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1 Pre-Historic Architecture
1 Pre-Historic Architecture
1 Pre-Historic Architecture
Course Description
Description
Concentration will be on the study of architectural
characters and styles by making a comparative
analysis for the principal features. We will also
examine the structural plans of growing spaces and
spans, the technical and material background
affecting the structurefunctionform relation, the
knowledge and profession of the building human.
. Description
Although the course is designed in a chronological
sequence, the focus will be on influences which
played and shaped the built environment of the
examined civilizations, in relation to aspects of
socio-cultural, socio-political, theological, and the
environmental factors.
Course Objectives
At the end of this semester, student should be
able to:
Understand the meaning of the Architectural
History and it's relation to Architecture.
Deal with architectural history vocabulary.
(Terminology).
Understanding of the historical periods to develop
students analytical skills, in order to understand
architecture as physical response to human need at
certain time and place. (Space- time theory)
..Objectives
Understanding of the influences of Orient;
Mesopotamian and Egyptian Architecture on
Western Architecture; Greek and Roman.
(Transmission of style and technology).
Integrate architectural history with students
approach to develop the students' knowledge of
conservation sciences and architectural heritage.
The true value of this course to teaching history of
architecture to be gauged by the way that students
apply the knowledge gained to their own designs in
studio.
Teaching Aids
Prehistoric Architecture
When did Architecture begin?
Caves and Huts (Camp).
Proto-Urban: the creation of agricultural villages
(Beidha, Jericho, Amman -Ain Gazal, Catalhoyuk)
Geometric trend: Meaning of Geometry and the
concept of Angle.
The First Monuments: Menhir, Dolmen, Gromliche.
Urban Revolution: Early City States
Mesopotamian Architecture
Egyptian Architecture
Greek Architecture
The Aegean and Asia Minor Architecture
General Influences.
Asia Minor ( Hattusas, Beycesultan and Troy: Gates and
Castles)
Minoans and Mycenaeans(Knossoss and Mycenaea;
Palaces and Tombs).
Archaic: Dark Age; Classical: Golden Age
Greek Temples (Origin and Classification system).
Orders and Proportions.
Greek Refinements
Polis and Acropolis.
Public Buildings and Dwellings.
General Influences.
Refining thought (Hellenistic)
Rock-Cut Architecture
City Planning (Hippodamian).
Early Roman Architecture (Etruscans).
Roman Temples.
Public Buildings (Concrete Discovery)
Dwellings.
Comparison between Hellenistic, Greek and
Roman Architecture.
General Revision.
Text Book
Spiro Kostof (1995). A History of Architecture:
Settings and Rituals. 2nd Edition, Oxford: Oxford
University Press, pp. 21- 159, and pp. 191-215
Sir Banister Fletcher (1987). A History of
Architecture. First published, 1886, Nineteenth
edition.
Introduction
Understanding the meaning of "Architectural History:
A grand tour ".
Why we study "History of Architecture".
Documentary sources and tools
General Factors affecting the shaping of built
environment.
History
A usually chronological record of events (The
branch of knowledge that records and
analyzes past events )
Architecture
(Etymology)
Architecture
History of Architecture
Is the study of what we built in the past chronologically (put
in order or sequence; bringing time under control).
Is the study of the social, economic, and technological
systems of human history.
-The Names of buildings and their makers (SOCIAL)
-When and how they made (TIME)
-What they are (PURPOSE)
-Why they are the way they are (MEANING)
-How they came to be (Function and Technique)
Documentary Sources
The primary task is to insist on the recapture of the true physical reality of things built
(Reconstruction); Covered or uncovered, damaged or preserved through:
-Literary documents
-Archaeology
-Paintings and sculptures
-Mosaics
Coming up with a building that is a fair interpretation of the source.
Documentary tools
-Drawings (plans, sections, elevations, details)
-Photographs (digital images)
-Paintings and sculpture in relief
-Models
PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE
-When did Architecture begin?
-Caves and Huts (Camp).
