TECHNICAL REPORT ON

"MUFFLER"
Submitted by
Ashit R.Nisal
(Roll No.74)
III Semester

Under Guidance of
Er.S.D.Thakre

SESSION 2014-15
Department Of Mechanical Engineering
K. D. K. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGPUR

K. D.K. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGPUR.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

C E R T I F I C AT E

This is to certify that the technical report on "Muffler" submitted by Mr. Ashit R.
Nisal (Roll No.74) in partial fulfilment of requirement for the award of degree in Bachelors of
Mechanical Engineering Session 2014-15 at K. D. K. College of Engineering is an authentic
work carried out by him under supervision.

Er. S.D. Thakre

Guide and Seminar Incharge

Prof. P.R. Gajbhiye

Class Incharge

Dr. C.C. Handa

HOD(Mechanical)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I feel immense pleasure while expressing my sincere, humble and deepest sense of
gratitude to Er.S.D.Thakre Department of Mechanical Engineering for the valuable guidance
and necessary help. He guided me right from the beginning for preparation & presentation of
Technical Report and seminar.

I extend my thanks to Head of the Department Dr.C.C. Handa & Academic Incharge
Dr.S.K.Choudhary who made available the faculties required to ensure the success of the
Technical Report and Seminar. Also we would like to express our deep gratitude to Class
Incharge Prof.P.R.Gajbhiye , Technical Report and Seminar Incharge Er. S.D.Thakre other
faculties of Mechanical Engineering Department of K.D.K.C.E. Nagpur who were constant
source of our inspiration.

Although I sincerely hope the work fee from inaccurate statements and faulty judgment
in interpreting date. For these short comings we offer our sincere apology.

Thanking You,

Student Name
Ashit R. Nisal
(Roll No.74)
III Semester

INDEX
SR.

TOPIC

PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION

1
2
3

NO.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
9
10

POSITION OF MUFFLER
PRINCIPLE
WORKING
TYPES OF MUFFLER
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
APPLICATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

4
7
11
12
13
14
14
14

LIST OF FIGURES
FIG. NO.
2.1
2.2
2.3
4.1
4.2
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5

CONTENT

Position OF Muffler With cars

Position OF Muffler With large Diesel Trucks
Position OF Muffler With motorcycles
Noise cancellation
MUFFLER

Buffle Type Muffler

Wave Cancellation Type Muffler
Resonance Type Muffler
Absorber type Muffler

Combined Resonance and Absorber Type

PAGE NO.
2
2
2
4
5
7
8
8
9
10

Mufflers

ABSTRACT
A muffler is a device for reducing the noise emitted by a machine or internal combustion
engine the engine exhaust blow out through the muffler.
Due to the high energy created during the combustion process in the engine, exhaust
gases when they first enter the exhaust pipes will contain a variety of sound frequencies most of

which are not very acoustically pleasing to the ear. Mufflers are therefore used on vehicles as a
way to 'muffle' or reduce the sound level of the exhaust gases leaving the engine.
A muffler are typically installed along the exhaust system of an internal combustion
engine to reduced its exhaust noise.
Mufflers are expected to reduce the transmission of exhaust noise and they must do it
without significantly restricting the flow. A muffler is a "sound filter" and its performance varies
with the frequency of sound.

The mufflers are usually of following types :

Baffle type

Wave cancellation type

Resonance type

Absorber type

Combined resonance and absorber type

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
The muffler in an automobile plays an integral role in the sound of the automobile as well
as the ride itself. A muffler is a device for reducing the noise emitted by a machine or internal
combustion engine the engine exhaust blow out through the muffler.

