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La211bad PDF
La211bad PDF
11.2
What you should learn
GOAL 1 Write rules for
arithmetic sequences and
find sums of arithmetic
series.
GOAL 2 Use arithmetic
sequences and series in reallife problems, such as finding
the number of cells in a
honeycomb in Ex. 57.
RE
FE
To solve real-life
problems, such as finding the
number of seats in a concert
hall in Example 7. AL LI
Arithmetic Sequences
and Series
GOAL 1
EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTION
b. a2 a1 = 5 2 = 3
a3 a2 = 5 1 = 4
a3 a2 = 10 5 = 5
a4 a3 = 9 5 = 4
a4 a3 = 17 10 = 7
a5 a4 = 13 9 = 4
a5 a4 = 26 17 = 9
The nth term of an arithmetic sequence with first term a1 and common
difference d is given by:
an = a1 + (n 1)d
EXAMPLE 2
Write a rule for the nth term of the sequence 50, 44, 38, 32, . . . . Then find a20.
SOLUTION
= 50 + (n 1)(6)
= 56 6n
Simplify.
659
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EXAMPLE 3
Finding the nth Term Given a Term and the Common Difference
3
2
One term of an arithmetic sequence is a13 = 30. The common difference is d = .
a. Write a rule for the nth term.
SOLUTION
a. Begin by finding the first term as follows.
an = a1 + (n 1)d
Substitute 13 for n .
30 = a1 + 12
12 = a1
32
an
= 12 + (n 1)
21
2
3
2
= + n
EXAMPLE 4
SOLUTION
a. Write a system of equations using an = a1 + (n 1)d and substituting 21 for n
55 = a1 + 20d
Equation 1
a6 = a1 + (6 1)d
10 = a1 + 5d
Equation 2
45 = 15d
Subtract equations.
3=d
Solve for d.
55 = a1 + 20(3)
5 = a1
Find a rule for an.
b. an = 8 + 3n
660
an = a1 + (n 1)d
an = 5 + (n 1)3
an = 8 + 3n
Simplify.
40 = 8 + 3n
Substitute 40 for an .
16 = n
Solve for n.
Substitute for d.
Page 1 of 2
FOCUS ON
PEOPLE
You can conclude that 2Sn = n(a1 + an), which leads to the following result.
THE SUM OF A FINITE ARITHMETIC SERIES
RE
FE
L
AL I
a +2 a
KARL FRIEDRICH
GAUSS, a famous
1
n
Sn = n
In words, Sn is the mean of the first and nth terms, multiplied by the number
of terms.
EXAMPLE 5
Finding a Sum
SOLUTION
a. To begin, notice that a1 = 4 and d = 3. So, a formula for the nth term is:
an = a1 + (n 1)d
= 4 + (n 1)3
= 1 + 3n
Simplify.
The 30th term is a30 = 1 + 3(30) = 91. So, the sum of the first 30 terms is:
a +2 a
4 + 91
= 30
2
1
30
S30 = 30
= 1425
STUDENT HELP
4 + (12+ 3n)
n = 175
b.
Look Back
For help with quadratic
equations, see p. 256.
5n + 3n2 = 350
3n2 + 5n 350 = 0
Factor.
n = 10
661
Page 1 of 2
FOCUS ON
APPLICATIONS
GOAL 2
EXAMPLE 6
SEATING CAPACITY The first row of a concert hall has 25 seats, and each row
after the first has one more seat than the row before it. There are 32 rows of seats.
RE
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L
AL I
an = a1 + (n 1)d = 25 + (n 1)(1) = 24 + n
b. Using the rule an = 24 + n, let an = 35 and solve for n.
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Seating Capacity
35 = 24 + n
Substitute for an .
11 = n
Solve for n.
EXAMPLE 7
the row before it). How many additional seats will the concert hall have?
SOLUTION
a. Find the sum of an arithmetic series with a1 = 25 and a32 = 24 + 32 = 56.
a +2 a
25 + 56
= 32 = 1296
2
1
32
S32 = 32
a44 = 24 + 44 = 68, the total number of seats in the expanded hall is:
a +2 a
25 + 68
= 44 = 2046
2
1
44
S44 = 44
662
Page 1 of 2
GUIDED PRACTICE
Vocabulary Check
Concept Check
?.
arithmetic sequence is called a(n)
2. What is the difference between an arithmetic sequence and an arithmetic series?
3. Explain how to find the sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic series.
Skill Check
5. d = 3, a2 = 18
1
6. d = , a5 = 20
2
7. a8 = 12, a15 = 61
8. a5 = 10, a12 = 24
9. a10 = 8, a16 = 32
7
9
11. 3 + + 4 + + 5 + . . .
2
2
14.
