3-15. Let X denote the life ofa semiconductor laser (in hours) with the following probabilities: PLY = 5000) = 0.05, and PUY > 7000) = 0.45, (@) Whats the probability tht the ie i es than or xual to 7000 hws? () What i the probability thatthe lie is greater than S000 hours? (6) Whats P(S000 < = 7000)?