-Proto-Urban: the creation of agricultural villages
(Beidha, Jericho, Amman -Ain Gazal, Catalhoyuk)
-Geometric trend: Meaning of Geometry and the
concept of Angle.
-The First Monuments: Menhir, Dolmen, Gromliche.
-Urban Revolution: Early City States
Historic Line
Pre history was divided into four periods: Paleolithic, EpiPaleolithic (Mesolithic), Neolithic and chalcolithic. Each
period was divided into sub- periods.
Open space
Rock shelters.
3.
Caves.
living outside the cave , with the freedom to roam widely for
the purposes of hunting and gathering, suggests the need for at
least a temporary shelter. However, physical environment
affected the way of the first mans life, and forced him to
settle in other temporary camping.
HUNTERS HUT
Homo erectus-Acheulian-Lower Paleolithic
EPI-PALELIOTHIC
Epi-Paleolithic (Mesolithic): is that transitional
period between the Paleolithic and Neolithic.
This period was divided into two periods:
Kebarean and Natufian. During the Natufian,
the temporary hunters camp was changed to
permanent villages
(i.e.Beida, Jericho
and Chirokitia).
Chirokitia: Cyprus
Neolithic village of circular houses, 8,000 BCE.
Domed structure, brick
Some of the round stone houses
have been reconstructed, and UNESCO has declared it a World
Heritage Site
The PPNB
architecturally is
very important. It
includes the first
appearance for the
rectangular houses
that appeared in
many sites like Ain
Ghazal, Beida,
Catalhoyuk, Jarmo
and Jericho.
NEOLITHIC
was the beginning of Holocene. This
period can be divided into PPN (A, B & C)
and PN as shown in. During this period
human lived near valleys and springs. He
developed his house and duplicated the
elements, especially after the
domestication of animals, and plants.
Public buildings: atalhyk is a 9000 year old town, one of the earliest in the
world, with rich art and sculpture in its houses, 220 . (unfired mudbrick)
atalhyk
Regarding to public
buildings, the first sign of
cult appeared in Jericho
and Catalhoyuk, and the
first sign of fortification
appeared in Jericho at that
time.
Jericho
Jericho
The first
sign of
fortification
MENHIR:
Tall stones have been
constructed upon the
ground like primitive
obelisks. It could be
interpreted as:
i.
Religious purposes.
DOLMEN:
(Stone table) Tombs consist of large
stone, which form rectangular
chamber covered by another flat stone
(post and lintel).
Gromliche
Circular enclosure
of long stones
with a table shape
structure in the
center.
Stonehenge- England
Salisbury Plain, west of Amesbury
(3000-1600 BC Britons)
The first period of Stonehenge
was basically a circular
enclosure outlined by two
banks and a ditch with an
entrance to the northeast and a
standing stone a bit away from
the entrance.
Stonehenge is composed
of earthworks surrounding
a circular setting of large
standing stones (sarsen hard
sandstone (Marlborough) and
bluestone)
Each standing stone was around 4.1 ms high, 2.1 ms wide and weighed
around 25 tons. The average thickness of these stones is 1.1 m and the
average distance between them is 1 m. A total of 74 stones would have
been needed to complete the circle. Of the lintel stones, they are each
around 3.2 m, 1 m wide and 0.8 m thick. The tops of the lintels are 4.9 m
above the ground.
megalithic Structure
Monolithic Blocks
Conclusion:
the achievements of the pre-historic (Paleolithic, EpiPaleolithic (Mesolithic), Neolithic and Chalcolithic)
architecture can be summarized as follow:
The private Dwellings:
1.Clustered blocks of houses (oval-apsidal-quadratic).
2. Building materials in this period were: Mud brick (sun
dried), fieldstone, trunks and branches of trees, and plaster
for walls floors.
Public:
1. The first sign of cult appeared in Catalhoyuk and Jericho
(Hexa-style).
2.The first sign of fortification appeared in Jericho (Solid stone
tower).
The monumentality:
1. Tombs like dolmen (that include post and lintel) and
Gromliche.
2. Symbolism (Menhir).