CAPACITOR SWITCHING DEVICE

Zero-Crossing Breaker
vs
Pre-Insertion Resistor

Misc/SS/Zerocrossing vs Preinsertion/Cover Zerocrossing vs Preinsertion

CAPACITOR SWITCHING DEVICE

Zero-Crossing Breaker
vs
Pre-Insertion Resistor

1. Method of Transient Control :

1.1. Zero-Crossing Breaker
1.2. Pre-Insertion Resistor
2. Design & Reliability :
2.1. Zero-Crossing Breaker vs Pre-Insertion Resistor
3. Computer Simulation of Capacitor Switching Transients :
3.1. Zero-Crossing Breaker vs Pre-Insertion Resistor
3.2. Summary & Conclusion
3.3. Reference :
Pre-Insertion Resistors in HV Capacitor Bank Switching

Misc/SS/Zerocrossing vs Preinsertion/Index Zerocrossing vs Preinsertion

Method of Transient Control

1.1. Zero-Crossing Breaker

1.2. Pre-Insertion Resistor

Misc/SS/Zerocrossing vs Preinsertion/Index 1

1.1

Method of Transient Control

ZeroCrossing Breaker

6
1 6
1

Synchronous Closing Device

THREE MUST CONDITIONS :

1.
2.
3.

CLOSING of ALL 3 PHASES at a ZERO VOLTAGE is a MUST

PRECISE TUNING and CONTROL of the 3 INDIVIDUAL POLES is a MUST
NO DRIFT of TIMING CALIBRATION is a MUST

Misc/SS/Zerocrossing vs Preinsertion/Zerocrossing Breaker (Rev.1)

5
5

1. Circuit Breaker (single pole)

2. Synchronous Closing Device
3. Capacitor Bank
4. Voltage Transformer
5. Input Command
6. Output Command

1.2

Method of Transient Control

Pre-Insertion Resistor

4
3

1
2
5

4
1

1. Pre-Insertion Resistor
2. Resistor Contact
3. Main Contact
4. Capacitor Bank
5. Substation

3
1. Pre-Insertion Resistor
2. Resistor Contact
3. Main Contact
4. Capacitor Bank
5. Substation

RESISTORS (1) are typically inserted into the capacitive-energizing circuit through the closing of RESISTOR CONTACT (2) for 5 ms
to 15 ms, prior to the closing of the MAIN CONTACT (3).

Misc/SS/Zerocrossing vs Preinsertion/Preinsertion Resistor (Rev. 1)

Design & Reliability

2.1. Zero-Crossing Breaker vs

Pre-Insertion Resistor

Misc/SS/Zerocrossing vs Preinsertion/Index 2

Design & Reliability

2.1

Zero-Crossing Breaker vs Pre-Insertion Resistor

Description

1.

Specifically Designed and Tested for Capacitor Switching

2.

Number of Operating Mechanisms

(spring loaded systems, shunt trips, motor operators)

3.

Allows Two or One Phase Closing of the Capacitor Bank

(if one operating mechanism fails to operate)

4.

Key Factor for Successful Transient Suppression

ZERO-CROSSING BREAKER

PRE-INSERTION RESISTOR

No

Yes

3
(one per phase)

1
(one for 3 phases)

Yes

No

Capacitor Bank must be switched

exactly when the voltage is crossing
ZERO.
Electronic circuitry must successfully
detect when the voltage wave is
crossing ZERO and order the
mechanical mechanism that drives
the interrupter to close.

Simple electrical principle of a resistor

in the circuit.
Key factor is simple physics.

Complicated calculation are required

to offset effects of external
conditions, mechanical wear, etc.
5.

Reliability Factors

Synchronous closing system is hard

to maintain within required precision.
A highly precise electronic system
tied to a mechanical device
(interrupter) is not a guarantee for
performance.

Highly reliable

Computer Simulation of
Capacitor Switching Transients

3.1. Zero-Crossing Breaker vs

Pre-Insertion Resistor
3.2. Summary & Conclusion
3.3. Reference :
Pre-Insertion Resistors in
HV Capacitor Bank Switching

Misc/SS/Zerocrossing vs Preinsertion/Index 3

3.1

Computer Simulation of
Capacitor Switching Transients

Zero-Crossing Breaker
0
20.000k

00m
15.0

30.000m

.5
4000m

m
60.000

.5
7000m

00m
90.0

105.000m

2
10.000m

0m
135.00

5
10.000k

0
10.000k

V
c1

Vc
1

.0
5000k

k7.200

0
20.000k

k6.600

5
10.000k

k6.000

0
10.000k

k5.400

.0
5000k

00m
15.0

30.000m

Vc
1

.5
7000m

00m
90.0

105.000m

2
10.000m

0m
135.00

k7.200

k6.600

k6.000

Vc
2

Vc
2

k4.200

Vc
1

000k
-100.

m
60.000

V
c2

k4.800

00k
-50.0

.5
4000m

k5.400

Vc
2

k4.800

00k
-50.0

k4.200

k3.600

000k
-100.

k3.600

000k
-150.

k3.000

000k
-150.

k3.000

000k
-200.

k2.400

000k
-200.

k2.400

000k
-250.

k1.800

000k
-250.

000k
-300.

k1.200

000k
-300.

k1.200

000k
-350.

0600.0

000k
-350.

0600.0

cI 1

c1
I

000k
-400.

cI 1

k1.800

cI 2

000k
-400.

cI 1

c2
I

cI 2
cI 2

000k
-450.

-600.000

000k
-450.

-600.000

000k
-500.

-.1200k

000k
-500.

-.1200k

000k
-550.

-.1800k

000k
-550.

000k
-600.