Due to the high energy created during the combustion process in the engine, exhaust
gases when they first enter the exhaust pipes will contain a variety of sound frequencies most of
which are not very acoustically pleasing to the ear. Mufflers are therefore used on vehicles as a
way to 'muffle' or reduce the sound level of the exhaust gases leaving the engine. They can also
be used to tune the exhaust note (like a musical instrument) by cancelling out undesirable sounds
leaving behind only those which are most pleasant.
A muffler are typically installed along the exhaust system of an internal combustion
engine to reduced its exhaust noise. The muffler accomplish with a resonating chamber, which is
specially coated with destructive interference, where opposite sound waves cancel each other
out.
Mufflers are expected to reduce the transmission of exhaust noise and they must do it
without significantly restricting the flow. A muffler is a "sound filter" and its performance varies
with the frequency of sound. There are two basic types of mufflers. One is a dissipative muffler.
It contains a series of perforated tubes or chambers that are surrounded by a sound absorbing
material. The sound (acoustic energy) is absorbed by this material and dissipated as heat. A
familiar example is a straight through "glass pack" muffler.
The second is, a reactive muffler or one which the geometric shape, style and quantity of
chambers determines its sound reduction capabilities Many mufflers use a combination of
reactive and dissipative technologies.

CHAPTER-2

POSITION OF MUFFLER

With cars, lengthwise underneath, blowing backwards at the rear

Fig.2.1 position of

muffler in car

To the sides before the rear wheels.

With large diesel-powered trucks:-

Fig.2.2 position of muffler in power trucks

o

Mounted vertically behind the cab

Crosswise under the front of the cab, blowing sideways.

With motorcycles:

Fig:2.3 position of muffler in motorcycles

o

Usually, beside the engine and rear wheel blowing backwards.

In more modern motorcycles, under the seat blowing backwards from under the back of
the seat. (Under-slung)

CHAPTER-3

WORKING PRINCIPLE

Muffler reduces the noise by reduce the pressure of exhaust gasses sufficiently to permit
them to be discharge to the atmosphere silently. To reduce the pressure the exhaust gasses are
permitted to expand slowly and to cool in muffler. The capacity of muffler should be sufficiently
large to permit the gasses in expand nearly atmospheric pressure before they are discharge into
the air.

CHAPTER-4

WORKING
The key thing about sound waves is that the result at your ear is the sum of all the sound
waves hitting your ear at that time. If you are listening to a band, even though you may hear
several distinct sources of sound, the pressure waves hitting your ear drum all add together, so
your ear drum only feels one pressure at any given moment.
Now comes the cool part: It is possible to produce a sound wave that is exactly the
opposite of another wave. This is the basis for those noise-cancelling headphones you may have
seen. Take a look at the figure below. The wave on top and the second wave are both pure tones.
If the two waves are in phase, they add up to a wave with the same frequency but twice the
amplitude. This is called constructive interference. But, if they are exactly out of phase, they add
up to zero. This is called destructive interference. At the time when the first wave is at its
maximum pressure, the second wave is at its minimum. If both of these waves hit your ear drum
at the same time, you would not hear anything because the two waves always add up to zero.

FIG.4.1 NOISE CANCELLATION

5

Inside a Muffler

Located inside the muffler is a set of tubes. These tubes are designed to create reflected
waves that interfere with each other or cancel each other out. Take a look at the inside of this
muffler:

FIG.4.2 : MUFFLER
The exhaust gases and the sound waves enter through the center tube. They bounce off
the back wall of the muffler and are reflected through a hole into the main body of the muffler.
They pass through a set of holes into another chamber, where they turn and go out the last pipe
and leave the muffler.
A chamber called a resonator is connected to the first chamber by a hole. The resonator
contains a specific volume of air and has a specific length that is calculated to produce a wave
that cancels out a certain frequency of sound.

The Resonator

When a wave hits the hole, part of it continues into the chamber and part of it is reflected.
The wave travels through the chamber, hits the back wall of the muffler and bounces back out of
the hole. The length of this chamber is calculated so that this wave leaves the resonator chamber
just after the next wave reflects off the outside of the chamber. Ideally, the high-pressure part of
the wave that came from the chamber will line up with the low-pressure part of the wave that
was reflected off the outside of the chamber wall, and the two waves will cancel each other out.