MOVIE THEATER Suppose a movie theater has 42 rows of seats and there
are 29 seats in the first row. Each row after the first has two more seats than the
row before it. How many seats are in the theater?
Extra Practice
to help you master
skills is on p. 955.
1 2 4 8 16
19. , , , , , . . .
5 5 5 5 5
5
1 1
20. , 1, , , 1, . . .
3
3 3
WRITING TERMS Write a rule for the nth term of the arithmetic sequence. Then
find a 25.
STUDENT HELP
HOMEWORK HELP
21. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, . . .
24. 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
25. 4, 1, 2, 5, 8, . . .
1
11
21
26. , 3, , 8, , . . .
2
2
2
11 25 17 3 1
27. , , , , , . . .
2 6 6 2 6
5 11 7 1
1
28. , , , , , . . .
2 6 6 2
6
WRITING RULES Write a rule for the nth term of the arithmetic sequence.
5
31. d = 12, a1 = 80
32. d = , a8 = 24
30. d = 4, a14 = 46
3
33. a5 = 17, a15 = 77
34. d = 6, a12 = 4
1
36. a1 = 2, a9 =
6
40. an = 3 + 5n
41. an = 5 2n
1
42. an = 2 n
3
1
43. an = 4 n
2
663
Page 1 of 2
INT
STUDENT HELP
NE
ER T
HOMEWORK HELP
FINDING SUMS For part (a), find the sum of the first n terms of the arithmetic
series. For part (b), find n for the given sum Sn.
45. 3 + 8 + 13 + 18 + 23 + . . .
a. n = 20
46. 50 + 42 + 34 + 26 + 18 + . . .
b. Sn = 366
a. n = 40
47. 10 + (5) + 0 + 5 + 10 + . . .
a. n = 19
48. 34 + 31 + 28 + 25 + 22 + . . .
b. Sn = 375
a. n = 32
49. 2 + 9 + 16 + 23 + 30 + . . .
a. n = 68
b. Sn = 182
b. Sn = 12
50. 2 + 16 + 30 + 44 + 58 + . . .
b. Sn = 1661
a. n = 24
b. Sn = 2178
51.
34
(3 + 5i)
52.
i=1
6 34i
i=1
FOCUS ON
CAREERS
57.
53.
i=1
22
54.
15
(1 + 8i)
45
55.
18
(11 + 4i)
56.
i=1
(10 3i)
i=1
(8.1 + 4.4i)
i=1
initial
cell
1 ring
2 rings
FE
L
AL I
Entomology is the
scientific study of insects.
Some entomologists study
bee population dynamics
and pollination of plants.
INT
ENTOMOLOGIST
58.
NE
ER T
CAREER LINK
www.mcdougallittell.com
59.
60.
61.
664
Page 1 of 2
Test
Preparation
cardboard dowels. The thickness of the paper is 0.004 inch. The diameter
of a dowel is 3 inches, and the total diameter of a roll is 7 inches.
n
dn (in.)
ln (in.)
2 in.
3 in.
2 in.
7 in.
a. Let n be the number of times the paper is wrapped around the dowel, let dn be
the diameter of the roll just before the nth wrap, and let ln be the length of
paper added in the nth wrap. Copy and complete the table.
b. What can you say about the sequence l1, l2, l3, l4, . . . ? Write a formula for the
create a roll with a 7 inch diameter. Use your answer and the formula from
part (b) to find the length of paper in a roll with a 7 inch diameter.
d. LOGICAL REASONING Suppose a roll with a 7 inch diameter costs $15.
How much would you expect to pay for a roll with an 11 inch diameter whose
dowel also has a diameter of 3 inches? Explain your reasoning and any
assumptions you make.
Challenge
EXTRA CHALLENGE
www.mcdougallittell.com
63.
mathematics is the Ahmes papyrus (also known as the Rhind papyrus), which is a
scroll copied in 1650 B.C. by an Egyptian scribe. The following problem is from
the Ahmes papyrus.
Divide 10 hekats of barley among 10 men so that the common difference
1
is of a hekat of barley.
8
Use what you know about arithmetic sequences and series to solve the problem.
MIXED REVIEW
SOLVING RATIONAL EXPONENT EQUATIONS Solve the equation.
(Review 7.6 for 11.3)
64. x1/2 = 5
65. 2x3/4 = 54
66. x2/3 + 10 = 19
67. (8x)1/2 + 6 = 0
68. x1/3 11 = 0
69. (2x)1/2 = x 4
71. 4x 3 = 5
72. 103x + 7 = 15
73. 6x 5 = 1
74. 25x 28 = 97
75. 5(2)2x 4 = 13
77. x2 + y2 = 24
78. x2 + y2 = 64
1
1
80. x2 + y2 = 4
2
2
665