-.2400k
0

00m
15.0

30.000m

.5
4000m

m
60.000

.5
7000m

00m
90.0

105.000m

2
10.000m

000k
-600.

0m
135.00

-.1800k

-.2400k
0

Voltage and Current for Energization of 1st Bank

Zero-crossing
Breaker
Bank 1
Energization
Bank 2
Transient

Peak
Current
942A

Frequency

5021A

16,807Hz

Bank 2 Ringing

419A

672Hz

30.000m

.5
4000m

m
60.000

.5
7000m

00m
90.0

105.000m

2
10.000m

0m
135.00

Voltage and Current for Energization of 2nd Bank

Peak
Voltage
120kV
(1.28pu)
108kV
(1.15pu)

944Hz

00m
15.0

Zero-crossing
Breaker
Bank 2
Energization
Bank 2 Ringing

Peak
Current
5228A

Frequency

420A

670Hz

Peak
Voltage
108kV
(1.15pu)

16,667Hz

Pre-Insertion Resistor
0
20.

0
00k

m
0
.15
0

m
0
.30
0

m
0
.45
0

m
0
.60
0

m
0
.75
0

m
0
.90
00

0m
00
5.
10

0m
00
0.
12

010k
0.

0m
00
5.
13

0
5
10k
0.

Vc
1

0k
20
7.

020k
0.

0k
60
6.

0
5
10k
0.

0k
00
6.

010k
0.

m
0
.15
0

m
0
.30
0

m
0
.45
0

m
0
.60
0

m
0
.75
0

0m
00
5.
10

0m
00
0.
12

0m
00
5.
13
0k
20
7.

0k
60
6.

0k
00
6.

Vc
2
Vc
2

Vc
1
k0
.50
0

0k
40
5.

k0
.50
0

0k
40
5.

Vc
2

0k
80
4.

0k
00
-5
0.

m
0
.90
00

Vc
1

0k
20
4.

Vc
2

0k
80
4.

0k
00
-5
0.

0k
20
4.

Vc
1
k0
.-10

0k
60
3.

k0
.-10

0k
60
3.

k0
.-1
50

0k
00
3.

k0
.-1
50

0k
00
3.

k0
.-20

0k
40
2.

k0
.-20

0k
40
2.

k0
.-2
50

0k
80
1.

k0
.-2
50

0k
80
1.

k0
.-30

0k
20
1.

k0
.-30

k0
.-3
50

0
00
0.
60

k0
.-3
50

cI 1

k0
.-40

cI 1

cI 1

cI 1

0k
20
1.

0
00
0.
60

cI 2

k0
.-40

cI 2

cI 2

cI 2

k0
.-4
50

-0
.60

k0
.-4
50

-0
.60

k0
.-50

-1
0
k2
.

k0
.-50

-1
0
k2
.

k0
.-50

-1
0
k8
.

k0
.-50

k0
.-60

-2
0
k4
.

k0
.-60

m
0
.15
0

m
0
.30
0

m
0
.45
0

m
0
.60
0

m
0
.75
0

m
0
.90
00

0m
00
5.
10

0m
00
0.
12

0m
00
5.
13

Voltage and Current for Energization of 1st Bank at 80 Ohms

Pre-insertion
Resistor
Bank 1
Energization
Bank 1 Transient

Peak
Current
835A

Frequency

404A

948Hz

Bank 2
Energization
Bank 2 Transient
Bank 2 Ringing

1100A

809Hz

1520A
235A

16,400Hz
670Hz

NA

Peak
Voltage
97kV
(1.03pu)
101kV
(1.07pu)
114kV
(1.21pu)
97kV
(1.03pu)

In addition, the I2t for the 80 ohm pre-insertion

resistor is 330A2s.
Misc/SS/Zerocrossing vs Preinsertion/Computer Simulation

-1
0
k8
.

-2
0
k4
.
0

m
0
.15
0

m
0
.30
0

m
0
.45
0

m
0
.60
0

m
0
.75
0

m
0
.90
00

0m
00
5.
10

0m
00
0.
12

0m
00
5.
13

Voltage and Current for Energization of 2nd Bank at 80 Ohms

Pre-insertion
Resistor
Bank 2
Energization
Bank 2 Transient

Peak
Current
1100A

Frequency

1820A

16,529Hz

Bank 2
Ringing

235A

672Hz

892Hz

Peak
Voltage
98.7kV
(1.05pu)

98.3kV
(1.05pu)

3.2

Computer Simulation of Capacitor Switching Transients

Summary
Single-Bank

Back-to-Back

Simulation Case

PEAK
VOLTAGE

PEAK CURRENT

FREQUENCY

PEAK CURRENT

FREQUENCY

ZERO-CROSSING BREAKER (1 ms error)

942 A

944 Hz

5021 A

16.807 Hz

1.28 pu

PRE-INSERTION RESISTOR (80)

835 A

948 Hz

1820 A

16.529 Hz

1.22 pu

Remarks : All above values are summarized from the most significant data.

Conclusion
Simulation Case

Mitigation of
CURRENT TRANSIENTS

Mitigation of
VOLTAGE TRANSIENTS

Remarks

ZERO-CROSSING BREAKER (1 ms error)

Successful

Good

TRANSIENTS will INCREASE, if

TIMING CALIBRATION DRIFTS

PRE-INSERTION RESISTOR (80 )

Successful

Significant

Misc/SS/Zerocrossing vs Preinsertion/Summary (Rev. 1)

3.3

Pre-Insertion Resistor in
HV Capacitor Bank Switching

Prepared for :
Western Protective Relay Conference
October 19 - 21, 2004
Spokane, WA

Misc/SS/Zerocrossing vs Preinsertion/Reference