CHAPTER-5

TYPES OF MUFFLER
The mufflers are usually of following types :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Baffle type
Wave cancellation type
Resonance type
Absorber type
Combined resonance and absorber type

1. Baffle Type Muffler:

FIG.5.1 : BUFFLE TYPE MUFFLER

It consists of a number of baffles spot welded inside the cylindrical body. The purpose of
these baffles is to close the exhaust gases, thus the gases travel a longer path in the muffler. There
are many designs of the baffles used in the muffler. Fig5.1. shows two type of such muffler. The
major drawback of this type of muffler is its low efficiency due to the restricted flow of the
exhaust gases, back pressure increases causing the loss of engine horse power.
8

2. Wave Cancellation Type Muffler

FIG.5.2: WAVE CANCELLATION TYPE

MUFFLER
In this type of muffler, the exhaust gases entering the mufflers are dividing into two parts to
flow in the muffler. The lengths of these paths are so adjusted that after they come out of the
muffler, crests of one wave coincide with the troughs of the second wave, thus cancelling each
other and reducing the noise to zero theoretically. This is achieved if the length of the two paths
differs by half the wave length. But this is not practically achieved, because the noise created by
exhaust gases is a combination of different frequencies at different engine speeds. However
appreciable noise is reduced.

3. Resonance Type Muffler

FIG.5.3: RESONANCE TYPE MUFFLER

It consist of the number of Helmholtz resonator in series through which a pipe having access port
passes. Helmholtz name of person who originated the idea
of this type of muffler.
9

4. Absorber type Muffler:

FIG.5.4:ABSORBER TYPE MUFFLER

The muffler is composed of a tube covered by sound absorbing material. The tube is
perforated so that some part of the sound wave goes through the perforation to the absorbing
material. The absorbing material is usually made of fibreglass or steel wool. The dampening
material is protected from the surrounding by a supplementary coat made of a bend metal sheet.
The advantages of this method are a low back pressure and the relatively simple design.
The inconvenient aspect of this method is a low sound damping compared to the other
techniques, especially at low frequency.
Mufflers using the absorption technique are usually installed on sports vehicles to increase
the performances of the engine because of their low back pressure. A trick to improve their
muffling ability consist of lining up several "straight"
10

5. Combined Resonance and Absorber Type Mufflers:

Sometimes, a resonance chamber is provided at one end or in the middle of the straight
through absorber type muffler, to reduce the pressure and noise still further. In some design, the
resonance chamber is a separate unit called a resonator, which is connected in series to the
muffler.

11

Chapter-5

ADVANTAGES
Muffler that reduced backpressure relative to earlier models became

increasingly

available in the late 20 th century, and resulted in increased engine efficiency, performance,
power output, and simultaneously decreased
components, as well as sound to

overall wear and tear on the engines

levels in compliance with the law.

12

Chapter - 6

DISADVANTAGES
Removing or by passing a catalytic converter will violate emissions laws. Engine
sound may be more noticeable to both driver and pedestrians, resulting in increased
noisepollution. Some modifications can void factory warranties

13

Chapter-7

APPLICATION
A muffler is generally used in all type of automobile vehicles such as bike, car,
busses ,truck, etc. And some petrol and diesel engine .

14

CONCLUSION
By studying a muffler it is understand to us that a muffler is very essential component of
all type of automobile and other engine which produce excess noise and pollution.
Due to the high energy created during the combustion process in the engine, exhaust
gases when they first enter the exhaust pipes will contain a variety of sound frequencies most of
which are not very acoustically pleasing to the ear. Mufflers are therefore used on vehicles as a
way to 'muffle' or reduce the sound level of the exhaust gases leaving the engine.

15

REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muffler-15/10/2014
http://findebookee.com/e/exhaust-design-15/10/2014
http://www.2dix.com/document-pdf/muffler-pdf.php-17/10/2014
http://auto.howstuffworks.com/muffler3.htm-17/10/2014
R.B.GUPTA-Automobile Engineering.5th edition, Satya Prakashan. (pg.no234-243)

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